EARTH and LIFE

SCIENCE
Quarter 1 - Week 6

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Name:________________________________________ Grade Level:__________
Section:______________________________________ Date: ________________

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE

After going through this activity sheet, you are expected to:
 Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale
(S11/S12ES-le-29)
 Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides (S11/S12ES-lf-30)

LESSON 1
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS
Since the beginning, geologists have been studying the Earth to unwrap the
secrets of the past. They have been analyzing rock samples gathered from different
continents in the world including its layers and its correlation with the fossils. This
helps in relating the sequence of events in the Earth’s history which is clearly presented
in the geologic time scale. The geologic time scale is divided into a series of time
intervals which are equal in length. These time intervals are different from that of a
clock. They are divided according to the significant events in the history of Earth such
as the mass extinction of a large population of fauna and flora.

EONS ERA PERIOD EPOCH AGE (mya)

Cenozoic Quaternary Halocene 0.01
Pleistocene 1.8
Tertiary Pliocene 5.3
Miocene 23.0
Oligocene 33.9
Eocene 55.8
Paleocene 65.5
Mesozoic Cretaceous 145
Jurassic 200
Triassic 251
Paleozoic Permian 299
Precambrian Pennsylvania 318
n
Mississippian 359
Devonian 416
Silurian 444
Ordovician 488
Cambrian 542
Proterozoic bacteria and 2500
blue green
algae

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 Archean oldest fossil 3800
Hadean Beginning of 4600
earth

The table represents the divisions of the geologic time in Earth’s history are
separated into eons, periods, and epochs. The Earth’s age which is 4.6 billion years was
separated into different span of time to handily indicate the events.

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 EONS
➢ are the longest portions in the geologic time

Precambrian Phanerozoic Eon

➢ It accounts for 88% Earth’s ➢ It means visible life.
history. ➢ It is subdivided into eras:
➢ It is subdivided into three Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
eons: Hadean, Archean and
Proterozoic

Paleozoic Era
Hadean Eon ➢ It is the beginning of early life.
➢ Few rocks were deformed and
➢ All of the continents had come
metamorphosed.
together to form the
supercontinent called Pangea.
Archaean Eon ➢ It is characterized by rapid
➢ Marine rocks contain fossil development of terrestrial plants.
remains of microscopic algae ➢ Devonian period is known as
and bacteria the age of fishes. Volcanic rocks

Proterozoic Eon
➢ rifting of the continental
Mesozoic Era
crust
➢ It is also known as the Age of
➢ subsequent filling with
Dinosaurs.
sedimentary and volcanic rocks
➢ Pangea rifted into
Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
rocks

Cenozoic Era
➢ It is also known as the age
of recent life or age of mammals.
➢ It has the most complete
record of any era because the
rocks are more accessible.

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 Cenozoic Era
➢ There are three periods in this era:
Quaternary, Paleogene and Neogene.

Paleogene Period Neogene Period

➢ Most Earth’s climate was ➢ It gives rise to early
tropical. primates.
➢ Continents drifted apart ➢ It consists of Miocene and
creating vast stretches of Pliocene Epochs
oceans
➢ It consists the Paleocene,
Eocene, and Oligocene
Epoch

Quaternary Period
➢ It is the most recent period.
➢ It is also termed Anthropogene period.
➢ It is divided into two epochs: Pleistocene
and Holocene.
➢ Holocene - when human civilization arose.

Relative and Absolute Dating

Scientists first developed the geologic time scale by studying rock layers and
index fossils. The information gathered by the scientists placed the Earth rock strata in
order by relative age. Geologic time is often discussed in two forms: relative time and
the absolute time. Relative time is a subdivision of the Earth’s geology in a specific
order based upon the relative age relationships (commonly, vertical or stratigraphic
position). Relative time can be established usually on the basis of fossils. On the other
hand, absolute time refers to the numerical ages in millions of years or some other
measurement. These are obtained by radioactive dating methods performed on
appropriate rocks. Relative time can be referred to as the physical aspects found in
rocks while the absolute time refers to the measurements taken upon those to
determine the actual time it expired. The time scale is depicted in its traditional form
with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top.

Activity 1: It’s a Date

Directions: Fill in the data table to show the number of millions of years each era
lasted based on relative and absolute dating. Choose your answer from the given
choices below.
a. 4.048 mya c. 299 mya e. 4,600mya
b. 69 mya d. 184mya

The Divisions of Percent Millions of Years

Geologic Time
The Age of the Earth 100%
A. Cenozoic Era 1.5%
B. Mesozoic Era 4%
C. Paleozoic Era 6.5%
D. Precambrian Time 88%

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Guide Questions:
1. Based on the data table, which is the oldest era? _________________
2. How old is the shortest era? _______________
3. How old is the Cenozoic Era? ______________
4. What dating method is applied in the activity? Why? _____________
5. Where can we apply the relative dating method? ________________

Activity 2: You Complete it

Directions. Complete the timeline of the geologic time scale starting from the oldest to
recent time. Indicate each division and year. Use the data table in Activity 1 as
reference.

Activity 3: Word Pool

Directions. Identify the term being described by the given statement. Select your
answer from the word pool below.

Geologic record Eons Holocene

Dinosaurs Relative dating
Cenozoic Sedimentary Absolute dating

_____________1. It is where all traces of history of earth is recorded in rocks that make
up the crust.
_____________ 2. It is a way on how the age of rocks and fossils can be determined by its
numeric value.
_____________ 3. It is the largest division in the geologic time scale.
_____________ 4. It refers to the rocks that are deposited and used in dating method.
_____________ 5. It is used to determine the geological events in rock strata.
_____________ 6. It refers to prominent reptiles that evolved during Mesozoic Era.
_____________ 7. The fitting of supercontinent Pangea happened in this era.
_____________ 8. The present human evolved during this age.
_____________ 9. It refers to the age of the fishes.
_____________ 10. Ancient bacteria and blue green algae existed during this age.

Things to Ponder
➢ Geologic time scale is a timeline that illustrates Earth’s past.
➢ Geologic time scale describes the order of duration of major events on Earth
for
the last 4.6 billion years.
➢ Geologic time scale was developed after the scientist observed changes in the

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 fossils and rocks going from oldest to youngest sedimentary rocks.
➢ Geologic time scale was divided into four divisions which include the Eons,
Era, Period, and Epoch.
➢ Eons is the largest division in the geologic time scale.
➢ Relative dating or age is the order of the rocks from oldest to youngest.
➢ Relative dating does not determine the exact age of rock or fossils but does
learn which one is older or younger than the other.
➢ Relative age of rocks based on the order gives its physical division in the
geologic time scale.
➢ Absolute dating or age measures the amount of radioactive elements in rocks
to give the ages to each division of time in the geologic time scale.
➢ Absolute time refers to the numerical ages in millions of years or some other
measurement.

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LESSON 2
2.Geologic Processes and Hazards
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS
Geology is the study of the Earth and its history. It involves studying the
materials that make up the earth, the features and structures found on Earth,
as well as the processes that act upon them. It also deals with the study of the
history of all life living on the earth now.

How do geological processes occur?

Geological processes are naturally occurring events that directly or
indirectly impact the geology of the Earth. Examples of geological processes
include events such as plate tectonics, weathering, earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, mountain formation, deposition, erosion, droughts, flooding, and
landslides. Geological processes affect every human on the Earth all of the time,
but are most noticeable when they cause loss of life or property. These
threatening processes are called natural disasters.

How about Geologic Hazards?

A geologic hazard is an extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that
poses a threat to life and property, for example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis (tidal waves) and landslides. It is a large-scale, complex natural events
that happen on land. These hazards can cause immense damage, loss of
property, and sometimes life. Geologic hazards can play a significant role when
infrastructure is constructed in their presence. The unpredictable nature of
natural geologic hazards makes identifying, evaluating, and mitigating against
them a unique challenge.

Geologic processes and hazards are events which occur irregularly in time
and space and cause negative impact on man and the environment.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves), and landslides are the
geologic hazards.

SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

GEOLOGIC EVENT HAZARDS THEY CAUSE
Earthquake A. Ground shaking
B. Surface faulting
C. Landslides and liquefaction
D. Tsunamis
1. Rock avalanches
2. Rapid soil flows
3. Rock falls
A. Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles
Volcanic Eruption B. Pyroclastic phenomena
C. Lahars (mud flows) and floods
D. Lava flows and domes
E. Poisonous gases

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 Earthquake is one of the most violent natural phenomena. According to
the number of victims and destructive force, it exceeds all other natural
disasters. Earthquakes also happen under the ocean and can cause tsunamis.
Earthquakes and volcanic eruption can trigger landslides, especially in areas
with water saturated soils, a common characteristic of Cascadia. Landslides may
result in falling rocks and debris that collide with people, buildings, and
vehicles. There were earthquakes that happened in the Philippines which were
noticeably strong such as magnitude 6.9 in October 2019 which hit southern
Philippines. Another one was 6.1 magnitude that struck the Island of Luzon in
April of 2019. Recently, multiple earthquakes were felt when Taal Volcano
erupted early in 2020.

Have you experienced an earthquake? What did you feel? Probably, you will feel
shaking of your body and even the entire surroundings which causes the ground
shaking.
Listed below are the hazards caused by an earthquake:

A. Ground shaking is one of the hazards resulting from earthquake, volcanic

eruption, and landslides. Ground shaking is both a hazard created by
earthquakes and the trigger for other hazards such as liquefaction and
landslides. Ground shaking describes the vibration of the ground during an
earthquake.

B. Surface faulting is displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip
along a fault. It commonly occurs with shallow earthquakes; those with an
epicenter less than 20 km. Surface faulting also may accompany aseismic creep
or natural or man-induced subsidence.

C. A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth

down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-
slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term
"landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides,
spreads, and flows.

D. Liquefaction describes the way in which soil liquefies during ground shaking.
Liquefaction can undermine the foundations and supports of buildings, bridges,
pipelines, and roads, causing them to sink into the ground, collapse, or dissolve.

E. Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under

the sea. It can injure or kill many people and cause significant damage to
buildings and other structures. The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean
depth rather than the distance from the source of the wave. Tsunami waves may
travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when reaching
shallow waters.

What are volcanoes?

Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating, but are also very dangerous.
Any kind of volcano can create harmful or deadly phenomena, whether during

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an eruption or a period of dormancy. Volcanoes are natural systems and always
have some element of unpredictability.

What about volcanic eruption?

A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano.
Volcanic eruptions are major natural hazards on Earth. Volcanic eruptions can
have a devastating effect on people and the environment.

These are the hazards caused by volcanic eruption:

A. Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and origin. It is a

synonym for "pyroclastic material." Tephra ranges in size from ash (<2 mm) to
lapilli (2-64 mm) to blocks and bombs (>64 mm).

B. A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces,

volcanic ash, and hot gases. Pyroclastic flows form in various ways. A common
cause is when the column of lava, ash, and gases expelled from a volcano during
an eruption loses its upward momentum and falls back to the ground. Another
cause is when volcanic material expelled during an eruption immediately begins
moving down the sides of the volcano. Pyroclastic flows can also form when a
lava dome or lava flow becomes too steep and collapses.

C. Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and
rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a
river valley. Lahars are extremely dangerous especially to those living in valley
areas near a volcano. Lahars can bury and destroy manmade structures
including roads and bridges.

D. A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. Floods
can look very different because flooding covers anything from a few inches of
water to several feet.

E. Lava domes are formed by viscous magma being erupted effusively onto the
surface and then piling up around the vent. Like lava flows, they typically do not
have enough gas or pressure to erupt explosively, although they may sometimes
be preceded or followed by explosive activity. The shape and size of lava domes
varies greatly, but they are typically steep-sided and thick.

F. Poisonous gases, the gases that are released during a volcanic eruption, come
from deep within the Earth. The largest portion of gases released into the
atmosphere is water vapor. The Philippines has suffered from an inexhaustible
number of deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural
disasters. This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, or typhoon belt – a
large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth’s volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes occur. Taal Volcano, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, is
the country's second most active volcano. It boomed to life on January 12,2020,
Sunday afternoon, spilling volcanic ash. Taal Volcano sent a massive plume of
ash and steam spewing miles into the sky and pushed red-hot lava out of its
crater, prompting the evacuation of thousands of people and the closure of

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Manila's airport. Hundreds of earthquakes were noted while the volcano was
erupting. Flashes of lightning lit up the plume, lending the scene an
otherworldly appearance.
Activity 1: Arrange Me
What do you see in the pictures below?
What do you call these hazards?
Following each picture are rumbled letters for you to rearrange. You may
arrange them now by writing the letter in the box provided.

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 Activity 2: Draw Me
Draw an erupting volcano on the box below.

Based from your drawing, can you name five (5) geologic hazards posed by an erupting
volcano? Write your answer in the table below.

Hazards Posed by an Erupting Volcano

1.
2.

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 3.
4.
5.

Activity 3: Check Me Out

1. In the table below, put a check on the hazards that you have experienced in your
locality. Then, explain why these hazards happened to our country.

Ground Shaking Liquefaction Landslides Tsunami

2. Why is the Philippines prone to geologic hazard? Write your answer on

the space below.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. What information does the geologic time record provide?

A. The rate of fossil formation.
B. The thickness of sedimentary rock layers.
C. The time since the evolution of dinosaurs.
D. The life forms and geologic events in Earth’s history.
2. How do geologists separate time into period?
A. By the time the fossil is discovered.
B. By looking at the relative time of a fossil.
C. By special events that have happened in that period.
D. By counting the years that a fossil has been preserved.
3. What do you call the method of placing geologic events in sequential order as
determined by their position in the rock record?
A. Absolute dating C. Relative dating
B. Correlation D. Uniformitarianism
4. What is the relevance of absolute time?
A. It is useful if fossils are present.
B. It gives a specific date in an object.
C. It gives a non-specific date in an object.
D. It only gives the sequence in which events have taken place.
5. Which of the following is the primal in absolute dating method?
A. Cross-cutting relationships C. Fossils
B. Educated estimates D. Radioactive decay

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6. Which of the following may result in falling rocks and debris that
collide with people, buildings, and vehicles?
A. earthquake C. tsunami
B. land slide D. typhoons
7. Which of the following is NOT a volcanic hazard?
A. flooding C. lava
B. lahars D. pyroclastic flows
8. Which of the following is an example of a hazard associated with earthquake?
A. eutrophication C. flooding
B. ground shaking D. pyroclastic density currents
9. What is the main reason why the Philippines has suffered from
numerous geologic processes and calamities?
A. its economic status
B. its location (Ring of fire)
C. Philippines is 3rd a world country
D. something to do with human population
10. Which of the following hazards undermine the foundations and supports of
buildings, bridges, pipelines, and roads, causing them to sink into the ground, collapse,
or dissolve?
A. eutrophication C. liquefaction
B. ground shaking D. pyroclastic density currents

ANSWER KEY

L1.A1.
1. E 1. D Assessment
2. A 2. A 1. D 6. B
3. B 3. B 2. B 7. A
4. D 4. Absolute dating 3. C 8. B
5. C 5. Precambrian, because 4. B 9. B
It located at the bottom 5. B 10.C

L1.A2. L2.A1.
1. Precambrian 1. Ground shaking
2. Paleozoic 2. Tsunami
3. Mesozoic 3. Liquefaction
4. Cenozoic 4. Landslide
5.Recent time
6.048mya
7.299mya
8.184mya
9.69mya
10. 4600mya

L1.A3.
1. Geologic records
2. Absolute dating
3. Eons
4. Sedimentary
5. Relative dating
6. Dinosaurs
7. Paleozoic
8. Holocene
9. Devonian
10. Archaean

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 References
All About Creation. “Relative Dating.” Accessed February 24,2019.
https://www.allaboutcreation.org/relative-dating-faq.html

“Centricity.” Accessed February 24,2019.

https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib4/VA01000195/centricity

Earth Science Week. “Geological Timescale.” Accessed February 24,2019.

https:www.earthsciweek.org/content/geo;ogial-time-scale

Kean. Accessed February 25,2019.

Ball, Jessica. 2020. Volcanic Hazards, Many Types of Hazards Are

Associated with Volcanoes, accessed May 24, 2020,
https://geology.com/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/?fbclid=IwAR1-
jTDFM6bE_wZkKxwgfLv7-jgslBKzipabK-TrsVUkjr33ONWVDe309EY

Fisher, Richard. 1997. Hazardous Volcanic Events, accessed May 25,

2020,http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm?fbclid=IwAR24qq
c2Y0vGqkKxVpspYr66HAZa5oVaVq5ywUsIW1OfKgPLMNCI8hSoyg8#:
~:text=Tephra%20falls%20and%20Ballistic%20Projectiles,bombs
%20( %3E64%20mm)

Prepared by:
DEXTER P. MANGIBUNONG
Subject Teacher

Checked by:
KRISTEL JOY R. SOMERA
SHS Coordinator

Noted by:
CATHERINE R. CALUYA
Secondary School Principal II

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