THE PAPER

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

This paper was made to fulfill the assignment of linguistics courses to SP.

Lecturer:
Silva Fadilah Suparman, S. Pd

By:

Wahyu Adam Y.Y (60403100318053)

ENGLISH EDUCATION

STKIP BINA MUTIARA SUKABUMI

SUKABUMI

2019
 FOREWORD

First off all, give thanks for God’s love and mercy for us.Thank god
for helping us and giving us the opportunity to complete this assessment
on time. And we went to thank Ms. Silva Fadilah Supraman, S.Pd as a
lecturer who always teaches us and provides a lot of knowledge.
This assessment is one of the English phonetics and phonology
assignments consisting of phonological rules. Second, we realize that this
assessement is not perfect. But we hope it can be useful for us. Criticism
and suggestions are needed here to make this assessment better. Thank
you.

Sukabumi, 20th February 2020

Authority

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 TABLE LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD..........................................................................................................i

TABLE LIST OF CONTENTS…...........................................................................ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background................................................................................................1

B. Problem Formulation .................................................................................1

C. Purposes.....................................................................................................1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. The Phonetics.............................................................................................2

B. Part Of The Phonetics................................................................................3

C. The Different variation of sounds America And British ...........................6

CHAPTER III CONCLUSIONS

Suggestion........................................................................................................8

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................9

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1              Background
Language that produced through the articulation of human called substitutions, sentences
or utterances, namely a system of regular sound or list of sounds that presents repeatedly or
sequentially. Language come from sounds called speech-sounds. Language acts through two
forms namely involving language sounds that produced by means of speech of human and
stimulate the ideas, situation of social and meaning. Sound has two fields, namely phonetics and
phonology.
1.2              Problem Formulation
-          What is the phonetics?
-          What is part of the phonetics?
-          What is differentiate of variation of sounds uttered by American and British?
1.3              Purpose
-          To know what is phonetics.
-          To know part of the phonetics.
-          To know differentiate of variation of sounds uttered by American and British.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 The Phonetics
Phonetics is the systematic study of speech and the sounds of language. Traditionally
phoneticians rely on careful listening and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In
doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is based
on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make. The best known
such framework is that of the International Phonetic Association. Much of our knowledge of the
sounds of the world's languages comes from this kind of description, which is still an important
aspect of phonetics today.
Phonetics is often defined with respect to phonology. Both disciplines are concerned with
the sound medium of language, and it is not useful to draw a hard and fast line between them.
The centre of gravity of the two fields is, however, different. In general, phonology is concerned
with the pattering of sounds in a language (and in language in general), and is thus comparable to
areas of linguistics such as syntax and morphology which deal with structural elements of
language at other levels. Phonetics is more centred on the way those structural elements are
"realised" in the world, through movements of the speech organs which create the acoustic
signal. Phonetics therefore has important links not only to linguistics but to natural sciences such
as physics and anatomy.
Phonetics has always had applications. Traditionally it has been important for language
teaching, and for speech and language therapy. Nowadays it contributes to speech technology,
and increasingly to forensic science (in cases, for instance, where speaker identification is at
issue).

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 2.2 Part of The Phonetics
Phonetics has tree parts, namely:
1.      Articulatory Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics is interested in the movement of various parts of the vocal tract during
speech. The vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where air passes in the production of
speech. In simple terms which bit of the mouth moves when we make a sound.
2.      Acoustic Phonetics.
This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication and
how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through from the speaker's mouth through the
air to the hearer's ear, through the form of vibrations in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment
like Oscillographs and Spectographs in order to analyse things like the frequency and duration of
the sound waves produced. Acoustic phonetics also looks at how articulatory and auditory
phonetics link to the acoustic properties.
3.      Auditory Phonetics
This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory nerve
perceives the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological.
The sounds of language are commonly described in articulatory and acoustic terms, and
fall into two major types: syllabic sounds (vowels and syllabic liquids and nasals) and non-
syllabic sounds (consonant and glides). Sounds may be voiced or voiceless and oral or nasal.
Consonants are produced at various places of articulation: labial, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal,
palatal, velar, uvular, glottal, and pharyngeal. At the places of articulation, the airstream is
modified by different manners of articulation and the resulting sound are stops, fricatives, or
affricatives. Vowels are produced with less drastic closure and are decsribed with reference to
tongue position (high, low, back, and front). At last, language also shows suprasegmental
phenoma such as tone, intonation, and stress.

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           Vowels

Front vowels Central vowels Back vowels

/ / see / / boot
High   
/ / sit / / book
/e/ bait / / sofa /o/ boat
Mid
/ / bet / / bird / / bought
Low
/ / under / / father,
/ / bat
/ / sock

           Consonant 
b bad k cat d dog f frog g gas
h help l leap m man n no p pat
r rat s sat t tap v veil z zoo
j yellow w wash ʒ leisure dʒ large tʃ child
ʃ ship θ thing ð the ŋ flying

           Places of Articulation

1.      Bilabial : Sound made using both lips. English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].
2.      Labiodental : Sound made using the lower lip and upper teeth. English labio-dental
sounds include [f] and [v].
3.      Dental : Sound made using the teeth and tongue. English dental sounds include [ð] and
[θ].
4.      Alveolar : Sound made where the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. English alveolar
sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l].
5.      Alveopalatal : The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the back area of the
alveolar ridge. English alveopalatal include [ ].
6.      Palatal : The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard
palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal.

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7.      Velar : Sound made using the back part of the tongue and the soft palate (velum).
English velar include [k], [ ] and [ ].
8.      Uvular : The back of the tongue articulates with the very back of the soft palate,
including the uvula. English uvular include [R].
9.      Glottal : Sound made using the glottis. English glottal include [ ] and [h].
10.  Pharyngeal : The pharynx is constricted by the faucal pillars moving together (lateral
compression) and, possibly, by the larynx being raised. English pharyngeal include [x], [
], [ ], [h] and [ ]).
           Manners of Articulation
1.      Stops, are produced by stopping the flow of air and then releasing suddenly ([p], [b], [t], [d], [k],
[g]).
2.      Affricatives, are produced by stopping the flow of air and releasing slowly ([tʃ] and [j]).
3.      Fricatives, are produced obstructing the flow of air in such a way that some sort of friction is
heard ([f], [v], [θ], [s], [z], [ʃ], [h], [ð], [ʒ ]).
4.      Lateral/Liquid, is produced by two side of the tongue ([l]).
5.      Nasals, are produced by the flow of air through the passage in the nose ([m], [n], [ŋ]).
6.      Glides, are produced by gliding the position of one consonant two a vowel or vice ([w], [r], [y]).
           Suprasegmental
1.      Tone : Tone refers to significant ( meaningful, constrastive, phonemic) constrasts between
words signalled by pitch differences. Tone may be lexical, as in Mandarin Chinese:

Tone
Description IPA transcription example Meaning
number
1 high level [má] `mother'
2 high rising [m¯á] `hemp'
3 low (falling+)rising [màá] `horse'
4 high fall [mâ] `scold'
 
2.      Intonation : Intonation refers to the rise and fall of voice pitch over entire phrases and
sentences, even in non-tone languages, such as English:
3.      Stress : Stress is the rhythm of a language. In pronunciation, stress can refers to words, part of
words, or even one word in a group of words that receives the most emphasis. Stress is one of the

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 suprasegmental features of utterances. It applies not to individual vowels and consonants but to
whole syllables. In the level of word, a stressed syllable is pronounced with a greater amount of
energy than an unstressed syllable. Example regret [rɪ'gret], blue ['blu:].

2.3 The Different of Variantion of Sounds Uterred by American And British

In English, we know that the English language there are two kinds, namely British
English (UK) and American English (US). Therefore, if you are talking to strangers British and
America, there are very significant differences between British English to American English. By
looking at their dialogue, then we can see the difference when they give words used
pronunciation and grammatical variations between them.
The first difference is the lexicon (vocabulary), in lessons at school are generally more
use of British English. For example, in British English: Football, biscuit, shop. Whereas in
Britain language United: Soccer, cookies, store.
The second difference is the difference in spelling (spelling). British English tends to
maintain the actual spelling of the French word, while the United States is closer to spell words
by the way they pronounce and meaning letters are not necessary. For example, in British
English: Colour, labor, center, defense. Whereas in American English: Color, labor, center,
defense.
The third difference is the pronunciation (pronunciation) as an example in American
English words can and can not sound very similar, while in British English you can distinguish
clearly. Many Americans have a tendency to reduction by eliminating some of the letters said.
The word "facts" for instance in American English is pronounced the same as the word "fax" -
"t" is not pronounced. While in British English letters are omitted as in the word "secretary",
where the letter "a" is not pronounced.

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 In American English, the combination of the letters "cl" in words like "cling", "climat",
"club" etc, more fricative sounds. You can produce this sound with thrilling vocal cords.
Emphasis words sometimes also different. For example, the word "details" to get the emphasis
on the letter "e" in British English and the "ai" in American English.
For example :
1.        Theatre = teater
U.K  /ˈθɪə.tər/
U.S /ˈθiː.ə.t̬ ɚ/
2.        Difference = perbedaan
U.K /ˈdɪf.ər.əns/
U.S /ˈdɪf·rəns/
3.        Computer = komputer
U.K  /kəmˈpjuː.tər/
U.S /kəmˈpju·t̬ ər/
4.        Television = televisi
U.K  /ˈtel.ɪ.vɪʒ.ən/
U.S  /ˈtel·əˌvɪʒ·ən/
5.        Water = air
U.K  /ˈwɔː.tər/  
U.S  /ˈwɔ·t̬ ər, ˈwɑt̬ ·ər/
6.        Hibernate = hibernasi (tidur musim dingin bagi hewan)
U.K  /ˈhaɪ.bə.neɪt/
U.S  /ˈhɑɪ·bərˌneɪt/ 
7.        Dictionary = kamus
U.K  /ˈdɪk.ʃən.ər.i/  
U.S  /ˈdɪk·ʃəˌner·i/

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1              Conclusion
There are many tools of human articulation and each of them has a different position and
function in generating the sounds of language. However, there is an element that is not
categorized as a human articulation, but has a very important role in generating the sound. The
element is air and is the primary source of energy to produce sound. Vowel or consonant sounds
is the sounds of language by tools of human articulation. All vowels are voiced sounds,
consonants has a voiced sound and voiceless sound. Voiced and voiceless sound is related with
condition of the vocal cords. Condition of the vocal cords (glottis) tightly closed when air out
through it, then it will apply the vibration of the vocal cords and the resulting sound is the voice
sounds. Conversely, if the vocal cords were stretched or open when the air through it, the
vibration of the vocal cords do not apply, the resulting sound is voiceless sounds.

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 REFERENCES

-Abbas, M Fadhly Farhy. 2015. A Course book of Phonology. Pekanbaru: University of Lancang
Kuning.
-Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 2005. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysian. Kuala Lumpur: University of
Malaysian.
-http://www.baap.ac.uk/phonetics.html
-https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/branches/phonetics/what-is-phonetics