Lecture 5 - Beam Deflection

MECHANICS OF
Lecture
MATERIALS
5 Deflection of Beams
Lecturer: Dr. Eunice Tam

Office: FG629
Phone: 2766.6673
email: [email protected]
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contents
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Moment-Area Theorems

Loading
• Application to Cantilever Beams and
Equation of the Elastic Curve Beams With Symmetric ...
• Direct Determination of the Elastic • Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
Curve
• Example 5.5
• Statically Indeterminate Beams
• Example 5.1
• Example 5.2
Method of Superposition
• Example 5.3
• Application of Superposition to
Statically Indeterminate ...
• Example 5.4
5- 2
5- 3
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Relationship between bending moment and
curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
• Curvature varies linearly with x
• At the free end A,
• At the support B,
5- 4
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram

• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending

moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
5- 5
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
parameters,
where y(x) is the

deflection of the • Substituting and integrating,
beam.
5- 6
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
– Overhanging beam
– Cantilever beam
• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
5- 7
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the
Load Distribution
• For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
• Equation for beam displacement becomes
• Integrating four times yields
• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.
5- 8
Statically Indeterminate Beams
• Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller
support at B.
• From free-body diagram, note that there are four
unknown reaction components.
• Conditions for static equilibrium yield
The beam is statically indeterminate.

• Also have the beam deflection equation,
which introduces two unknowns but provides

three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:
5- 9
Example 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.
• Integrate differential equation twice

and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.
• Locate point of zero slope or point

of maximum deflection.
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, • Evaluate corresponding maximum
(a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, deflection.
(b) determine the maximum deflection,
(c) evaluate ymax.
5- 10
Example 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.
- Reactions:
- From the free-body diagram for section AD,
- The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
5- 11
Example 5.1
• Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
Substituting,
5- 12
Example 5.1
• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
• Evaluate corresponding maximum

deflection.
5- 13
Example 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Develop the differential equation for
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).
• Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A.
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)
5- 14
Example 5.2
• Consider moment acting at section D,
• The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
5- 15
Sample Problem 5.2
• Integrate twice
• Apply boundary conditions:
• Solve for reaction at A
5- 16
Example 5.2
• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
elastic curve equation,
• Differentiate once to find the slope,
5- 17
Method of Superposition
Principle of Superposition:
• Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings
5- 18
Example 5.3
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the slope and deflection at
point B.
SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.
5- 19
Example 5.3
Loading I
Loading II
In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
5- 20
Example 5.3
Combine the two solutions,
5- 21
Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate
Beams
• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support.
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams. • Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
• Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce
redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the
the support. original supports.
5- 22
Example 5.4
For the uniform beam and loading shown,

determine the reaction at each support and
the slope at end A.
SOLUTION:
• Release the “redundant” support at B, and find deformation.
• Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.
5- 23
Example 5.4
• Distributed Loading:
At point B,
5- 24
Example 5.4
• Redundant Reaction Loading:
5- 25
Example 5.4
• For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0
5- 26
Example 5.4
Slope at end A,
5- 27
Moment-Area Theorems
• Geometric properties of the elastic curve can

be used to determine deflection and slope.
• Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,
• First Moment-Area Theorem:

area under (M/EI) diagram between
C and D.
5- 28
Moment-Area Theorems
• Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P’ intercept a
segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
= tangential deviation of C
with respect to D
• Second Moment-Area Theorem:

The tangential deviation of C with respect to D
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D.
5- 29
Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With
Symmetric Loadings
• Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the
reference.
• Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

beam - select tangent at C as the reference.
5- 30
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
• Determination of the change of slope and the
tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of
each load is evaluated separately.
• Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each

load.
- The change of slope, D/C, is obtained by
adding the areas under the diagrams.
- The tangential deviation, tD/C is obtained by
adding the first moments of the areas with
respect to a vertical axis through D.
• Bending moment diagram constructed from

individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.
5- 31
Example 5.5
SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at supports.
• Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
For the prismatic beam shown, determine • Taking the tangent at C as the
the slope and deflection at E. reference, evaluate the slope and
tangential deviations at E.
5- 32
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at supports.
• Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
5- 33
Example 5.5
• Slope at E:
• Deflection at E:
5- 34

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MECHANICS OF

Lecturer: Dr. Eunice Tam

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Moment-Area Theorems

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

• Curvature varies linearly with x

• At the free end A,

• Bending moment diagram

• Beam is concave upwards where the bending

where y(x) is the

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

• More complicated loadings require multiple

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

• Integrating four times yields

• Constants are determined from boundary

The beam is statically indeterminate.

which introduces two unknowns but provides

• Integrate differential equation twice

• Locate point of zero slope or point

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

- The differential equation for the elastic

• Evaluate corresponding maximum

• Integrate twice and apply boundary

• The differential equation for the elastic

• Apply boundary conditions:

• Solve for reaction at A

• Differentiate once to find the slope,

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

Combine the two solutions,

• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

For the uniform beam and loading shown,

• For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0

• Geometric properties of the elastic curve can

• Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

• First Moment-Area Theorem:

• Second Moment-Area Theorem:

• Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

• Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each

• Bending moment diagram constructed from

• Construct shear, bending moment and

• Construct shear, bending moment and

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