Overview of Existing Policies on

Disaster Risk Reduction &

Climate Change Adaptation

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 The Republic Act (RA) 10121 is an act strengthening the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System,
providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management plan appropriating
funds therefore and for other purposes.

 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) refers to the concept and practice

of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze
and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through
reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and
property, wise management of land and the environment, and
improved preparedness for adverse events.

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 The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act
was enacted on May 27, 2010 replacing PD 1566.

 Under the old law (P.D. 1566), disaster management centered

only on the hazards and the impacts of a disaster. It assumed that
disasters cannot be avoided. Most of the plans were on the
provision of relief goods and infrastructures like dikes and flood
control systems. The government’s response to disaster was
focused on disaster response.

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 OVERVIEW
 It prioritizes on community level DRRM focusing on the most
vulnerable sectors (i.e., the poor, the sick, people with
disabilities, the elderly, women and children). Agriculture and
fisheries sectors are the most vulnerable sectors. For instance,
animals cannot evacuate themselves during times of disasters
so they need trainings.

 In terms of gender, men are more vulnerable than women after

a disaster, since they are the ones who are responsible in raising
their families. Men become down and out-focused when source
of living is gone. In the end, women, who are in-charge of
feeding the family, are more resilient since they are determined
to find ways just to feed their families after a disaster.
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 OVERVIEW
 It recognizes the important role and strengthens capacities of
local communities. Community-based DRRM is being taught
because after a disaster, it is the people in the community who
organize and help one another.

 It ensures broad‐based and greater participation from Civil

Society. It should involve the participation of everyone in the
community.

 It addresses root causes of disaster risks. Knowledge of the

basis or source of disasters which is the hazard is important in
order to be able to mitigate, prevent, and prepare for disasters.

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 Paradigm Shift in DRRM
 It is the new concept of DRRM

 It is a centralized management. It starts in the LGU level

(Municipal DRRMC) with the participation of all sectors

 It focuses in knowing how to deal with hazards and managing

effective tools to be able to make a very effective DRRM plan

 It aims to identify the most vulnerable areas during times of

disasters and integrates this in the development of the DRRM
plan.

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 Salient Features of the DRRM Act
 Coherence with the international framework
 Adherence to universal norms, principles, and standards of
humanitarian
 Good governance through transparency and accountability
 Strengthened institutional mechanism for DRRM – there is a
need to make sure that in every LGU, there should be a DRRM
office and it must have people, budget, structure and mechanism.

 Integrated, coordinated, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and

community-based approach to disaster risk reduction.

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 Salient Features of the DRRM Act

 Empowerment of local government units (LGUs) and civil

society organizations, (CSOs such as the academe) as key
partners in disaster risk reduction

 Integration of the DRRM into the educational system – the

practices and concepts of DRRM should be integrated in the
formal education. In ISU, DRRM is integrated in the
curriculum

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 Salient Features of the DRRM Act
 Establishment of the DRRM Fund (DRRMF) at the national
and local levels – RA 10121 states that a minimum of 5%
funds should be allocated for DRRM fund in the LGU to
national level. In the DRRM fund, 70% of it should be
allocated to mitigation, prevention and preparedness, even in
making studies to assess risks; it can be used for trainings,
provision for the declaration of state of calamity and come up
with remedial measures. If these are not done, the government
can be punished

 Providing for provisions on the declaration of a state of

calamity, remedial measures, prohibited acts and penalties

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 Who are Involved in DRMM as Mandated in the
DRRM Act?

 National Government (NDRRMC)

 Local Government (LDRRMC)

 CSOs, Private Sector, and Volunteers

 Community

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 New DRRM Structure
(PD 1566 vs RA 101221)

 The national level is equivalent to OCD, and then followed by

Regional, Municipal and Barangay level DRRMC

 The DRRM Act clarified the distinction between oversights versus

implementation of DRRM in order to strengthen the capacities of
local governments

 It broadened the membership of the DRRM Councils at all levels.

It also recognizes the importance of local communities by
institutionalizing the participation of civil society organizations
and the private sector
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Structure of the NDRRMC
 The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) is a multi‐sectoral body composed of the heads of
the different executive departments of government, government
institutions, local government associations, civil society
organizations, and the private sector. It shall oversee the DRRM
system in the Philippines. (Secs. 5 and 6)

 For NDRRMC, the major stakeholders include the Department

of National Defense as the Chair; DOST for Mitigation and
prevention Division; DILG for Disaster Preparedness; DSWD
for Disaster Response; and, NEDA for Rehabilitation &
Recovery. For instance, TNA result showing those who are in
need of rehabilitation, is being presented to NEDA since it is
important for Rehabilitation and Recovery.
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Regional DRRM Councils (RDRRMC)

 Responsible for coordinating, integrating, supervising and

evaluating DRRM activities of the Local DRRM Councils.
 Regional Development Plans should be sensitive in DRRM
concerns. It is important to harmonize DRRM into local
government plans.
 Responsible for ensuring disaster sensitive regional development
plans, and convening the different regional line agencies and
concerned institutions and authorities in case of emergencies
(Sec. 10).
 Since there are many agencies, there is a need for coordination
and unity in the implementation and assessment of the activities
of the DRRM.
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Local DRRM Councils (LDRRMC)

 They are found at the provincial, city, and municipal levels.

Provincial level is to be led by the Governor; Municipal is by the
Mayor, and Barangay is by the Punong Barangay. The Barangay
Development Council (BDC) shall assume the powers and
functions of the council at the barangay level

 These are composed of multi‐sectoral and multi‐agency

members. For instance, the concern also includes the Agriculture
Officer for rehabilitation of their sector; the Planning Officer
because it is important to integrate DRRM in the municipal
plans; and, the Veterinary officer since the livestock is one of the
most vulnerable to disaster.

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Role of LDRRMC

 It oversees the implementation of the Local DRRM Plans

(LDRRMPs) formulated by Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMOs)
(Sec. 11).

Local DRRM Offices (LDRRMO)

 In a local DRRMC, there should be a DRRM officer and three

(3) other staff that will be responsible in administrative and
training, research and planning and operational warning,
independently.

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Role of LDRRMO

 Local DRRM Offices set the direction, development,

implementation and coordination of DRRM programs and
activities within their territorial jurisdictions. The LDRRMOs
are established in every province, city and municipality
(PDRRMO, CDRRMO and MDRRMO) (Sec. 12 .a).

 The LDRRMO is under the Office of the Governor, City or

Municipal Mayor, and Barangay Captain. Each office will be
headed by a DRRM Officer to be assisted by three staff (Sec.
12b)

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 Qualifications of the DRRM Officer
 Must be civil service eligible

 Must have a civil defense/ DRM experience

 Graduate of MS in Public Safety or MS in DRM

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Barangay DRRM Committees (BDRRMC)
 At the barangay level, Barangay DRRM Committees
(BDRRMC) shall be established (Sec. 12.a) with at least two
(2) members representing the civil society organizations
(CSOs). The BDRRMC shall be a regular committee of the
BDC (Sec. 12.d)

 The Barangay Captain is the acting Chair of the Barangay

DRRM Committee

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National DRRM Framework (NDRRMF)

 It serves as the principal guide to disaster risk reduction and

management efforts in the country. This shall be developed by
the NDRRMC. It shall be the basis for the formulation of the
National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP)

 It shall provide for a comprehensive, all‐hazards,

multi‐sectoral, inter‐ agency and community‐based approach
to DRRM (Sec. 3.y and Sec. 6.a).

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DRRM Plan Framework Paradigm

 It is important to make resource map, hazard map, hazard

calendar and cropping calendar, because we will know when
hazards are expected, and we could match it with our cropping
calendar to save our crops from hazards

 For Risk Assessment, there is a need to identify Prevention and

Mitigation measures, build capacities and awareness about the
plan, set- up preparedness plans and early warning to ensure
that everyone is not affected during a calamity. Once we are
affected, it is better to have Emergency Response plans.

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DRRM Plan Framework Paradigm

 It is observed that there are more actions to be taken before a

disaster. This is the reason why 70% of the DRRM fund is
appropriated from Risk Assessment to early warning; and
30% for emergency response, rehabilitation and
reconstruction

 In the old paradigm, development is found outside the

paradigm. But it is placed inside the paradigm in the new
DRR paradigm. The new framework states that development
focus will not be affected if all concerns are put within the
DRRM plan.

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National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP)

 The NDRRMP shall be formulated and implemented by the

Office of Civil Defense (OCD) (Sec.3.z and Sec. 9.b).

 The NDRRMP sets out goals and specific objectives for

reducing disaster risks.

 This includes the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and

risks to be managed at the national level; DRRM approaches
and strategies to be applied in managing said hazards and risks;
agency roles, responsibilities and line of authority at all
government levels; and vertical and horizontal coordination of
DRRM in the pre‐disaster and post‐disaster phases.

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In preparing DRRM plan, it should:

1. Acknowledge risks and vulnerabilities that need to

be addressed

2. Identify strategies

3. Set the roles of people

4. Make sure there is a structure; and coordination

mechanism should be well said

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Local DRRM Plans (LDRRMP)
 The Local DRRM Plan will guide DRRM implementation at
the local level.

 The LDRRMP will be formulated by the

LDRRMOs/BDRRMC in close coordination with the local
development councils. (Sec. 12.c.6)

 In local plans, it is creating or making local plans. The

government mandates institutions that they could not use their
DRRM fund without an approved DRRM plan.

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 Vulnerability Reduction

The damaging effects of disasters can decrease by reducing

vulnerabilities and enhancing capacities of local communities.

It is not necessary to wait for a disaster to happen before

planning and taking action against hazards.

Before, the local calamity fund can only be used after a

declaration of a state of calamity; the fund has been renamed
as the DRRM Fund and is encouraged to be used to fund
activities such as training personnel and procurement of
equipment to reduce vulnerabilities.

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 Uses of DRRM Fund

• capitalexpenditures
• conduct of participatory risk assessments
• establishment of early warning systems
• conduct of emergency drills
• public awareness campaigns
• purchase of communication equipment
• construction of safe evacuation centers, etc.

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Difference Between the DRRM Fund and the Previous
Calamity Fund

 A declaration of a state of calamity is no longer necessary to

access and utilize the DRRM Fund

 The Local DRRM Fund shall be sourced from not less than 5%
of the estimated revenue from regular sources (Sec. 21 par. 1).
The 5% is just the initial appropriation but it can go higher than
5% when all orders and projects have gone concerns to
implement such. Meanwhile, each sector (agriculture,
infrastructure and health) has each respective DRRM. Thus, to
sum up all the DRRM fund of all sectors, it can go as higher
than 5%.

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Difference Between the DRRM Fund and the Previous
Calamity Fund

 The DRRM Fund can be used for DRRM. It can be used to

implement the DRRM Plan. Thirty percent (30%) of the fund
shall be set aside as a Quick Response Fund (QRF) for relief
and recovery programs. (Sec. 21 par 1; Sec. 22.a & c). The 70%
is used for the first activities for DRRM from assessment to
early warning system and the 30% for response.

 Unexpended LDRRMF goes to a trust fund which will be used

solely for DRRM activities of the LDRRMC within the next
five (5) years. Funds which are still not fully utilized after five
(5) years shall go back to the general fund and will be available
for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.
(Sec. 21 par. 3).
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Difference Between the DRRM Fund and the Previous
Calamity Fund

 Unutilized quick response fund should be put into a special

trust fund which can stay there for five years. It can be used for
social activities.

 For instance, in some barangays, when meetings are being

conducted, sometimes bar soaps are given just to encourage
their constituents to attend their trainings, and meetings. It is
indicated as a training material in an activity or training for
disaster preparedness so DRRM fund can be used.

 The Special Trust Fund is not planned because it is a quick

response fund.

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 Vulnerability Reduction

 At the local level, the LDRRMO through the LDRRMC and the
LDC shall submit the proposed programming of the LDRRMF
to the local sanggunian (Sec. 12.c.7).

 It shall likewise submit the report on the utilization of the

LDRRMF and other dedicated DRRM resources to the local
Commission on Audit (COA) (Sec. 12.c.24). The LGU must
submit DRRM plan as basis for spending and must be agreed
upon plan by the local DRRMC, and give copy to COA.

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 Disaster Preparedness

 The LDRRMO shall conduct public awareness programs and

activities to provide stakeholders with knowledge and skills in
preparing for disasters (Sec. 12.c; Sec. 10 and Sec.17).

 Also, public sector employees are required to undergo training in

emergency response and preparedness (Sec. 14).

 The LDRRM Fund can be utilized for pre‐disaster preparedness

programs such as training, purchasing life‐saving rescue
equipment, stockpiling of food and medicine (Sec. 21 par. 1).

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 Disaster Response
A State of Calamity can be declared so that disaster response can be
coordinated, remedial measures can be taken, and the Quick
Response Fund can be used to provide assistance to those affected.
Remedial measures are the mandatory courses of action which shall
immediately be undertaken during the declaration of a state of
calamity (Sec. 17). These are as follows:
1. Imposition of a price ceiling on basic necessities and prime
commodities
2. Prevention of overpricing/profiteering
3. Prevention of overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime
commodities, medicines and petroleum products
4. Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and
upgrading of public infrastructure
5. Granting of no‐interest loans by government financing
institutions to the most affected population
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 Declaration of State of Calamity

 The President can declare a state of calamity upon the

recommendation of the NDRRMC.

 The local sanggunian may now also declare and lift the state
of calamity within their locality.

 This is upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC based

on the results of the damage assessment and needs analysis
(Sec. 16).

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How Will DRRMCs Coordinate During a Disaster?

The LDRRMCs take the lead in preparing for, responding to, and
recovering from the effects of any disaster based on the following
criteria (Sec. 15):

 The Barangay Development Council - One (1) barangay is

affected
 The City/Municipal DRRMCs -Two (2) or more barangays are
affected
 The Provincial DRRMC ‐ Two (2) or more cities/municipalities
are affected
 The Regional DRRMC -Two (2) or more provinces are affected

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 Taking the onslaught of typhoon Yolanda, the LDRRMC was
blamed for the disaster but in that context, the NDRRMC
should have taken the response since the LDRRMC is also
devastated.

 The LDRRMCs shall coordinate with the private sector and

CSO groups through the LDRRMO. The LDRRMO conduct
continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize volunteers to
utilize their facilities and resources (Sec. 12.c.8).

 The LDRRMO shall respond to and manage the adverse

effects of emergencies and carry out recovery activities in the
affected area (Sec. 12.c.16). It shall build links with the
LGUs, private sector and CSOs and volunteers who could be
tapped or mobilized for DRRM.

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Prohibited Acts

Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives,

critical damage of facilities and misuse of funds
Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in
disaster‐stricken areas, including appropriate technology, tools,
equipment, accessories, disaster teams/experts

Buying, for consumption or resale, from the disaster affected

recipient any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
received by them
Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
which are intended for distribution to disaster victim

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Prohibited Acts

 Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid

commodities intended for or consigned to a specific group of
victims or relief agency

 Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other

aid commodities to persons other than the rightful recipient or
consignee

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Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities by:

Covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to

make it appear that the goods, equipment or other aid
commodities came from another agency or persons

 Repacking the goods, equipment or other aid commodities into

containers with different markings to make it appear that the
goods came from another agency or persons or was released upon
the instance of a particular agency or persons

 Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other aid
commodity in its untampered original containers actually came
from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance
or a particular agency or persons
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 Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper quality

 Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing

others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by the
NDRRMC

 Deliberate use of false or inflated data in support of the request

for funding, relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
for emergency assistance or livelihood projects

 Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster

prepared

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Penal Clause

Section 20 of the DRRM Act imposes the penalty of:

1.Fine between P50,000 to P500,000

2. Imprisonment between six months to one year

3. Both fine and imprisonment

4. Confiscation or forfeiture of the objects and

instrumentalities used

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Policies on Climate Change

 The RA 9729 is an act mainstreaming climate change into

government policy formulations, establishing the framework
strategy and program on climate change, creating for this
purpose the climate change commission, and for other purposes

 “Climate Change” refers to a change in climate that can be

identified by changes in the mean and/or variability of its
properties and that persists for an extended period typically
decades or longer, whether due to natural variability or as a
result of human activity.

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 Role of Academe in
Disaster Risk Management
and Climate Change
Adaptation

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 INTRODUCTION

 In the Philippines, the number of storms, droughts and

floods have increased with devastating effects on
vulnerable communities.

 Every year, more than 200 million people are affected by

droughts, floods, cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes and
other natural disasters.

 Growing populations, environmental degradation, and

global warming are making the impacts worse, creating
global vulnerability towards these types of disasters, and
the potential impacts on human and environmental
security
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48
 INTRODUCTION

 But in spite of the increased attention, interest, and sense

of urgency in understanding and responding to climate
change, social causes and consequences are seldom
addressed

 So that the growing recognition that there may be an

increasing number of disasters linked to floods, droughts,
fires, and other climate-influenced events, coupled with
increasing concern over the social implications of climate
variability and change, calls for a much deeper and broader
assessment of the connections between disaster risk
reduction, climate change adaptation and human security

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 Academe like the Isabela State University should
aimed at developing environmental advocacy to sectors
of vulnerable communities who are affected by extreme
environmental events

 Should initiated some community projects, researches

and programs that in some ways will make gradual
changes in the protection of the environment

 academe should play a major role in terms of

Information and Education campaign for the community
to understand some coping mechanisms towards DRR
and CCA

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 RATIONALE
Higher education institutions (HEIs) need to
address the problem more systematically by

Reviewing curricular programs to give way to

the integration of climate change and disaster risk
reduction studies, including study of good
adaptation practices in tertiary education courses.

Developing HEI competencies to adopt to

climate change

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 RATIONALE
Higher education institutions (HEIs) need to address
the problem more systematically by

Initiating good practices in the academe, and

their service communities for addressing the
impacts of climate change

Equipping HEIs with updated information,

methodologies and adaptation strategies that can
be integrated in the curricula for enriching content
of CC and DRRM
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