Description of Global Database on Intergenerational

Mobility (GDIM)1

World Bank
(Version 2, September 2021)

Coverage of economies: 153

Coverage of birth cohorts: 1940-1989

Survey years: 1991-2017

World population coverage: 97 percent

How to cite this database?

Users should refer to the database as GDIM (Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility) and
cite the database as “World Bank. 2021. Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility. Washington,
D.C.: World Bank Group.”

Users should also cite the paper: “van der Weide, Roy; Lakner, Christoph; Mahler, Daniel
Gerszon; Narayan, Ambar; Ramasubbaiah, Rakesh. 2021. Intergenerational Mobility around the
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 9707

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35827

1 For questions, please contact: [email protected].

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Table of Contents

1. What is the Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility? ...................................................... 3

2. Survey identification.......................................................................................................................... 4
3. Country and population coverage of the GDIM ........................................................................... 9
4. Microdata vetting and survey harmonization ............................................................................. 10
5. Variables in the GDIM ..................................................................................................................... 13
6. Example Stata code to reproduce figures from the paper .......................................................... 15
7. Updates since the first version of the GDIM ................................................................................ 18
8. Original source of microdata used in GDIM ................................................................................ 23
9. References ......................................................................................................................................... 32

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1. What is the Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility?
The Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM) contains estimates of absolute and
relative intergenerational mobility (IGM) in education by 10-year cohorts, covering individuals
born between 1940 and 1989. Absolute IGM is the extent to which living standards of a generation
are higher than those of their parents. Relative IGM is the extent to which an individual’s position
on the socio-economic scale is independent of the position of his or her parents. Higher relative
mobility across generations is associated with lower inequality of opportunity, which is the extent
to which people’s life achievements are affected by circumstances they are born into, such as
parental education and income, race, gender, and birthplace. The GDIM contains several different
measures of absolute and relative mobility.

The GDIM contains estimates of IGM in education. There are several reason for the focus on
education. Firstly, human capital is a key aspect of economic well-being. Secondly,
intergenerational data on education is more widely available than on income. Thirdly, the
estimation of educational mobility involves fewer methodological challenges. Unlike income, the
level of education, once acquired, does not vary across an individual’s lifecycle. Fourthly,
individuals can report their parents’ education level with a high degree of precision, whereas the
same is not true for income, making it possible to study mobility in education without panel data.

The estimates of absolute and relative IGM for the generation born between 1980 and 1989 are
referred to as the 1980s cohort, and parents refer to the parents of the generation of individuals
of this cohort. These IGM measures are also available by the type (subpopulation) of parental
educational attainment (Mothers/Fathers/Average/Max) and the type (subpopulation) of child’s
educational attainment (Sons/Daughters/All -- respondents of the surveys). This allows us, for
instance, to explore the relationship of mother to daughter IGM, or the father-son mobility that is
often estimated in the literature. Hence, the GDIM has 12 estimates by each economy and cohort
(by type of parent and by type of child).

The GDIM includes the IGM estimates that underpin the World Bank research paper titled
“Intergenerational Mobility around the World”2 and the World Bank report titled, “Fair Progress?
Economic Mobility across Generations around the World.”3 The paper and report use a small
subset of commonly used measures from a vast universe of mobility measures for absolute and
relative IGM. This is in the interest of parsimony and clarity of exposition. However, a couple of
alternative measures of absolute and relative IGM are also presented in the paper and made

2 van der Weide, Roy; Lakner, Christoph; Mahler, Daniel Gerszon; Narayan, Ambar; Ramasubbaiah,
Rakesh. 2021. Intergenerational Mobility around the World. Policy Research Working Paper. 9707. World
Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35827.
3 Narayan, Ambar; van der Weide, Roy; Cojocaru, Alexandru; Lakner, Christoph; Redaelli, Silvia; Mahler,

Daniel Gerszon; Ramasubbaiah, Rakesh Gupta N.; Thewissen, Stefan. 2018. Fair Progress? Economic Mobility
Across Generations Around the World. Equity and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28428.

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available in this GDIM. The GDIM also includes descriptive statistics on the IGM estimates, such
as the number of observations used to generate the IGM estimates, and several complementary
variables, such as the proportion of survey respondents that have completed tertiary education.
This documentation file explains how the surveys for the GDIM were identified and harmonized,
the coverage of the GDIM, and describes variables in the database.

2. Survey identification
A comprehensive review was undertaken to identify the surveys that include retrospective
questions on parental education in their questionnaires. Retrospective questions mean that
surveys explicitly ask all adult respondents on the education of their parents, as well as their own
education. The availability of retrospective questions was the primary criterion for identifying
surveys. The availability of such surveys has increased significantly in the recent years.

Figure 1 suggests that mostly recent surveys have been considered in the GDIM.4 This is to ensure
that a majority of respondents of the 1980s cohort have reached an age for which it can be assumed
that education is completed (and thus IGM estimated accurately). If multiple relevant surveys
were identified with retrospective data (most often for economies in Europe & Central Asia and
high-income economies), the survey retained in the GDIM was based on the sample size and
quality of the education information (most detailed categories and/or years of schooling of
educational attainment).

Figure 1: Count of surveys by survey year in GDIM

4 For five countries, recent surveys with co-resident data for the 1980s cohort are combined with older
surveys with retrospective data for older cohorts, since no recent retrospective data were available. These
countries include: Pakistan (1991), Mauritania (1995), the Philippines (1999), Rwanda (2000), and Guinea
(2002).

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For most developing economies outside the Europe & Central Asia region and the Latin America
& Caribbean region, cross-sectional household income or expenditure surveys are used. Social
surveys such as the European Social Survey, the Latinobarómetro Survey, and the Life in
Transition Survey are used for most economies in the Europe & Central Asia region and in the
Latin America & Caribbean region. The social surveys tend to have small sample sizes, so, if
multiple waves of the same survey contain relevant information on educational attainment, these
waves are pooled.5 For a select number of high-income economies, annual panel surveys, such as
the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the United States, and the Labor and Income Panel Study
for the Republic of Korea are used in the GDIM. In four countries (Kenya, the Lao People’s
Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam), Skills Towards Employability and Productivity
(STEP) Skills Measurement Program surveys are used. These surveys collect parental educational
attainment only for a subset of respondents within households. Table 1 provides the complete list
of surveys used in GDIM and the respective year of the survey.

When retrospective data are not available, co-resident data were considered instead, based on
high-quality household surveys. The information of parental educational attainment is obtained
for the subset of all respondents aged 21-25 who co-reside with their parents. The IGM estimates
generated from this type of data may be subject to what is termed as co-residency bias. As
explained in Appendix C of the paper, the size of the co-residency bias is not large.

Table 1: List of surveys included in IGM in GDIM6

Country Survey Year Co-resident

Afghanistan NRVA 2011 Yes
Albania LITS 2016 No
Angola IBEP-MICS 2008 Yes
Argentina LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Armenia LITS 2016 No
Australia HILDA 2015 No
Austria ESS 2014 No
Azerbaijan LITS 2016 No
Bangladesh HIES 2010 Yes
Belarus LITS 2016 No
Belgium ESS 2014 No
Benin EMICOV 2011 No
Bhutan LSS 2003 No
Bolivia EH 2008 No
Bosnia and Herzegovina LITS 2016 No

5 This includes four waves of the European Social Survey (from 2010 to 2016), eight waves of the
Latinobarómetro (from 2008 to 2017), and two waves of the Life in Transition Survey (2006 and 2011). If
multiple waves of social surveys are combined, the weights are adjusted so that the sum of weights across
the waves is identical.
6 Full name of the survey with links is provided at the end of this document.

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Botswana BMTHS 2015 Yes
Brazil PNAD 2014 No
Bulgaria ESS 2012 No
Burkina Faso ECVM 2009 Yes
Burundi ECVM 2013 No
Cabo Verde QUIBB 2007 Yes
Cambodia CSES 2012 Yes
Cameroon ECAM-III 2007 Yes
Canada CGSS 2014 No
Central African Republic ECASEB 2008 Yes
Chad ECOSIT-III 2011 Yes
Chile CASEN 2013 No
China CFPS 2012 No
Colombia ENCV 2013 No
Comoros EESIC 2014 No
Congo, Dem. Rep. E123 2012 No
Congo, Rep. ECOM 2011 Yes
Costa Rica LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Côte d'Ivoire ENV 2008 Yes
Croatia LITS 2016 No
Cyprus ESS 2012 No
Czech Republic ESS 2014 No
Denmark ESS 2014 No
Djibouti EDAM 2017 No
Dominican Republic LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Ecuador ECV 2013 No
Egypt, Arab Rep. ELMPS 2012 No
El Salvador LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Estonia ESS 2014 No
Ethiopia LSMS-ISA 2013 No
Fiji HIES 2008 Yes
Finland ESS 2014 No
France ESS 2014 No
Gabon EGEP-II 2017 No
Gambia IHS 2015 No
Georgia LITS 2016 No
Germany ESS 2014 No
Ghana GLSS 2012 No
Greece LITS 2016 No
Guatemala ENCOVI 2014 No
Guinea EIBEP 2002 No
Guinea ELEP 2012 Yes
Guinea-Bissau ILAP-II 2010 Yes
Honduras LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Hungary ESS 2014 No

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Iceland ESS 2012 No
India IHDS 2011 No
Indonesia IFLS 2014 No
Iran, Islamic Rep. HEIS 2014 Yes
Iraq IHSES 2012 No
Ireland ESS 2014 No
Israel ESS 2014 No
Italy LITS 2016 No
Japan JGSS 2012 No
Jordan JLMPS 2010 No
Kazakhstan LITS 2016 No
Kenya STEP 2013 No
Kiribati HIES 2006 Yes
Korea, Rep. KLIPS 2014 No
Kosovo LITS 2016 No
Kyrgyz Republic LITS 2016 No
Lao PDR STEP 2012 No
Latvia LITS 2016 No
Lebanon HBS 2011 Yes
Lesotho CMSHBS 2017 Yes
Liberia HIES 2014 No
Lithuania ESS 2014 No
Macedonia, FYR LITS 2016 No
Madagascar ENEMPSI 2012 No
Malawi LSMS-ISA 2013 No
Malaysia KMS 2015 No
Maldives HIES 2009 Yes
Mali LSMS-ISA 2014 No
Mauritania EPCV 1995 & 2008 No + Yes
Mauritius HBS 2012 Yes
Mexico EMOVI 2011 No
Moldova LITS 2016 No
Mongolia LITS 2016 No
Montenegro LITS 2016 No
Morocco ENNVM 2006 No
Mozambique IOF 2008 Yes
Myanmar MPLCS 2015 Yes
Namibia NHIES 2015 Yes
Nepal LSS 2011 No
Netherlands ESS 2014 No
New Zealand ISSP 1999 No
Nicaragua LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Niger LSMS-ISA 2014 No
Nigeria LSMS-ISA 2012 No
Norway ESS 2014 No

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Pakistan IHS 1991 No
Pakistan PSLM 2013 Yes
Panama ENV 2008 No
Papua New Guinea HIES 2009 Yes
Paraguay LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Peru ENAHO 2014 No
Philippines FIES 2012 Yes
Philippines ISSP 1999 No
Poland ESS 2014 No
Portugal ESS 2014 No
Romania LITS 2016 No
Russian Federation ESS 2012 No
Rwanda EICV 2000 No
Rwanda EICV-IV 2013 Yes
São Tomé and Principe IOF 2010 Yes
Senegal ESPS-II 2011 No
Serbia LITS 2016 No
Sierra Leone SLIHS 2011 Yes
Slovak Republic ESS 2012 No
Slovenia ESS 2014 No
Solomon Islands SIHIES 2013 Yes
South Africa NIDS 2014 No
South Sudan NBHS 2009 Yes
Spain ESS 2014 No
Sri Lanka STEP 2012 No
Sudan HBS 2009 Yes
Swaziland HIES 2009 Yes
Sweden ESS 2014 No
Switzerland ESS 2014 No
Taiwan, China TSCS 2015 No
Tajikistan LITS 2016 No
Tanzania LSMS-ISA 2012 No
Thailand SES 2012 Yes
Timor-Leste LSMS 2007 No
Togo QUIBB 2015 No
Tonga HIES 2009 Yes
Tunisia TLMPS 2014 No
Turkey LITS 2016 No
Tuvalu HIES 2010 Yes
Uganda LSMS-ISA 2014 No
Ukraine ESS 2012 No
United Kingdom ESS 2014 No
United States PSID 2015 No
Uruguay LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Uzbekistan LITS 2016 No

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 Vanuatu HIES 2010 Yes
Venezuela, RB LATINOBAROMETRO 2015 No
Vietnam STEP 2012 No
West Bank and Gaza PECS 2011 Yes
Yemen, Rep. HBS 2014 Yes
Zambia LCMS-VI 2010 Yes

3. Country and population coverage of the GDIM

The database includes educational mobility estimates from 153 economies, of which the data on
114 are based on retrospective data on parental educational attainment (Table 2). The full sample
of 153 economies accounts for 97 percent of the world’s population (87 percent of the world’s
population with only the retrospective data). Except for in the Middle East & North Africa, the
population coverage in all regions exceeds 90 percent. In the case of the Middle East & North
Africa, 83 percent of the population is covered (51 percent with retrospective questions).
Whenever time trends are analyzed, only economies on which retrospective data are available,
are used.

Table 2. Coverage of the Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM)

Income group or region Number of economies covered % of population covered
With retrospective data All With retrospective data All
High-income economies 38 38 93 93
Developing economies 76 115 86 98
East Asia & the Pacific 8 18 92 99
Eastern Europe & Central Asia 20 20 99 99
Latin America & the Caribbean 15 16 95 97
Middle East & North Africa 6 10 51 83
South Asia 5 8 89 100
Sub-Saharan Africa 22 43 72 97
Total 114 153 87 97
Note: World Bank classification by income level, as of July 1, 2020. Regions used here are World Bank
classification of regions

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4. Microdata vetting and survey harmonization
The microdata were harmonized to enable direct comparisons across countries. In particular, two
variables were created for both parents and children: a continuous variable measuring years of
schooling and a categorical variable measuring highest educational attainment. The categorical
variable is used to compute absolute IGM as the share of individuals whose completed
educational level is higher than that of their parents. The measures of relative IGM use the year
of schooling variable. For both variables, respondents who are younger than 21 or who are still
enrolled in school are excluded from the sample unless they have completed upper secondary.
These individuals are assumed to have completed the lowest tertiary degree (ISCED 5).

For the categorical educational attainment variable, the lowest common denominator across the
various surveys has been adopted. This has invariably reduced the amount of detail exploited in
some countries. With minor exceptions, all surveys contain the following five categories, which
are based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED): less than primary
(ISCED 0), primary (ISCED 1), lower secondary (ISCED 2), upper secondary or postsecondary
non-tertiary (ISCED 3–4), and tertiary (ISCED 5–8). The categories refer to the highest educational
level completed by the respondent.7 The cases where not all five categories exist are mostly high-
income economies, where no category below primary is present. In some instances where only
years of schooling education data are available, they have been carefully mapped using the
ISCED categories schedule (and vice-versa, wherever applicable). The rule of thumb when
information is missing is ISCED 1: 6 years; ISCED 2: 9 years; ISCED 3: 12 years; ISCED 4: 13 years;
ISCED 5: 15 years; ISCED 6: 16 years; ISCED 7: 18 years; and ISCED 8: 21 years.

The years of schooling variable is often available directly in the microdata. We top code it at 21
years which roughly translates to the theoretical number of years required to complete the highest
level of education. For surveys in which years of schooling is not available, categorical variables
are used to construct a measure of years of schooling. The length of schooling for different
educational level varies by countries and across time. This has been mapped using the same
ISCED categories schedule.8

7 See ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) (database), Institute for Statistics, United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Montreal, http://uis.unesco
.org/en/topic/international-standard-classification-education-isced.
8 Two sources of information are used. The first source (“ISCED Mappings”) is not available for all

economies and generally only reflects the ISCED categories in the ISCED revisions of 1997 and 2011. This
source is supplemented by information on the UIS. Stat database, which covers the ISCED categories
annually since 1970. For the first source, see “ISCED Mappings,” Institute for Statistics, United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Montreal, http://uis.unesco.org/en/isced-mappings. For
the database, see UIS.Stat (database), Institute for Statistics, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization, Montreal, http://data.uis.unesco.org/.

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A sample Stata code to harmonize education variables for the Uganda LSMS-ISA survey (2014)
used in the GDIM is provided below9:

// Respondent, education, categorical

gen educcatIGM=.
label var educcatIGM "Respondent's education, country's most detailed ISCED categories"
label define ISCED 0 "ISCED 0" 10000 "ISCED 1" 20000 "ISCED 2" 30000 "ISCED 3" 40000 "ISCED 4" 50000
"ISCED 5" 67800 "ISCED 6-8"
label values educcatIGM ISCED
// Individuals below age 6
replace educcatIGM = 0 if h2q8<6
// Individuals who never attended school
replace educcatIGM = 0 if h4q5==1
// Individuals who are no longer in school
replace educcatIGM = 0 if inrange(h4q7,10,16)
replace educcatIGM = 10000 if inrange(h4q7,17,22) | inrange(h4q7,31,33)
replace educcatIGM = 20000 if h4q7==23 | inrange(h4q7,34,35) | h4q7==41
replace educcatIGM = 30000 if h4q7==36
replace educcatIGM = 50000 if h4q7==51
replace educcatIGM = 67800 if h4q7==61
// Individuals who attended school last year
replace educcatIGM = 0 if inrange(h4q9,1,15)
replace educcatIGM = 10000 if inrange(h4q9,16,32)
replace educcatIGM = 20000 if inrange(h4q9,33,34) | h4q9==40
replace educcatIGM = 30000 if h4q9==35
replace educcatIGM = 50000 if h4q9==50
replace educcatIGM = 67800 if h4q9==61
// Individuals who attending school this year but not last year
replace educcatIGM = 0 if inrange(h4q10,1,16) & missing(educcatIGM)
replace educcatIGM = 10000 if (inrange(h4q10,30,33) | h4q10==40) & missing(educcatIGM)
replace educcatIGM = 20000 if inrange(h4q10,34,35) & missing(educcatIGM)
replace educcatIGM = 30000 if h4q10==50 & missing(educcatIGM)
replace educcatIGM = 50000 if h4q10==61 & missing(educcatIGM)
// Fixing a few missing values
replace educcatIGM=0 if h4q4==1 & missing(educcatIGM)
// Fixing with values from previous waves
replace educcatIGM = educcatIGM_old if missing(educcatIGM)

// Education, 5 categories, respondent (the globally comparable lowest common denominator)

gen educcat5IGM = educcatIGM/10000
replace educcat5IGM = 3 if educcat5IGM==4
replace educcat5IGM = 4 if educcat5IGM >= 5 & educcat5IGM !=.

9 The data is publicly available here: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2663.

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label define ISCED5 0 "ISCED 0" 1 "ISCED 1" 2 "ISCED 2" 3 "ISCED 3-4" 4 "ISCED 5-8"
label var educcat5IGM "Respondent's education, 5 categories"
label values educcat5IGM ISCED5

// Continuous education, respondent

gen educyIGM=.
label var educyIGM "Respondent's education, continuous"
// Individuals who are no longer in school
replace educyIGM = 0 if h4q5==0
replace educyIGM = h4q7-10 if inrange(h4q7,10,17)
replace educyIGM = h4q7-13 if inrange(h4q7,21,23)
replace educyIGM = h4q7-23 if inrange(h4q7,31,36)
replace educyIGM = 11 if h4q7==41
replace educyIGM = 15 if h4q7==51
replace educyIGM = 17 if h4q7==61
// Individuals who attended school last year
replace educyIGM = 0 if h4q9==1
replace educyIGM = h4q9-9 if inrange(h4q9,10,16)
replace educyIGM = h4q9-22 if inrange(h4q9,30,35)
replace educyIGM = 11 if h4q9==40
replace educyIGM = 15 if h4q9==50
replace educyIGM = 17 if h4q9==61
// Individuals who are still in school
replace educyIGM = 0 if h4q10==1 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = h4q10-10 if inrange(h4q10,10,16) & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = h4q10-23 if inrange(h4q10,30,35) & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 7 if h4q10==40 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 13 if h4q10==50 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 15 if h4q10==61 & missing(educyIGM)
// Replacing with educcat when needed
replace educyIGM = 0 if educcatIGM==0 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 7 if educcatIGM==10000 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 11 if educcatIGM==20000 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 13 if educcatIGM==30000 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 15 if educcatIGM==50000 & missing(educyIGM)
replace educyIGM = 17 if educcatIGM==67800 & missing(educyIGM)

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5. Variables in the GDIM
The literature proposes several different measures of IGM. In addition to distinguishing between
absolute and relative mobility, mobility measures can be divided into measures that treat the
outcome variable (educational attainment) as continuous or as categorical. Furthermore,
measures of mobility are frequently obtained by sorting individuals into quantiles by the outcome
variable. The corresponding transition probabilities – for example, the probability that an
individual with parents in a low educational quintile or quartile achieves a high educational
quintile or quartile (relative to others in the individual’s generation) – represent natural measures
of relative mobility. The matrix that reports all possible transition probabilities is referred to as
the transition matrix.

Table 3 shows the variables included in the GDIM. The first 11 variables in the GDIM are
metadata that describe the countries and surveys. Variables 12-14 identify unique rows for a
country. That is, each row has a unique combination of code-cohort-parent-child. Variable 15
specifies how many observations are in a particular code-cohort-parent-child combination, and
hence is related to the statistical power behind the estimates. Variables 15-30 provide descriptive
statistics of the education variables.

Variables 31-39 provide various measures of absolute mobility. Absolute mobility is measured by
to the share of survey respondents who reached a higher educational attainment than their
parents. Our main measure of absolute mobility (denoted CAT) is the share of respondents that
have attained a higher educational category than their parents, conditional on the parents not
having obtained tertiary education, such that all included individuals have a chance of surpassing
their parents. For this measure, we categorize individuals and parents according to their highest
educational attainment in the following categories (see Section 4 for more details): (i) less than
primary, (ii) primary, (iii) lower-secondary, (iv) upper-secondary, or (v) tertiary. For robustness,
we also construct and include a measure of absolute mobility that uses education data in its most
disaggregated form (YOS), a measure that considers everyone with tertiary education as mobile
(MIX), and one which accounts for the magnitude of which children surpass or fall short of their
parents’ outcomes (DIF). Finally, we include measures of absolute mobility conditional on the
educational level of parents (variables 35-39).

Variables 40-49 specify measures of relative mobility. As was the case with absolute mobility,
several measures are used to capture the extent to which the educational attainment of
individuals in one generation is independent of the educational attainment of their parents.
Primarily, we use (one minus) the correlation coefficient from the regression of children’s years
of education on the education of their parents. This is referred to as COR. Higher values of the
correlation coefficient indicate greater intergenerational persistence and, hence, lower relative
mobility. To complement this measure of relative IGM, we also relies on several other measures:
(1) (one minus) the coefficient from regressing respondents’ years of schooling on parents’ years

13
of schooling (BETA); (2) the share of individuals who reach the top quartile of education in their
generation among all individuals who are born to parents with educational attainment in the
bottom half of their respective generation (BHQ4); and (3) the expected educational rank of
respondents born to parents in the bottom half (MU050). Variables 43-48 contain specific
elements of transition matrices while variable 49 shows the share of children that are in the
highest quartile of the national distribution. Whenever all children are considered, this is
mechanically close to 25%, but when only sons or daughters are considered it can differ.

Table 3: Variables in the GDIM

No. Variable name Definition

Metadata
1 country Name of country
2 code ISO3 country code
3 region Region (with high-income as separate category)
4 region_noHICgroup Region (with high-income economies among the regions)
5 incgroup2 Income groups (2 categories) as of July 1, 2020
6 incgroup3 Income groups (3 categories) as of July 1, 2020
7 incgroup4 Income groups (4 categories) as of July 1, 2020
8 fragile World Bank Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations as of July 1, 2020
9 survey Survey name (acronym)
10 year Survey year
11 status Retrospective / Co-residents / Mix
12 cohort Cohort (which decade individuals are born in)
13 parent Mothers/Fathers/Max/Average
14 child Sons/Daughters/All

Descriptive statistics
15 obs Observations in particular cell
16 P1 Share of parents with ISCED0 (less than primary)
17 P2 Share of parents with ISCED1 (primary)
18 P3 Share of parents with ISCED2 (lower secondary)
19 P4 Share of parents with ISCED3-4 (upper secondary)
20 P5 Share of parents with ISCED5-8 (tertiary)
21 C1 Share of children with ISCED0 (less than primary)
22 C2 Share of children with ISCED1 (primary)
23 C3 Share of children with ISCED2 (lower secondary)
24 C4 Share of children with ISCED3-4 (upper secondary)
25 C5 Share of children with ISCED5-8 (tertiary)
26 MEANp Mean of parents' years of schooling
27 MEANc Mean of children's years of schooling
28 SDp Standard deviation of parents' years of education

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 29 SDc Standard deviation of children’s years of education
30 MLD_psu Educational segregation (share of inequality in years of schooling between PSUs)

Absolute mobility measures

31 CAT Absolute mobility based on 5 ISCED categories (condition on parent not having te
32 YOS Absolute mobility based on years of schooling
33 DIF Mean change in years of schooling conditional on parents not having tertiary
34 MIX Absolute mobility counting all children with tertiary as mobile
35 CAT_ISCED0 Absolute mobility when parents have ISCED0, pr(c>p|p=ISCED0)
36 CAT_ISCED1 Absolute mobility when parents have ISCED0, pr(c>p|p=ISCED1)
37 CAT_ISCED2 Absolute mobility when parents have ISCED0, pr(c>p|p=ISCED2)
38 CAT_ISCED34 Absolute mobility when parents have ISCED0, pr(c>p|p=ISCED3-4)
39 CAT_ISCED5678 Absolute mobility when parents have ISCED0, pr(c>p|p=ISCED5-8)

Relative mobility measures

40 COR Correlation coefficient between children’s and parents' years of schooling
41 BETA Beta coefficient from regressing children’s on parents’ years of schooling
42 MU050 Expected child educational rank from a person born in bottom half
43 BHQ4 Pr child from bottom half ends up in Q4 (top quartile)
44 Q4Q4 Pr child from top quartile stays in top quartile
45 BHQ1 Pr child from bottom half ends up in Q1 (lowest quartile)
46 BHQ2 Pr child from bottom half ends up in Q2
47 BHQ3 Pr child from bottom half ends up in Q3
48 Q4BH Pr child from highest quartile ends up in bottom half
49 Q4child Pr child is in highest quartile in national distribution

6. Example Stata code to reproduce figures from the paper

Data for Figure 1:
use "GDIM_2021_09", clear
// Each row is defined by a country-cohort-child-parent combination
isid code cohort child parent
// Only keep max parental education and child estimates based on all children
keep if parent=="max" & child=="all"
// Only keeping the 80s cohort for the maps
keep if cohort==1980
// Now each row is defined by a country
isid code
// Keep relevant variables
keep code CAT

15
Figure 2:
use " GDIM_2021_09.dta", clear
// Each row is defined by a country-cohort-child-parent combination
isid code cohort child parent
// Only keep max parental educaction and child estimates based on all children
keep if parent=="max" & child=="all"
// Now each row is defined by a country-cohort
isid code cohort
// Dropping the 40s cohort. We generally have less confidence in these estimates.
drop if cohort==1940
// Drop coresidents since we will be showing time trends and want the same countries for all cohorts.
drop if status==2
// Keep relevant variables
keep code cohort incgroup2 CAT
// Collapse to create income group-cohort averages
collapse CAT, by(incgroup2 cohort)
// Plot
twoway connected CAT cohort if incgroup2==1, lwidth(thick) lcolor("117 26 51") mcolor("117 26 51") ||
connected CAT cohort if incgroup2==2, lwidth(thick) lcolor("26 134 147") mcolor("26 134 147")
graphregion(color(white)) legend(rows(1) region(lcolor(white)) order(1 "Developing economies" 2 "High-
income economies") size(*1.1) symxsize(*0.75)) ylab(, angle(horizontal)) ytitle("Share of adults",
size(medlarge)) xtitle(,size(medlarge)) xsize(10) ysize(8) graphregion(margin(0 2 0 0)) plotregion(margin(2
2 2 2))

Absolute mobility from the 1950s to the 1980s cohort

16
Figure 3
use "GDIM_2021_09", clear
// Each row is defined by a country-cohort-child-parent combination
isid code cohort child parent
// Only keep max parental educaction and child estimates based on all children
keep if parent=="max" & child=="all"
// Now each row is defined by a country-cohort
isid code cohort
// Dropping the 40s cohort. We generally have less confidence in these estimates.
drop if cohort==1940
// Drop coresidents since we will be showing time trends and want the same countries for all cohorts.
drop if status==2
// Only keeping high-income countries for this figure
keep if region==7
// Collapse to cohort averages
collapse CAT_*, by(cohort)
// Renaming for plotting convenience
rename *_ISCED* **
ren *34 *3
ren *5678 *4
// Twice reshaping
reshape long CAT, i(cohort) j(cat)
reshape wide CAT, i(cat) j(cohort)
// Plot
twoway line CAT1950 cat, lwidth(thick) lcolor("48 107 123%60") || line CAT1960 cat, lwidth(thick)
lcolor("71 80 99%73") || line CAT1970 cat, lwidth(thick) lcolor("94 53 75%86") || line CAT1980 cat,
lwidth(thick) lcolor("117 26 51") xlab(0 "0" 1 "1" 2 "2" 3 "3-4" 4 "5-8") xtitle("Max parental education
(ISCED category)") ylab(,format(%2.1f) angle(horizontal)) graphregion(margin(0 1 0 0)) legend(row(1)
order(1 "1950" 2 "1960" 3 "1970" 4 "1980") symxsize(*0.75) region(lcolor(white))) xsize(10) ysize(8)
graphregion(color(white)) ytitle("Share of population")

17
 Absolute mobility by level of parental education (high-income)

7. Updates since the first version of the GDIM

Since the first version of the GDIM was launched in May 2018, several changes have been made
to the coverage, methodology, harmonization, and variables included. This section summaries
these changes.

Data coverage

- The 2016 wave of the European Social Survey has been added.
- The 2016 and 2017 waves of the Latinobarometro have been added.
- Myanmar has been included in the database as a co-resident country through PLCS 2014-
2015.
- Solomon Islands has been included in the database as a co-resident country through HIES
2012-2013.
- The survey for Namibia has been switched from the 2009 NHIES to the 2015 NHIES. Both
are coresident surveys, but the latter has information on years of schooling, in contrast to
the 2009 survey.
- The survey for Botswana has been switched from the 2009 CWIS to the 2015 BMTHS, since
the latter was deemed of higher quality.
- The survey for Rwanda has been switched from the 2010 EICV-III to the 2013 EICV-IV
since the latter was deemed of better quality.
- The survey for Lesotho has been switched from the 2010 CMSHBS to the 2017 CMSHBS
since the latter was deemed of higher quality.
- Gambia has been included in the database through the 2015 HIS.
- Djibouti has been included in the database as a country with retrospective data through
the 2017 EDAM.

18
 - Gabon has been included in the database as a country with retrospective data through the
2017 EGEP-II.
- Burundi has been included in the database with retrospective data. Before it was not in
the database at all.
- Senegal is no longer included as a country with retrospective data, since we no longer
have access to the data. We now use a survey only with co-resident data.

Methodology

- The minimum age of respondents has been changed from 18 to 21.

- The computation of ranks for max parental education has been revised. Now, if there are
ties, these are broken by the highest min parental education.
- The computation of transition-matrix based mobility measures has been changed, such
that they now use the bounds generated by the method of Asher et al. (2019) if our method
(which uses random assignment to break ties in ranks) is not within the bounds generated
by Asher et al. (2019). More details are available in the working paper

Harmonization

- The population data, income group data etc. have been updated.
- A small error in the years of schooling variable for Comoros has been fixed.
- A small error in the household ID variable for Niger has been fixed.
- A small error in the years of schooling variable for Indonesia has been fixed.
- A small error in the years of schooling variable for Angola has been fixed.
- A small error in the relationship to household head variable for Sudan has been fixed.
- Small errors in the relationship to household head variable and the years of schooling
variable for the Central African Republic have been fixed.
- An error in the availability of educational information for the child generation for
Madagascar has been fixed.
- A years of schooling variable has been added to the survey for Guinea-Bissau.

Variables included
- In this version of the database, we have decided to only keep the main measures of
absolute and relative mobility while leaving out variables pertaining to specific kinds of
analysis (such as analysis of co-residence bias, analysis of three-generational mobility, and
analysis of non-linearity in the coefficient from regression children on parents’ education).
We have also changed the name and labels of some variables to align them to the working
paper. Table 4 shows a complete mapping from the first version of the database to this
version of the database.

19
 Table 4: Mapping from first to second version of GDIM
Version 1, May 2018 Version 2, September 2021
No. Variable name Label New variable name New label
1 countryname Economy name country Name of country
2 wbcode World Bank economy code No longer available
3 iso3 ISO3 economy code code ISO3 country code
4 region Geographic regions (with high-income category) No change Region (with high-income as separate category)
5 incgroup2 Income groups (2 categories) as of July 1, 2016 No change Income groups (2 categories) as of July 1, 2020
6 incgroup4 Income groups (4 categories) as of July 1, 2016 No change Income groups (4 categories) as of July 1, 2020
World Bank Fragile and Conflict-affected
7 fragile World Bank Harmonized List of Fragile Situations FY 2018
No change Situations as of July 1, 2020
8 survey Survey name (acronym) No change No change
9 year Year No change No change
10 status Retrospective data / Co-residents No change Retrospective / Co-residents / Mix
Cohort (which decade individuals are born in, by first year
11 cohort No change
of decade) No change
12 parent Mothers/Fathers/Average/Max No change No change
13 child Sons/Daughters/All No change No change
14 obs Observations in particular cell No change No change
15 P1 Share of parents with ISCED0 (less than primary) No change No change
16 P2 Share of parents with ISCED1 (primary) No change No change
17 P3 Share of parents with ISCED2 (lower secondary) No change No change
18 P4 Share of parents with ISCED3-4 (upper secondary) No change No change
19 P5 Share of parents with ISCED5-8 (tertiary) No change No change
20 C1 Share of children with ISCED0 (less than primary) No change No change
21 C2 Share of children with ISCED1 (primary) No change No change
22 C3 Share of children with ISCED2 (lower secondary) No change No change
23 C4 Share of children with ISCED3-4 (upper secondary) No change No change
24 C5 Share of children with ISCED5-8 (tertiary) No change No change
25 MEANp Mean of parents' years of education No change No change
26 MEANc Mean of children's years of education No change No change
27 SDp Standard deviation of parents' years of education No change No change
28 SDc Standard deviation of children's years of education No change No change

20
29 GINIp Gini index of parents' years of education No longer available
30 GINIc Gini index of children's years of education No longer available
Beta coefficient from regressing children's on
31 IGP Intergenerational persistence
BETA parents’ years of schooling
32 NL1 b1 from child_educ=b0+b1*parent_educ+b2*parent_educ^2 No longer available
33 NL2 b2 from child_educ=b0+b1*parent_educ+b2*parent_educ^2 No longer available
Pearson's correlation coefficient between parent & child Correlation coefficient between children's and
34 COR
years of educ No change parents' years of schooling
Abs. upward mobility (weakly), pr(c>p or c=p=top Absolute mobility counting all children with
35 MAcatM
category) MIX tertiary as mobile
Absolute mobility based on 5 ISCED categories
36 MAcatC1 Abs. upward mobility, pr(c>p given p not in top category)
CAT (condition on parent not having tertiary)
37 Q4_IGpri Intergenerational Privilege (prob Qchild = 4 Qparent = 4) Q4Q4 Pr child from top quartile stays in top quartile
Probability child from bottom half ends up in Q1 (lowest
38 BHQ1 No change
quartile) No change
39 BHQ2 Probability child from bottom half ends up in Q2 No change No change
40 BHQ3 Probability child from bottom half ends up in Q3 No change No change
Probability child from bottom half ends up in Q4 (highest
41 BHQ4 No change
quartile) No change
Probability child from highest quartile ends up in bottom
42 Q4BH No change
half No change
Probability child is in highest quartile in national
43 Q4child No change
distribution No change
Difference in years of schooling, given parents in bottom
44 Delta50
50% No longer available
45 Asher_Q4_IGpri Intergenerational Privilege (prob Qchild = 4 Qparent = 4) No longer available
46 ThreeGen_obs Observations behind 3-generational estimations No longer available
b1 from
47 ThreeGen_IGPp1
child_educ=b0+b1*parent_educ+b2*grandparent_educ No longer available
b2 from
48 ThreeGen_IGPg1
child_educ=b0+b1*parent_educ+b2*grandparent_educ No longer available
49 ThreeGen_IGPgsd Standard deviation of ThreeGen_IGPg1 estimates No longer available
Mean of parents' years of education (respondents aged 21-
50 All2125_MEANp
25) No longer available

21
 Mean of children's years of education (respondents aged
51 All2125_MEANc
21-25) No longer available
52 All2125_IGP Intergenerational persistence (respondents aged 21-25) No longer available
Abs. upward mobility, pr(c>p given p not in top cat.)
53 All2125_MAcatC1
(respondents aged 21-25) No longer available
Mean of parents' years of education (coresidents aged 21-
54 Cores2125_MEANp
25) No longer available
Mean of children's years of education (coresidents aged 21-
55 Cores2125_MEANc
25) No longer available
56 Cores2125_IGP Intergenerational persistence (coresidents aged 21-25) No longer available
Abs. upward mobility, pr(c>p given p not in top cat.)
57 Cores2125_MAcatC1
(coresidents aged 21-25) No longer available
58 Shortfall0611_obs Observations in particular cell of Shortfall0611_IGP No longer available
59 Shortfall0611_IGP Intergenerational persistence (shortfall, children aged 6-11) No longer available
60 Shortfall1217_obs Observations in particular cell of Shortfall1217_IGP No longer available
Intergenerational persistence (shortfall, children aged 12-
61 Shortfall1217_IGP
17) No longer available
62 IGEincome Relative IGM in income No longer available
IGEincome share, effect of parent_educ on child_inc via
63 S1
child_educ No longer available
IGEincome share, effect of parent_educ on child_inc (other
64 S2
than via child_educ) No longer available
IGEincome share, effect of parent_char (income, networks
65 S3
etc.) on child_inc No longer available
Educational segregation (share of inequality in
66 MLD_psu MLD geographic segregation
No change years of schooling between PSUs)

22
8. Original source of microdata used in GDIM
CASEN, 2013, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, detailed information:
Ministerio de Desarrollo Social - Gobierno de Chile (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6035)

CFPS, 2012, China Family Panel Studies, detailed information: 2013 Institute of Social Science
Survey – ISSS (URL: http://www.isss.pku.edu.cn/cfps/EN/)

CGSS, 2014, Canada’s General Social Survey, detailed information: Minister responsible for
Statistics Canada. Minister of Industry, 2013 (URL:
https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89f0115x/89f0115x2013001-eng.htm)

CMSHBS, 2017, Continuous Multipurpose Household Survey (CMS) / module 2017/2018

Household Budget Survey (HBS), detailed information: Bureau of Statistics - Government of
Lesotho (URL: https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/8294)

CSES, 2012, Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey, detailed information: National Institute of

Statistics - Ministry of Planning (URL: https://nada-nis.gov.kh/index.php/catalog/17)

BMTHS, 2015, Botswana Multi-Topic Household Survey 2015-2016, detailed information:

Statistics Botswana (URL: https://www.statsbots.org.bw/bmths-public-statement)

E123, 2012, ENQUETE 1 – 2 – 3, detailed information: Institut National de la Statistique –

Ministère du plan et suivi de la mise en œuvre de la révolution de la modernité (URL:
http://www.dial.ird.fr/enquetes-statistiques/enquetes-1-2-3)

ECAM-III, 2007, Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages, detailed information: institut
National de la Statistique (INS) - Ministère de l'Economie, de la Planification et de l'Aménagement
du Territoire (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2256)

ECASEB, 2008, Enquête Centrafricaine pour le Suivi-Evaluation du Bien-être, detailed

information: Institut Centrafricain des Statistiques et des Etudes Economiques et Sociales -
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ECOM, 2011, Enquête Congolaise Auprès des Ménages pour le Suivi et l'Evaluation de la
Pauvreté, detailed information: Centre National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques
(CNSEE) - Ministère de l’Économie, du Plan, de l’Aménagement du Territoire et de l’Intégration
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ECOSIT-III, 2011, Enquête sur la Consommation des Ménages et le Secteur Informel au Tchad,
detailed information: Institut National de la Statistique, des Etudes Economiques et
Démographiques (INSEED) (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/4923)

23
ECV, 2013, Encuesta Condiciones de Vida, detailed information: Instituto de Estadística y Censos
- 2015 INEC (URL: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec//documentos/web-inec/ECV/ECV_2015/)

ECVM, 2009, Enquête sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2009-2010, detailed information:
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ECVM, 2013, Enquête sur les conditions de vie des ménages 2013-14, detailed information :
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EDAM, 2017, Enquêtes Djiboutiennes Auprès des Ménages, detailed information: Direction de la
Statistique et des Etudes Démographiques (DISED) (URL:
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EESIC, 2014, Enquête sur l’emploi, le secteur informel et la consommation des ménages aux
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EGEP-II, 2017, Enquête Gabonaise pour l'Evaluation et le Suivi de la Pauvreté, detailed

information: Direction Générale de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (DGSEE) - Ministère
de la Planification, de la Programmation du Développement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire
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EH, 2008, Encuesta de Hogares, detailed information: Instituto Nacional de Estadística -

Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo – Bolivia (URL :
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EIBEP, 2002, Enquêté Integrée de Base pour l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté, detailed information:
Direction Nationale de la Statistique - Ministere du Plan et de la Cooperation (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/1432/related_materials)

EICV, 2000, Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, detailed information:
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda - Government of Rwanda (URL:
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EICV, 2013, Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, detailed information:
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ELEP, 2012, Enquête Légère pour l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté, detailed information: Institut
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24
ELMPS, 2012, Egypt - Labor Market Panel Survey, detailed information: Economic Research
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EMICOV, 2011, Enquête Modulaire Intégrée sur les Conditions de Vie des ménages, detailed
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EMOVI, 2011, Encuesta Movilidad Social en México, detailed information: El Centro de Estudios
Espinosa Yglesias (URL: http://www.ceey.org.mx/encuesta/emovi-2011)

ENAHO, 2014, Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza, detailed
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ENCOVI, 2014, Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida, detailed information: El Instituto

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ENCV, 2013, Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida, detailed information: Dirección de

Metodología y Producción Estadística – DIMPE (URL:
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ENEMPSI, 2012, Enquête nationale sur l'emploi et le secteur Informel, detailed information:
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ENNVM, 2006, Enquête nationale sur les niveaux de vie des ménages, detailed information:
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ENV, 2008, Enquête sur le Niveau de Vie des Ménages, detailed information: Institut National de
la Statistique - Government of Côte d'Ivoire (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2170)

ENV, 2014, Encuesta de Niveles de Vida, detailed information: Ministerio de Economía y

Finanzas (MEF) (URL:
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EPCV, 1995, Enquête Permanente sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, detailed information:
Office National de la Statistique - Ministère des Affaires Economiques et du Développement
(URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6154)

25
EPCV, 2008, Enquête Permanente sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages, detailed information:
Office National de la Statistique - Ministère des Affaires Economiques et du Développement
(URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6155)

ESPS-II, 2011, Enquête de suivi de la pauvreté au Sénégal, detailed information: Agence nationale
de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) - Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et du Plan
(MEFP) (URL: http://anads.ansd.sn/index.php/catalog/17)

ESS, European Social Survey, detailed information: European Research Infrastructure

Consortium (URL: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/)

FIES, 2012, Family Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Philippine Statistical
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GLSS, 2012, Ghana - Living Standards Survey, detailed information: Ghana Statistical Service -
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HBS, 2011, Household Budget Survey, detailed information: Central Administration of Statistics
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HBS, 2012, Household Budget Survey, detailed information: Statistics Mauritius (under the aegis
of the Ministry of Finance & Economic Development) (URL:
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HIES, 2010, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics - Ministry of Planning (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2257)

HIES, 2008, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Bureau of
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HIES, 2006, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Kiribati National
Statistical Office - Government (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/4130)

HIES, 2014, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Liberia Institute
for Statistics and Geo-Information Services - Government of Liberia (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/5955)

HIES, 2009, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Department of
National Planning - Ministry of Finance and Treasury, Maldives (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2317)

HIES, 2009, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: National
Statistical Office - Government of Papua New Guinea (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3243)

26
HIES, 2009, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Central Statistical
Office - Government of Swaziland (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/4599)

HIES, 2009, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Statistics
Department - Office of the Prime Minister, Tonga (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3201)

HIES, 2010, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: Central Statistics
Division - Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Tuvalu (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3203)

HIES, 2010, Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information: National Statistics
Office (VNSO) - Ministry of Finance and Economic Management, Vanuatu (URL:
https://vnso.gov.vu/index.php/census-and-surveys/household-income-expenditure-survey-
hies)

HILDA 2015, Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, detailed
information: The Melbourne Institute (URL: https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/hilda)

IBEP-MICS, 2008, Inquérito Integrado sobre o Bem-Estar da População, detailed information:

Instituto Nacional de Estatística - Ministério do Planeamento (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2178)

IFLS, 2014, Indonesian Family Life Survey, detailed information: RAND Corporation (URL:

https://www.rand.org/labor/FLS/IFLS.html)

IHDS, 2011, India Human Development Survey-II, detailed information: University of Maryland
and the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi. (URL:
https://ihds.umd.edu/)

IHS, 1991, Integrated Household Survey, detailed information: Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS)
of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan (URL: https://esoc.princeton.edu/files/pakistan-integrated-
household-survey-pihs-data)

IHS, 2015, Integrated Household survey, detailed information: The Gambia Bureau of Statistics
(URL: https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3323)

IHSES, 2012, Iraq - Household Socio-Economic Survey, detailed information: Economic Research
Forum - Central Statistical Organization (CSO) - Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office (KRSO)
(URL: http://www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/108)

ILAP-II, 2010, Inquerito Ligeiro para a Avaliação da Pobreza, detailed information: INE -
Ministério da Economia, Plano e Integração Regional (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/4516)

27
IOF, 2008, Inquérito sobre Orçamento Familiar, detailed information: Direcção de Censos e
Inquéritos - Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2168)

IOF, 2010, Inquérito Orçamento Familiar, detailed information: Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas
- Ministério de Plano e Finanças (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6252)

ISSP, 1999, International Social Survey Programme, detailed information: ISSP secretariat (2015-
2018): GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany (URL:
http://www.issp.org/members/member-states/new-zealand/)

ISSP, 1999, International Social Survey Programme, detailed information: ISSP secretariat (2015-
2018): GESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany (URL:
http://www.issp.org/members/member-states/philippines/)

JGSS, 2012, Japanese General Social Survey, detailed information: ICPSR, University of Michigan
(URL: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/209)

JLMPS, 2010, Jordan - Labor Market Panel Survey, detailed information: Economic Research
Forum (URL: http://www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/29)

KLIPS, 2014, Korean Labor & Income Panel Study, detailed information: KOREA LABOR
INSTITUTE (URL: https://www.kli.re.kr/klips_eng/index.do)

KMS, 2015, Kajian Mobiliti Sosial (KMS), detailed information: Universiti Utara Malaysia (URL:
http://uumtv.uum.edu.my/)

LAPOP, 2016, Latin American Public Opinion Project, detailed information: Vanderbilt
University (URL: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/survey-data.php)

LAPOP, 2014, Latin American Public Opinion Project, detailed information: Vanderbilt
University (URL: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/survey-data.php)

Latinobarómetro, detailed information: Corporación Latinobarómetro (URL:

http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp)

LCMS-VI, 2010, Living Conditions Monitoring Survey, detailed information: Central Statistical
Office - Government of the Republic of Zambia (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2597)

LITS, 2011, Life in Transition Survey, detailed information: The European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (URL:
http://www.ebrd.com/cs/Satellite?c=Content&cid=1395236498263&d=Mobile&pagename=EBRD
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LITS, 2016, Life in Transition Survey, detailed information: The European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (URL:

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%2FContent%2FContentLayout)

LSMS, 2007, Living Standards Measurement Study, detailed information: National Statistics
Directorate, Timor-Leste (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/962)

LSMS-ISA, 2013, Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey, detailed information: Central Statistical

Agency of Ethiopia - CSA (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2247)

LSMS-ISA, 2014, Enquête Agricole de Conjoncture Intégrée, detailed information: Cellule de

Planification et de Statistiques - Ministère du Développement Rural, Institut National de la
Statistique - Gouvernement du Mali, Direction Nationale de l'Agriculture - Ministère de
l'Agriculture de l'Elevage et de la Pêche (URL:
http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2583)

LSMS-ISA, 2013, Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013, detailed information: National
Statistical Office - Government of Malawi (URL:
http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2248)

LSMS-ISA, 2014, ENQUÊTE NATIONALE SUR LES CONDITIONS DE VIE DES MENAGES ET
L'AGRICULTURE, detailed information: Survey and Census Division - National Institute of
Statistics, Niger (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2676)

LSMS-ISA, 2012, General Household Survey, detailed information: National Bureau of Statistics
(NBS) - Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) (URL:
http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1952)

LSMS-ISA, 2012, National Panel Survey, detailed information: National Bureau of Statistics -
Ministry of Finance, Tanzania (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2252)

LSMS-ISA, 2014, National Panel Survey, detailed information: Uganda Bureau of Statistics -
Government of Uganda (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2663)

LSS, 2003, Bhutan - Living Standards Survey, detailed information: National Statistics Bureau -
Planning Commission (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/23)

LSS, 2011, Nepal - Living Standards Survey 2010-2011, detailed information: Central Bureau of
Statistics - National Planning Commission Secretariat, Government of Nepal (URL:
http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1000/study-description)

MPLCS, 2015, Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey, detailed information: Central
Statistical Organization and Planning Department, Ministry of Planning, Finance and Industry
(URL: https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4036)

NBHS, 2009, National Baseline Household Survey, detailed information: Central Bureau of
Statistics (CBS) - Government of Sudan (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2131)

29
NBHS, 2009, National Baseline Household Survey, detailed information: Southern Sudan Center
for Census, Statistics and Evaluation - Presidential Affairs (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/2175)

NHIES, 2015, National Household Income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information:
Namibia Statistics Agency (URL: https://nsa.org.na/microdata1/index.php/catalog/28/related-
materials)

NIDS 2014, National Income Dynamics Study, detailed information: Southern Africa Labour and
Development Research Unit (URL: http://www.nids.uct.ac.za)

NRVA, 2011, National Risk and Vulnerability Survey, detailed information: Central Statistics
Organization (CSO) - Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/5230)

PECS, 2011, Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2011, detailed information: Central Bureau of
Statistics - Palestinian National Authority (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3249)

PNAD, 2014, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, detailed information: Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia (URL:
https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/trabalhoerendimento/pnad2013/microda
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PSID, 2015, Panel Study of Income Dynamics, detailed information: 2018 PSID Institute for Social
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PSLM, 2013, Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2013-14
National / Provincial, detailed information: Federal Bureau of Statistics - Government of Pakistan
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survey-pslm-2013-14-national-provincial)

QUIBB, 2007, Questionário Unificado de Indicadores Básicos de Bem-Estar, detailed information:

Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), Cabo Verde (URL:
http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/102)

QUIBB, 2015, Questionnaire Unifié des Indicateurs de Base de Bien-être, detailed information:
Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale - Gouvernement Togolais
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SES, 2012, Household Socio-Economic Survey, detailed information: National Statistical Office -
Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, Government of the Kingdom of
Thailand (URL: http://www.ilo.org/surveydata/index.php/catalog/1148)

SIHIES 2013, Solomon Islands Household income and Expenditure Survey, detailed information:
Solomon Islands National Statistical Office (SINSO) (URL:
https://www.statistics.gov.sb/index.php/statistics/demographic-statistics/90-hies-2012-2013)

30
SLIHS, 2011, Sierra Leone - Integrated Household Survey, detailed information: Statistics Sierra
Leone (SSL) - Government of Sierra Leone (URL: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/4799)

STEP, 2013, Kenya - STEP Skills Measurement Household Survey 2013, detailed information:
World Bank (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2226)

STEP, 2012, Lao PDR - STEP Skills Measurement Household Survey 2012, detailed information:
World Bank (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2016/related_citations)

STEP, 2012, Sri Lanka - STEP Skills Measurement Household Survey 2012, detailed information:
World Bank (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2017)

STEP, 2012, Vietnam - STEP Skills Measurement Household Survey 2012, detailed information:
World Bank (URL: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2018)

TLMPS, 2014, Tunisia - Labor Market Panel Survey, detailed information: Economic Research
Forum (URL: http://www.erfdataportal.com/index.php/catalog/105)

TSCS, 2015, Taiwan Social Change Survey, detailed information: Institute of Sociology, Academia
Sinica (URL: http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/sc/en/home2.php)

31
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