228.5 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension 457 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension
228.5 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension 457 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension
228.5 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension 457 mg/5 ML Powder For Suspension
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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Amoxicillin (an aminopenicillin antibiotic) and potassium clavulanate (a β-lactamase
inhibitor) [Co-amoxiclav] is usually bactericidal in action. Concurrent administration
of clavulanic acid does not alter the mechanism of action of amoxicillin. However,
because clavulanic acid has a high affinity for and binds to certain β-lactamases
that generally inactivate amoxicillin by hydrolyzing its β-lactam ring, concurrent
administration of the drug with amoxicillin results in synergistic bactericidal effect
which expands amoxicillin's spectrum of activity against many strains of
β-lactamase-producing bacteria resistant to amoxicillin alone.
PHARMACOKINETICS
In a study in children 2 to 5 years old with urinary tract infections who received a single oral
dose of 125 mg of amoxicillin and 31.75 mg of clavulanic acid suspension, the Cmax of
amoxicillin were 9.4, 9.7, and 6.5 mcg/mL and of clavulanic acid were 2.1, 4.4, and 2.5
mcg/mL at 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively, after the dose.
In a study in fasting children who received a single amoxicillin dose of 35 mg/kg given as
Co-amoxiclav oral suspension, concentrations of amoxicillin and of clavulanic acid in
middle ear effusions averaged 3 and 0.5 mcg/mL, respectively, 2 hours after the dose.
When a single 5 mL oral dose of Co-amoxiclav 457 mg/5 mL suspension was administered
in healthy male and female subjects (fasted state), pharmacokinetic parameters reached
were: Cmax 5.789 mcg/mL, Tmax 1.164 hours, AUC0-t 12.21 mcg/mL•hr and AUC0-∞ 12.855
mcg/mL•hr for amoxicillin, and Cmax 1.379 mcg/mL, Tmax 1.039 hours, AUC0-t 2.492
mcg/mL•hr and AUC0-∞ 2.727 mcg/mL•hr for clavulanic acid.
Therapeutic concentrations of both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been found in the
gall bladder, abdominal tissue, skin, fat, and muscle tissues; the synovial and peritoneal
fluids, bile and pus. Animal studies show no evidence that either component may
accumulate in any organ.
Neither amoxicillin nor clavulanic acid is highly protein-bound; studies show that about
13% to 25% of total plasma drug concentration of each compound is protein-bound.
Both Co-amoxiclav components readily cross the placenta. Only small amounts of
amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are distributed in human milk.
Serum concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid both decline in a biphasic manner
and their t1/2 are similar. Approximately 50 to 73% of amoxicillin and 25 to 45% of
clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in urine within 6 to 8 hours following oral
administration of a single dose of Co-amoxiclav in adults with normal renal function.
In a study in children 2 to 15 years old, the elimination t1/2 of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
averaged 1.2 and 0.8 hours, respectively.
• High urine concentrations of ampicillin may result in false-positive reactions when testing for
urinary glucose using cupric sulfate (e.g., Clinitest®, Benedict’s Solution). Since this effect may
also occur with amoxicillin, glucose oxidase methods (e.g., Clinistix®) should be used when
urinary glucose determinations are indicated in patients receiving Co-amoxiclav.
• Although not reported to date with Co-amoxiclav, positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs’) test
results have been reported in patients who received ticarcillin and clavulanic acid and appear to
be caused by clavulanic acid. This reaction may interfere with hematologic studies or transfusion
cross-matching procedures and therefore should be considered in patients receiving
Co-amoxiclav.
• Following administration of amoxicillin to pregnant women, a transient decrease in plasma
concentration of total conjugated estriol, estriol-glucuronide, conjugated estrone, and estradiol
has been noted.
Lactation: Co-amoxiclav is distributed in human milk and may cause diarrhea, fungal
infection of the mucous membrane and sensitization in the breastfed infant. Caution should be
exercised if Co-amoxiclav is to be administered to a nursing mother.
Use in children: Children weighing over 40 kg should be dosed based on recommended
dosing in adult patients.
Use in elderly patients: Since elderly patients have increased risk of renal impairment,
dose adjustment and renal function monitoring may be necessary.
Renal Impairment: Dosage adjustments are based on the maximum recommended level
of amoxicillin. No adjustment in dose is required in patients with creatinine clearance greater
than 30 mL/min.
Hepatic Impairment: Dose with caution; monitor hepatic function at regular intervals for
both adults and children.
Clinical features of overdosage with Co-amoxiclav may include gastrointestinal symptoms, fluid
and electrolyte imbalance. Amoxicillin crystalluria, leading to renal failure, has also been
observed in some cases. Convulsions may occur in patients with impaired renal function or those
receiving high doses.
Children (Additional Statement)
A prospective study of 51 pediatric patients at a poison control center suggested that
overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin are not associated with significant clinical
symptoms and do not require gastric emptying.
Symptomatic treatment is recommended. Co-amoxiclav can be removed by hemodialysis.
(DR-XY33485)
(DR-XY33488)
PED152090IN03