Logos, Ethos, Pathos: To Appeal To Logic (Logos) Trustworthiness (Ethos) To Appeal To Emotion (Pathos)

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Logos, Ethos, Pathos

in Persuasive Writing

When a person wants to persuade one or more people to believe his or her opinion, an
argument must be made. In order to be persuasive, that argument must be well thought
out and balanced. It must ask, “Who am I trying to convince, and what is the best way
to convince them?” The best arguments – the ones that get the person persuading what
they want – contain a degree of each of the following argument techniques:

To Appeal to Logic Trustworthiness To Appeal to Emotion


(logos) (ethos) (pathos)

Language appropriate to
audience and subject --
formal or informal Vivid, concrete language
Literal and historical
analogies
Restrained, sincere, fair Emotionally loaded language
minded presentation
Definitions
Connotative meanings
Appropriate level of
Factual data and statistics
vocabulary Emotional examples
Quotes from experts and
Correct grammar Vivid descriptions
authorities
No bias Narratives of emotional
Informed opinions (from
  events
people who have some
experience with the subject.
Emotional tone
Ex: “I am not a doctor, but I
 
play one on TV.)
Figurative language

 
 
Effect
Demonstrates author's
Causes an emotional
reliability, competence, and
Causes a rational response  response
respect for the audience's
 
ideas and values
Developing an Argument

A good argument considers all sides of the issue. The best way to start to develop a good argument that considers all
sides is to make a list of all advantages and disadvantages on either side of your issue. No matter what side YOU are
on, you should be able to see both sides of the issue.

You are developing an argument to change a current school rule. Use the following lines to state the rule that you
would like to change. Please state the rule as it appears in the handbook:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Now use the following chart to brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of the rule:

Advantages Disadvantages
Formulating an argument

Once you have considered all sides, it is time to come up with a rationale – or a list of reasons -- for your opinion on
an issue. Think about the school rule that you want to change and come up with at least four reasons why you think
your change would be good for the whole school. Use the following chart to organize your reasons. Thoroughly
explain each reason.

Reason 1

Reason 2

Your Opinion
Reason 4

Reason 3
Organizing your argument

Your argument will be stronger if it is organized. An effective way to organize your argument is to order your reasons:
either from most important to least important or vice versa. A more important reason is usually a reason that has
more impact. Use the following chart to put your reasons in order of importance:

Most Important

Important
Least

After listing your reasons in order of importance, will it have more impact to start your argument with the most important
reason or the least important reason? Why?

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