For Comprehensive Examination-Spring 2019 (Written and Viva)

Of BSME program, IUBAT

Prepared by :

Rofail Miah (Id –15207022)

INDEX

1. Introduction of Mechanical Engineering (02-06)

2. Engineering Mechanics (07-09)

3. Strength of materials (10-14)

4. Machine tools practices (15-23)

5. Thermodynamics (24-34)

6. Refrigeration and air conditioning (35-43)

7. Heat and Mass transfer (44-46)

8. IC Engine and power plant engineering (47-66)

9. Fluid Mechanics (67-75)

10. Principle of Turbo machinery (76-82)

11. Machine Design (83-91)

1
 Chapter-1`: Introduction of Mechanical Engineering

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is engineering?

Engineering: An engineering is the application of mathematics, scientific, economic, social,

and practical knowledge in order to invent, innovate, design, build, maintain, research, and
improves the structures, machines, tools, systems, components, materials, processes,
solutions, and organizations.

Engineering is an application of science to make something new to make our life

comfortable. It must be minimum cost, work and time.

2. What is technology?

Technology: The application of scientific knowledge to and skills to make goods or to

provide services. It includes the tools and machines that people use to convert natural
resources into items they need.

3. What is science?

Science: Science is a systematic and logical approach to discovering how things in the
universe work. It is also the body of knowledge accumulated through the discoveries about
all the things in the universe.

4. What is mathematics?

Mathematics: Mathematics is the science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity and
arrangement.

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 5. What is Mechanical Engineering?

Mechanical Engineering: It is the branch engineering dealing with power, heat, energy, as

well as the design, construction, and use of machines.

6. Why Mechanical Engineering?

 Almost every industry needs mechanical engineers.

 The field is all pervasive and so students have multiple choice to choose career paths
upon graduation.
 You might find the subject exciting and challenging.
.

7. Areas where Mechanical Engineering Graduate may work?

i. INDUSTRY
ii. POWER PLANTS
iii. AUTOMOBILES
iv. MACHINE TOOLS
v. RENEWABLE ENERGY
vi. IRRIGATION
vii. SEWERAGE AND WATER SUPPLY
viii. MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL
ix. IRON AND STEEL
x. TEXTILE AND GARMENT
xi. EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
xii. HVAC
xiii. MARKETING
xiv. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
xv. DESIGN
xvi. SHIPBUILDING
xvii. CONSULTANCY
xviii. SPORTS INDUSTRY

3
 8. What type of jobs ME’s do?

 Design : Product Design, Machine Design and System Design

 Manufacturing, Process Development & Quality

 Maintenance and Operations

 Research and Development

 Project Management

 Testing

 Sales or Technical Sales

 Management

9. What can Mechanical Engineers do?

 Machines that manufacture and package all varieties of products
 Rotating equipment - pumps, compressors, blowers, turbo machinery.
 Internal combustion engines
 Storage tanks, piping systems and pressure vessels - reactors, heat exchangers,
boilers.
 Sports equipment, consumer goods and products (everything from golf balls to
soda cans to roller coasters)
 Material handling equipment - conveyers, robots, production lines
 Vehicles - cars, trucks, heavy equipment, buses, aircraft, ships
 Electric power generation equipment
 Oil well drilling and extraction equipment
 Energy methods – fuel cells, wind power, hydroelectric, nuclear, geothermal,
wind power, biomass, hydrogen, solar

 Analysis
 Equipment failures to improve performance and reliability
 Heat transfer, vibration, sound

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 Fabrication
 Coordinate fabrication of equipment
 Develop improved fabrication techniques and methods

 Testing
 Test quality, performance, safety, and reliability of products, equipment,

 Sales
 Work as technical salespersons for companies that manufacture various
products and equipment
 Work as a general salesperson for companies

 Maintenance and Operations

 Keep various plants and processes operating at optimum performance
 Operations supervision and management

 Other
 Medical School, Law School, Business School, etc.
 Management

10. Industries which Hire ME’s?

• Automation
• Robotics
• Electronics Industries
• Appliance Manufacturers
• HVAC & Refrigeration
• Toy Manufacturing
• Furniture Manufacturing
• Paper Industry
• Food & Beverage Industry
• Telecommunications
• National Labs
• Aeronautical (NASA, etc.)
• Government Agencies

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 • Academia (Teaching)
• Financial Companies
• Consulting Companies
• Automotive & OEM Suppliers
• Construction Equipment
• Construction Companies
• Ship & Railroad Companies
 Airplane Manufacturing
 Power Generation
 Nuclear
 Alternative Fuel
 Energy
 Utility Companies
 Oil and Gas Companies
 Chemical Companies
 Environmental
 Pharmaceutical & Health Care
 Sports Equipment.
 Computer-Aided Design

11. What is project?

Ans Project is any sort of planned undertaking. A set of activities which are performed to
fulfill a plan at a specific time and a budget.

12. What is term loan :

Ans: The loan which is paid within in 10 yrs.

6
 Chapter-2: Engineering Mechanics

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is Engineering Mechanics?

Ans: The Engineering Mechanics is that branch of engineering-science which deals with the
principles of mechanics along with their applications to engineering problems. It sub-divided
into two main group:

a. Statics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and
their effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest.
b. Dynamics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and
their effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion.
i. Kinetics: The kinetics is that branch of Dynamics which deals with the bodies
in motion due to the application of forces.
ii. Kinematics: It is that branch of Dynamics which deals with the bodies in
motion without taking into account the forces which are responsible for the
motion.

2. Define the Mass, Weight, Moment, Moment of force, Momentum, Work, Power,
Force, Inertia force, Couple, and torque?

i. Mass: An amount of matter contained in a given body. Unit: Kilogram (kg).

ii. Weight: It is the amount of pull, which the earth exerts upon a given body. Unit:
(Newton)
iii. Density: The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a
substance is its mass per unit volume. Unit: (kg/m3)
iv. Friction: Friction is a force between two surfaces that are sliding, or trying to
slide, across each other. For example, when you try to push a book along the floor,
friction makes this difficult. Friction always works in the direction opposite to the
direction in which the object is moving, or trying to move.

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 v. Moment: It is defined as the product of the force (F) and the moment arm (d).
The moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the
force and the center of moments. Moment= F x d. Unit: (N-m)
vi. Moment of inertia is the property of a body to resist the angular acceleration due
to external torque. Unit: kg m2
vii. Momentum: Measure of motion which possessed by a body. Unit: kg⋅m/s
viii. Work: The product of force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.
W= F.d Unit: (J)
ix. Pressure: Normal force per unit area. Unit: Pascal (Pa)
x. Power: The rate of doing work. Power = Work done / time taken. Unit:
Watt (W), HP.
xi. Force: It can be defined as a push or a pull that tends to change the state of an
object or changes the direction or shape of an object. Unit: (Newton)
xii. Inertia force: An inertial force is a force that resists a change in velocity of an
object. Unit: (kg-m2)
xiii. Couple: The two equal parallel forces but they are opposite in direction. (N-m)
xiv. Torque: It may be defined as the product of force and perpendicular distance.
Unit: (N-m)

3. Define the velocity, acceleration, angular velocity and angular acceleration?

Velocity: It is the rate of change of displacement with respect to its surroundings, in a

particular direction. Unit: (m/s)

Acceleration: It is the rate of change of velocity of a body. It is said to be positive, when the
velocity of a body increases with time and it is negative when the velocity of body decreases
with the time. Unit: (m/s2)

Angular velocity: The angular velocity of a particle is the rate at which it rotates around a
chosen center point: that is, the time rate of change of its angular displacement relative to the
origin. Unit: (rad/s)

Angular acceleration: Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. rad/s2

8
 4. What are the joule's law?

1st law: The rate at which heat is produced by a steady current in any part of an electric
circuit is jointly proportional to the resistance and the square of the current. Q = I2Rt

2nd law: The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only upon its temperature irrespective of
volume and pressure. PV= nRT.

5. What are the Newton’s laws of motion?

1st law: An object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless
acted upon by a force.

2nd law: The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the force applied, and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of
the applied force. Or the net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and
acceleration. (Force = mass times acceleration, F=ma)

3rd law: It states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. F=-F

9
 Chapter-3: Strength of materials

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. Define the material strength and stiffness?

Material strength: It is the ability to withstand on applied load without failure or plastic
deformation.

Stiffness: The resistance of an elastic body to deflection or deformation by an applied force.

2. Define the stress, train, pressure and intensity of pressure?

Stress: It is defined as the force per unit area of a material. I.e. Stress = force / cross sectional
area. Unit: Pascal ( Pa), 1 pa is equal to 1 N/m2.

Strain: Strain is defined as extension per unit length. I.e. Strain = extension / original length.

Pressure: Pressure is defined as the physical force exerted on an object. The force applied is
perpendicular to the surface of objects per unit area. The basic formula for pressure is F/A
(Force per unit area). Pascal (Pa)

Intensity of pressure: Intensity of pressure can be defined as the pressure at a point. When
we use the term pressure, we are generally referring to the force being applied on an area.
That force is in actuality being applied on points spread throughout the area.

Therefore, Intensity of pressure (p) = Pressure (P) / Area (a)

3. What are the difference between stress and pressure?

The difference between stress and pressure: Pressure is a force, and stress is the result of
that force being applied to a system. If pressure is applied to a metal, the metal is stressed.

4. Draw the stain and stress diagram?

The stain and stress diagram:

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 i. Elastic Limit: Maximum pressure (stress) that a piece of material can withstand
without being permanently deformed.
ii. Proportional Limit: Highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to
strain. So the stress–strain graph is a straight line.
iii. The maximum stress a material can stand before it breaks is called the breaking
stress or ultimate tensile stress.
iv. Yield point: A yield strength or yield point is the material property defined as the
stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the
material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the
applied stress is removed.

5. What are the shear strain and shear stress?

Shear stress: It is a force that causes layers or parts to slide upon each other in opposite
directions. An example of shearing stress is the force of two connecting rocks rubbing in
opposite directions.

Shear strain is the ratio of deformation (When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or
other structural material, it will cause the material to change shape. This change in
shape is called deformation) to original dimensions.

6. What is shear modulus or modulus of rigidity?

Ans: It is denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to

the shear strain.

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 7. What do you mean by Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity?

Modulus of elasticity: The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) E is a material

property that measures the stiffness (Stiffness is resistance to deflection or
deformation) of a solid material. It defines the relationship between stress and strain in a
material.

8. What is difference between longitudinal strain and lateral strain?

Ans : The ratio of change in length to original length is called the longitudinal strain. The
ratio of change in diameter/breadth to original diameter is called the lateral strain.

9. What is Poisson's ratio :

Ans : The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain is called the Poisson's ratio.

10. What is difference between longitudinal stress and lateral stress?

Ans : Longitudinal stress is the stress in a pipe wall, acting along the longitudinal axis of the
pipe. And Lateral stress is the stress produced in lateral direction.

11. Write down the definitions of tensile strength, tensile stress, tensile strain,
compressive strength, compressive stress, and compressive strain?
i. Tensile strength: The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount
of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking. There are
three typical definitions of tensile strength:

 Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. This
is not a sharply defined point. Yield strength is the stress which will cause a permanent
deformation of 0.2% of the original dimension.
 Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can withstand.
 Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

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ii. Tensile stress: Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion;
that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. The
volume of the material stays constant. When equal and opposite forces are applied
on a body, then the stress due to this force is called tensile stress.

Fig: Tensile stress

iii. Tensile strain: Tensile strain is the relative length of deformation exhibited by a
specimen subjected to a tensile force.
iv. Compressive strength: Compressive strength or compression strength is the
capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size, as
opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate.
v. Compressive stress: Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a
smaller volume. By compressive stress the material is under compression.
Compressive stress is the opposite of tensile stress. An object experiences a
compressive stress when a squeezing force is applied on the object.
vi. Compressive strain: Compressive stain is that which produce in a body when
two equal and opposite forces try to compress the body. In this case length of
body decreases as compressive stress.

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12. What are the types of Beam?

13. What are the types of load?

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 Chapter-4: Machine tools practices

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is machine tool? What are the types of machine tools?

Machine tool: It is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials usually
by cutting, boring, drilling, grinding, shearing or other forms of deformation.

There are five types of machine tools:

i. Lathe machine.
ii. Milling machine.
iii. Shaper machine
iv. Planer machine.
v. Drilling machine,

2. Define the lathe machine and milling machine?

i. Lathe machine : A machine that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to

performance various operations such as plain turning, step turning, taper turning,
grooving, threading, knurling, drilling, boring, and facing with tools that are
applied to the workpiece to create an object. Example: live centre lathe, dead
centre lathe etc.
ii. Milling machine : A Machine tool in which a horizontal arbor or vertical spindle
rotates a cutting tool above a horizontal table , in which is used to perform
different types operations of work piece such as plain/slab milling, bevel milling,
side milling, end milling, form milling, helical/spiral milling, angular milling etc.

The different types of milling machine are as follows:

 Column and knee type milling machine.
 Vertical milling machine
 Plain milling machine
 Universal milling machine

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 3. What is the difference between shaper and planer?

S.no Shaper Planer

In a shaper machine work is held

In a planar machine, the tool is stationary and work
1 stationary and the cutting tool on the ram
piece travels back and forth under the tool.
is moved back and forth across the work.

A planer is meant for larger jobs than can be undertaken

Shaper can be used for shaping much
2 on a shaper. Jobs as large as 6 meter wide and twice as
smaller jobs.
long can be machined on a planer.

3 A shaper is a light machine. A planer is a heavy duty machine.

Shaper can employ light cuts and finer

4 Planer can employ heavier cuts and coarse feed.
feed.

5 Shaper uses one cutting tool at a time. Planer uses several tools to cut simultaneously.

The shaper is driven using quick return The drive on the planer table is either by gears or by
6
mechanism. hydraulic means.

Due to better rigidity of planer machine, compared to

7 It is less rigid and less robust. that of a shaper, planer can give more accuracy on
machined surfaces.

4. What is drilling machine and its types? What are the types tools used for it?

Drilling machine: It is a machine that is used for making round holes in metal pieces. The
operation of making round holes in a metal is called drilling. The most common operation
which can be carried on a drilling machine are as follow:

 Boring: It is an operation of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled.

 Reaming: It is an operation of slightly enlarging a machined hole to proper size with
a smooth finish.

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Following are the various types of drilling machine:

 Portable drilling machine.

 Sensitive drilling machine.
 Radial drilling machine.
 Gang drilling machine.
 Multiple spindle drilling machine.
 Deep hole drilling machine.

Drilling tools:

 Flat drill
 Straight fluted drill
 Twist drill

5. What is the cutting tool? What are the main types of cutting tools?

Cutting tool: Cutting tool is any tool that is used to remove material from the work piece by
means of shear deformation.

The main types of cutting tools:

i) Single point cutting tools.

Fig: Terminology of single point cutting tool.

17
 ii) Double point cutting tools.

iii) Multipoint cutting tools.

The cutting speed in m/min:

Materials Mild steel Copper Al, Brass and Stainless

Bronze steel
Cutting speed
(m/min) 24-45 18-30 60-90 12-18

6. What types of chips are produced during metal cutting or marching?

 Continuous chips
 Continuous chips with built up edge
 Discontinuous chips

7. Define the method of marching?

 Orthogonal cutting or two dimensional cutting: The cutting edge of the tool is
perpendicular to the direction of tool travel.
 Oblique cutting or three dimensional cutting: The cutting edge of the tool is
inclined at an angle less than 90 degree to the direction of tool travel.

8. What are the tools materials?

 High carbon steel: The tools made of high carbon steel have low heat and wear
resistance. Since these tools lose hardness at about 300 degree C, therefore they are
not suitable for high cutting speeds and heavy-duty work. This tools may be used on
soft materials such as wood.
 High speed steel: It is containing 18% tungsten, 4% chromium, 1% vanadium is
considered to be one of the best all-purpose tool steel. They retain their hardness upto
a temperature of 900 degree.

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  Carbide: The carbide tools operating at very low cutting speed (below 30m/min)
reduces tool life.
 Ceramic: These tools have greater tool life than carbide tools.

9. Define the grinding and broaching?

Grinding: The grinding is the process of removing metal by the use of grinding wheel.

Broaching: The broaching is a process of removing metal by pushing or pulling a cutting

tool (known as broach) having a number of teeth gradually increasing size. The broach has
three cutting zones: roughing teeth, semi-finishing teeth and finally finishing teeth.

10. What is CNC machine?

CNC: Computer numerical control (CNC) is a method for automating control of machine
tools through which the use of software.

11. What is PLC?

PLC: A programmable logic controller is an industrial digital computer which has been
ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing process.

12. What is thread? What is gear and its type? What are the function of gears?

Thread: A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert
between rotational and linear movement or force.

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Gear: A toothed wheel that works with others to alter the relation between the speed of a
driving mechanism (such as the engine of a vehicle) and the speed of the driven parts (the
wheels).

Functions of Gears:

 Gears can increase the speed, increase the force or change the direction.
 A gear is a simple, rotating machine which usually has teeth (cogs).
 When they connect to another gear, they transmit torque, which is like a twisting
force.
 When two gears work together, it is called a transmission.

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  Not all gears have teeth. In a rack and pinion gear, the pinion is the gear wheel and it
meshes with the rack, which is a long bar with cogs. An example- a bike chain.

13. What is gear train?

Gear train is a combination of gears and used for transmitting motion and power from one
shaft to another shaft.

14. Define the break and bearing?

Break: A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a
moving system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent
its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction. Pivoted type Shoe brake, Band
brake, Disc brakes, Hydraulic Braking, Electromagnetic braking etc.

Bearing: A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for
example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a
fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear
on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. It has
main two types: Roller bearing and ball bearing.

15. What are the belt and belt drives?

A belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating
shafts. A belt drive offers smooth transmission of power between shafts at a considerable
distance. Example: Flat belt, v-belt and circular belt or rope belt.

Belt Drive is a type of frictional drive used for transmitting powers. Example: Light drives,
medium drives and heavy drives.

16. What is welding? What are the types of welding?

Welding: It processes at which two same metals are joint each other by melting the metal
with the help of fusion or non-fusion. Basically it has types:

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 1. Plastic welding or pressure welding.
2. Fusion welding ( i) Gas welding, ii) Arc welding) Or Non-Fusion welding.

 Welding can also classified depending on the source of heat as follow:

Gas welding, Arc welding, Resistance welding. Thermite welding. Solid welding, new
welding process

17. Define the Electrode?

In arc welding, an electrode is used to conduct current through a workpiece to fuse two pieces
together. Depending upon the process, the electrode is either consumable, in the case of gas
metal arc welding or shielded metal arc welding, or non-consumable, such as in gas tungsten
arc welding.

18. Define the soldering and casting?

Soldering : It is a process in which two or more metal objects are joint together by melting
and putting a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the
adjoining metal.

Casting: It is a one kind of manufacturing process in which melting metal is purring in the
mold cavity and make a job is called casting. There are 6 types: Sand casting, shell mold
casting, die casting, investment casting, permanent casting, and centrifugal casting.

22
 19. What is hot working and the type of hot working process?

Hot working: The working of metals above the recrystallization temperature (typically
between 400 and 700 °C) is called hot working. Hot rolling, hot forging, hot spinning, hot
extrusion, hot drawing or cupping, and hot piercing.

20. What is cold working and the type of cold working process?

Cold working: The working of metals below their recrystallization temperature (typically
between 400 and 700 °C) is called cold working. Cold rolling, cold forging, cold spinning,
cold extrusion, cold drawing or cupping, and cold piercing.

21. What is pattern making? Types of patterns?

Pattern making: A model or replica of desired casting which when mounded in sand forms
an impression called mould. The mould when filled with the molten forms casting after
solidification of the poured metal. The quality and accuracy of casting depends upon the
pattern making. The pattern may be made of wood, metal, plaster, plastic, and wax.

Its types: Single piece pattern, Split piece pattern, Loose piece pattern, Gated pattern,
Match pattern, Sweep pattern, Cope and drag pattern, Skeleton pattern, shell pattern etc.

23
 Chapter-5: Thermodynamics

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is Thermodynamics?
Ans: The branch of science that deals the conversion between heat and work.

2. What is thermodynamics system?

Thermodynamics system: A definite area or a space where some thermodynamics presses is
taking place.
- Open system: Both of matter and energy are allowed to exit and inter. Example- Ocean, an
open cup of coffee.
- Close System: Energy is allowed to exchange with their environment. But matter isn’t
allowed to exchange with their environment. Example- a simple water bottle.
-Isolated System: This system is completely isolated from their environment. They don’t
exchange heat, matter with their environment. Example- a thermo flask.

3. What are properties of thermodynamics?

-Extensive properties: It depends on the size or extent of the system. Volume, mass, energy,
and entropy are the example of extensive properties.
-Intensive: It doesn’t depend on the size or extent of the system. Temperature and pressure
are the example of extensive properties.

4. Define the heat, temperature, Energy?

Heat: Heat is a measure of transferred energy from one body to another because of
temperature different. (J)
- Sensible heat: An amount of heat that changes the temperature. Sensible heat is
related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase.
- Latent heat: An amount of heat that does not change the temperature. Latent heat is
related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids.
- Specific heat: The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise
the temperature by one degree Celsius.

24
Temperature: Temperature is a position of any matter that indicates the hotness or coolness
of this matter.

-
Fig: Sensible heat vs latent heat and temperature control during the phase

Energy: The capacity of doing work. Energy is a quantitative property that must be
transferred to an object in order to perform work. (J)
a. Stored energy: Which is possessed by a system within its boundaries.
i. Potential energy: It is the energy possessed by a body or a system for doing
work by virtue of its position above the ground level. P= mgh. (J)
ii. Kinetic energy: It is the energy possessed by a body or a system for doing
1
work by virtue of its mass and velocity of motion. k= 2 𝑚𝑣 2 (J)

iii. Internal energy: It is the energy possessed by a body or a system due to its
molecular arrangement.
b. Transit energy: Which is possessed by a system with crossing its boundaries.

5. Define the Entropy and enthalpy?

Entropy: Entropy means transformation. It is the important thermodynamics property of a

working substance which increase with the addition of heat and decrease with removal of it.
Q=Tds.

25
Enthalpy: In thermodynamics process, it is the sum of the internal energy and product of
pressure and volume. H= U+pv (H=enthalpy, u=internal energy, p= pressure, v= volume).

6. What is the difference of saturated stream and superheated stream?

Ans: Saturated (dry) steam results when water is heated to the boiling point (sensible
heating) and then vaporized with additional heat (latent heating). If this steam is then further
heated above the saturation point, it becomes superheated steam (sensible heating). Standard
steam have some moisture but super-heated steam have less moisture then standard
steam. Sometimes it have no moisture.

7. Write down the Boye’s law, charle’s law, and Gay-lussac law?

Ans:

26
 8. Write down the thermodynamics lows?

The first law:

1. .“The heat & mechanical work are mutually converted”. dQ=dW
2. The energy can neither be created nor be destroyed through it can transformed from
one to another form. i.e. dQ-dW=dE
The second law:
1. It is impossible to construct an engine working in a cyclic process whose sole
purpose is to convert heat energy into an equivalent amount of work.
2. It is impossible for self-acting machine working in a cyclic process to transfer heat
from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid
of an external agency.
The third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is exactly equal to zero.
Zeroth law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.

9. What is the relative between the Heat engine, Refrigerator and heat pump?

-Heat engine (The system performs the conversion of heat to mechanical work)

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
ƞ𝐸 =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦

𝑊𝐸
=
𝑄2

(𝑄2 − 𝑄1 )
=
𝑄2
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
=
𝑇2

27
 -Refrigerator:

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
(𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃)𝑅 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝑄1
=
𝑊𝑅
𝑄1
=
(𝑄2 − 𝑄1 )
𝑇1
=
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

-Heat Pump:

28
 10.What are the thermodynamics processes?

- Isochoric process (constant volume process): The process, during which the volume of

the system remains constant, is called as isochoric process. When a gas is heated and its
temperature and pressure will increase. Since there is no change in its volume, therefore no
work is done by the gas. This process is governed by gas-lussac law. (V=C; P⁓T)

--Isobaric process (constant pressure process): When a gas is heated and its temperature
and volume will increase. Since there is change in its volume, therefore some work is done by
the gas. This process is governed by Charles’s law. (P=C; V⁓T)

--Isothermal process (constant temp. process): When the system undergoes change from
one state to the other, but its temperature remains constant, the system is said to have
undergone isothermal process. For instance, in our example of hot water in thermos flask, if

29
we remove certain quantity of water from the flask, but keep its temperature constant at 50
degree Celsius, the process is said to be isothermal process.

--Adiabatic process (Isentropic process): The process, during which the heat content of the
system or certain quantity of the matter remains constant, is called as adiabatic process. Thus
in adiabatic process no transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings takes place.

30
 11. What is difference between isentropic process and throttling process?

Ans: A throttling process is a thermodynamic process, in which the enthalpy of the gas or
medium remains constant (h =const). In fact, the throttling process is one of isentropic
process. On the other the throttling process cannot be isentropic, it is a fundamentally
irreversible process.

12.Why entropy change for a reversible adiabatic process is zero?

Ans; Zero, Entropy transfers in reversible process takes place either by heat interaction or by
mass interaction. To make it reversible the piston need to be moved in a very slow manner.
So, a piston compressing gases negligibly slow is called reversible adiabatic process.

13.Draw the p-v and t-s diagram for Otto cycle and diesel cycle?

31
 14. Draw the p-v and t-s diagram for Stream engine (joule cycle), Ericsson
cycle, Styling cycle, Duel cycle?

Joule cycle: (ps-ps)

Ericsson cycle: (pt-pt)

32
Styling cycle: (vt-vt)

Duel cycle:

15. What is Carnot cycle? Why this cycle is not feasible in actual practice

Carnot cycle: The Carnot cycle is the most efficient engine possible based on the assumption
of the absence of incidental wasteful processes such as friction, and the assumption of no
conduction of heat between different parts of the engine at different temperatures. The
efficiency of the Carnot engine is defined as the ratio of the energy output to the energy input.

33
Carnot cycle is not feasible in actual practice: During the isothermal process, the piston
should move very slowly within the cylinder. So that insufficient time is available for the
transfer of heat to the working medium within the cylinder during expansion or from the
working medium within the cylinder during isothermal compression.

But during the adiabatic process, the piston moves very fast within the cylinder. So that no
time is available for the transfer of heat.
So, sudden change of speed (from low speed to high speed) of the piston is required to make
the cycle efficient. But this is not possible due to direction of the cylinder and the piston is
none conductor of heat and cover head of the cylinder is good conductor. Again there is a
weightless and frictionless piston fitted on a cylinder which is practically impossible. That’s
why Carnot cycle can not be used in actual practice.

It is also impossible to eliminate the total friction of the various moving parts, the Carnot
cycle is the theoretical cycle, it eliminates the friction but practically it is not possible. So the
Carnot cycle is not feasible actual practice.

34
 Chapter-6: Refrigeration and air conditioning

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is Refrigeration:

Refrigeration: Refrigeration is the process of reducing the temperature of a space or a

substance and maintain it below that of the surroundings.

2. What is thermo electric refrigeration?

Ans : Cooling of a chamber based on the partial effect an electric current is sent through
a thermo couple whose cold junction is thermally coupled to the cooled chamber , while
the hot junction dissipates heat to the surrounding is also known as thermoelectric
refrigeration.

3. What is ton of refrigeration?

Ans : A ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the
uniform melting of one ton (1000kg) of ice from and at 00 in 24 hours.

Since the latent heat of ice is 335kj/kg, therefore

1TR =1000x335kj in 24 hours = 1000x335/24x60= 232.6kj/min

4. What are the types of refrigeration system?

The types of refrigeration system are:

i. Vapor compression refrigeration system.

ii. Air refrigeration system.
iii. Vapor absorption refrigeration system.
iv. Vortex tube refrigeration system.
v. Steam tube refrigeration system.
vi. Thermoelectric refrigeration system.

The second of thermodynamics are satisfied to build a refrigeration system.

35
 5. What are the difference between vapor compression refrigeration and
vapor absorption refrigeration?

Ans : The VCR consists of compressor, condenser, receiver, expansion valve and evaporator.
But the VAR replaces the compressor by generator and its other parts are remaining same.

Fig: Simple vapor compression refrigeration system

Fig: Simple vapor absorption system

36
 6. What do you understand by COP of refrigeration and COP of heat
pump?

Ans: The efficiency of a refrigerator or heat pump is given by a parameter called

the coefficient of performance (COP). The COP of a refrigerator is given by the following
equation: COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Cooling Effect/𝑊𝑖𝑛 = QL/𝑊(𝑛𝑒𝑡)𝑖𝑛 .

7. What is the relationship between COP of heating and cooling?

Ans: The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or COP) of a heat pump,

refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to
work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs.

8. What is air cooler?

Air cooler: An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler, swamp box, desert cooler and wet air
cooler) is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water.

9. What is the difference between air conditioner and air cooler?

Air Cooler Air Conditioner

It just cools down the air It can cool down as well as heat up the air

It has only two main parts; a fan It has four main parts; compressor, condenser, expansion valve
and a water pump and evaporator and works on the refrigeration cycle

It is portable and easy to transfer It is really big and heavy in size and has to be installed on the
from one place to another wall in a window

It uses simple water to cool the air It uses a chemical coolant to cool the air

It throws out humid air It throws out dry air

They work on lesser energy as They are very powerful machines and require a lot of energy to
they are not very powerful function properly

It only works in dry areas and

It works in humid areas as well as dry ones
does not work in humid areas

37
 10. Define the cooling tower, radiator, and chiller?

Cooling tower: A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to
the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers
may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to
near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely
solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.

Radiator: Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to
another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to
function in power plant automobiles, buildings, and electronics.

Chiller: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-

compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through

a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water).

11. What is sub-cooling and super-heating in refrigeration system?

Sub-cooling: Sub-cooling or under cooling is done before throttling or expanding the

refrigerant and it ensure that no vapor enters the expansion valve.

Super-heating: It is done before compression and it ensures that no liquid enters the
compressor.

12. What is reverse Carnot cycle?

The reverse carnot Cycle: A refrigeration or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot
cycle is called a Carnot refrigeration or a Carnot refrigeration heat pump. The reverse Carnot
cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between two specified temperature
levels. It sets the highest theoretical COP.

13. Why an air refrigerator working on reverse Carnot cycle?

Ans: In refrigerating system, The Carnot cycle considered is the reversed Carnot cycle.
Because we know that a heat engine working on Carnot cycle has highest possible efficiency.
Similarly, a refrigerating system working on the reversed Carnot cycle, will have the
maximum possible co-efficient of performance. We also know that it is not possible to make

38
an engine working on the Carnot cycle. Similarly, its not possible to make a refrigeration
machine working on the reversed Carnot cycle. However, it is used the ultimate standard of
comparison. A Carnot cycle using air as working medium is shown P-V and T-S diagram.

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
(𝐶𝑂𝑃)𝑅 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑇1 (𝑆2 − 𝑆3 )
=
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) (𝑆2 − 𝑆3 )
𝑇1
=
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
And, (𝐶𝑂𝑃)𝑃 = (𝐶𝑂𝑃)𝑅 + 1

14. What is Refrigerant?

Refrigerant: The Refrigerant is a substance or mixing usually a fluid, used in a Refrigeration

cycle. Example – Air, Water, Ammonia, Cl, R-134a etc. They are two types: Primacy
refrigerant, secondary refrigerant.

15. What are the common used refrigerants?

Ans: (i) Ammonia (𝑁𝐻3 ), (ii) Carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2), (iii) Sulphar dioxide (𝑆𝑂2), (iv) R-11
(CCl3F), (iv) R-12 (CHCL2F), (v) R-22(CHCLF2), (vi) R134a (It is the most commonly
used refrigerant).

39
 16. What is the purpose of domestic Electrolux Refrigerant / why hydrogen is
used in Electrolux system?

Ans: The main purpose of domestic Electrolux refrigerator is to eliminate the pump so that in
the absence of moving parts, the machine becomes noise-less. This type of refrigerator is also
called three fluids absorption system. The three fluids used in this system are ammonia,
hydrogen and water. The ammonia is used as a refrigerant because it possesses most of the
desirable properties. The hydrogen being the lightest gas, is used to increase the rate of
evaporation of the liquid ammonia passing through the evaporator. The hydrogen is also non-
corrosive and insoluble in water. The water is used as a solvent because it has the ability to
absorb ammonia readily.

17. Describe the properties of an ideal refrigerant?

ii. Low boiling and freezing point.

iii. High critical pressure and temperature.
iv. High latent heat of vaporization.
v. Low specific volume of vapor.
vi. High thermal conductivity.
vii. Low cost.
viii. High co-efficient of performance.

18. What is human comfort? Explain the factors affecting human comfort?

Human Comfort: Human comfort is the condition of mind, which express satisfaction with
the thermal environment.

Factors affecting human comfort:

i. Effective temperature.
ii. Heat production and regulation in human body.
iii. Heat and moisture losses from the human body.
iv. Moisture content of air.
v. Quality and quantity of air.

40
 vi. Air motion.
vii. Hot and cold surface.
viii. Air satisfaction
.

19. What are the factors of human comforts?

The factors of human comforts are:

I. Temperature: Comfortable temp. of human (22.50 C-260 C).

II. Humidity: Pressure of moisture in the air.
1. Summer RH >60%
2. Winter RH <40%
3. Typical RH=50%
III. Velocity of air: By ASRAE the comfort air velocity range is 0.1 m/s – 0.25 m/s.
IV. Purity: The air must be pure.
V. Motion of air. (0.1 hr./sec – 0.25hr./sec)

20. What is the elaboration of HVAC?

Ans: Short for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. The system is used to provide
heating and cooling services to buildings. HVAC systems have become the required industry
standard for construction of new buildings.

21. What is the elaboration of ASHRAE?

Ans: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

22. What is air conditioning?

Air conditioning: It is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study of
condition of air.

23. What is the air conditioning system?

Air conditioning system: The system which effectively controls these conditions to produce
the desired effects upon the occupants of the space is known as an air condoning system.

41
 24. Classification of air conditioning system?

a. According to the purpose:

i. Comfort air condition system.
ii. Industrial air conditioning system.
b. According to season of the air :
i. Winter air conditioning system.
ii. Summer air conditioning system.
iii. Year-round air conditioning system.
c. According to arrangement of equipment:
i. Central air conditioning system.
ii. Unitary air conditioning system (Unitary system means a system which

combines heating, cooling, and fan sections all in one packaged. They

are two types : window units, vertical packaged unit)

25. Define the central air condition? Write down the use of it?

Ans: When cooling capacity is required 25TR or more and air flow is more than 300𝑚2 /min

is called central air condition. (i) Big shaping complex, (ii) Industry.

26. What are the equipment used in an air conditioning system?

Ans: Compressor, Fan, Condenser Coil (Hot), Evaporator Coil (Cool), Chemical Refrigerant.

27. What is duct?

Ans: Duct is a device through which air is supplied from the air condition to the room, and
return the air from the back to the room.

28. Write down the terms used in psychometric chart?

i. The wet bulb temperature: The lowest temperature that can be reached into the
air by evaporating water.
ii. Dry bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air reached by a thermometer,
when it is not affected by the moisture present in the air.

42
 iii. Wet bulb depression: The difference between dry bulb temperature and wet bulb
temperature at any point.
iv. Dew point temperature: It is the temperature of air reached by a thermometer,
when the moisture present in it begins to condense. Or, It’s the temperature
v. Dry air : A pure dry air is a mixture of a number of gases such as nitrogen,
Oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.
vi. Moisture air: A mixture of dry air and water vapor.
vii. Saturated air: A mixture of dry air and vapor.
viii. Humidity: It is a mass of water vapor present in 1 kg of dry air.
ix. Relative humidity: (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to
the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity
depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. The same
amount of water vapor results in higher relative humidity in cool air than warm
air. A related parameter is that of dew point.
x. Absolute humidity: It is a mass of water vapor present in 1 m^3 of dry air.

29. What do you mean by heat pump and head engine?

Heat pump: To transfer energy from lower temperature to higher temperature.

Heat engine: To transfer energy from higher temperature to lower temperature.

30. Different between a refrigerator and a heat pump?

Refrigerator:
from inside a refrigerator (low temperature).

.
Heat pump:

the environment.
heat is given off into building (higher temperature).
interior rises.

43
 Chapter-7: Heat and Mass transfer

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another of different
temperature. It is the process of transfer heat from higher temperature reservoir to lower
temperature reservoir.

2. What is overall heat transfer:

Ans : It is the heat transmitted per unit area, per unit time, per degree temp difference
between the bulk fluids on each side of the metal.

3. What is overall heat transfer coefficient?

Ans: The overall heat transfer coefficient usually use to find out heat transfer from fluid to
fluid, heat transfer across a metal boundary.

4. What is mass transfer?

Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning stream,
phase, fraction or component, to another.

5. What are the processes of heat transfer? / Modes of heat transfer?

Process of heat transfer: (i) Conduction, (ii) Convection, (iii) Radiation.

Conduction: The transfer of heat between two solid bodies is called conduction. It depends
on difference temperature of the hot body and cold body.

Convection: The transfer of heat between solid surface and liquid is called convection.

-Forced convection: When the flow of gas or liquid is circulated by pumps or fans.

-Free or natural convection: Natural convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport,

in which the fluid motion is not generated by any external source (like a pump, fan, suction

44
device, etc.) but only by density differences in the fluid occurring due to temperature
gradients (A temperature gradient is the rate of change of temperature with
displacement in a given direction.).

Radiation: When two bodies are at different temperatures and separated by distance, the heat
transfer between them is called radiation.

6. Define radiation of heat transfer, thermal equilibrium, thermal conductivity,

thermal resistance and Thermal insulation?

Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat
source and the heated object as is the case with conduction and convection. Heat can be
transmitted through empty space by thermal radiation often called infrared radiation.
Thermal equilibrium: Two bodies are thermal equilibrium with each other when they have
the same temperature. `
Thermal conductivity: The rate at which heat passes through a specified material, expressed
as the amount of heat that flows per unit time through a unit area with a temperature gradient
of one degree per unit distance. Or thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its
ability to conduct heat.
Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference by
which an object or material resists a heat flow. Or thermal resistance is the property of a
material which resists the heat flow of heat transfer.
Thermal insulation: It is a material that conducts heat poorly.

7. Types of cooling system?

- Air or direct cooling system
- Liquid or indirect cooling system.

8. Write down the newton's cooling and Fourie’s law of heat convection?
Newton's cooling: Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body
is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its
surroundings.

45
Fouries’s low of heat conduction: It states that the time rate of heat transfer through a
material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right
angles to that gradient, through which the heat flows.

9. Define the black body and black body radiation?

Black body: An idealized surface that emits radiation at maximum rate.

A black body is a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it. A black body is a
theoretically ideal radiator and absorber of energy at all electromagnetic wave length.

Black body radiation: Radiation emitted by black bodies.

46
 Chapter-8: IC Engine and power plant engineering

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is Engine? What are the main types of Engine?

Engine: An engine or a heat engine is a machine designed to convert heat energy of fuel

into mechanical energy. Basically engine may be classified into two types:

i. External combustion (E.C) engine: An engine in which combustion of fuel take

place outside of the engine. In this type of engine heat, which is generated by
burning of fuel is use to convert the water or other low boiling temperature fluid
into steam. This high pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. Solid, liquid, and
gases fuel are used. Steam Engine is an example of E.C engine.
ii. Internal combustion (I.C) engine: An engine in which combustion of fuel take
place inside of the engine. When the fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it
generates a high temperature and pressure. This high pressure of force is exerted
on the piston, which used to rotate the wheels of vehicle. High volatile fuel like
petrol, diesel are used. Road vehicles, ships etc.

2. Define the types of internal combustion (I.C) engine?

1. According to number of stroke :

i. Two stroke engine: In a two stroke engine a piston moves one time up and
down inside the cylinder and complete one crankshaft revolution during single
time of fuel burn. Generally used in scooters, pumping sets etc.
ii. Four stroke engine: In a four stroke engine a piston moves two times up and
down inside the cylinder and complete two crankshaft revolutions during
single time of fuel burn. Generally used in bike, cars, truck etc. The following
sequence of operation : -Suction stroke
-Compression stroke
-Expansion stroke.
-Exhaust Stroke.

47
2. According to design of engine :
i. Reciprocating engine (piston engine).
ii. Rotary engine (Wankel engine).
3. According to fuel used :
i. Diesel engine: These engines used diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks,
buses, cars etc.
ii. Petrol engine: These engines used petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes,
sport cars, luxury cars etc.
iii. Gas engine: These engines used CNG (compressed natural gas) & LPG (liquid
petroleum gas) as the fuel. These are used in some light motor vehicles.
iv. Electric engine: It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It
uses electric energy to rotate the wheel.
4. According to method of ignition :
i. Compression ignition engine (CI) : IC engine in which Combustion is done
by compressed air to spark the Fuel with help of injector in the combustion
chamber in a cylinder is called compression ignition engine.
ii. Spark ignition engine: IC engine in which combustion is done by air-fuel
mixture with the help of spark plug in the combustion chamber in a cylinder is
called spark ignition engine.
5. According to number of cylinder :
i. Single cylinder.
ii. Multi-cylinder.
6. According to arrangement of cylinder :
i. In-line engine,
ii. V-type engine.
iii. Opposed cylinder engine.
iv. W-type engine.
v. Opposed piston engine.
vi. Radial engine.
7. According to air intake process :
i. Naturally aspired: In this type of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the
atmospheric pressure.
ii. Supercharged engine: In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased by
the compressor driven by the engine crankshaft.
48
 iii. Turbocharged engine: In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by
use of turbine compressor driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel.

3. Write the construction details of IC engine?

- Parts common to petrol and diesel engine :
i. Cylinder: In which the piston moves to and from in order to develop power. The engine
cylinder has to withstand a high pressure (more than 50 bar) and temperature (more than2000
deg c). The diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
ii. Cylinder Head: Made of special cast iron. It contains inlet, exhaust valve, spark plug (for
petrol engine), and nozzles (for diesel engine).
iii. Piston: Its main function is to transmit the force. Generally its made by Aluminum Alloy.
iv. Piston rings: These are circulated ring (over piston) and made of special steel alloy.
Compression ring-1, compression ring-2, Oil scraper ring.
v. Gudgeon pin: In IC engines, the gudgeon pin connects the piston to the connecting rod.
vi. Connecting road: It is a link between the piston and crankshaft, whose main function is to
transmit force from piston to the crankshaft. Moreover, It converts reciprocating motion of
the piston into circulate motion of the crankshaft. The upper (smaller) end of the connecting
road is fitted to the piston and the lower (bigger) end is connected to the crank.
vii. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is an engine component that converts the linear (reciprocating)
motion of the piston into rotary motion. The crankshaft is the main rotating component of an
engine and is commonly made of ductile iron.
viii. Crank: A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating
motion is imparted to the crankshaft.
ix. Crank case: A crankcase is, a cast iron case, the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating
IC engine.
x. Cams: A cam is a .rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion
to another element. It’s also known as follower.
xi. Engine bearing: The main bearings (journals bearing) are the bearings that support the
crankshaft in the engine block and allow the crankshaft to rotate. Big end bearing are
mounted in the Big end of the connecting rod. Small end baring are mounted in the small end
of the connecting rod.
xii. Flywheel: It’s a big wheel, mounted on the crankshaft. Its function is to maintain its speed
constant, store kinetic energy in a form of moment of inertia. It also reduces the vibration of
engine.
49
 xiii. Governor: A governor, or speed limiter or controller, is a device used to measure and regulate
the speed of an engine. i. Centrifugal governor. ii. Inertia governors.
xiv. Valves and valve operating mechanism: Inlet and Exhaust values. Operating mechanism :
a) a camshaft,
b) a tappet,
c) a push-rod,
d) a rocker-arm,
e) a rocker-shaft,
f) a return-spring, and a poppet-valve.
xv. Fuel pump.
- Parts for petrol engine only :
i. Spark plug : a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the
combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by
an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.
ii. Carburetor: a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper air–
fuel ratio for combustion.
- Parts for Diesel Engine only :
i. Injector: Introduction of fuel into the cylinders

4. Define the Clearance volume, Swept volume, cylinder volume, Compression ratio
and angle of overlap?

- Clearance volume: The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston, when
the piston is at top dead center, is called clearance volume.

- Swept volume: The volume swept through by the piston in moving between TDC and
BDC, is called swept volume or piston displacement.

-Cylinder volume: Sum of clearance volume and swept volume. V= Vc+Vs.

-Compression ratio is ratio of total volume of cylinder(s) to clearance volume of cylinder(s).

Vs+Vc
r=
Vc

-Angle of overlap: It is the crank angle during which the exhaust valve remains open during
the suction period. i.e. the angle between inlet valve open (IVO) and exhaust valve close
(EVO)

50
 5. What is valve timing diagram? Dram the actual indicate and valve timing
diagram?

Valve timing diagram: It’s a graphical representation of the exact moments in the sequence
of operations, at which the two valves (inlet and exhaust valves) open and close as well as
firing of the fuel. It is generally expressed in terms of actual positions of the crankshaft.

For petrol engine:

For diesel engine:

51
 6. Define the Mechanical efficiency, break power and indicate power?

Mechanical efficiency: The ratio of brake power to the indicate power.

𝐵. 𝑃
ƞ𝑚 =
𝐼. 𝑃

Brake power is the actual power available at the output shaft or crankshaft of an IC engine.
Indicated power is the theoretical power output of the engine.

Brake power is always less than indicated power.

Brake power = (2πNT)/60 (w)

Where,

N=rpm of the engine

T=Torque produced by engine in Nm

Brake power can also be calculated by

BP=Indicated power - Frictional Power

Friction power, F.P = (I.P-B.P)

7. Write drawn the formula of Thermal efficiency, Brake thermal efficiency,

indicate thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure, brake mean effective
pressure, indicate mean effective pressure and specific heat consumption?

𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

Thermal efficiency, ƞ𝑡ℎ =
actual work done

𝐵.𝑃 ×60
Brake thermal efficiency, ƞ𝑏 =
𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶𝑉

Where, 𝑚𝑓 = mass of fuel supplied per minutes. (Kg/min)

𝐶𝑣 = Calorific value of fuel (It is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion)

𝐶𝑣 of petrol is 45.5 mj/kg, and 𝐶𝑣 of diesel is 45.8 mj/kg.

52
 𝐼.𝑃×60
Indicate thermal efficiency, ƞ𝑖 =
𝑚𝑓 ×𝐶𝑉

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

Mean effective pressure, 𝑃𝑚 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐵.𝑃
Brake mean effective pressure, 𝑃𝑚𝑏 =
𝐿𝐴𝑁

𝐼.𝑃
Indicate mean effective pressure, 𝑃𝑚𝑖 =
𝐿𝐴𝑁

𝑚𝑓
Specific heat consumption, SFC = 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑤ℎ
𝐵.𝑃

8. What is engine knocking, Detonation and pre-ignition?

Engine knocking: Knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when

combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not result from propagation of
the flame front ignited by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode
outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. Its effects: Mechanical damage, Noise
and roughness.

Detonation: Detonation is the spontaneous combustion of the end-gas (remaining fuel/air

mixture) in the chamber. It always occurs after normal combustion is initiated by the spark
plug. The initial combustion at the spark plug is followed by a normal combustion burn. For
some reason, likely heat and pressure, the end gas in the chamber spontaneously combusts.
The key point here is that detonation occurs after you have initiated the normal combustion
with the spark plug.

Pre-ignition: Pre-ignition is defined as the ignition of the mixture prior to the spark plug
firing. Anytime something causes the mixture in the chamber to ignite prior to the spark plug
event it is classified as pre-ignition. The two are completely different and abnormal
phenomenon.

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9. Show the difference between petrol engine and Diesel engine?

10. Show the difference between Gasoline engine and Diesel engine?

54
 11. Which one (Petrol engine r Diesel engine) is more efficient for same compression
ratio?

Ans: For the same compressor ratio petrol engine (Otto cycle) is more efficient then the
diesel engine (diesel cycle).

12. What do you mean by Octane number and Centane number?

Octane number: It’s the standard measure of performance of fuel which is related to petrol.
Higher the octane number, better the quality of petrol. The octane number of iso-octane is
100. Higher octane number gives the higher efficiency of vehicle,

Centane number: It’s the standard measure of performance of fuel which is related to diesel.
Higher the octane number, better the quality of diesel and gives high efficiency.

13. What is bomb calorimeter?

Bomb calorimeter: A bomb calorimeter is a thick-walled steel container used to determine

the energy contain in a substance (coal) by measuring the heat generated during its
combustion.

14. Write down the abbreviation of HFO, LFO, HSD, LDO, and FFO? What are
specification of HFO and LFO?

HFO- Heavy fuel oil.

LFO- Light fuel oil.

HSD- High speed diesel.

LDO- Low speed diesel.

FFO- Furnace fuel oil.

Specifications of HFO and LFO:

Constituents HFO LFO

Carbon % 85.1 85.5
Hydrogen % 10.9 11.4
Sulpher % 4 3

55
 15. Write down the specifications of LPG, CNG, and LNG?

Specifications of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):

Constituents %
N-butane 38.5
Iso butane 37
Propane 24.5

Specifications of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG):

Components LNG CNG

Methane 90% 88.5
Ethane 6.35% 5.5%
Propane 0.15% 3.7%
Butane 2.5% 1.8%
Pentane - 0.5%

16. What is power plant engineering?

Power plant engineering deals with the study of energy, its sources and utilization of energy
for power generation. The power is generated by prime movers (example Hydraulic turbines,
steam turbines, diesel engines). The following are a few types of power plants -

1. Hydro-Electric power plant.

2. Steam engine power plant.
3. Gas, Diesel and petrol engine power plant.
4. Steam Turbine power plant.
5. Gas Turbine power plant.
6. Combined Gas and Steam turbines power plant.
7. Nuclear power plant.
8. Solar energy power plant.
9. Geothermal power plant.

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 17. What are the surface of energies?

Renewable Energy: (i) Water energy, (ii) solar energy.

Non-renewable energy: (i) Coal energy, (ii) fuel energy, (iii) natural gas.

18. Write down the difference sources of energy?

Ans: Solar energy, wind energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydrogen Energy, Tidal Energy,
Wave Energy, Hydroelectric Energy, Biomass Energy, Nuclear Power, Fossil Fuels
(Coal, Oil and Natural Gas).

19. Describe the Nuclear power plant, and Hydro-Electric power plant and
Geothermal power plant?

Hydro-Electric power plant: It captures the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A
turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator
converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. The main
components: Dam/reservoir, penstock, power house, turbine, generator & set-up transformer.

Fig: Hydro-Electric power plant

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Nuclear power plant: A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat
source is a nuclear reactor (any of a class of devices that can initiate and control a self-
sustaining series of nuclear fissions). As it is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to
generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity.

Fig: Nuclear power plant

Geothermal power plant: Geothermal power plants are used in order to

generate electricity by the use of geothermal energy (the Earth's internal thermal energy). Hot
water or steam is extracted from the Earth through a series of wells and feeds to generate
steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity.

Fig: Geothermal power plant

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 Types of Geothermal power plant:

 Dry steam plants use steam directly from a geothermal reservoir to turn generator turbines.
The first geothermal power plant was built in 1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where natural steam
erupted from the earth.
 Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth and convert it to
steam to drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected
back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.
 Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to another liquid.
The heat causes the second liquid to turn to steam, which is used to drive a generator turbine

20. Define the jet engine, wind turbine, gas turbine, steam engine, & steam turbine?

Jet Engine: A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that
generates thrust by jet propulsion. This broad definition includes air breathing jet engines
(turbojets, turbofans, ramjets, and pulse jets). In general, jet engines are combustion engines.

Wind turbine: A device that converts the wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy.

Gas turbine: A gas turbine, is also called a combustion turbine, is an internal combustion
engine. It converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal
combustion and generates the electrical energy. Its types – Closed cycle gas turbines, Open
cycle gas turbines, Semi-closed cycle gas turbines, constant pressure gas turbines, and
constant volume gas turbines.

Steam Engine: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical

work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam
pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force is transformed,
by a connecting rod and flywheel, into rotational force for work.

Steam turbine: Steam turbine is a prime mover in which pressure of steam (Vapor at water)
is converted into mechanical energy and further electrical energy. It has two types: Impulse
turbine, Reaction turbine.

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 21. What are the auxiliaries of turbine?

Ans : Turbine cylinder & rotor, Governor, Lubrication, Condenser ( heat exchanger), LP
heater, HP heater, Feed water heater, Deaerator (to remove oxygen and other dissolved
gases from feed water).

22. Difference between Gas turbine and Stream turbine?

S.no Gas Turbine Steam Turbine

1. In gas turbine the compressor and In steam turbine the steam boiler and
combustion chamber are the accessories
important components. are the important components.

2. Less space for installation is required. More space for installation is required.

3. The mass of gas turbine per kW The mass of the steam turbine per kW
produced is less. produced is more.

4. Less installation and running cost. More installation and running cost.

5. With the changing load conditions, its Its control is difficult, with the changing
control is easy. load condition.

6. The starting of this turbine is easy and The starting of steam turbine is not easy
quick. and takes long time.

7. A gas turbine does not depend on A steam turbine depends upon water
water supply. supply.

8. Its efficiency is less. Its efficiency is high.

23. What fuels are used in a gas turbine?

Ans: Petrol, natural gas (Gas has more efficient than a petrol), propane, diesel, and kerosene
as well as renewable fuels such as E85, biodiesel and biogas.

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 24. Define the mechanical efficiency and thermal efficiency?

Mechanical efficiency: It measures the effectiveness of a machine in transforming the

energy and power that is input to the device into an output force and movement. Efficiency is
measured as a ratio of the measured performance to the performance of an ideal machine.
Thermal efficiency: The thermal efficiency expresses the fraction of heat that becomes
useful work. The thermal efficiency is represented by the symbol η.

25. What is efficiency of cycle?

Ans: The ratio of total output and total input. Efficiency= output/input * 100%

26. Which is more efficient a steam turbine or gas turbine?

Ans: Steam turbine is more efficient.

27. What is rankine cycle?

Rankine cycle: The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam
turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines.
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat
into mechanical work while undergoing phase change. It is an idealized cycle in which
friction losses in each of the four components are neglected. The heat is supplied externally to
a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid.

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 28. What is combined cycle power plant?

Ans: A combined-cycle power plant uses both a gas and a steam turbine together to produce
up to 50 percent more electricity from the same fuel than a traditional simple-cycle plant. The
waste heat from the gas turbine is routed to the nearby steam turbine, which generates
extra power.

Fig: Combine cycle power plant

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 29. Why efficiency of gas turbine is lower to IC engines?

Ans: Thermal efficiency of gas turbine is lower than that of IC engine. While
mechanical efficiency of gas turbine is greater than that of IC engine. In case of
thermal efficiency gas turbines have an edge as there are no reciprocating parts in gas
turbines and heat loss is less. Mechanically IC engines have better outputs.

30. What is the difference between supercharger and turbocharger?

Ans: Looking at the difference between the two the supercharger will take its power from
the crankshaft whereas the turbocharger will draw power from exhaust gases that result from
combustion. Superchargers will spin with speeds up to 50,000 RPM. The turbocharger is not
connected to the engine and can spin much faster.

31. What is the difference between scavenging and supercharging?

Ans: Scavenging is the process of flushing out burnt gases from engine cylinder by
introducing fresh air in the cylinder before exhaust stroke ends. Supercharging is the process
of supplying higher mass of air by compressing the atmospheric air.

32. Why supercharging is used in engine?

Ans: A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air
supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more

Oxygen, letting it burns more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Superheating is
used in an engine to increase its efficiency.

33. Define the stalling, and surge?

Stalling: It’s a local disruption of air flow in the combustion.

Surge: It is a form of aerodynamic instability in compressor.

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 34. What is Generator?

Generator: A generator is a machine that converts one form of energy into another,
especially mechanical into electrical energy.

35. What air compressor? Types of air compressor?

Air Compressor: A device is used to compress the air and to raise its pressure.

Types of Air Compressor:

i. Reciprocating ii. Rotary screw iii. Rotary centrifugal

These types are further specified by:

 The number of compression stages (Single, Double, & Multi Stage )

 Cooling method (air, water, oil)
 Drive method (motor, engine, steam, other)
 Lubrication (oil, no lubricating oil contacts the compressed air)
 Packaged or custom-built

36. What is the difference between stalling and surging in rotary compressors?

Ans: It will come to a point that the whole flow over the airfoil separates, starting from the
leading edge (LE). This condition is called stall. It is a local phenomenon. Surging is the
complete breakdown of steady through flow, affecting the whole machine, in other words,
when stalling takes place on all the blades simultaneously.

37. What is a boiler?

Ans: A boiler or steam generator is usually a close vessel made of steel. Its function is to
transfer the heat produced by the combustion of fuel (solid, liquid, or gaseous) to water, and
ultimately to generate steam.

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 38. Classification of boiler?

i. According to the content in the tube:

-Water tube boiler: In water tube boiler, the water is inside the tube and hot gases surround
them. Efficiency is 90%. Use big plant.

-Fire tube boiler: In fire tube boilers, the hot gases are inside the tube and water surrounds
the tube. Efficiency is 75 %. Use for small plant.

ii. According to the position of the furnace

i) Internally fired, ii) externally fired.
iii. According to the axis of the shell:
i) Vertical ii) Horizontal
iv. According to the number of tubes:
i) Single tube ii) Multi tubular.
v. According to the method of circulation of water and steam :
i) Natural circulation ii) Forced circulation.
vi. According to the uses:
i) Stationary ii) Mobile.

39. Write down the boiler Auxiliaries?

Boiler mountings:
 Safety valve (Used to relief the over pressure of stream)
 Water level indicator.
 Pressure gauge.
 Fusible plug (It is a threaded metal cylinder usually of bronze, brass or gunmetal, with
a tapered hole drilled completely through its length, to ensure the safety)
 Main steam stop valve.
 Feed check valve (It is used in boilers to regulate the supply of feed water and to
maintain the water level.)
 Blow down valve (to discharge the mud and other sediments deposit in the boiler).

Boiler accessories:
 Feed pump (to deliver the feed water to the boiler).

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  Economizer (a device used to increase the temperature of feed water using waste of
heat of flue gases leaving the boiler through chimney)
 Super heater (to convert saturated steam or wet steam in superheated or dry steam).
 Air pre-heater : (to increase the temperature of air before it supply to the furnace
using waste of heat of flue gas passing through chimney)

Other Equipment:
 Boiler drum
 Furnace chamber
 Forced draft (FD fan) fan (for supplying pressurized air to a system)
 Inducted draft (ID) fan (to create a vacuum or negative pressure in a system)
 Chimney

40. Define the boiler efficiency and direct efficiency?

Boiler Efficiency: Boiler efficiency is a combined result of efficiencies of different

components of a boiler. A boiler has many sub systems whose efficiency affects the overall
boiler efficiency. Couple of efficiencies which finally decide the boiler efficiency are-
1. Combustion efficiency,
2. 2. Thermal efficiency.

Direct efficiency: The method which calculates boiler efficiency by using the basic
efficiency formula- η = (Energy output)/(Energy input) * 100 is called direct efficiency .

66
 Chapter-09: Fluid Mechanics

Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What are the fluid mechanics and hydraulics?

Fluid Mechanics: The branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of fluid
under the conditions of rest and motion.

Hydraulics: The branch of engineering science which deals with water at rest or in motion.

2. What is fluid? Types of fluid?

Fluid: A substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or
(especially) a liquid. Fluids can be classified into four basic types-

Ideal Fluid: An ideal fluid is a fluid that has no viscosity. It is incompressible in nature.
Practically, no ideal fluid exists because all the fluids have some viscosity.

Real fluid: A fluid which has at least some viscosity is called real fluid. Real fluids are
compressible in nature.

Newtonian fluid: If a real fluid obeys the Newton’s law of viscosity (Newton’s viscosity
law’s states that, the shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity
gradients between the two layers. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant, for a
given temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity) is
called Newtonian fluid. An example: Water.

Non- Newtonian fluid: If a real fluid doesn’t obey the Newton’s law of viscosity is called
Non-Newtonian fluid. An example: Blood.

3. Define the Soli, Liquid, and Gas?

Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated throughout.

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Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.

Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other molecular ordering is
nonexistent.

4. What are the properties of Fluid?

 Density: The mass per unit volume at a standard pressure and temperature. Ƿ= m/V
 Specific volume : Volume per unit mass .v = V/m
 Specific gravity: A ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a water.
 Specific weight: The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called specific weight.
 Viscosity: It is the property of fluid, when fluid is flow and it makes resistance to
flow. Unit: m^2/s.
 Dynamic (absolute) viscosity: It is a measure of internal resistance.
 Kinematic viscosity: The ratio of the absolute viscosity to the density.
 Capillarity: The phenomenon of rising liquid in the tube of smaller diameter is called
capillarity.
 Bulk modulus of elasticity: All fluids are compressible under the application of
external force and when the force is removed, they expend back to their original
volume.
 Bulk modulus of fluid: The ratio of the change in pressure to the volumetric strain.

5. What are the energies of a liquid in motion?

 Potential energy of a liquid in motion: It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by
virtue of its potion.
 Kinetic energy of a liquid in motion: It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by
virtue of its motion.
 Pressure energy of a liquid in motion: It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by
virtue of its existing pressure.

6. What are the types of flows in a pipe?

 Uniform flow: A flow, in which the liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or
channel have same velocities, is called uniform flow.
 Non-uniform flow: A flow, in which the liquid particles at different sections of a
pipe or channel have different velocities, is called non-uniform flow.

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  Streamline flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the
paths of individual particles don’t cross each other, is called a streamline flow.
 Turbulent flow: It is a flow in which the inertia force is dominating over this
viscosity.
 Laminar flow: It is flow in which the viscosity of fluid is dominating over the inertia
force. Turbulent flow and laminar flow are the classification of viscous flow(A type
of fluid flow in which there is a continuous steady motion of the particles; the motion
at a fixed point always remains constant)
 Steady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant, is
called a steady flow.
 Unsteady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is not
constant, is called a unsteady flow.
 Compressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of a fluid and its density changes
during the flow, is called a compressible flow.
 Incompressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of a fluid and its density doesn’t
change during the flow, is called a compressible flow.
 Rotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate about their own axes
while flowing, is called a rotational flow.
 Irrotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles don’t rotate about their own
axes and retain their original orientations, is called a irrotational flow.
 One-dimensional flow: A flow, in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented by straight line, is called an one-dimension flow.
 Two-dimensional flow: A flow, in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented curve, is called a two-dimension flow.
 Three-dimensional flow: A flow, in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented in space, along the three mutually perpendicular directions, is called a
three-dimension flow.

7. Write down the Pascal’s law and Archimedes’ principle, Newton’s law of
Resistance?

According to Pascal’s Law, the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in
all directions.

69
Archimedes’ principle: “Whenever a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it is
buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body.”

Newton’s law of Resistance: “The force exerted by a moving fluid on an immersed body is
directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum due to the pressure of the body.”

8. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation?

Ans: “For a perfect incompressible liquid, flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of
a particle remains the same, while the particle moves from one point to another.” Written be-

Where,

𝑍 = Potential energy.

𝑣2
= Kinetic energy.
2𝑔

p
= Pressure energy.
𝑤

9. Write down the Euler’s equation?

𝑑𝑝
Ans : + 𝑔. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣. 𝑑𝑣 = 0
ƿ

10. Define the buoyancy, center of buoyancy, vortex flow, velocity gradient,
head, pressure head and total pressure?

Buoyancy: The ability or tendency of something to float in water or other fluid. Or is an

upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.

Center of buoyancy: The point, through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act.

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Vortex flow: When a cylinder vessel, containing some liquid, is rotating about its vertical
axis, the liquid surface is depressed down at the axis of its rotation and rises up near the walls
of the vessel on all sides. This type of flow is called vortex flow.

1. Free vortex: No external torque is required, Tangential velocity is inversely proportional

to the radius, Bernoulli equation can’t be applied.

2. Forced vortex. External torque is required, Tangential velocity is directly proportional to

the radius, Bernoulli equation can be applied.

Velocity gradient: The difference in velocity between adjacent layers of the fluid.

Head: Total energy of the fluid particle per unit weight is known as head. Total kinetic
energy of the fluid particle per unit weight is known as kinetic head. Total potential energy
of the fluid particle per unit weight is known as potential head.

Total pressure: Total pressure on an immersed surface, may be defined as the total pressure

exerted by the liquid on it.

Pressure head: The height of a liquid column that corresponds to a particular pressure
exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container.

11. What are the metacenter and metacentric height?

Metacenter: A point about which a floating body starts oscillating, when given a small
angular displacement.

Metacentric height: The distance between the center of gravity(G) of the floating body and
the metacenter (M).

12. How the fluid pressure is measured?

Ans: i) By balancing the liquid column (whose pressure to be found out the same or another
column) ii) By balance the liquid column (whose pressure is to be found out by the spring or
dead weight). To measure the fluid pressure we can use 1. Mano meter, 2.Piezometer tube.

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 13. Define the Piezometer, Manometer, barometer, dynamo meter, and
thermometer?

Piezometer: An instrument for measuring the pressure of a liquid or gas, or something

related.

Manometer: An instrument for measuring the pressure of a fluid, consisting of a tube filled
with a liquid, the level of the liquid being determined by the fluid pressure and height of the
liquid being indicated on a scale. Basically, it’s an improved form of piezometer. Following
are the few types of manometer:

 Simple manometer
 Micro manometer (a modified form of manometer)
 Differential manometer
 Inverted Differential manometer.

Barometer: A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure air pressure. Pressure

tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure
are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure systems
and frontal boundaries.

Dynamometer: A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, torque,
or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime
mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed(RPM).

Thermometer: It is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A

thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of
a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which
some change occurs with a change in temperature; and (2) some means of converting this
change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass
thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in
technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in research.

14. Define the equilibrium of floating bodies?

Gravitational force: A force that attracts any two objects with mass.

Upthrust of the liquid: The upward force on the object provided by the liquid.

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 15. What is the difference between hard water and soft water?

Hard water: Hard water is water that contains an appreciable quantity of dissolved minerals
(like calcium and magnesium).

Soft water: Soft water is treated water in which the only ion is sodium. As rain water falls, it
is naturally soft. On the other hand, soft water tastes salty and Sometimes It is not suitable for
drinking.

16. Write down the relation between absolute pressure, gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure?
Absolute pressure - The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure. It
is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure. And it is measured relative to
absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure - Gage pressure is the pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. In other
words, how much above or below is the pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressure - Pressures below the atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressures
and are measured by vacuum gages that indicates the difference between the atmospheric
pressure and the absolute pressure.
Atmospheric pressure - The atmospheric pressure is the pressure that an area experiences
due to the force exerted by the atmosphere.

17. What is the center of pressure and center of gravity?

Center of pressure: a point on a surface through which the resultant force due to pressure
passes.

Center of gravity: The center of gravity (CG) of an object is the point at which weight is
evenly dispersed and all sides are in balance.

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 18. Define the Venturimeter, Orifice, Orifice meter, Pitot tube, mouthpiece,
Notch, jet of water, and vena contracta?

Venturimeter: A device used to measure the fluid flow through pipes.

Pitot tube: A flow measurement device used to measure fluid flow velocity at the required
point in a pipe.

Orifice: A small opening in the wall or base of a vessel through which the fluid flows.

Orifice meter: A device used for measuring the discharge of the liquid flowing through a
pipe. It works on the same principle as that of venturimeter.

Mouthpiece: It is a short tube of length not more than two to three times of its diameter
which is fitted to a tank for measuring discharge of the flow from tank.

Notch: An opening provided in the side of tank or vessel such that the liquid surface in the
tank is below the top edge of the opening.

Weir: A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows, is called a
weir.

Jet of water: The continuous stream of a liquid that comes out or flows out of an orifice, is
known as the jet of water.

Vena contracta: Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the
stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream
issuing out of a nozzle, it is a place where the cross section area is minimum.

19. Write down the hydraulic co-efficient?

 Coefficient of contraction: The ratio of area of the jet at vena contracta to the area
of the orifice.
 Coefficient of velocity: The ratio of actual velocity of the jet at vena contracta to the
theoretical velocity of the jet.
 Coefficient of discharge: The ratio of actual discharge through an orifice to the
theoretical discharge.
 Coefficient of resistance: The ratio of loss of head in the orifice to the head of water
available at the exit of the orifice.

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 20. Define the Mach number? What are the flows classified as depending on
Mach number?

Mach number: The ratio of velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound wave. (A sound
wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a
medium (such as air, water, or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates away from
the source of the sound.). Mach number is used to measure the speed of an aircraft. Types of
flow are classified as four groups depending on the Mach number:

 Sonic flow: When the Mach number is equal to 1 is called sonic flow.
 Subsonic flow: When the Mach number is less than 1 is called subsonic flow.
 Supersonic flow: When the Mach number is greater than 1 but within 6 is called
supersonic flow.
 Hypersonic flow: When the Mach number is greater than 6 is called hypersonic flow.

21. Define the lift force and drag force?

Lift force: The force which is right angle to the direction of the fluid flow.
Drag force: The force which in the same direction of the fluid flow.

22. What are the forces present in moving fluid?

 Inertia force
 Viscos force
 Gravitational force
 Surface force
 Pressure force
 Elastic force

23. Define the Reynolds’s number, Froude’s number and Euler’s number of
Dimensionless numbers?
Reynolds’s number: The ratio of inertia force to the viscous force.
Froude’s number: The ratio of inertia force to the gravitational force.
Euler’s number: The ratio of inertia force to the pressure force.

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 Chapter-10: Principle of Turbo machinery
Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is turbo machinery?

Turbo machinery, in Mechanical engineering, describes machines that transfer energy
between a rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors, While a turbine transfer
energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid.

2. What is water wheel? What are the types of water wheel?

Water wheel is machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful
forms of power, often in a watermill.
(i) Overshot water wheel,
(ii) Breast water wheel,
(iii) Undershot water wheel,
(iv) Poncelet water wheel.

3. What is turbine?
Turbine: A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid and converts it into
useful work. Example – water turbine, steam turbine, wind turbine and gas turbine etc.

4. What is hydraulic turbines/ water turbine? Define the types of hydraulic

turbine?

Hydraulic (water) turbine: A hydraulic turbine is a machine which converts the hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy.
It is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. It converts kinematic energy and
potential energy of water into mechanical work.

Impulse turbine: Impulse turbine is a turbine which is run by the impulse of water /steam/
gas. Basically it has two types: Francis turbine (The Francis turbine was developed by
James Bichens Francis around 1855. Its key characteristic is the fact that water changes

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direction as it passes through the turbine. The flow enters the turbine in a radial direction,
flowing toward its axis, but after striking and interacting with the turbine blades it exits along
the direction of that axis. It is for this reason that the Francis turbine is sometimes called a
mixed-flow turbine. Or Francis Turbine is a combination of both impulse and
reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse
force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently.
Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power
stations.), Propeller turbine / Kaplan turbine (Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction
turbine with adjustable blades. This turbine was developed in the year 1913 by Viktor Kaplan, who
was a Austrian Professor. In his design, he combined automatically adjusted propeller blades and
automatically adjusted wicket gates to obtain efficiency over a wide range of water flow and water
level. It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the Francis Turbine. It is capable of
working at low head and high flow rates very efficiently which is impossible with Francis turbine.The
working range of head at which the Kaplan turbine works more efficienlty is 10 to 70 m).

Reaction turbine: A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to
the pressure or weight of a fluid. Basically it has three types: i) Radial flow turbine
(a turbine in which the flow of the working fluid is radial to the shaft.), ii) Axial flow turbine
(a turbine in which the direction offlow of water jet is axial (Parallel) to the axis of shaft). iii)
Mix flow turbine.

5. What are the main components of reaction turbine?

The main components of reaction turbine:
1) Spiral casing
2) Guide mechanism
3) Tube runner
4) Draft tube. (The draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area used for discharging water
from the exist of a reaction turbine. It is an integral part of mixed and axial flow turbines.
Because of the draft tube, it is possible to have the pressure at runner outlet much below the
atmospheric pressure).

6. What is pelton wheel? Write down the parts of pelton wheel?

Pelton wheel: It is an impulse-type water turbine used for high heads of water.
Parts of a pelton wheel: Nozzle, Runner, Casing, Buckets, and breaking jet.

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 7. What are the difference between impulse turbine and reaction turbine?

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

1. In impulse turbine only kinetic energy is 1. In reaction turbine both kinetic and pressure
used to rotate the turbine. energy is used to rotate the turbine.

2. In this turbine water flow through the nozzle 2. In this turbine water is guided by the guide
and strike the blades of turbine. blades to flow over the turbine.

3. All pressure energy of water converted into 3. In reaction turbine, there is no change in
kinetic energy before striking the vanes. pressure energy of water before striking.

4. The pressure of the water remains

unchanged and is equal to atmospheric 4. The pressure of water is reducing after
pressure during process. passing through vanes.

5. Water may admitted over a part of 5. Water may admitted over a part of
circumference or over the whole circumference or over the whole circumference
circumference of the wheel of turbine. of the wheel of turbine.

6. In impulse turbine casing has no hydraulic 6. Casing is absolutely necessary because the
function to perform because the jet is at pressure at inlet of the turbine is much higher
atmospheric pressure. This casing serves only than the pressure at outlet. It is sealed from
to prevent splashing of water. atmospheric pressure.

8. Define the inward flow reaction turbine and outward flow reaction
turbine?
Inward flow reaction turbine: The reaction turbine in which the water enters at the outer
periphery of the wheel and then flows inwards over the vans.
Outward flow reaction turbine: The reaction turbine in which the water enters at the carter
of the wheel and then flows outwards over the vans.

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 9. Define the characteristics of turbine?
Unit power: The power developed by a turbine, working under a head of 1 meter, is known

P
as unit power. P𝑢 = H3/2
Unit speed: The speed of a turbine, working under a head of 1 meter, is known as unit speed.

N
N𝑢 =
H1/2
Unit discharge: The discharge of a turbine, working under a head of 1 meter, is known as
unit discharge.

Q
Q𝑢 =
H1/2

10. Define the significance of specific speed, Specific speed of a turbine and
Selection of turbine of specific speed ?

Significance of specific speed: It is speed of the turbine which is similar in all aspect with
actual turbine, but of a size which will develop unit power under a unit head.

H1 1/2
N1 = N
H
Specific speed of a turbine: The specific speed for a turbine is the speed of a geometrically
similar turbine which would produce unit power (one kilowatt) under unit head (one meter).

P 1/2
N𝑠 = N 5/4
H

Selection of turbine of specific speed:

Types of Turbine Specific Speed

Pelton wheel (Single nozzle) 8-30
Pelton wheel (Double nozzle) 30-50
Francis turbine 50-250
Kaplan turbine 250-1000

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 11. What is cavitation? What are the reasons of cavitation?
Cavitation: The formation of bubbles, filled with vapors within the body of a moving fluid.
Reasons of cavitation:
 When the pressure at any point falls below the vapor pressure.
 Noise and vibration of various parts.
 A reduction in the discharge of a turbine.

12. What is pump?

Pump: A mechanical device using suction or pressure to rise or move liquids, compress
gasses, or force air into inflatable objects.

13. Define the main types of pump?

Centrifugal pump : A centrifugal pump may be defined as a machine, which driven by

external source, lifts water or any liquid from lower level to higher level or transfers it from
one place to another place. Its flow rate varies with the change of pressure.

Reciprocating pump: A reciprocating pump is a class of positive displacement pump as it discharges

a definite quantity of liquid during the displacement of its piston or plunger which executes a
reciprocating motion in a closely fitting cylinder. A hydraulic machine which converts the
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Its flow rate is always the same whatever there is a
pressure difference or not.

14. What is multistage centrifugal pump?

Multistage centrifugal pump: A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is

called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts. At each stage, the fluid is directed to the center before making its way to the
discharge on the outer diameter.

They are used to produce high heads or to discharge a large quantity of liquid. In order to
obtain a high head, a number of impellers are mounted in series or on the same shaft while to
discharge a large quantity of liquid, the impellers are connected in parallel.

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 15. Why reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump?
Answer: Reciprocating pump is called positive displacement pump because it discharges
infinite quantity of liquid during the displacement of its piston. So reciprocating pump is
called positive displacement pump.

16. Why gear pump is also called a positive displacement pump?

Ans: Gear pump is also called a positive displacement pump. Because it moves a fluid by
repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume using inter locking gears, transferring it mechanically
using a cyclic pumping action.

17. What are the main components of centrifugal pump?

Ans : Impeller, Casing.

18. What are the types of casing of centrifugal pump?

Ans: (i) Volute casing, (ii) Vortex casing, (iii) Volute casing with guide blades.

19. What are the difference between centrifugal pump and reciprocating
pump?
Ans:
S. No. Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

It is one of the rotary pumps which used It is a positive displacement type pump which is
1. kinetic energy of impeller. forced by piston.

2. It continuously discharges the fluid. It does not discharge the fluid continuously.

In centrifugal pump the flow rate The pressure does not affect flow rate in
3. decreases which increasing the pressure. reciprocating pumps.

4. It is used for pumping high viscous fluid. It is used for pump low viscous fluid.

In this pumps discharge is inversely In reciprocating pump viscosity of fluid does

5. promotional to the viscosity of fluid. not affect the discharge rate.

Efficiency of these pumps are low

6. compare to reciprocating pump. Efficiency is high.

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7. It has problem of priming. It does not have any problem of priming.

It uses impellers to transfer energy to It uses piston cylinder device to transfer energy
8. fluid. to fluid.

9. They are lighter than reciprocating pumps. These are heavier compare to centrifugal pump.

10. It gives higher discharge at low heads. These gives higher heads at low discharge.

11. It is less costly. These are costly.

12. These pumps required less maintenance. These required higher maintenance.

Centrifugal pumps are easy to install. These pumps are difficult to install. These
13. These required less floor space. required more floor area.

It is mostly used for domestic purpose and

where higher discharge at low head These are mostly used in industries and high
14. required. viscous fluid pumped at a high head.

20. Define the Coefficient of discharge, slip, and negative slip of

Reciprocating pump?

Coefficient of discharge: The ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.

Slip: The difference between theoretical discharge and actual discharge.
Negative slip: When actual discharge is more than a theoretical discharge.

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 Chapter-11: Machine Design
Prepared by Rofail Miah (15207022)

1. What is Machine Design/ Mechanical engineering design?

Mechanical Design or Machine Design is one of the important branches of Engineering

Design. To understand what exactly machine design or mechanical design is let us consider
the example of the gear box of the car. The gear box transmits the motion and the power of
the engine to the wheels of the vehicle. The gearbox comprises group of gears which are
subjected to not only motion but also the load of the vehicle. For the gears to run at desired
speeds and take desired loads it is important that they should be designed. During designing
various calculations are performed considering desired speeds and loads and finally the gear
of particular material and specific dimensions that can take all loads and that can be
manufactured at least possible cost giving optimum performance is designed. In similar
fashion all the components of the car, including engine, have to be designed so that they
optimally meet all the functional requirements at lowest possible cost. This whole process of
designing is called as machine design or mechanical design.

Machine Design or Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which resources or
energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or the mechanisms so as to obtain useful
output from the machines in the desired form as per the needs of the human beings. Machine
design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or it can lead to up-gradation or
improvement of the existing machine. For instance if the existing gearbox is too heavy or
cannot sustain the actual loads, entirely new gearbox can be designed. But if the same
gearbox has the potential to lift more loads, it can be upgraded by making certain important
changes in its design.

2. What is machine?

Machine: An apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a
definite function and together performing a particular task.

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 3. What is theory of Machine?

Theory of Machines may be defined as that branch of engineering-science, which deals with
the study of relative motion between the various parts of a machine, and forces which act on
them.

4. What is the difference between an engine and a machine?

Ans: Comparison between Machine and Engines:

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 5. What are the non-metals and metals? Define the types of metals?

Non-metals: Non-metals such as glass, plastic etc.

Metal: A metal is material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a
lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.

a. Non-ferrous metals: A non-ferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does

not contain iron (ferrite) in appreciable amounts. Important non-ferrous metals
include aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such
as brass. metals such as gold, silver and platinum and exotic or rare metals such
as cobalt, mercury, tungsten, bismuth, cerium, cadmium are also non-ferrous.
b. Ferrous metals: The ferrous metals are those which have iron as their main
components. Pig iron (crude form of iron) is the raw material for the production
of various ferrous metals.

 Steel: It is alloy of iron and carbon, 0.15%-1.5% carbon

 Stainless steel: In metallurgy, stainless steels a steel alloy, with highest percentage
contents of iron, chromium, and nickel, with a minimum of
10.5% chromium content by mass and a maximum of 1.2% carbon by mass.
 Cast Iron: It is obtained by re melting pig iron, 1.7%-4.5% carbon.
 Wrought iron: It is the purest iron which contains at least 99.5% iron.
 Allow steel: Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total
amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.
Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low alloy steels and high alloy steels. It
is made by combining carbon steel with one or more allowing elements, such as Mn,
Si, Ti, Cr, Cu, Al etc.
 High speed steels have iron mixed with more than 0.5% carbon, more than 5%
molybdenum along with other alloying elements like tungsten which varies according
to the grade that is 18% in grade T-1, 6%in M-2 grade, 1.6% in M-1 grade and 1.5%
in M-2 grade. High Speed Steels are high-performance special steels offering high
hardness at temperatures up to 500°C and high wear resistance.

 High Carbon Steels are carbon steels which have iron and a carbon content of
around 0.6-1.5% by weight. Due to the higher carbon content compared to low and

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 medium carbon steels, the high carbon steel has higher hardness but lower ductility,
lower weld ability and higher brittleness. Because of its high hardness and wear
resistance they are used in cutting tools and masonry nails. They are also be used in
springs, wires, swords etc.

6. What is heat treatment? What are the heat treatment process?

Heat treatment: Heat treatment is the heating and cooling of metals to change their physical
& mechanical properties without letting it change its shape. Following are various processes:
Annealing, normalizing, tempering, hardening, surface hardening, case hardening.

7. What are the mechanical properties of metals to resist force and load?

Elasticity: It is the property of a material to regain its shape after deformation when the
external forces are removed.

Plasticity: It is the property of a material which retains the deformation produced under the
load permanently. Ductility: It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire
with the application of tensile force.

Brittleness: It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion.

Malleability: It is a special case of ductility which permits material to be rolled or hammered

into thin sheets,

Toughness: It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like
hammer blows.

8. What is metrology?

Metrology: It is the science of Measurement, includes all aspects both theoretical and
practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever field of
science or technology they occur.

9. What is calibration? Define the physical measurement?

Calibration: Calibration affords the opportunity to check the instrument against a known
standard and subsequently to reduce errors in accuracy.

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Nominal (Basic Size): It is the size on which the limits of size are based and which is
assigned to a part in accordance with its function.

True size: It is the theoretical size of a dimension, which is free from any errors of
measurement

Basic size: The size with reference to which the limits of size are fixed. The
limits of size are derived by the application of upper and lower deviations..

Actual size: It is the value of size obtained through measurement with the permissible
measuring error.

Exact size: It is the value of size obtained with the highest metrological accuracy.

Approximate size: It is the value of size obtained with an error exceeding the permissible
measuring error.

Error of measurement: It is the difference between the true value and the value found by
the measurement.

Correction: It is the amount which should be algebraically added to the indicated value to
obtain the actual value of the size being measured.

Zero line: It’s a straight line corresponding the basic size.

Deviation. The algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum etc.) and the
corresponding basic size

Limit Deviations. Upper deviation and lower deviation.

Actual Deviation. The algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding
basic size.

Upper Deviation. The algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and the
corresponding basic size. It is a positive quantity when the maximum limit of size is greater
than the basic size and a negative quantity when the maximum limit of size is less than the
basic size.

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Lower Deviation. The algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the
corresponding basic size. It is a positive quantity when the minimum limit of size is greater
than the basic size and a negative quantity when the minimum limit of size is less than the
basic size.

Fundamental Deviation. It is that one of the two deviations which is conventionally chosen
to define the position of the tolerance zone in relation to the zero line.

10. Define the tolerance, clearance, interference, and allowance?

Tolerance: It is the permissible limit or limits of variation in:

1. A physical dimension;
2. A measured value or physical property of a material, manufactured object, system, or
service;
3. Other measured values (such as temperature, humidity, etc.);
4. In mechanical engineering the space between a bolt and a nut or a hole, etc.

Clearance: A general term that refers to the mating of cylinder parts such as a bolt and a
hole. The word clearance is used when the internal member is smaller than the external
member.

Interference: Opposite of clearance. For mating of which the internal member is greater than
the external member.

Allowance: The minimum stated clearance or maximum stated tolerance for mating parts.

11. List down the some joints?

Ans: Pipe joints, riveted joints, boiler joints, welded joints, screw joints, knuckle joints, keys
and coupling etc.

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 12. Define the chain drive and springs?

Chain drive: The chains are mostly used to transmit motion and power from one shaft to
another, when carter between their shafts is short. Crane chains, driving chains, convey
chains etc.

Springs: A metal wire spring that functions in a spring mechanism that compresses, extends,
rotates, slides, pulls and exerts force when an equal or greater force is applied. A spring
mechanism can exert pressure, rotational force or pulling strength in a variety of
ways. Helical springs, conical springs, torsional springs, leaf springs, and disc springs etc.

13. Write down the hooks law?

Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress
a spring by some distance x scales linearly with respect to that distance. That is: F = Kx
where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring: its stiffness, and x is small compared
to the total possible deformation of the spring.

14. Define stress concentration?

Stress concentration: A stress concentration (often called stress raisers or stress risers) is a
location in an object where stress is concentrated. An object is stronger when force is evenly
distributed over its area, so a reduction in area, e.g., caused by a crack, results in a localized
increase in stress.

15. What is Vibration? And define the various types of vibration?

Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium

point or a motion of objected which is repeated over time.

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  Free or natural vibration: When no external force acts on the body, after
giving it an initial displacement, then the body is said to be free or natural
vibration. They are 3 types :
-Longitudinal vibration (Particles of shaft moves parallel to the axis)
-Transverse vibration (Particles of shaft moves perpendicular to the axis)
-Torsional vibration (Particles of shaft moves in a circle about the axis)
 Forced vibration: When the body vibrates under the influence of external
force, then the body is said to be forced vibration.
 Damper vibration: When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle
of vibration is called damper vibration.

16. What is vibration motion? What are the terms used in vibration motion?

Ans: When something is moving back and forth, over and over, without traveling, we call
that vibrational motion. The following terms are used: 3. Period of vibration or time period,
2. Cycle, 3. Frequency

17. What is plastic? Define the types of plastic?

Plastic: Plastic is a material of consisting any of a wide range synthetic or semi-synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects.

Thermoplastic: Thermoplastic is a plastic material, a polymer, that becomes pliable or

moldable above a specific temperature and solidifiers upon cooling. Like Acrylic, polyester.

Thermoset plastic: A thermoset plastic is a plastic material, a polymer that becomes

irreversibly hardened upon being curve. Like phenolic resins.

18. What is pressure vessel? Define the types of pressure vessel?

Pressure vessel: A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at

a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.

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Thick walled pressure vessel: A thick walled pressure vessel is generally considered to be
one whose walls are greater than about 1/10 or 1/20 of the radius of the vessel.
Thin wall pressure vessel: A thin walled pressure vessel is generally considered to be one
whose walls are less than about 1/10 or 1/20 of the radius of the vessel.

19. What do you mean by design factor and factor of safety?

Ans: When it comes to factor of safety, the name itself suggest that design some things to
make it more safe. When we are designing some product then we have to consider the factors
which may influence our design, like unexpected loads or service loads or material defects.
So there are different kind of uncertain factors which we should consider in the design. Now
we come to design factor. When we are designing some things we should consider it from
manufacturing and handling point of view. This falls under the category of design for
manufacturing and assembly. We should not design the product which is difficult to handle or
to be manufactured. This will again add some additional features to our product. This factors
we should take in the consideration as design factors. Let us take one example for this. we are
going to design a pin which is small in size. To handle this we have to provide some griping
area for that. From factor of safety it is safe but from the design factor we have to increase its
size may be. Again we have to take this in the design and we have to re-calculate our factor
of safety for the design change. This factor will be taken as our design factor which is
introduced due to change in design.

References:

1. Mechanical Engineering – R.S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.

2. Shingly’s Mechanical Engineering Design (9th Edition)- RICHARD G. B , & J. KEITH N.
3. A TEXT BOOK OF THERMAL ENGINEERING - R.S. Khurmi & J. K. Gupta.
4. Strength of Materials – Andrew Pytel.
5. Power Plant Engineering – G.R Nagpal.
6. A TEXT BOOK OF Refrigeration and Air Conditioning -R.S. Khurmi.
7. Introduction to Electrical Engineering – V.K. Mehta.
8. A TEXT BOOK OF HYDRAULICS, FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC
MECHINES - R.S. Khurmi.
9. https://mechanical-engg.com/notes/automobile-engineering/what-is-engine-what-are-main-
types-of-engine-r6/

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