MODULE 3

Prepared by:

Danica Jane H. Gacita

Lou-Gene L. Valencia
Lovelle L. Huerta
INSTRUCTORS

Name: _________________________________
Section: ________________________________

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 INTRODUCTION

The second component of an information system is software. Simply put: Software is the set of
instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software is created through the process of
programming. Without software, the hardware would not be functional. Software can be broadly
divided into two categories: operating systems and application software. Operating systems manage
the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user. Application software is the
category of programs that do something useful for the user. All computing devices run an operating
system. For personal computers, the most popular operating systems are Microsoft’s Windows,
Apple’s OS X, and different versions of Linux. Smartphones and tablets run operating systems as
well, such as Apple’s iOS, Google’s Android, Microsoft’s Windows Mobile, and Blackberry.

Early personal-computer operating systems were simple by today’s standards; they did not
provide multitasking and required the user to type commands to initiate an action. The amount of
memory that early operating systems could handle was limited as well, making large programs
impractical to run. The most popular of the early operating systems was IBM’s Disk Operating
System, or DOS, which was actually developed for them by Microsoft.

The second major category of software is application software. Application software is,
essentially, software that allows the user to accomplish some goal or purpose. For example, if you
have to write a paper, you might use the application-software program Microsoft Word. If you want to
listen to music, you might use iTunes. To surf the web, you might use Internet Explorer or Firefox.
Even a computer game could be considered application software.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

 Understand the use and functions of the two different types of computer software including it
examples.
 Identify the different types of Application Software.
 Classify basic parts of computers.
 Familiarize to the input and output process of a computer.

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Directions: Encircle the appropriate answer for the following multiple choice questions.

1. To process data into information, a computer uses;

a. Hardware and software
b. Flash drives
c. CPU
d. Hard drive
2. The series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks.
a. Hardware
b. Output
c. Input
d. Software
3. What is another name for personal computer?
a. Desktop computer
b. Server
c. Laptop
d. CPU
4. Windows, Android, IOS and MacOS are all examples of:
a. Online applications
b. Application software
c. Cell Phones
d. Operating system
5. Microsoft Word, Google maps and Instagram are all examples of:
a. Social media
b. Application software
c. Online games
d. Operating system

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6. What is central processing unit?
a. It makes a computer faster.
b. The box on the desk next to the monitor
c. Carries out the tasks that need to be done by the computer.
d. Formats the files in a computer for easy access.
7. What is the purpose of an Operating System?
a. It’s the brain of the computer.
b. It manages the memory, processes, hardware and software and allows us to interact
with the computer.
c. It’s the memory in the computer that allows us to have more than one tab or application
open at the same time.
d. It’s the long term storage that saves that saves all your work when you shut down the
computer.
8. What is windows?
a. An operating system made by Microsoft.
b. The program where you can type up essays.
c. A computer network system.
d. A program that makes it easy to navigate a computer.
9. What are the physical components of a computer system called?
a. Hardware
b. Desktop
c. Devices
d. Peripherals
10. A computer device that is not part of the essential computer system.
a. Hard drive
b. Software
c. Hardware
d. Peripherals
11. This is often called the brains of the computer.
a. CPU c. Hardware
b. Hard drive d. Peripherals

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12. Programs and their specific instructions that enable a user to interact with a computer for a
specific purpose.
a. Database
b. Website
c. Software
d. Document
13. The result of the computer’s processing is the
a. Documents
b. Software
c. Saved files
d. Output
14. The raw data that is entered into the computer is
a. Output
b. Input
c. Software
d. Keystrokes
15. Which of the following is an example of an input device?
a. Speakers
b. Monitor
c. Keyboard
d. Printer
16. Which of the following is an example of an output device?
a. Mouse
b. Keyboard
c. Printer
d. Laptop
17. Controls how a computer communicates with the hardware and interacts with you, the user
a. Microsoft
b. Operating system
c. Program
d. Application

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software is the set of programs
that makes the hardware perform a set of tasks in
particular order. Hardware and software are
complimentary to each other. Both have to work
together to produce meaningful results. Computer
software is classified into two broad categories;
system software and application software.

System Software: System software consists of a group of

programs that control the operations of a computer equipment including
functions like managing memory, managing peripherals, loading, storing, and
is an interface between the application programs and the computer. MS DOS
(Microsoft’s Disk Operating System), UNIX are examples of system software.

The five types of systems software, are all designed to control and

coordinate the procedures and functions of computer hardware. They actually enable functional
interaction between hardware, software and the user.

Systems software carries out middleman tasks to ensure communication between other software
and hardware to allow harmonious coexistence with the user.

Systems software can be categorized under the following:

 Operating system: Harnesses communication between hardware, system programs, and

other applications.

 Device driver: Enables device communication with the OS and other programs.

 Firmware: Enables device control and identification.

 Translator: Translates high-level languages to low-level machine codes.

 Utility: Ensures optimum functionality of devices and applications.

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1. Operating System (OS)

The operating system is a type of system software kernel that sits between computer hardware
and end user. It is installed first on a computer to allow devices and applications to be identified.
System software is the first layer of software to be loaded into memory every time a
computer is powered up. Suppose a user wants to write and print a report to an attached printer. A
word processing application is required to accomplish this task. Data input is done using a keyboard
or other input devices and then displayed on the monitor. The prepared data is then sent to the
printer.
In order for the word processor, keyboard, and printer to accomplish this task, they
must work with the OS, which controls input and output functions, memory management, and
printer spooling. Today, the user interacts with the operating system through the graphical user
interface (GUI) on a monitor or touchscreen interface. The desktop in modern OSs is a graphical
workspace, which contains menus, icons, and apps that are manipulated by the user through a
mouse-driven cursor or the touch of a finger. The disk operating system (DOS) was a popular
interface used in the 1980s.

Types of Operating Systems

 Real-Time OS: Is installed in special purpose embedded systems like robots, cars, and
modems.

 Single-user and single-task OS: Are installed on single-user devices like phones.

 Single-user and multitask OS: Are installed on contemporary personal computers.

 Multi-user OS: Is installed in network environments where many users have to share
resources. Server OSs are examples of multi-user operating systems.

 Network OS: Is used to share resources such as files, printers in a network setup.

 Internet/Web OS: Is designed to run on the browser that is online.

 Mobile OS: Is designed to run on mobile phones, tablets and other mobile devices.

Functions of Operating Systems

 They provide the interface between the user and hardware through GUI.
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  Manages and allocates memory space for applications.

 Processes the management of applications, input/output devices, and instructions.

 Configures and manages internal and peripheral devices.

 Manages single or multi-user storage in local and network computers.

 Security management of files and applications.

 Manages input and output devices.

 Detects, installs, and troubleshoots devices.

Examples of Operating Systems

Popular OSs for computers are:

 Windows 10

 Mac OS X

Popular network/server OSs are:

 Ubuntu Server

 Windows Server

 Red Hat Enterprise

Popular internet/web OSs are:

 Chrome OS

 Club Linux

 Remix OS

Popular mobile OSs are:

 iPhone OS

 Android OS

 Windows Phone OS

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2. Device Drivers

Driver software is a type of system software which brings computer devices and peripherals
to life. Drivers make it possible for all connected components and external add-ons perform their
intended tasks and as directed by the OS. Without drivers, the OS would not assign any duties.

Examples of devices which require drivers:

 Mouse  Display card

 Keyboard  Network card

 Soundcard  Printer

Usually, the operating system ships with drivers for most devices already in the market. By
default, input devices such as the mouse and keyboard will have their drivers installed. They may
never require third-party installations.

If a device is newer than the operating system, the user may have to download drivers from
manufacturer websites or alternative sources.

3. Firmware

Firmware is the operational software embedded within a flash, ROM, or EPROM memory chip
for the OS to identify it. It directly manages and controls all activities of any single hardware.

Traditionally, firmware used to mean fixed software as denoted by the word firm. It was
installed on non-volatile chips and could be upgraded only by swapping them with new,
preprogrammed chips.

This was done to differentiate them from high-level software, which could be updated without
having to swap components.

Today, firmware is stored in flash chips, which can be upgraded without swapping semiconductor
chips.

4. Programming Language Translators

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 These are intermediate programs relied on by software programmers to translate high-level
language source code to machine language code. The former is a collection of programming
languages that are easy for humans to comprehend and code (i.e., Java, C++, Python, PHP, BASIC).
The latter is a complex code only understood by the processor.

Popular translator languages are compilers, assemblers, and interpreters. They're usually
designed by computer manufacturers. Translator programs may perform a complete translation of
program codes or translate every other instruction at a time.

Machine code is written in a number system of base-2, written out in 0 or 1. This is the lowest
level language possible. While seemingly meaningless to humans, the zeros and ones are actually
sequenced intelligently by the processor to refer to every conceivable human code and word.

Besides simplifying the work of software developers, translators help in various design tasks. They;

 Identify syntax errors during translation, thus allowing changes to be made to the code.

 Provide diagnostic reports whenever the code rules are not followed.

 Allocate data storage for the program.

 List both source code and program details.

5. Utilities

Utilities are types of system software which sits between system and application software. These are
programs intended for diagnostic and maintenance tasks for the computer. They come in handy to
ensure the computer functions optimally. Their tasks vary from crucial data security to disk drive
defragmentation.

Most are third-party tools but they may come bundled with the operating system. Third-party tools are
available individually or bundled together such as with Hiren Boot CD, Ultimate Boot CD, and
Kaspersky Rescue Disk.

Examples and features of utility software include:

 Antivirus and security software for the security of files and applications, e.g., Malwarebytes,
Microsoft Security Essentials, and AVG.

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  Disk partition services such as Windows Disk Management, Easeus Partition Master, and
Partition Magic.

 Disk defragmentation to organize scattered files on the drive. Examples include Disk
Defragmenter, Perfect Disk, Disk Keeper, Comodo Free Firewall, and Little Snitch.

 File Compression to optimize disk space such as WinRAR, Winzip, and 7-Zip.

 Data backup for security reasons, e.g., Cobian, Clonezilla, and Comodo.

 Hardware diagnostic services like Hard Disk Sentinel, Memtest, and Performance Monitor.

 Data recovery to help get back lost data. Examples include iCare Data Recovery, Recuva, and
EaseUs Data Recovery Wizard.

 Firewall for protection against external threats, e.g., Windows Firewall.

Application Software: Software that

can perform a specific task for the user, such as word
processing, accounting, budgeting or payroll, fall under
the category of application software. Word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems are all
examples of general purpose application software.

Types of application software are:

 Word Processing Software: The main

purpose of this software is to produce
documents. MS-Word, Word Pad, Notepad
and some other text editors are some of the
examples of word processing software.

 Database software: Database is a collection of related data. The

purpose of this software is to organize and manage data. The
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 advantage of this software is that you can change the way data is stored and displayed. MS
access, dBase, FoxPro, Paradox, and Oracle are some of the examples of database software.

 Spread sheet software: The spread sheet software is used to

maintain budget, financial statements, grade sheets, and sales
records. The purpose of this software is organizing numbers. It
also allows the users to perform simple or complex calculations on
the numbers entered in rows and columns. MS-Excel is one of the
example of spreadsheet software.

 Presentation software: This software is used to display

the information in the form of slide show. The three main
functions of presentation software is editing that allows
insertion and formatting of text, including graphics in the
text and executing the slide shows. The best example for
this type of application software is Microsoft PowerPoint.

 Media players and real players are the examples of

multimedia software. This software will allow the user to
create audio and videos. The different forms of
multimedia software are audio converters, players,
burners, video encoders and decoders.

Being a modern-day kid you must have used, seen, or read about computers. This is because
they are an integral part of our everyday existence. Be it school, banks, shops, railway stations,
hospital or your own home, computers are present everywhere, making our work easier and faster
for us. As they are such integral parts of our lives, we must know what they are and how they
function. Let us start with defining the term computer formally.

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What is an Application?
You may have heard people talking about using a program, an application, or an app. But
what exactly does that mean? Simply put, an app is a type of software that allows you to perform
specific tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called desktop
applications, while those for mobile devices are called mobile apps.
When you open an application, it runs inside the operating system until you close it. Most of
the time, you will have more than one application open at the same time, which is known as multi-
tasking.
App is a common term for an application, especially for simple applications that can be
downloaded inexpensively or even for free. Many apps are also available for mobile devices and
even some TVs.

Desktop applications
There are countless desktop applications, and they fall into several categories. Some are fuller
featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may only do one or two things (like
a clock or calendar app). Below are just a few types of applications you might use.

 Word processors: A word processor

allows you to write a letter, design a flyer,
and create many other types of documents.
The most well-known word processor
is Microsoft Word.

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  Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to access the Internet. Most
computers come with a web browser pre-installed, but you can also download a
different one if you prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.

 Media players: If you want to listen

to MP3s or watch movies you've
downloaded, you'll need to use
a media player. Windows Media
Player and iTunes are popular
media players.

 Games: There are many types of

games you can play on your
computer. They range from card
games like Solitaire to action
games like Halo. Many action
games require a lot of computing
power, so they may not work
unless you have a newer
computer.

Mobile apps
Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run applications. You can also
download apps for mobile devices
like smartphones and tablets. Here are a few examples of
mobile apps.

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  Gmail: You can use the Gmail app to easily view and send emails from your mobile
device. It's available for Android and iOS devices.

 Instagram: You can use Instagram to quickly share

photos with your friends and family. It's available
for Android and iOS.

 Duolingo: With a combination of quizzes, games, and other

activities, this app can help you learn new languages. It's
available for Android and iOS.

Installing new applications

Every computer and mobile device will come with some applications already built in, such as a
web browser and media player. However, you can also purchase and install new apps to add more
functionality. You can review our lessons on Installing Software on Your Windows PC, Installing
Software on Your Mac, and Free Software to learn more.

Setting up a computer
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 So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may seem like an
overwhelming and complicated task, but it's actually a lot easier than you might think! Most computers
are set up in a similar way, so it doesn't matter what brand of computer you have.

If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll probably find a how-to
guide that includes step-by-step details. Even if it didn't include instructions, you can still set up the
computer in a few easy steps. We'll take you through the different steps needed to set up a typical
computer.

Setting up a laptop computer

If you have a laptop, setup should be easy:
Just open it and press the power button. If the battery
isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC adapter.
You can continue using the laptop while it charges.
If your laptop has any peripherals,
like external speakers, you may want to read the
instructions below. Laptops and desktops generally
use the same types of connections, so the same
steps will still apply.

Setting up a desktop computer

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Step 1

Unpack the monitor and computer
case from the box. Remove any plastic
covering or protective tape. Place the monitor
and computer case on a desk or work area.
Be sure to place your computer case in
an area that is well ventilated and has good
air flow. This will help to prevent the computer
from overheating.

Step 2
Locate the monitor cable. There are several
types of monitor cables, so the one for your
computer may not look like the one in the image
below.
If you're having trouble finding your monitor cable,

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refer to the instruction manual for your computer. (If you have an all-in-one computer that's built into
the monitor, you can skip to Step 4).

Step 3
Connect one end of the cable to the monitor
port on the back of the computer case and the
other end to the monitor. If you're using a VGA
cable like the one in the picture below, you'll want to
tighten the screws on the monitor cable to secure it.
Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If
the cable doesn't fit, don't force it or you might
damage the connectors. Make sure the plug aligns
with the port, then connect it. To figure out which
cables belong in which ports, try our Connecting
Cables interactive.

Step 4

Unpack the keyboard and determine

whether it uses a USB (rectangular) connector or
a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB
connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on

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the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the  purple keyboard port on the
back of the computer.

Step 5
Unpack the mouse and
determine whether it uses
a USB or PS/2 connector. If it uses a
USB connector, plug it into any of
the USB ports on the back of the
computer. If it uses a PS/2
connector, plug it into
the green mouse port on the back of
the computer.
If your keyboard has a USB port,
you can connect your mouse to the
keyboard instead of connecting it
directly to your computer.

Step 6
If you have external speakers or headphones, you
can connect them to your computer's audio port (either on
the front or back of the computer case). Many computers
have color-coded ports. Speakers or headphones connect
to the green port, and microphones connect to
the pink port. The blue port is the line in, which can be used
with other types of devices. Some speakers, headphones,
and microphones have USB connectors instead of the usual
audio plug. These can be connected to any USB port. In
addition, many computers have speakers or microphones
built into the monitor.

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Step 7

Locate the two power supply

cables that came with your
computer. Plug the first power supply
cable into the back of the computer
case and then into a surge
protector. Then, using the other
cable, connect the monitor to
the surge protector.
You can also use
an uninterruptable power supply
(UPS), which acts as a surge
protector and provides temporary
power if there is a power outage.

Step 8

Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall

outlet. You may also need to turn on the surge
protector if it has a power switch.
If you don't have a surge protector, you can
plug the computer directly into the wall.
However, this is not recommended because
electrical surges can damage your computer.

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Step 9
If you have a printer, scanner, webcam,
or other peripherals, you can connect
them at this point. Many peripherals
are plug and play, which means they will
be recognized by your computer as soon
as they are plugged in. Other peripherals
may include software that needs to be
installed before you can begin using them.
Use the instructions included with the device to install it if necessary.

Generally, peripherals are optional, and you can add new ones at any time; you don't have to add all
peripherals during the initial setup of your computer.

Setup complete!

That's it—you've finished setting up your computer, so it's time to start using it! We'll
talk more about how to use your computer over the next several lessons.

NAME: _____________________________________________ DATE: __________________

YR & SECTION: _____________________________________

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I.TRUE/FALSE
DIRECTIONS: Read each statement below carefully. Write the word SIB if the statement is TRUE,
and write the word TECH if the statement is FALSE.

_________________ 1. Computer can carry out 3-4 billion instructions per second

_________________ 2. Devices like keyboard and mouse are used to input data and instructions to
the computer are called output unit.

_________________ 3. Secondary memory resides within the CPU whereas primary memory is
external to it.

_________________ 4. The main purpose of spreadsheet software is to produce documents.

_________________ 5. Media players and real players are the examples of multimedia software.

_________________ 6. Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for
more intelligent functions.

_________________ 7. Red Hat Enterprise is an example of computer OS.

_________________ 8. Without drivers, the OS would assign any duties.

_________________ 9. Computers do not get tired or bored.

_________________ 10. Printer is an example of device drivers.

_________________ 11. Calculation is an example of Arithmetic Operation.

_________________ 12. If you cannot input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer
can’t do the processing.

_________________ 13. Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes
the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.

_________________ 14. The output obtained after processing it, based on user’s instructions is
called data.
_________________ 15. Database is a collection of related data.

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II. ESSAY.
State your opinion about the question below. Write your answer in the box provided.

1. What is the difference between System Software and Application Software?

III. CROSS WORD.

INSTRUCTION: Read the clues below and fill in the correct answer.
ACROSS
1. A type of system software kernel that sits between computer hardware and end user.
3. Translates high-level languages to low-level machine codes.
4. It is installed in network environments where many users have to share resources.
6. The main functions of this software is editing that allows insertion and formatting of text,
including graphics in the text and executing the slide shows.

8. Part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard and mouse. 23

11. Used to share resources such as files, printers in a network setup.

12. Operational software embedded within a flash, ROM, or EPROM memory chip for the OS to
DOWN
2. Group of programs that control the operations of a computer equipment.
5. Any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it.
7. In input process and output model the computer input is called _______.
9. Electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output),
and store the information for future use.
10. Designed to run on mobile phones, tablets and other mobile devices.
14. Types of system software which sits between system and application software.
15. Optimize disk space such as WinRAR, WinZip, and 7-Zip.
16. Basic Input/output System
17. Unified Extended Firmware Interface
19. Software that can perform a specific task for the user, such as word processing, accounting,
budgeting or payroll, fall under the category of application software.
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20. Software that can perform a specific task for the user, such as word processing, accounting,
budgeting or payroll, fall under the category of application software.  
 
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