737 Book NG 22 303
737 Book NG 22 303
737 Book NG 22 303
Autothrottle System
Boeing 737-600/700/800/900
Autothrottle System
Training manual
For training purposes only
LEVEL 3 ATA 22 page 1
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Table of Contents
3. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION..................................................................32
3.1. Engage Logic........................................................................................32
3.2. Mode Selection.....................................................................................34
3.3. Command Calculation..........................................................................38
3.4. FMA.....................................................................................................42
3.5. ENGINE DISPLAY...................................................................................43
4. OPERATION............................................................................................44
4.1. Overview...............................................................................................44
4.2. Takeoff.................................................................................................46
4.3. Climb...................................................................................................48
4.4. Cruise...................................................................................................50
4.5. Descent................................................................................................52
4.6. Approach..............................................................................................54
4.7. GO-AROUND........................................................................................56
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1. AUTOTHROTTLE SYSTEM.
1.1. Introduction.
General.
The autothrottle (A/T) system is part of the flight management system (FMS).
The A/T system controls engine thrust in response to mode requests from
these components :
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introduction
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1.2. General Description. The A/T computer receives analog discrete inputs from these components :
General. - MCP,
The operator interface to the autothrottle (A/T) system is through the mode - TO/GA switches,
control panel (MCP). - A/T disengage switches,
Several systems and their components send and receive autothrottle - Autoflight status annunciators (ASAs).
information.
The A/T mode information shows on the common display system (CDS). The A/T computer sends data and control signals to these components :
A/T Interfaces.
The MCP A/T arm and- mode selector switches send digital control and mode
data to the A/T computer.
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general description
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The autothrottle program switch module is one of the three program switch
modules adjacent to the autothrottle computer
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The A/T mode and ARM switches are on the MCP, on the P7 glareshield.
The A/T disconnect and TO/GA switches are on the thrust levers.
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Power. - Disengage logic to the captain (Capt) and first officer (F/0) ASAs
Two circuit breakers on the P18-1 circuit breaker panel supply 28v dc inputs to - Throttle hold mode annunciation logic to the DEUs,
the A/T computer. - A/T arm logic to the DFCS MCP.
The A/T computer then supplies 28v dc to these components :
Dual-in-line-package (DIP) switches supply program switch module inputs.
- Autoflight status annunciators (ASAs),
- Mode control panel (MCP).
There are two circuit breakers on the front of the A/T computer.
Each circuit breaker uses a 28v dc source from bus 1 & 2.
The ASM 1 circuit breaker supplies power to the left A/T servomotor.
The ASM 2 circuit breaker supplies power to the right A/T servomotor.
These circuit breakers also supply 28v dc to the ASMs for logic power and to
the servo enable logic in the A/T computer.
The servo enable logic sends 28vdc as motor power to the ASMs.
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analog interface
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- Gross weight,
- FMC altitude,
- Selected altitude,
- N1 targets,
- Minimum speed,
- BITE test information,
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- FCC A & B,
- DEU 1 & 2,
- FMCs,
- FDAU.
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2. A/T COMPUTER.
Operation.
The pilot uses the A/T system during these flight phases :
- Takeoff,
- Climb,
- Cruise,
- Descent,
- Approach to landing,
- Go-around.
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a/t computer
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2.1. Functional Description. The CPU monitors and decides if the control law data is satisfactory.
If it is, the CPU allows the A/T to engage.
General. While engaged, the CPU sends a signal to hold the A/T ARM switch in the
The autothrottle computer is a digital computer. ARM position.
It takes inputs from many systems to calculate the thrust lever commands. The The CPU also allows an excitation voltage to go to the AT servo motors
A/T computer has these components : (ASMs).
- Direct memory access (DMA), If the CPU decides that control law data is not satisfactory, the logic
- Central processing unit (CPU), disengages the A/T system.
- Read only memory (ROM), The CPU sends a signal to the autoflight status annunciators (ASAs) to give an
- Power supply. annunciation.
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functional description
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Physical Description.
An ASM assembly weighs about 2 pounds and measures 3 inches by 3.3
inches by 3.5 inches.
An electrical connector at the front of the ASM supplies the interface to other
aircraft components.
An output shaft at the rear joins the ASM to a gearbox.
Operation.
The ASM consists of these components :
- Control unit,
- Digital receiver,
- Digital transmitter,
- Motor,
- Power supply.
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The ARINC 429 receiver changes these signals to the proper format then sends The motor sends rate feedback to the control unit.
them to the control unit. The motor has an output shaft which connects to a gearbox.
The gearbox sets the thrust lever and the thrust lever angle resolver to the
ARINC 429 Transmitter. desired position.
The ARINC 429 transmitter changes the control unit data to the proper
format, and sends these signals to the A/T computer : Power Supply.
The power supply gets 28v dc from the A/T computer.
- Measured rate, It supplies the necessary power to the control unit.
- Measured torque,
- Servo status.
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functional description
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2.4. Arm, Mode & Thrust Lever Switches. Thrust Lever Switches.
These switches are on the left and right thrust levers :
General.
Switches on the mode control panel (MCP) and the thrust levers select or - TO/GA switches,
disconnect the A/T modes. - A/T disconnect switches.
MCP A/T Arm Switch. Push the TO/GA switch to engage the DFCS and the autothrottle to either the
The A/T arm switch is on the MCP. The A/T arm switch engages the A/T takeoff or go-around mode.
system. On the ground, both systems will go to the takeoff mode when you push the
When you put the switch in the arm position, the green A/T arm light comes switch.
on. During takeoff, the A/T system causes the engine thrust to increase to the
An engage solenoid holds the switch in the arm position if conditions are takeoff (TO) N1.
valid.
The switch goes to OFF automatically if the A/T computer senses a problem. When you push the TO/GA switch during approach, the A/T system increases
engine thrusts to a go-around (GA) thrust mode setting.
You can also manually disengage the A/T when you put the A/T arm switch to This level of thrust is less than the maximum GA thrust.
OFF. The engine thrust increases to the full GA thrust Limit when you push the
TO/GA switch a second time.
MCP A/T Mode Select Selector Switches.
The MCP has these A/T mode selector switches : Push an A/T disconnect switch to disengage the autothrottle system.
The ASA A/T red warning light flashes and the MCP A/T arm switch goes to
- N1, OFF.
- Speed. Push an A/T disconnect switch a second time to reset the A/T warning.
When the autopilot and flight director are off, push on the desired mode
selector switch to select an A/T mode.
Push the active switch to turn off the mode.
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3. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION.
3.1. Engage Logic. - Invalid sensor conditions for the active mode
- Landing condition.
General.
The A/T computer does checks of the sensors and A/T system performance. The software monitor disconnects the A/T if it senses a problem with the A/T
Input data comes in on data buses to the A/T computer. computer, thrust lever split, or with the sensors.
If the system operation and sensors are normal, the engage logic lets the A/T It also automatically disconnects the A/T when the airplane makes a landing.
engage. The A/T system uses a hardware and a software monitor. The software monitor does a check of the TRAs and engine thrust from the
If these monitors finds a problem, the system disengages. EEC for thrust lever split.
The engage logic disengages the A/T if one of these conditions occur : A rapid A/T command which produces a 10° difference between the two
thrust levers disengages the A/T.
- An invalid sensor or A/T system condition, While in cruise, engine thrust differential of 2,000 pounds also disconnects the
- Airplane on the ground after the flight is complete, A/T.
- Disengage signal from a disengage switch.
When the A/T disengages, a warning circuit starts the A/T flashing warning A/T Warning.
lights on the ASAs. The red A/T warning Lights on the ASAs come on when the A/T disconnects or
when the A/T is in BITE.
Hardware Monitor. The A/T warning flashes if the A/T disconnects and is steady while in BITE.
The hardware monitor looks at the CPU cycle time and the thrust resolver The A/T warning flasher latches on when the A/T disconnects.
angles (TRAs) If it senses a problem, it disengages the A/T. The flasher resets when you do one of these :
The hardware monitor compares the TRAs for a thrust lever split condition.
If both autopilots are in autoland and the A/T computer rapidly commands a - Re-engage the A/T
difference of 10° between the two thrust levers, the A/T disengages. - Push a disengage switch
This 10° difference is from the steady state thrust lever split value. - Push an A/T warning light.
The A/T permits a steady state split angle to let you operate with engine
intermix. The flasher does not come on when the autothrottle disenages automatically
during landing.
Software Monitor.
The software monitor uses software logic to permit system engagement. ASM Motor Power.
The software monitor does checks for these conditions : The A/T computer sends 28v dc to the autothrottle servo motors if all these
conditions are true :
- Normal operation of programmable read only memory
(PROM), CPU, RAM, and timing - Not in throttle hold
- Normal thrust lever positions with no thrust lever split in autoland and - Not in cutout (disengage switch not pressed)
in cruise - A/T is engaged.
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engage logic
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In addition to the primary modes, these modes are also available : The A/T normally is in N1 mode during these flight phases :
- Arm, - Takeoff,
- Retard, - Climb,
- Throttle hold, - Maximum thrust go-around (G/A).
- Go-around.
The DFCS requests the N1 mode during VNAV and level change climb.
After the A/T computer enters a mode, it puts mode selection data on the The pilot pushes the N1 selector switch on the MCP while the DFCS is off to
general ARINC output bus. select the N1 mode.
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The A/T can also use the air/ground discrete to start throttle hold as a
secondary source.
Arm Mode.
The A/T goes to the arm mode when it is on and is ready to receive
commands.
The A/T computer prevents servo movement while in arm.
If the A/T modes are not active, the A/T goes to ARM.
Normally, the A/T arms during these conditions :
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Speed Mode.
While in the speed mode, the A/T changes engine thrust to control the
airplane speed.
Retard Mode.
While in retard, the A/T moves the thrust levers to the idle stop.
Normally, retard happens during descent and during flare.
The A/T automatically commands descent retard at top of descent while in
VNAV or level change.
The A/T goes to landing flare retard if all these conditions occur :
Go-Around.
The A/T is ready for the go-around mode below 2,000 feet of radio altitude.
If you push the TO/GA switch, the A/T commands a reduced thrust go-around.
If you push the TO/GA switch a second time, the A/T commands a maximum
thrust go-around.
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mode selection
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While in N1 model, the A/T computer uses these inputs : For final adjustments, the A/T computer moves the thrust levers at a maximum
rate of 5 deg/sec.
- Target N1,
- N1 command, In modes other than TO/GA, the A/T computer limits the thrust lever rate to 3
- TRA target, deg/sec.
- TRA actual,
- TRA for N1 max.
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Speed Mode.
While in the speed mode, the A/T changes engine thrust to control the
airplane speed.
The A/T computer uses these inputs for the speed mode :
- Target airspeed,
- Target mach,
- Minimum operating speed,
- Computed airspeed,
- Mach,
- True airspeed,
- Longitudinal acceleration.
The A/T computer compares this target speed with the actual speed
(true airspeed or mach).
The actual speed comes from the ADIRUs.
A difference between the actual and target speed causes a rate command.
This rate command changes the engine thrust, which in turn, changes the
speed.
The speed changes until it equals the target speed.
The A/T computer uses the minimum operating speed from the SMYD and the
computed airspeed from the ADIRU to set minimum speed.
The A/T computer makes sure that it does not command a lower target speed
value.
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At flare retard, the A/T computer commands the thrust levers to move to the
idle power position.
The computer makes sure that the thrust levers are at this position within 6
seconds.
After landing, the thrust levers move to the idle stop at a rate of 8 deg/sec.
Go-Around Mode.
The A/T computer uses these inputs while in the goaround mode :
- N1 mode,
- Speed mode,
- TO/GA switch input,
- Radio altitude,
- Gross weight,
- Flap position.
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command calculation
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3.4. FMA. In the vertical navigation (VNAV) mode, the DFCS commands the A/T system
to maintain a target speed or a target thrust.
General. In VNAV, FMC SPD shows when the A/T system controls the airplane speed
The autothrottle (A/T) modes show on the flight mode annunciations (FMA). from the FMC target.
A/T Modes. MCP SPD shows when the A/T system controls the airplane speed from the
The FMA shows these A/T modes : MCP selected speed.
- ARM, RETARD shows when the A/T drives the thrust Levers to the idle stop.
- N1,
- THR HLD, GA (go-around) shows when you push a TO/GA switch during approach.
- FMC SPD, During go-around, the A/T commands the thrust lever to an internally
- MCP SPD, computed position.
- RETARD, When you push a TO/GA switch a second time, the autothrottle commands
- GA. maximum safe thrust and N1 shows.
ARM shows when the A/T system is on and is ready to receive commands. A box shows around the FMA display for 10 seconds to show a change in
N1 shows when the A/T system controls N1 . mode.
The target N1 comes from the electronic
engine control.
FMA
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See the flight management computer system section for more information
about the thrust mode displays. (AMM PART 1 34-61)
Non-Normal Operation.
In automatic operation, the FMCS calculates the thrust mode display and
reference N1 bug readout.
If the FMCS calculations are not valid, the autothrottle limit message, A/T LIM,
shows.
The autothrottle computer then calculates a single N1 limit for both engines.
Three dashes show in the thrust mode display field.
engine display
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4. OPERATION.
4.1. Overview.
General.
The A/T operates on the ground for takeoff and in flight.
The A/T system controls engine thrust for these flight sequences :
- Takeoff,
- Climb,
- Cruise,
- Descent,
- Approach,
- Flare,
- Go-around.
For each flight phase, the DFCS selects the A/T mode.
The SPEED or N1 mode select switch light comes on to show the mode is
active.
When the light is on, a second push removes the mode from active status.
The pilot uses the TO/GA switches to start the takeoff and go-around modes.
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overview
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- Preflight the FMS, and enter all the necessary data on the CDU - FMA shows THR HLD at 84 knots,
- Set the MCP to normal takeoff positions for the DFCS - TO shows on the TMA,
- Put the A/T arm switch to ARM. - N1 reference cursors at TO N1 values,
- Thrust levers do not move.
These are the indications after preflight :
Climb Out.
- Both A/T mode selector lights on the MCP are off, At a barometric altitude change of 800 feet above the field elevation, the A/T
- ARM shows on the A/T flight mode annunciation (FMA), prepares to go to another mode.
- TO (takeoff) shows on the thrust mode annunciation (TMA), These are the indications after the airplane goes above this altitude :
- N1 reference cursors go to the TO N1 values.
- FMA shows ARM
- TO shows on the TMA
- N1 reference cursors remain at the TO N1 values
- Thrust levers do not move.
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takeoff
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Initial Conditions. These are the indications during LVL CHG climb :
These are the conditions before the climb :
- N1 mode selector switch comes on,
- Barometric altitude change is greater than 800 feet, - FMA shows N1,
- A/T is in ARM, - CLB shows on the TMA,
- Engine thrust is at the TO N1 reference. - N1 reference cursors goes to climb N1,
- Thrust levers move to control climb N1.
These are the indications :
Vertical Speed (V/S) Climb.
- Both A/T mode selector switches lights on the MCP are off, The pilot can also use V/S to climb to a higher altitude.
- ARM shows on the flight mode annunciation (FMA), From the initial altitude of 800 feet, the pilot pushes V/S and sets the desired
- TO shows on the thrust mode annunciation (TMA), vertical speed on the MCP.
- N1 reference cursors at TO N1,
- Thrust levers do not move. The A/T uses the MCP speed as the target speed.
These are the indications during V/S climb :
Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Climb.
From the initial position, the pilot pushes VNAV on the MCP to start a normal - Speed mode selector switch light comes on,
climb. - FMA shows MCP SPD,
The autothrottle engages in the N1 mode. - CLB shows on the TMA,
The A/T commands the thrust levers to move to climb N1. - N1 reference cursors goes to climb N1,
- Thrust levers move to control climb speed.
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climb
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In VNAV, these are the indications when the DFCS acquires and holds the - Speed mode selector switch light comes on,
altitude : - FMA shows MCP SPD,
- CRZ shows on the TMA,
- Speed mode selector switch light comes on, - N1 reference cursors goes to CRZ N1.
- FMA shows FMC SPD,
- CRZ shows on the TMA,
- N1 reference cursors goes to CRZ N1.
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cruise
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The MCP and the CDS show the A/T modes and status. - A/T mode selector switch lights are off,
The engine display shows the thrust mode annunciation and the thrust - FMA goes from MCP SPD to RETARD to ARM,
targets. - CRZ shows on the TMA,
- N1 reference cursors is at CRZ N1,
The normal DFCS mode during descent is VNAV. - Thrust levers move slowly to idle,
The pilot can also use other modes, such as level change (LVL CHG) or vertical - Engine N1 goes to idle.
speed (V/S) to descend to a lower altitude.
The airplane descends to the target altitude.
Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Descent. At this altitude, the A/T engages the speed mode again.
In VNAV, at the top of descent (TOD), the autothrottle moves the thrust levers The A/T then keeps the airplane speed at the MCP target speed.
to the aft stop.
This retards the engine thrust. Vertical Speed (V/S) Descent.
These are the indications during VNAV descent : In V/S, the A/T moves the thrust levers to keep a target speed.
This target speed comes from the MCP.
- A/T mode selector switch lights are off, These are the indications during V/S descent :
- FMA goes from-FMC SPD to RETARD to ARM,
- CRZ shows on the TMA, - Speed mode switch light comes on,
- N1 reference cursors is at cruise N1, - FMA goes to MCP SPD,
- Thrust Levers move slowly to idle, - CRZ shows on the TMA,
- Engine N1 goes to idle. - N1 reference cursors are at CRZ N1,
- Thrust levers move aft to reduce thrust.
If the DFCS cannot keep the FMC target speed, the A/T goes to speed mode.
Engine thrust increases to keep the airplane speed. The airplane descends to the target altitude.
The airplane descends to the lower altitude. At this altitude, the A/T engages the speed mode again.
At this altitude, the A/T engages the speed mode again. The A/T then keeps the airplane speed at the MCP target speed.
The A/T then keeps the airplane speed at the FMC target speed.
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descent
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approach
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4.7. GO-AROUND. The A/T computer produces a target thrust for the goaround climb.
It is always less than the full-rated GA N1 from the FMC.
General.
In approach, the A/T controls the engine thrust to keep a target speed. When you push a TO/GA switch a second time, the A/T uses the full-rated GA
If the pilot pushes the TO/GA switch in approach, the A/T goes to the N1 from the FMC.
go-around mode. The FMA shows N1.
This moves the thrust levers forward and increases thrust for the go-around
climb. The autopilot controls the rate of climb. When the airplane nears the
go-around altitude, the DFCS acquires and holds the altitude.
The MCP and the CDS show the A/T modes and status. The A/T goes to the speed mode at the go-around altitude.
The engine display shows the thrust mode annunciation (TMA) and the thrust The A/T uses the MCP speed to control the airplane speed.
targets.
GO-AROUND (GA).
The A/T prepares for go-around when the DFCS arms FLARE.
You push a TO/GA switch to start the go-around.
The A/T moves the thrust levers forward and engine thrust increases for the
go-around climb.
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Training manual Autothrottle
GO-AROUND
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Training manual Autothrottle
- Both EECs inactive (both start levers in CUTOFF position and both
engine start switches OFF) or Both engines off (N2 below 50%),
- FMC is valid,
- A/T BITE request from the CDU.
After you push A/T, LSK L3, on the maintenance BITE index page, the CDU
shows one of two pages.
If the A/T system starts BITE, the CDU shows the A/T BITE TEST menu and both
A/T warning lights come on.
If the A/T system fails to start BITE, the CDU shows the A/T BITE INOP page.
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NO FAULTS Page.
The NO FAULTS page shows if there are no failures.
From this page, you can push LSK 6L to go back to the A/T BITE main menu.
FAILURES Page.
The failures page shows the faults found while in current status test.
The left side of the display shows the LRU failures.
When you push LSK 6L, the A/T BITE main menu shows.
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FAILURES Page.
From the CURRENT STATUS FAILURES page, you can see alpha vane
information if you push LSK 6R.
You can also see engineering information about the failures if you enter code
100 and push LSK 6R..
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To erase the inflight faults, enter CLR/ALL on the CDU scratch and push LSK
6R.
The INFLIGHT FAULTS page removes the flight legs and shows NONE.
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Page 2 shows mode annunciations that you can see on the common display
system.
Push the LSK next to the annunciation to see the display.
Page 3 shows modes you can set but there is no annunciation on the common
display system.
You must connect test equipment to monitor these signals.
You push the LSK next to the annunciation to set the mode.
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interactive test 1
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The first page shows general instructions for the input discretes page.
Disengage/Warnings Page.
You select the DISENGAGE/WARNINGS test from the INTERACTIVE test menu
when you push LSK 3L.
The DISENGAGE/WARNINGS test lets you do interactive tests of the disengage/
warning circuits.
The first page shows general instructions for the disengage/warning test.
Other pages shows methods of A/T disengagement and methods to reset the
A/T disengage warning lights.
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INTERACTIVE TEST 2
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The first page shows general instructions for the CTM/POR tests.
Push LSK 6R to start the test.
After the test, the CDU displays the test result.
The first page shows a menu of the available thrust lever tests.
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interactive test 3
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- NO FAULTS,
- A fault message,
- THRUST LEVERS NOT AT IDLE.
If THRUST LEVERS NOT AT IDLE shows, move the levers to the idle position
and push LSK 6R to continue the test.
The thrust levers go fully forward until the clutch slips, then back to the aft
stop.
Page 2 shows the average torque while in test.
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interactive test 4
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The thrust levers go fully forward until the clutch slips, then back to the aft
stop.
Page 2 shows the average torque while in the test.
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interactive test 5
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5.10. Ident/Config.
Ident/Config Page.
You select the IDENT/CONFIG page on the A/T BITE main menu page.
When you push the LSK 4L the CDU shows IDENT/CONFIG page 1.
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