SEQUENCE AND SERIES

WEEK 7
 INTRODUCTION
Sequences and series are sets of numbers that indicate a
particular pattern of numbers. These patterns of numbers
enable us to determine the next number from the previous
ones. Therefore in this lecture we shall discuss sequences
and series.
 OBJECTIVES
After learning this lecturer you should be able to:
(i)Define a sequence and series
(ii)Arithmetic progression
(iii)Describe the nth term of an arithmetic progression
(iv)Sum of n terms of an arithmetic progression
(v) Identify the nth term of a Geometric Progression
(vi)Calculate the sum of n term of a geometric progression
SEQUENCES
A sequence is an arrangement of a set of numbers in a definite order. For example
the pattern 1, 2, 4, 7, 11,... Indicates that the first is 1, the second is 2, the third is 4,
the fourth is 7 and the fifth is 11, etc. the pattern is such that the difference between
consecutive numbers follows the pattern of natural numbers. Therefore, the sixth
number that follows after 11 is16. Every numbers of a particulars pattern is called a
term.
Each term has a Particular position value such as the first term, the second tern,
and so on. Using such naming, a term corresponding to the last one is called the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
term. In other words, we can say that a sequence or progression is a set of numbers
or algebraic Expressions which can be obtained from the proceeding one by a
definite order. Each of the numbers or expressions forming the set, which is called
term of sequence. Thus the definition of the sequence requires:
(i) The first term;
(ii) The number of terms and,
(iii) The order by which successive terms can be found

(i) 1, 3, 5, 7, ................2𝑛 –1
(ii)1, 4, 9, 16, ............... 𝑛2
The 2n – 1, 𝑛2 are the orders used to determine the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of (i), (ii), (iii) respectively
SEQUENCE CONT.
Examples 1.
Find the fifth term of the sequence 1, 4, 7, 10 , ...
Solution
The pattern shows that the difference between consecutive terms is 3. Therefore, every next
term is determined by adding a 3 to the previous one. Thus, the fifth term (5𝑡ℎ term) = 10 + = 13
Example 2
Given the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...
find the
(i)The first (1𝑠𝑡 ) term
(ii)The four (4𝑡ℎ ) term
(iii) The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term
From the pattern of a set of numbers given, 2,4,6,8,10... the first term is 2 and the
fourth term is 8 i.e.
The 1𝑠𝑡 term is 2 = 2x1
The 2nd term is 4 = 2x2
The 3rd term is 6 = 2x3
The 4th term is 8 = 2x4
The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is 2xn = 2n
 TYPES OF SEQUENCES
Two type of sequences shall be considered namely,
(i) Arithmetical Progression (AP) Sometimes called Linear sequence.
(ii) Geometric Progression (GP) also called Exponential Sequence
ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION (AP) OR LINEAR SEQUENCE.
A simple way to generate a sequence is to start with a number a and add to it
a fixed constant d, over and over again. This type of sequence is called
arithmetic sequence. An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in the form a, a+d,
a+2d + a+3d a+4d…. Or This is a sequence in which any term differs from
the preceding term by a constant called common difference which may be
positive or negative. For example, 2, 5, 8,11 is an Arithmetic Progression.
Here the common difference is 3. Other example are 1,3,5,7. The first term
is 1 and the common difference is 2. Example, 32, 27, 22, 17, the first term is
32 and the common difference is -5
THE GENERAL TERM OR 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERM OF AN AP
For an AP, the first term is denoted by ‘a’ and the common difference is denoted by ‘d’.
The 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term is denoted by 𝑈𝑛 , Where 𝑈1 means the first term , 𝑈2 means the second
term etc. The first four terms of an AP are
𝑈1 = a
𝑈2 = a + d
𝑈3 = a + 2d
𝑈4 = a + 3d
Therefore the, the general term on 𝑛𝑡ℎ term or formula for obtaining the term of any
AP is given by:
𝑈𝑛 = l = a + (n-1)d
Where n is the number of terms / the term position and l,the last term. The formula can
be used to find any term of an AP if the first term a and the common difference d are
known. Note that d = 𝑈2 - 𝑈1 = 𝑈3 - 𝑈2 i.e. d is the difference between consecutive
terms.
THE GENERAL TERM OR 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERM OF AN AP
QUESTION
Find the 11th term of linear sequence of 4, 9, 14, 19,......
Solution
a, a+d, a+2d + a+3d a+4d………
4,9,14 ,19,24,29,34,39,44,49,54…..
From the sequence, the first term a = 4 and the common difference d= 9- 4 =5 n = 11
𝑈𝑛 = a + (n-1)d
𝑈11 = 4 + (11 – 1)5
𝑈11 = 4+ 10 (5)
𝑈11 = 54
Find the 8th term of a linear sequence of the form 47,42,37……
SOLUTION
From the sequence, the first term a = 47 and the common
difference d= 42- 47 =-5 n = 8
𝑈𝑛 = a + (n-1)d
𝑈8 = 47 +(8 – 1)(-5)
𝑈8 = 47+ 7 (-5)
𝑈8 = 47- 35 = 12
THE GENERAL TERM OR 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERM OF AN AP
QUESTION
Find the number of terms in the following linear progression
3, 7, 11, ….31
SOLUTION
Let n = the number of terms
The last term l =31 a = 3 d= 4 n = ?
But l = a + (n-1)d
31 = 3 + ( n- 1)4
Expand the expression to remove the bracket
31 = 3 + 4n – 4
Simplify the equation
31 = -1 +4n
Group like terms
31 +1= 4n
32= 4n
n=8
THE GENERAL TERM OR 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERM OF AN AP CONT.
QUESTION
Find the number of terms in the following 2, -9, - 20 ,…. -141
Solutions
Let n = the number of terms
The last term l =-141 a = 2 d= -11 n = ?
But l = 𝑈𝑛 = a + (n-1)d
-141= 2 +(n- 1)-11
-141= 2 -11n +11
-141-2 -11= -11n
-154 = -11n
Divide both sides by 11
-154 = -11n
11 11
n= 14
ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION (AP) OR LINEAR SEQUENCE
QUESTIONS
.
Find the linear sequence whose 8th term is 38 and 22nd term is 108
SOLUTION
𝑈𝑛 = a + (n-1)d
From the question, we can write the following two equations
The 8th term,
𝑈8 = a + (8-1)d
𝑈8 = a + 7d
𝑈8 = a + 7d = 38……………..(1)
The 22nd term
𝑈𝑛 = a + (n-1)d
𝑈22 = a + (22 -1)d
𝑈22 = a + (21)d
𝑈22 = a + 21d = 108…………….(2)
Solve Eqn (1) and Eqn (2) simultaneously
𝑈8 = a + 7d = 38………………(1)
𝑈22 = a + 21d = 108…………..(2)
a + 7d = 38………………(1)
a + 21d = 108…………..(2)
We want to eliminate a and since the signs are the same, we subtract
14d = 70
14 14
d=5
Substitute d = 5 into Eqn (1) or (2) to find a
a + 7(5) = 38
a + 35 = 38
a=3
The first term is a =3 and the common difference is d=5 and the sequence is 3,8,13,18,23……..
ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION (AP) OR LINEAR SEQUENCE
Find the 10th term of a linear sequence whose 2nd term is 28 and 17th is -2.
SOLUTION
The nth term of linear sequence is Un = a + (n- 1) d.
From the question, we can write the following two equations
The 2th term,
𝑈2 = a + (2-1)d
𝑈2 = a + d
𝑈2 = a + d = 28…………….(1)
The 17th term
𝑈17 = a + (17-1)d
𝑈17 = a + 16d
𝑈17 = a + 16d = -2……………2)
a + d = 28…………….(1)
a + 16d = -2……………2)
Solve simultaneously
Eliminate a , since the signs are the same, we subtract the equation
15d = -30
15 15
d= -2
Substitute d=-2 into Eqn (1) or Eqn (2)
a -2 = 28…………….(1)
a = 28+ 2
a = 30
Now the 10th is 𝑈10 = a + (17-1)d
𝑈10 = 30 + (10 -1) (-2) = 12
The 10th term is 12.
GEOMATIC PROGRESSION (GP) OR EXPONETIAL SEQUENCE
This is sequence where each term is obtained from the preceding term by multiplying a
constant factor. The constant factor is called common ratio denoted by r. In general, if a
GP has first term, a and common ratio, r the first for terms of a GP are,
𝑈1 = a
𝑈2 = ar
𝑈3 = a𝑟 2
𝑈4 = a𝑟 3
i.e. a ar a𝑟 2 a𝑟 3
The general term or formula or 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of GP with first term a and common term
ratio r is given by: 𝑈𝑛 =a𝑟 𝑛−1 , Where n is the number of terms.
Note: Common terms r = 𝑈2 =𝑈3 etc
𝑈1 𝑈2
GEOMATIC PROGRESSION (GP) OR EXPONETIAL SEQUENCE
QUESTION
Find the 7th term of an exponential sequence of the sum of 5,10,20,40..
SOLUTION
a ar a𝑟 2 a𝑟 3 …….
5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320.
common ratio is 𝑈2 =𝑈3 etc
𝑈1 𝑈2
From the question r = 10/5 = 2 The first term is a = 5
The general formula is 𝑈𝑛 =a𝑟 𝑛−1
The 7th term, 𝑈7 = 5(2)7−1 = 5(2)6 = 320
QUESTION
If the second and the forth terms of a geometric progression (GP) of
positive terms are 8 and 32 respectively. Find
(i) the common ration
(ii) the first term
GEOMATIC PROGRESSION (GP) OR EXPONETIAL SEQUENCE
SOLUTION
The general term or formula or 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of GP with first term a and
common term ratio r is given by: 𝑈𝑛 =a𝑟 𝑛−1 ,
The 2nd term, 𝑈2 =ar = 8 …….(1)
The 4th term 𝑈4 =a𝑟 3 = 32……..(2)
Dividing eqn (2) by eqn (1) a𝑟 3 = 32
ar 8
𝑟2 = 4
r= ±2
Since the sequence has positive term r =2
Substitute r=2 in to equation eqn 1or 2
By substituting we have a(2) = 8
2a = 8
a= 4
 SERIES
In the previous section we discussed about sequences, while in this section
we shall deal with the concept of series and its mathematical calculation.
What is Series?
Series can be defined as an expression when the terms or the sequence
are linked together with signs of addition or subtraction. The following
examples show series.
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 +...+ 20 + 21
(ii) x – x2 + x3 ...
(iii) – 2 – 4 – 6 – 8 – 10 ....
(i), (ii), and (iii) above are all series

FINITE AND INFINITE SERIES

If series end after a finite number of terms, then it is said to be a finite one.
On the other hand, series is infinite if it does not have an end.
Example
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 is a finite series.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +... is an infinite series
 CLASSIFICATION OF SERIES
Series are classified into two classes, called the Arithmetic and
Geometric Series. Both of them are (Arithmetic and Geometric) are
also known asp progressions.
(i) Arithmetic progression (AP)
Arithmetic progression is the series in which each item is obtained
from the proceeding one by adding or subtracting a certain constant
value. That constant value is called common difference (d).
Example,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +...+ 99
– 1 – 3 – 5 – 7 - ...
x+ 5x + 9x + 13x +...
These three sets of series are arithmetic progression with common
differences 1, – 2, and 4x respectively.
 SUM OF 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Since the method of adding the terms of arithmetic progression is too long, a formula
have developed the formula that can be used to determine the sum of
nth terms of an arithmetic progression as given below:
Let 𝑆𝑛 = the sum of the nth terms of an Arithmetic Progression.
𝑆𝑛 = a+( a + d )+( a + 2 d )+ ...+[ a - ( n-1) d]............(1)
Writing the terms in reverse order
Sn = [ a + ( n – 1) d] + [ a + ( n – 2) d ]+ ... + a……………..(2)
Adding equations (i) and (ii) together gives
2𝑆𝑛 = [2 a + ( n – 1) d] + [2 a + ( n – 1) d] + [2a + ( n – 1 ) d ] +... [ 2a + ( n – 1) d ]
There are n terms in this series
Therefore, 2 𝑆𝑛 = (n( 2a +(n-1)d)
Therefore 𝑆𝑛 = (n ( 2a +(n-1)d)
2
Sum of n terms of an arithmetic progression is determined by:
𝑆𝑛 = n (a + l)…………..(1)
2
𝑆𝑛 = (n ( 2a +(n-1)d)……..(2)
2
SUM OF 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
Example 1
Find the sum of the first 16 terms of the following arithmetic
progression: 3+10+17+..
Solution
a= 3,
d= 7,
n= 16
Sum of n terms of an arithmetic progression is determined by:
Sn = (n ( 2a +(n-1)d)
2
S16 = 16 (2(3) + (16 -1)7)
2
S16 = 16 (6) + (15x 7)
2
S16= 8 [6 + (15 x 7)]
S16=8 (6 + 105) = 888
SUM OF 𝒏𝒕𝒉 TERMS OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
The 4th term of an A.P is 22 and the 7th term is 40. Determine the first term, common difference, and hence
the sum of the first 12 terms.
SOLUTION
Un = a + (n- 1) d.
(b)d=common difference
(c) Sn = (n ( 2a +(n-1)d)
2
Solve the simultaneous equation in order to obtain a and d,then findS12
U4 = a + (4 - 1) d……… Eqn 1= a + 3d = 22 …………. Eqn 1
U7 = a + (4 - 1) d………..Eqn 2 = a + 6d = 40…………...Eqn 2
a + 3d = 22 …………. Eqn 1
a + 6d = 40…………….Eqn 2
Solve simultaneously, Eliminate a first and since the signs of a are equal, we will subtract the two
equations.
a + 3d = 22 …………. Eqn 1
a + 6d = 40…………….Eqn 2
0 + 3d = 27
3d = 18
Divide by 2 to find d
3d = 18
3 3
d= 6
SOLUTION CONT.
Substitute d = 6 into either equation 1 or 2
a + 3(6) = 22 …………. Eqn 1
a + 18 = 22
22 – 18 = a
a=4
Sn = (n ( 2a +(n-1)d)
2
𝑆12 =(12 ( 2(4) +(12-1)9)
2
𝑆12 = 6( 2(4) +(12-1) 6)
𝑆12 = 6( 8 +(11)6
𝑆12 = 6( 10 +(66)
𝑆12 = 444
QUESTION
Find the sum of the first 200 terms of AP whose first term is 7 and 200th term is 393.
SOLUTION
𝑆𝑛 = n ( a + l)…………..(1)
2
Here a= 7, n=200 and l = 393
𝑆200 = 200 (7 + 393
2
𝑆200 = 100 (7+ 393) = 40,000

Find the sum of the AP 1,3,,5,…..101

a = 1 d= 3-1 = 2 and the last term is l = 101
l = a + (n – 1) d
101 = 1 + (n- 1)2
101 = 1 +2n -2
101 +2 -1 = 2n
2n = 102
n= 51
The sum of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of an AP, =𝑆𝑛 = n ( a + l)
2
𝑆51 = 51 ( 1 + 101)
2
= 51 (102)
2
= 2601
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)
Geometric Progression (GP) Geometric progression (GP) is the one whose next term
is obtained by multiplying(or dividing) with certain constant number to the previously
term. The constant number is called common ratio, r. The common ratio, r, of a
geometric progression can be obtained by dividing any term by its immediate
predecessor. For example, 1+2+4+8+16+... is a geometric series (GP) with first term,
a= 1, r = 8/4 = 2. The general form of a geometric series is where a= first term, r=
common ratio.
Example
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +…..
1 1 1 1
1+ + + +...+
3 9 27 243
16/27–8/9+4/3+...+27/243
Find the common ration for the above
The three examples given above are geometric progressions with common
1 −3
rations, 2, and respectively
3 2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) CONT.
If n is the number of terms of a geometric progression, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is
denoted by 𝐺𝑛 and the common ratio by r. Consider the GP: a,ar, 𝑎𝑟 2 ,
𝑎𝑟 3 ...The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is obtained by: 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 Where: a= 1𝑠𝑡 term
r=common ratio n= the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of a geometric progression
Therefore:
𝐺1 =a 1𝑠𝑡 term
𝐺2 = 𝑎𝑟1 2nd term
𝐺3 = 𝑎𝑟 2 3rd term
𝐺4 = 𝑎𝑟 3 4th term
𝐺𝑛 =𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ term
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) CONT .
Example Write down the eighth term of each of the following geometric progressions.
(i). 12 + 6 + 3 + ...
(ii). 2 + 4 + 8 +.....
Solution
(i) Given: 12 + 6 + 3 + ..
From the formula of geometric progression 𝐺𝑛 =𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
a = 1st term =12
r = common ratio: 6/12 : 3/6 = ½
n = 8th term?
G8 = 12(½)8−1
G8 = 12(½)7

(ii) Given: 2 + 4 + 8 +...

From the formula of geometric progression 𝐺𝑛 =𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
a = 1st term = 2
r = common ratio = 4/2: 8/4 = 2
n=8
Then,
G8 = 2(2)8−1 = 2(2)7 = 256
G8 = 256
SUM OF A GEOMATIC PROGRESSION OR EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE
The general formula of the sum of the n terms of an exponential sequence is given by
𝑠𝑛 = a (1- 𝑟 𝑛 )
1–r
The formula is used when r < 1 i.e. when the common ratio is less than 1
When r > 1 i.e. when the common ratio is greater than 1 the sum of the first n terms
is given by 𝑠𝑛 = a ( 𝑟 𝑛 - 1)
r–1
Fine the 8th term and sum of the first eight terms of the exponential sequence 1/2,
1,2,4.
SOLUTION
1 1 2
From the sequence, the first term a = and the common ratio r = 1÷ = 1 x = 2
2 2 1
From the formula of geometric progression 𝐺𝑛 =𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
We want to find the 8th term n=8.
1 1
The 8th term is 𝑠8 = x (2)8−1 = x (2)7 =
2 2
1
= x 128 = 64
2
Also the sum of the first n terms is given by
SUM OF A GEOMATIC PROGRESSION OR EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE
We want to find the 8th term n=8.
𝑠𝑛 = a ( 𝑟 𝑛 - 1) Sine r> 1 i.e. r = 2> 1
r–1
1
The sum of the first 8 terms, 𝑠8 = ( 28 - 1)
2
2–1
1
= (256 –1) = 127.5
2
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION
In the relation y= mx + c, y is said to be subject of the relation. Also in the relation v
= u +at, v is said to be the subject of the relation, we can rearrange so that a different
letter say m, x or c becomes the subject. This process is often referred
to changing the subject of the relation or formula.
STEPS INVOLVED
1. Clear roots, fractions and brackets first (if there is any). If the new subject is
under a square or cube root sign, square or cube each side of the equation to
clear the root. Remember: ( 𝑎 )2 = a and ( 3 𝑎 )3 = a. Clear the fractions by
multiplying by the LCM of the denominator.
2. Put the terms containing the new subject letter on one side of the equation and
put together all other terms on the other side.
3. Factorize the terms on each side of the equation
4. Isolate the new subject letter on its side of the equation. This is usually done by
dividing by the “other factor” in the term. If the result is the square or cube of the
new subject letter, then take square root or cube root of both sides to obtain a
single letter. Remember ∶ ( 𝑎 )2 = a and ( 3 𝑎 )3 = a.
5. Write the formula with the new subject on the left hand side.
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT
From the relation mt +n = mp + q make m the subject.
SOLUTION
mt +n = mp + q
Grouping like terms containing m
mt – mp = q – n
Factorize out m
m( t – p) = q-n
Dividing both sides by (t-p)
m( t – p) = q-n
t-p t-p
m = q-n
t-p
Make p the subject of the relation
3t – pq = 2(p+l)
Remove the bracket
3t – pq = 2p+2l
3t – 2l = 2p + pq
3t – 2l = p( 2 +q)
2 +q = 2+ q
3t – 2l = p
2+q
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT.
RELATION INVOLVING FRACTIONS
Whenever we have any relation involving fractions, we first multiply each term in the relation by the
LCM of the denominator.
Given that l = 2r +1 𝜋𝑟 , make 𝜋 the subject of the relation
2
SOLUTION
l = 2r +1 𝜋𝑟
2
Multiply both sides by 2
2xl = 2 x 2r +1 𝜋𝑟 x 2
2
2l = 4r + 𝜋𝑟
Group like term
2l - 4r = 𝜋r
Divide both sides by r
2l - 4r = 𝜋r
r r

Make u the subject of the relation

1 = 1+ 1 and find the value of u when f = 6 and v=3
f v u
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT.
1 = 1+ 1
f v u
Multiply both sides by fvu
1 x fvu = 1 x fvu + 1 x fvu
f v u
vu = fu + fv
Group like terms
vu - fu = fv
Factorize out
u(v-f) = fv
Divide both sides by v-f
u(v-f) = fv
v-f v-f
u= fv / v-f
Knowing that f =6 and v = 3
u = 6x 3
3 -6
u = 18/-3
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT .
RELATIONS INVOLVING SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT (√)
Whenever a given relation involves the square root sign, we must first square both
sides of the relation to get rid of the square root sign.
Note the following:
1. If 𝑚 = t → m = 𝑡 2
i.e. squaring both sides of the equation

2. ( 𝑚 )2 = m

3. ( m )2 = m / n
n
4. if 𝑟 2 = t → r = ±√𝑡
The negativity sign is neglected if the quantity r cannot be negative in practice. For
instance, r stands for weight, length, time, speed etc.
5. (2ab)2 = 4𝑎2 𝑏 2
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT.
Make g the subject of the relation T = 2𝜋 √𝑙
g
Square both sides of the relation to remove the square root
𝑇 2 = 22 𝜋 2 𝑙
g
𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 𝑙
g
𝑇 2 x g = 4𝜋 2 𝑙 x g
g
𝑇 2 g = 4𝜋 2 𝑙
Divide both sides by T 2
𝑇 2 g = 4𝜋 2 𝑙
𝑇2 𝑇2
g = 4𝜋 2 𝑙
Make k the subject of the relation
1 = √𝑘 2 + 𝑝2
n hg
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT .
1 = 𝑘 2 + 𝑝2
𝑛2 hg
Multiply both sides by 𝑛2 hg
𝑛2 hg x 1 =𝑛2 hg 𝑘 2 + 𝑝2
𝑛2 hg
hg =𝑛2 ( 𝑘 2 + 𝑝2 )
Expand the bracket
hg =𝑛2 𝑘 2 +𝑛2 𝑝2
Group like terms
hg - 𝑛2 𝑝2 = 𝑛2 𝑘 2
Divide both sides by 𝑛2
hg - 𝑛2 𝑝2 = 𝑛2 𝑘 2
𝑛2 𝑛2
hg - 𝑛2 𝑝2 = 𝑘 2
𝑛2
k=√hg - 𝑛2 𝑝2
𝑛2
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF THE RELATION CONT.
Make d the subject of the relation
1
(d – f )2 3kg
1
(d+f )2 m
Square both sides of the relation
d – f 9 𝑘2g2
d+f 𝑚2
Multiply through by 𝑚2 (d+f)
𝑚2 (d+f) d – f 9 𝑘 2 g 2 x 𝑚2 d+f
d+f 𝑚2
𝑚2 (d-f) = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 (d+f )
Expand the bracket
𝑚2 d − 𝑚2 f = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 d+9 𝑘 2 g 2 f
Group like terms
𝑚2 d - 9 𝑘 2 g 2 d = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 f + 𝑚2 f
Factorize out.
d( 𝑚2 - 9 𝑘 2 g 2 ) = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 f + 𝑚2 f
divide both sides by m2 - 9 k 2 g 2
d( 𝑚2 - 9 𝑘 2 g 2 ) = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 f + 𝑚2 f
𝑚2 - 9 𝑘 2 g 2 𝑚2 - 9 𝑘 2 g 2
d = 9 𝑘 2 g 2 f + 𝑚2 f
𝑚2 - 9 𝑘 2 g 2
CHANGE OF SUBJECT OF RELATION CONT
RELATION INVOLVING CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS
1. If ∛𝑚= t → m = 𝑡 3
i.e. squaring both sides of the equation
2. ∛𝑚 )3 = m
3. ( 3 𝑚 )3 = m / n
n
3
1
4. if 𝑟3 = t → r = 𝑡 or r = 𝑡3