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MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

GENERAL KEY CONCEPT

1. Force on a moving charge:– A moving charge is a source of magnetic field.

Z


+q v cos B Y

sin
v 
X v
 
Let a positive charge q is moving in a uniform magnetic field B with velocity v .’
F  q  F  v sin  F  B
 F  qBv sin F = kq Bv sin  [k = constant]
k = 1 in S.I. system.
  
 F = qBv sin and F  q( v  B )

2. Magnetic field strength ( B ) :
In the equation F = qBv sin  , if q = 1, v = 1,
sin = 1 i.e.  = 90° then F = B.
 Magnetic field strength is defined as the force experienced by a unit charge
moving with unit velocity perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
Special Cases:
(1) It  = 0° or 180°, sin = 0
 F=0
A charged particle moving parallel to the magnetic field, will not experience
any force.
(2) If v = 0, F = 0
A charged particle at rest in a magnetic field will not experience any force.
(3) If  = 90°, sin = 1 then the force is maximum
Fmax. = qvB
A charged particle moving perpendicular to magnetic field will experience
maximum force.
3. S.I. unit of magnetic field intensity. It is called tesla (T).
F
B
qv sin 
If q = 1C, v = 1m/s,  = 90° i.e. sin = 1 and F = 1N
Then B = 1T.
 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

The strength of magnetic field at a point is said to be 1T if a charge of 1C while

moving at right angle to a magnetic field, with a velocity of 1 m/s experiences a
force of 1N at that point.
4. Biot-Savart’s law:– The strength of magnetic field
Y
or magnetic flux density at a point P (dB) due to
current element dl depends on,
(i) dB  I dl  
r
(ii) dB  dl
P
(iii) dB  sin 
X I
1
(iv) dB  ,
r2
Idl sin  Idl sin 
Combining, dB  2
 dB  k [k = Proportionality constant]
r r2
0
In S.I. units, k  where µ0 is called permeability of free space.
4
 0 = 4 × 10–7 TA–1m
 
0 Idl sin   0 (dl  r )
 dB  and dB  I
4 r 2 4 r3
  
d B is perpendicular to the plane containing d and r and is directed inwards.
5. Applications of Biot-Savart’s law:–
(a) Magnetic field (B) at the Centre of a Circular Coil Carrying Current.
 nI
B 0
2r
where n is the number of turns of the coil. I is
the current in the coil and r is the radius of the
coil. I
2
(b) Magnetic field due to a straight conductor carrying current. a P
1
0 I
B (sin 2  sin 1 )
4a
where a is the perpendicular distance of the
conductor from the point where field is to the
measured.
1 and 2 are the angles made by the two ends of the conductor with the point.
(c) For an infinitely long conductor, 1  2   / 2
0 2I
 B= .
4 a
(d) Magnetic field at a point on the axis of a Circular Coil Carrying Current.
when point P lies far away from the centre of the coil.
0 2M
B . 3
4 x
where M = nIA = magnetic dipole moment of the coil.
x is the distance of the point where the field is to the measured, n is the number
of turns, I is the current and A is the area of the coil.
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

6. Ampere’s circuital law:–


The line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path in vacuum is  0
 
times the total current through the closed path. i.e.  B.d l   0 I
7. Application of Ampere’s circuital law:–
(a) Magnetic field due to a current carrying solenoid, B = µ0nI
n is the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid.
µ0 nI
At the edge of a short solenoid, B =
2
(b) Magnetic field due to a toroid or endless solenoid
B = µ0nI
8. Motion of a charged particle in uniform electric field:–
The path of a charged particle in an electric field is a parabola.

2mv2
Equation of the parabola is x 2  y
qE
where x is the width of the electric field.
y is the displacement of the particle from its straight path.
v is the speed of the charged particle.
q is the charge of the particle
E is the electric field intensity.
m is the mass of the particle.
9. Motion of the charged particle in a magnetic field. The path of a charged particle
 
moving in a uniform magnetic field ( B ) with a velocity v making an angle  with

B is a helix.
n
v si 
v

B
O cos 
The component of velocity v cos  will not provide a force to the charged particle,
so under this velocity the particle with move forward with a constant velocity

along the direction of B . The other component v sin  will produce the force F = q
Bv sin  , which will supply the necessary centripetal force to the charged particle
in moving along a circular path of radius r.
m(vsin )2
 Centripetal force = = B qv sin 
r
Bqr
 v sin  =
m
v sin  Bq
Angular velocity of rotation = w = 
r m
 Bq
Frequency of rotation =   
2 2m
1 2m
Time period of revolution = T = 
 Bq
 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

10. Cyclotron: It is a device used to accelerate and hence energies the positively
charged particle. This is done by placing the particle in an oscillating electric
field and a perpendicular magnetic field. The particle moves in a circular path.
 Centripetal force = magnetic Lorentz force
mv2 mv
 = Bqv  = r  radius of the circular path
r Bq
r m
Time to travel a semicircular path =  = constant.
v Bq
If v0 be the maximum velocity of the particle and r0 be the maximum radius of its
path then
mv0 2 Bqr0
 Bqv0  v0 
r0 m
1 1  Bqr0 
2 B2 q 2 r0 2
Max. K.E. of the particle = mv 0 2  m   (K.E.)max. =
2 2  m  2m

2 m
Time period of the oscillating electric field  T = .
Bq

Time period is independent of the speed and radius.

1 Bq
Cyclotron frequency =   
T 2m

Bq
Cyclotron angular frequency = 0  2 
m

11. Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field:

  
F  I   B or F = I  B sin 

where I is the current through the conductor

B is the magnetic field intensity.
l is the length of the conductor.
 is the angle between the direction of current and magnetic field.
(i) When  = 0° or 180°, sin  = 0  F = 0
 When a conductor is placed along the magnetic field, no force will act on
the conductor.
(ii) When  = 90°, sin  = 1, F is maximum.
Fmax = I  B
when the conductor is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field, it will
experience maximum force.
12. Force between two parallel conductors carrying current:–
(a) When the current is in same direction the two conductors will attract each
other with a force
0 2I1I2
F . per unit length of the conductor
4 r
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

(b) When the current is in opposite direction the two conductors will repel each
other with the same force.
(c) S.I. unit of current is 1 ampere. (A).
1A is the current which on flowing through each of the two parallel uniform
linear conductor placed in free space at a distance of 1 m from each other produces
a force of 2 × 10–7 N/m along their lengths.
13. Torque on a current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field:–
  
  M  B   = MB sin = nIBA sin where M is the magnetic dipole moment of
the coil.
M = nIA
where n is the number of turns of the coil.
I is the current through the coil.
B is the magnetic field intensity.
A is the area of the coil.

 is the angle between the magnetic field  B and the perpendicular to the plane
of the coil.
Special Cases:
(i) If the coil is placed parallel to magnetic field  = 0°, cos  = 1 then torque is
maximum.
max.  nIBA

(ii) If the coil is placed perpendicular to magnetic field,  = 90°, cos  = 0

  =0
14. Moving coil galvanometer:– This is based on the principle that when a current
carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a torque. There is a
restoring torque due to the phosphor bronze strip which brings back the coil to its
normal position.
In equilibrium, Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
nIBA = k  [k = restoring torque/unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip]
k k
I   G where G  = Galvanometer constant
nBA nBA
 I
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the deflection produced when unit
current is passed through the galvanometer.
 nBA
Is  
I k
Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced when unit potential
difference is applied across the galvanometer.
  nBA
Vs    [R = Resistance of the galvanometer]
V IR kR
 MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
15. Condition for the maximum sensitivity of the galvanometer:-
The galvanometer is said to be sensitive if a small current produces a large
deflection.
nBA
  I
k
  will be large if (i) n is large, (ii) B is large (iii) A is large and (iv) k is small.
16. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter
(a) A galvanometer is converted to voltmeter by putting a high resistance in series
with it.
Tot al r esist an ce of volt m et er = Rg + R where Rg is the galvonometer resistance.
R is the resistance added in series.
V
Current through the galvanometer = Ig = Rg  R

where V is the potential difference across the voltmeter.

Ig Rg HR
G
Voltmeter

I R I
M N
V
 R= G
Ig

Range of the voltmeter: 0 – V volt.

(b) A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance
in parallel with it (shunt)

 I g 
Shunt = S    R g where Rg is the galvanometere resistance.
 I  Ig 
Ig Rg
G
R
I I
S
M (I - Ig) N
I is the total current through the ammeter.
Ig is the current through the ammeter. Effective resistance of the ammeter
Rg
R = R S
g

The range of the ammeter is 0 – I A. An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.