MODULE 3

COMPARISON WITH THE DIFFERENT POLICE MODEL SYSTEM OF SELECTED COUNTRIES

“Where the stakes are the highest, in the war on terror, we cannot possibly succeed without extraordinary international
cooperation. Effective international police actions require the highest degree of intelligence sharing, planning and
collaborative enforcement”. – Barrack Obama, Former United States President

LESSON 1: PHILIPPINES POLICE SYSTEM

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

 Organized pursuant to RA 6975 (“DILG Act of 1990”), as amended by RA 8551 (“Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998”) and. RA 9708 (An act extending for five (5) years the reglementary
period for complying with the minimum educational qualification for appointment to the Philippine National Police
(PNP).
 A law enforcement agency under the operational control of the Department of the Interior and Local Government
and administrative supervision of the National Police Commission.
 The PNP is composed of a national headquarters, regional headquarters, provincial headquarters, district
headquarters or municipal stations. At the national level, the PNP maintains its national headquarter in Camp
Crame, Metropolitan Manila which houses the directional staff, service staff and special support units.

ORGANIZATION
 The passage into law on December 13, 1990 of Republic Act No. 6975 entitled “An Act Establishing the
Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government and Other
Purposes” ended the existence of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and gave
way to the creation of the Philippine National Police, now known as the country's police force that is national
in scope and civilian in character. It is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission.

MANDATE
 Republic Act 6975 entitled An Act Establishing the Philippine National Police under a reorganized Department
of the Interior and Local Government and Other Purposes as amended by RA 8551 Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 and further amended by RA 9708.

PHILOSOPHY
 Service, Honor and Justice.

CORE VALUES

 Maka-Diyos (God-fearing)
 Makabayan (Nationalistic)
 Makatao (Humane)
 Makakalikasan (Environment -Friendly)

MISSION
 To enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal
security with the active support of the community.

THE PNP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The PNP Command Group is headed by the Chief PNP who is vested with the power to command and direct the PNP.
He is also assisted by two Deputies assigned to the administration of the PNP and one for operations side.
The Chief of the Directorial Staff serves as the Chief Operations Officer of the PNP. He coordinates, supervises, and
directs the Directorial Staff and the PNP units in the performance of their respective functions.
The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) is headed by an Inspector General who assists the Chief PNP in ensuring operational
readiness and investigates infractions of the regulations committed by the members of the PNP.

1
The Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by senior police commissioned officer who serves as a manager of
the facility that will supervise the implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.
The Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM) serves as the Central facility of the PNP in coordinating and
integrating all strategy management processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in the
organization a culture of strategy focus.

The Directorial Staff is composed of 16 Directorates. Every Director in each unit has also his defined function in line
with his specialization as follows:
1. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) - The director optimizes the utilization of personnel
resources both from the PNP- uniformed and non- uniformed personnel.
2. Directorate for Intelligence (DI) - The director manages the gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through
effective management of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. He also serves as the linkage of all
foreigners with official transactions with the chief PNP.
3. Directorate for Operations (DO) - The director exercises the command, the control, the direction, the coordination and
the supervision of all activities on PNP operations such as deployment and employment of personnel.
4. Directorate for Logistics (DL) - The director administers and manages material resources needed for the PNP
operations.
5. Directorate for Plans (DPL) - The director plans and programs strategic PNP operations. He also represents the PNP
in the inter-agency and international affairs on peace and order.
6. Directorate for Comptrollership (DC) - The director administers and manages the fiscal financial resources.
7. Directorate for Police-Community Relations (DPCR) - The director formulates and implements community –related
activities, programs and projects. He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to undertake close monitoring,
networking and liaisoning activities with the Muslim communities in addressing terrorism and lawless violence in their
respective areas to guarantee that the Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or singled-out.
8. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) - The director coordinates. Controls and
supervises all investigation activities.
9. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD) - The director formulates policies on matters
pertaining to human resources and doctrine development.
10. Directorate for Research and Development (DRD) - The director engages in research and development and does
testing and evaluation of self-reliant projects.
11. Directorate for Information and Communications Technology Management (DICTM) - The director integrates and
standardizes all the PNP information systems and resources to further improve the frontline services.
12. Five (5) Directorates for Integrated Police Operations (DIPOs) - The Directors of the clustered areas for Integrated
Police Operations, namely: Eastern Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Visayas, Southern and Northern Luzon are given the
responsibility to direct and to supervise the conduct of integrated anti-criminality, internal security, counter- terrorism
operations, to promote inter-operability with the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and to provide a system to promote
regional socio-economic development.
There are 23 National Support Units of the PNP. Eleven (11) of which are administrative while twelve (12) are
operational in nature.

THE ELEVEN ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS are as follows:

 Logistics Support Service (LSS)

 Information Technology Management Service (ITMS)
 Finance Service (FS)
 Health Service (HS)
 Communications and Electronics Service (CES)
 Chaplain Service (CHS)
 Legal Service (LS)
 Headquarters Support Service (HSS)
 Engineering Service (ES)
 Training Service (TS)
 PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS)

2
THE TWELVE OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS are as follows:

1. Maritime Group (MG) - This group is responsible to perform all police functions over Philippine Territorial waters,
lakes, and rivers along coastal areas to include ports and harbors and small islands for the security and the
sustainability development of the maritime environment.
2. Intelligence Group (IG) - This group serves as the intelligence and counter-intelligence operating unit of the
PNP.
3. Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG) - This group provides security to government vital installations,
government officials, visiting dignitaries and private individuals authorized to be given protection.
4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) - This group monitors, investigates, prosecutes all crimes
involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their commission by
highly placed or professional criminal syndicates and organizations. It also conducts organized- crime –control, all
major cases involving violations of the revised penal Code, violators of SPECIAL LAWS assigned to them such as
Anti-hijacking, Anti-Carnapping and Cybercrimes among others and atrocities committed by Communist Party of
the Philippines (CPP)/New People’s Army (NPA)/National Democratic Front (NDF).
5. Special Action Force (SAF) - This group is a mobile strike force or a reaction unit to augment regional ,
provincial, municipal and city police force for civil disturbance control, internal security operations, hostage-taking
rescue operations, search and rescue in times of natural calamities, disasters and national emergencies and other
special police operations such as ant-hijacking, anti-terrorism, explosives and ordnance disposal. On a special
note, the PNP Air Unit is placed under the supervision of SAF.
6. Aviation Security Group (AVEGROUP) - This group provides security to all airports throughout the country.
7. Highway Patrol Group (HPG) - This group enforces the traffic laws and regulations, promote safety along the
highways, enhances traffic safety consciousness through inter- agency cooperation concerning Police Traffic
Safety Engineering, Traffic Safety Education and Traffic Law enforcement functions and develops reforms in the
crime prevention aspect against all forms of lawlessness committed along National Highway involving the use of
motor vehicles.
8. Police-Community Relations Group (PCRG) - This group undertakes and orchestrates Police Community
Relations program and activities in partnership with concerned government agencies, the community, and
volunteer organizations in order to prevent crime and attain a safe and peaceful environment.
9. Civil Security Group (CSG) - This group regulates business operations and activities of all organized private
detectives, watchmen, security guards/agencies and company guard forces. It also supervises the licensing and
registration of firearms and explosives.
10. Crime Laboratory (CL) - This group provides scientific and technical, investigative aide and support to the PNP
and other investigative agencies. It also provides crime laboratory examination, evaluation and identification of
physical evidence gathered at the crime scene with primary emphasis on medical, biological and physical nature.
11. PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG) - This Group serves as the primary unit of the PNP in addressing
kidnapping menace in the country and in handling hostage situations. And
12. PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group (PNP- ACG) - This Group is responsible for the implementation of pertinent laws
on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime campaigns of the PNP.

For the main PNP operating units, there are seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices nationwide which correspond to the
Regional subdivisions of the country. Directly under the Police Regional Offices are seventeen (17) Regional Public
Safety Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial Offices which correspond to the number of Provinces in the
country and twenty (20) City Police Offices (CPOs) in highly urbanized and independent cities, which are equivalent to a
Provincial Police Office.

Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are established nationwide and they are categorized as follows: 90 Component
City Police Stations and 1,507 Municipal Police Stations under the Police Provincial Offices, 131 Police Stations under the
City Police Offices, and 38 Police Stations/City Police Stations in the National Capital Regional Police Office which serve
as the main operating arms of the PNP for the anti-criminality campaign.

3
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP
1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
3. Investigation and prevent crimes effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their
prosecution;
4. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and Pertinent
Laws;
5. Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of
all his/ her rights under the Constitutions;
6. Issue licenses for the procession of firearms and explosive in accordance with law;
7. Supervise and control the training and operation of security agencies and issue licenses to operate security
agencies, and to security guards and private detectives for the practice of their profession;
8. Perform such other duties and exercises all other functions as may be provided by law. One of this is the Forestry
Law wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in coordination with the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR).

RANK CLASSIFICATION OF THE PNP PERSONNEL

OLD RANKING SYSTEM NEW RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
Director General Police General
Deputy Director General Police Lieutenant General
Director Police Major General
Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Police Colonel
Superintendent Police Lieutenant Colonel
Chief Inspector Police Major
Senior Inspector Police Captain
Inspector Police Lieutenant

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
4
 Senior Police Officer IV Police Executive Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer III Police Chief Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer II Police Senior Master Sergeant
Senior Police Officer I Police Master Sergeant
Police Officer III Police Staff Sergeant
Police Officer II Police Corporal
Police Officer I Patrolman/Patrolwoman

 The head of the PNP with the rank director general (Police General) shall have the position title of Chief of the
PNP. The second in command of the PNP with the rank of deputy director general (Police Lieutenant General)
shall be the Deputy Chief of the PNP for Administration. The third in command with the rank also of deputy
director general (Police Lieutenant General) shall be the Deputy Chief of the PNP for Operations.
 At the national office, the head of the directorial staff with the rank of deputy director general (Police Major
General) shall be known as Chief of the Directorial Staff of the PNP.
 The head of the NCR with the rank of director (Police Major General) shall assume the position title of NCR
Director.
 The heads of the regional offices with the rank of chief superintendent (Police Brigadier General) shall assume the
position title of Regional Director.
 The heads of the NCR district offices with the rank of chief superintendent (Police Brigadier General) shall have
the position title of District Director.
 The heads of provincial offices with the rank of senior superintendent (Police Colonel) shall be known as
Provincial Director.
 The heads of the district offices with the rank of superintendent (Police Lieutenant Colonel) shall have the position
title of District Director.
 The heads of the municipality or city offices with the rank of chief inspector (Police Major) shall be known as Chief
of Police.

PNP: NATIONAL IN SCOPE AND CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER

 National in scope simply means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction covers
the entire breath of the Philippines Archipelago which extend up to the municipality of Kalayaan islands in the
province of Palawan.
 All PNP personnel both the uniformed and non-uniformed components are national government employees.
 Civilian in character means that the PNP is not a part of the military. Although, It remain some military attributes
such as discipline, it shall continue to evolve and adopt unique non-military cultures, Code of Ethics, and Standard
of Professional conduct comparable to the civilian police forces of other countries.

PNP ENTRANCE QUALIFICATION:

 A citizen of the Philippines
 A person of good moral conduct
 Must have passed the psychiatric or psychological drug and physical test
 Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree
 Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62m) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven
centimeters (1.57m) for female.
 Must weight not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs) from the standard weight corresponding to his or height,
age and sex.
 Must not be less than twenty-one (21) not more than thirty (30) years of age.

PNP TRAINING:
 The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on the annual budget. The entry level for non-
commissioned officers is the rank of Police Patrolman (for male recruits) or Police Patrolwoman (for female
recruits). The new recruits will undergo Public Safety Basic Recruit Course for six months, and a Field Training
Program for another six months.
 Commissioned officers for the Philippine National Police are from the Philippine National Police Academy as well
as through "lateral entry" for specialized disciplines and requirements such as criminologists in line-officers,
lawyers, doctors, engineers, chaplain and other technical positions and also the rose-from-the-rank personnel
who have reached the qualifications to be a commissioned officer.
5
LESSON 2: JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

(https://www.npa.go.jp/english/Police_of_Japan/Police_of_Japan_2018_full_text.pdf)

Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police Agency or
NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical
body and free of direct central government executive control. They are checked by an independent judiciary and
monitored by a free and active press.

HISTORICAL SECRET POLICE ORGANIZATIONS

1. Tokko
 Special Higher Police
 Investigated and controlled political groups and ideologies deemed to be a threat to public order.
2. Kempeitai
 Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Army
3. Tokeitai

 Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Navy

 After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the pre-war police structure until a new system
was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong,
centralized force to deal with postwar unrest, the police system was decentralized. About 1,600 independent
municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National
Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the
jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of
the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the less powerful Ministry of Home
Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility for fire protection, public health, and other
administrative duties.

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION

NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION

 It is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

 Its Mission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure
the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration. The commission's primary function is to
supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. The
commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, and five members appointed by the
prime minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet. The commission operates independently of the
cabinet, but liaison and coordination with it are facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general
standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national emergency or
large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the
agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information and to formulate
and execute national policies.
 Headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the
approval of the prime minister.
 The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance,
management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus.
a. Police Administration Bureau

6
  The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections.
b. Criminal Investigation Bureau
 The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally
important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention,
combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau surveys,
formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The
Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.
c. Traffic Bureau
 The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety
and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's Expressway
Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.
d. Security Bureau
 The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts research on
equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversees and coordinates activities of the riot police. The
Security Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups,
including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry and Exit
Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
e. Regional Public Safety Bureaus
 The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of prefectures.
Each is headed by a Director and they are organization similar to the Central Office. They are located in major
cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Hokkaido Prefectural Police
Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Headed by a Director General; each RPB exercises
necessary control and supervision over and provides support services to prefectural police within its
jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner General. Attached to each Regional Police
Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel with education and training required of
staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.

REGIONAL POLICE BUREAUS:

 Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures

 Kinki - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures
 Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi Prefectures
 Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and Shizuoka
Prefectures
 Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, Mie, Prefectures
 Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa Prefectures
 Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures

POLICE COMMUNICATIONS DIVISIONS

 Are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more autonomously than other local forces. The
National Police Agency maintains police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any
coordination needed between national and local forces.

1. Metropolitan Tokyo - Because of its special urban situation.

2. Island of Hokkaidō - Because of its distinctive geography.

IMPERIAL GUARD

 In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (Kōgū-Keisatsu Honbu?) was created under the control of the Home
Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came under the aegis of the National Police Agency of Japan
in 1957. It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial
Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto
Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial Repository
in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
7
STRENGTH

As of 2017, the total strength reached approximately 296,700 personnel.

 NPA is approximately 7,800: 2,100 police officers, 900 Imperial guards, and 4,800police staff.
 The total strength of the Prefectural Police is approximately 288,000: 260,400 police officers and 28,400
police staff.
 Nationwide, there are approximately 23,400 female police officers and 13,000 female police staff.

LOCAL ORGANIZATION

There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were affiliated with local police forces.
Local forces include:

 Forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;

 Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;
 Two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
 One district (dō) police force, in Hokkaidō.

 These forces have limited authority to initiate police actions. Their most important activities are regulated by
the National Police Agency, which provides funds for equipment, salaries, riot control, escort, and natural
disaster duties, and for internal security and multiple jurisdiction cases. National police statutes and
regulations establish the strength and rank allocations of all local personnel and the locations of local police
stations. Prefectural police finance and control the patrol officer on the beat, traffic control, criminal
investigations, and other daily operations.

PREFECTURAL POLICE

 Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions corresponding to those of the bureaus
of the National Police Agency. Headquarters are staffed by specialists in basic police functions and
administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the local office of the National Public Safety
Commission. Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police officials (and, in large
jurisdictions, by police assigned to substations), who are assigned to one or more central locations within the
prefecture. Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and handle all but the most ordinary
problems in their fields.

KŌBAN

 Kōbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts. They
form the first line of police response to the public.
 The Koban system is composed of about 6500 police boxes (Koban) and about 7600 residential police
boxes (Chuzaisho).
 Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is
usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by
officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and
eating facilities for officers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by
one police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters. These officers endeavor to become a part of the
community, and their families often aid in performing official tasks.
 Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or sitting watch inside,
enabling police officers to respond immediately to any incident. While keeping a constant watch, they perform

8
 a myriad of routine tasks, such as receiving crime reports from citizens, handling lost and found articles,
counseling citizens in trouble and giving directions.
 Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by bicycle or by car.
While on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the topography and terrain of the area, question suspicious-
looking persons, provide traffic guidance and enforcement, instruct juveniles, rescue the injured, warn citizens
of imminent dangers and protect lost children and those under the influence or intoxicated.
 Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and Chuzaisho. Police officers
use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These cars remain in constant radio contact with their police
station and the communications command center of the PPH. When an emergency is reported, this rapid
response capability plays a major role in the quick resolution of such incidents.
 Officers assigned to koban have intimate knowledge of their jurisdictions. One of their primary tasks is to
conduct twice-yearly house-by-house residential surveys of homes in their areas, at which time the head
of the household at each address fills out a residence information card detailing the names, ages,
occupations, business addresses, and vehicle registration numbers of household occupants and the names of
relatives living elsewhere. Police take special note of names of the aged or those living alone who might need
special attention in an emergency. They conduct surveys of local businesses and record employee names
and addresses, in addition to such data as which establishments stay open late and which employees might
be expected to work late. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and most citizens cooperate, but an
increasing segment of the population has come to regard the surveys as invasions of privacy.

RIOT POLICE

 Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and the Tokyo police maintain Kidotai,
special riot units. These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and
effectively to large public disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festival periods, at times of
natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by
regular police trained in riot duties. Currently, there are 10,000 in the whole riot force.
 The riot police are committed to using disciplined, nonlethal force and do not carry firearms while engaged in riot
control duties. They are trained to take pride in their poise under stress. Demonstrators also are usually
restrained. Police brutality is rarely an issue. When excesses occur, the perpetrator is disciplined and sometimes
transferred from the force if considered unable to keep his temper.
 Extensive experience in quelling violent disorders led to the development of special uniforms and equipment for
the riot police units. Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covered several pieces of body armor and
includes a corselet hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and shoulder pads. Armored
gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have faceplates and flared padded skirts down the back to
protect the neck. In case of violence, the front ranks carry 1.2-meter shields to protect against stave and rocks
and hold nets on high poles to catch flying objects. Specially designed equipment includes water cannons,
armored vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into seized buildings.
 Because riot police duties require special group action, units are maintained in virtually self-sufficient compounds
and trained to work as a coordinated force. The overwhelming majority of officers are bachelors who live in
dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses on physical conditioning, mock battles,
and tactical problems. A military atmosphere prevails—dress codes, behavior standards, and rank differentiations
are more strictly adhered to than in the regular police. Esprit de corps is inculcated with regular ceremonies and
institutionalization of rituals such as applauding personnel dispatched to or returning from assignments and
formally welcoming senior officers to the mess hall at all meals.
 Riot duty is not popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in between irregularly spaced
actions. Although many police are assigned riot duty, only a few are volunteers. For many personnel, riot duty
serves as a stepping stone because of its reputation and the opportunities it presents to study for the advanced
police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties demand physical fitness—the armored uniform
weighed 6.6 kilograms—most personnel are young, often serving in the units after an initial assignment in a
koban.

SPECIAL POLICE

 In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached to various agencies who
perform special duties relating to public safety. They are responsible for such matters as forest preservation,
narcotics control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor, and mine safety.

9
SPECIAL OPERATIONS

 The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team, operating under
police control.
 A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents that cannot be dealt with by
regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently or with SAT cooperation. These units include
the Special Investigations Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's Martial Arts Attack Team
and the Chiba Police's Attack Response Team.

RANKING SYSTEM

Police officers are divided into Eleven (11) ranks:

 Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan) - The Chief of the National Police Agency
 Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan) - The Chief of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
 Senior Commissioner (Keishi-kan) - Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General,
The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
 Commissioner (Keishi-chō) - The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
 Assistant Commissioner (Keishi-sei) - The Chief of Police Station.
 Superintendent (Keishi) - The Chief of Police Station (small or middle), The Vice Commanding Officer of
Police Station, Commander of Riot Police Unit
 Chief Inspector (Keibu) - Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company
 Inspector (Keibu-ho) - Squad Sub-Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon
 Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō) - Field supervisor, Leader of Police box
 Senior Police Officer (Junsa-chō) - (Honorary rank of Police Officers)
 Police officer (Junsa) - Prefectural Police Officers' careers start from this rank.

 The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police. His title is not a rank,
but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General
represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department.

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

 Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is determined by
examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two groups: upper-secondary-school
graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous training—one year for upper-secondary school
graduates and six months for university graduates—at the residential police academy attached to the prefectural
headquarters. On completion of basic training, most police officers are assigned to local police boxes called
Kobans. Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course work. In-service training provides
mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police officers with upper-secondary school diplomas are
eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three years of on-the-job experience. University graduates can
take the examination after only one year. University graduates are also eligible to take the examination for
assistant police inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary school
graduates. There are usually five to fifteen examinees for each opening.
 The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National Public Safety Commission
generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to check police actions or operations, police
are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicizes police misdeeds. The Human
Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and investigates complaints against public officials, including
police, and prefectural legislatures could summon police chiefs for questioning. Social sanctions and peer
pressure also constrain police behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop an
allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.

POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS
10
Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority figures to whom they
can turn for aid. The public often seeks police assistance to settle family quarrels, counsel juveniles, and mediate minor
disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for directions to hotels and residences—an invaluable service in cities where
streets are often unnamed and buildings are numbered in the order in which they have been built rather than
consecutively. Police are encouraged by their superiors to view these tasks as answering the public's demands for service
and as inspiring community confidence in the police. Public attitudes toward the police are generally favorable, although a
series of incidents of forced confessions in the late 1980s raised some concern about police treatment of suspects held
for pretrial detention.

FOUR (4) ELEMENTS OF JAPAN’S COMMUNITY SYSTEM

1. Community-based Crime Prevention – Police expand their perception of the community role to make the
prevention of crime equal in importance to the law enforcement component. Japan’s Complex Program of the Crime
Prevention relies upon the cooperation and support of the community.
2. Reorientation of Patrol Activities – Japanese police are much more on crime prevention in the sense that
police activity should resolve problems into many areas of life, to aid the community in resolving problems that could lead
to disorder. A major part of this effort is the counseling services that are an essential part of every Japanese police
station. Counseling is sought for a broad range of problems. Police are able to provide a helpful, informal conciliation.
They recognize that since they are the “most pervasive” government agency in society, advice from them can save people
from agonizing steps.
3. Increase Accountability to the Public - police and community are co-producers of an orderly society. Police
share power with the community they serve through a closer relation with community groups to help obtain information,
define priorities, and in planning effective strategies.
4. Decentralization of Command – Japanese police officers were given greater discretion to develop responses
to community problems by having in the neighborhood police center or beat offices. These specific responses enhance
police-community cooperation.

UNITED STATES POLICE SYSTEM

Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of the United
States, along with courts and corrections. Although there exists an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups
that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates
independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power to make legal determinations regarding
the conduct of the other two components.

Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is the investigation of suspected criminal
activity and the referral of the results of investigations and of suspected criminals to the courts. Law enforcement, to
varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, is also commonly charged with the
responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and of preventing the successful commission of crimes in progressthe service
and enforcement of warrants, writs and other orders of the courts.

Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety;
the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure; the maintenance of public order; the protection of public
officials; and the operation of some correctional facilities (usually at the local level).

TYPES OF POLICE

Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agency at many different levels. Every state has their
own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state.

1. FEDERAL POLICE
 Possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.). Federal Law Enforcement
Officers are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level.
 The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law. All federal agencies are limited by the
U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However,
federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA
PATRIOT Act.
11
  The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level. It includes
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons
(BOP) and others.
 The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement
agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and the Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS.
 The federal government is prohibited from exercising general police powers due to restrictions in the constitution,
because the United States is organized as a union of sovereign states, which each retain their police, military and
domestic law-making powers. For example, the State's National Guard is the state's military. The constitution
gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the
states). For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a state and the fugitive does not flee
the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line, he or she
violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law
enforcement agencies may become involved.

Some Federal Agencies having certain Police Functions:

1.1. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) – It investigates all violations of Federal Law
except those where enforcement authority has been specifically assigned to some other Federal Agency; also
investigates all cases of espionage, sabotage, treason and other matters pertaining to internal security.

1.2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) – chiefly concerned with investigating the
counterfeiting, forging, or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S.A; also charged with the protection of
the President and his family and of the Executive Mansion Grounds.

1.3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) – investigates all violations of Federal laws relating to
narcotic drugs and marijuana.

1.4. Bureau of the Chief Post Office Inspector – investigates mail losses, mail depredations, unlawful use of
marks, and other violation of the postal laws.

1.5. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) – investigates violation of immigration
and naturalization laws, patrol borders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens, and registers and fingerprints aliens.

1.6. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Department of Treasury) – concerned primarily with
the investigations of violation of income tax laws.

1.7. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Department of Treasury) –investigates violation of
internal revenue laws relating to liquors.

1.8. Divisions of Investigation and Patrol of Bureau of Customs (Department of Treasury) – concerned
primarily with the investigations of smuggling activities and enforcers customs and navigation laws.

1.9. The U.S. Marshall Service - the oldest federal police force in the country. They’re in charge of conducting
the safe transfer of federal prisoners and protecting federal courts and judges. They also serve as covert law enforcement
on U.S. air carriers.

2. STATE POLICE
 States operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and
state patrols.
 They may be called State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol, and are normally part of the state Department
of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each state has their own state bureaus of
investigation. In Texas the Texas Ranger Division fulfills this role though they have their history in the period
before Texas became a state.

12
  Various departments of State Governments may have their own enforcement division such as capitol police,
Campus Police, State Hospitals, Departments of Correction, Water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife)
Game Wardens or Conservation Officers (who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction). In Colorado, for
instance, the Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch, as do many of the state funded
universities.

3. COUNTY
 Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by Sheriffs' Departments or Offices
and County police.
 County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In some areas, there is
a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers such as a constable in other
areas, along with security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff
is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is much more common
than there being a separate county police force. County police tend to fall into three broad categories:

SHERIFFS' OFFICES

Full service
 The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including countywide patrol and
investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries.
Limited service
 Along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as investigations
and patrol. This may be limited to security police duties on county properties (and others by contract) to the
performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by
contract.
Restricted service
 Provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail, transporting prisoners, providing
courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued by
county and state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in
many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of chattel property to satisfy a
judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, such as a
marshal or constable.

4. MUNICIPAL
 Municipal police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the 40,000 men
and women of the New York City Police Department. Most municipal agencies take the form (Municipality Name)
Police Department. Many individual cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger
communities typically having larger departments with greater budgets, resources, and responsibilities.
 Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have jurisdiction covering
multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically coterminous with one or more cities or
counties. Metropolitan departments have usually have been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically
several local police departments and often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater
efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities
experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small to afford
individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff's
Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties.

POLICE FUNCTIONS

Three Primary Police Agency Functions

The following is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice, by George F. Cole and Christopher E.
Smith, 2004, 10th edition, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning:

1. Order maintenance

13
  This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others. This
can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist-fight. By way of description, Cole and Smith note that
police are usually called-on to "handle" these situations with discretion, rather than deal with them as strict
violations of law, though of course their authority to deal with these situations are based in violations of law.
2. Law enforcement
 Those powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be
identified and apprehended. Most obvious instances include robbery, murder, or burglary. This is the popular
notion of the main police function, but the frequency of such activity is dependent on geography and season.
3. Service
 Services may include rendering first aid, providing tourist information, guiding the disoriented, or acting as
educators (on topics such as preventing drug use). Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80% of all
calls for police assistance did not involve crimes, but this may not be the case in all parts of the country.
Because police agencies are traditionally available year-round, 24 hours a day, citizens call upon police
departments not only in times of trouble, but also when just inconvenienced. As a result, police services may
include roadside auto assistance, providing referrals to other agencies, finding lost pets or property, or
checking locks on vacationers' homes.

STYLES OF POLICING

Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators must develop policies to
prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular
pursuits.

Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction’s socioeconomic characteristics, government organization, and
choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson (“Varieties of Police Behavior”, 1968, 1978,
Harvard University Press)

 Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a
blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and
certain offenses may be “overlooked” on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the public order
is maintained. Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in
charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some
groups get better treatment than others;

 Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded cities, with
mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations, and
act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than different standards for different groups.
However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict
enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups;

 Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class communities
where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as
protecting their citizens against “outsiders”, with frequent but often-informal interventions against community
members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and therefore less
frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control.

ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS

Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard standardized training
requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards apply to in-service training as well as
entry-level training, particularly in the use of firearms, with periodic re-certification required. These standards often comply
with standards promoted by the US Department of Justice. These standards typically require a thorough background
check that potential police recruits:

 Be a United States citizen (waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident).
14
  Must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. and if necessary a college degree or served in the United States
military without a dishonorable discharge;
 Be in good physical and psychological condition;
 Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony convictions;
 Must have a valid driver's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of being
suspended or revoked;
 Be of high moral character;
 Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism;
 Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, or financial improprieties;
 Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness;
 Not to pose a safety and security risk;
 Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm.

RANKING SYSTEM

The United States police rank model is generally quasi military in structure. A general model, from highest to lowest rank,
would be:

 Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff

 Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/ Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff
 Inspector/Commander/Colonel
 Major/Deputy Inspector
 Captain
 Lieutenant
 Sergeant
 Detective/Inspector/investigator
 Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

LESSON 3: OTHER POLICE MODELS AROUND THE WORLD

CANADA POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE (RCMP)

1. ORGANIZATION
1.1. The RCMP includes police officers, civilian members and public safety employees. They are known for their
bright red uniforms and the horses they ride, and are affectionately called "The Mounties".
1.2. The RCMP is headed by a Commissioner who, under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety of Canada,
has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith. In 1996, the RCMP becomes moving
toward a more regional management system under the direction of a deputy commissioner.
1.3. The RCMP is involved in contract policing nationwide and undertakes provincial and municipal policing in all
the country except in provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
1.4. Four Regions: Pacific, Northwestern, Central and Atlantic.
1.5. Offices that Directly Report to the Commissioner: Deputy Commissioner, Human Resources, internal Audit
and Evaluation, Legal Services, Office of the Ethics Advisor and Public Affairs and Communication services.
1.6. The Force is divided into 15 Divisions, plus Headquarters, Ottawa. Each division is managed by a
Commanding Officer and is alphabetically designated. RCMP Depot Division (Training Academy) is located in Regina,
Saskatchewan, and the Canadian Police College is located in Ottawa, Ontario.

2. ACTUAL STRENGTH

The on-strength establishment of the Force as of April 1, 2019:

Commissioner: 1
Deputy Commissioners: 5
Assistant Commissioners: 28

15
 Chief Superintendents: 57
Superintendents: 187
Inspectors: 322
Corps Sergeant Major: 1
Sergeants Major: 8
Staff Sergeants Major: 9
Staff Sergeants: 838
Sergeants: 2,018
Corporals: 3,599
Constables: 11,913
Special Constables: 112
Public Service employees: 7,695
Civilian members: 3,403
Total: 30,196

3. RANKING SYSTEM

 Commisioner
 Deputy Commisioner
 Assistant Commisioner
 Chief Superintendent
 Superintendent
 Inspector
 Corps Sergeant Major
 Sergeant Major
 Staff Sergeant Major
 Staff Sergeant
 Sergeant
 Corporal
 Constable

4. QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION

1. Be a Canadian citizen or have permanent resident status in Canada. Individuals with permanent resident status must
have resided in Canada for the last 10 consecutive years.
2. Be at least 19 years of age at the time of engagement
3. Be proficient in English and/or French
4. Possess a valid, unrestricted driver's license
5. Possess a Canadian secondary school (high school) diploma or equivalent
6. Meet the health and psychological standards
7. Meet the vision standards
8. Meet the hearing standards
9. Meet the necessary level of physical abilities
10. Be prepared to carry a firearm and to use it or any other necessary physical force
11. Be willing to spend 26 weeks at the RCMP Academy (Depot) in Regina, Saskatchewan
12. Be willing to relocate anywhere within Canada
13. Be willing to work shift work including weekends and holidays
14. Be aware of expectations with regards to tattoos and piercings

Candidates are required to have completed secondary school education. Professionals with at least 2 years of college or
university education will have a better chance of being recruited. Some degrees that will be an asset to aspirants are in
Law Enforcement, Police Science, Social Science, and Criminology.
Like with most police forces in the country, applicants wishing to enter the RCMP must have a clean criminal
record, or at least one with no major offences (e.g. homicide, manslaughter, sexual assault, participation with organized
crime or drug trafficking, arson, or robbery). Minor offences can be overlooked or considered not relevant.

16
Once accepted, all applicants must go through special training. They are assigned to a troop of 32 Cadets and sent to the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy in Depot, located in the city of Regina in Saskatchewan. Training at Depot is
26 weeks long and covers all the necessary skills and knowledge RCMP Officers will require. During this period, Cadets
are also required to participate in evening and weekend training activities.

AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM

1. FEDERAL

 Australian Federal Police (AFP)

 Responsible for community policing role, (similar to the state police) in Commonwealth territories such as
the Australian Capital Territory
 Under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

2. STATE

 Each State as well as the Northern Territory is responsible for maintaining its own police force which is
responsible for policing at the state and local level. This involves general law and order, traffic policing, major
crime, anti-terrorism branches, water police, search and rescue and in some states transit police. Local policing in
the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and Australia's external territories is contracted to the
Australian Federal Police (AFP).
 In some states, local governments employ by-laws officers or rangers to enforce local by-laws or ordinances
relating to such matters as parking, dog ownership, retailing, littering or water usage. These local government
officers are not considered to be police forces as they generally only have the power to issue fines and do not
have the same powers as state police. They may rely upon appointment as a Special Constable or legislated
powers for their authority.
 State police also perform certain functions on behalf of the Australian Government such as the enforcement of
various Commonwealth Acts and Regulations in conjunction with the Australian Federal Police and other
Commonwealth officers.

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED RANKS
 Commissioner
 Deputy Commissioner
 Assistant Commissioner
 Commander
 Superintendent
 Inspector

 SENIOR NON-COMMISSIONED RANKS

 Senior Sergeant
 Sergeant

NON-COMMISSIONED RANKS
 Senior Constable
 Constable
 Probationary constable
 Recruit

HONG KONG POLICE

The Hong Kong Police Force (HKP) is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It
is the World's second and Asia's first police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May
1844, with strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for
their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong Kong Police Force as the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.

17
Following the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Police Force now uses the current name. The Hong Kong
Police Force has been recognized for its professionalism, organization, attitude on law enforcement and prompt response
and efficiency, leading journalist Kevin Sinclair, Federal Bureau of Investigation and INTERPOL have acknowledged that
the Hong Kong Police Force as "Asia's Finest". And in having set up the foundation for the social stability of Hong Kong,
and has won a good reputation as one of the safest cities in the World.

In 2008, a rating investigation of Asian police departments voted by the Political and Economic Risk Consultancy
Agency, result in the Hong Kong Police Force have been rated the excellence of Asian police departments. The rating
awarders commented that the Hong Kong Police Force are respectable and outstanding in their performance of upholding
the law and maintaining public orders, keeping the Hong Kong people living and working in peace and contentment.
Furthermore, a quantitative research derived from the United States of America and United Kingdom with its statistical
outcome, aims for the World's police forces' overall quality, including local public security, case cracking rate,
incorruptibility, professionalism and language proficiency, etc. The result is the Hong Kong Police Force has been rated in
the top of Asia, also as one of the best of the World.

The current Commissioner of Police is Tang King Shing, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force and civil
servants, leading a force of about 40,000 personnel, which makes Hong Kong the second greatest citizen-officer ratio
society in the world. In addition, the Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 143 is the largest of any civil
police force.

RANKING SYSTEM

The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St
Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong
government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997:
 Commissioner of Police (CP)
 Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
 Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
 Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
 Superintendent of Police (SP)
 Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
 Inspector of Police (IP)
 Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
 Station Sergeant (SSGT)
 Sergeant (SGT)
 Senior Constable (SPC)
 Police Constable (PC)

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

POLICE STRUCTURE

1. Public Security Police – are the largest and oldest components of Chinese Police as to its organizations
hierarchy it is consist of:
 Ministry of Public Security – responsible for making nationwide regulations concerning the law
enforcements procedures, recruitment procedures, recruitment standards, training requirements, and
promotion criteria. It represents the central government in directing and regulating police work
throughout the country.
 Provincial Public Security – at the provincial level, it is accountable to the ministry of public security at
the same time it is also account able to the provincial government.
 Grassroots Level Public Safety Bureaus – accountable to both higher level public security bureaus
and the people’s government at the corresponding duties of surprising connected offenders together
with prison police.

NOTE:

18
  In addition to law enforcement duties, Public Security Police is also taken full charge of supervising
convicted offenders together with Prison Police.
o Public Security Police – supervised offenders serving community sentences such as
probation and parole.
o Prison Police – supervised incarcerated offenders; it is under the leadership of the
Ministry of the Justice.
o Local Governments are responsible for determining the size of the public force needed in
the jurisdictions, and determining the local enforcement priorities.

2. Special Public Security Police – sound by rules and regulation issued by the Ministry of Public Security but
considered part of and under the direct leadership of the corresponding government ministries.
 Railway Police – maintains orders in trains and stations.
 Transportation Police – provides security in waterway transportation.
 Civil Aviation Police – maintain order in airports and provides for civilian Air Transportation.
 Forest Police – patrol the national forest to prevent forest fires, illegal cutting, and other activities by
State Forest Law.

3. People’s Armed Police – function include patrol, maintaining security and order in border areas, guarding high-
ranking government officials and foreign dignitaries and providing security for important government building and
facilities. It is under the joint command of the Ministry of Public Security and Central Military Committee.

4. State Security Police – established in 1983, it is responsible to protect the state security by preventing foreign
espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the leadership of the Ministry of the State Security. State Security
Bureaus are established in all provinces and some municipalities that have frequent contacts with foreign
countries.

RANKING SYSTEM

The People’s Police Ranking Regularities of 1992 established the following police ranks:
 General Superintendent
 Deputy General Superintendent
 Superintendent (first, second and third Grade)
 Inspector (first, second and third Grade)
 Sergeant (first, second and third Grade)
 Officer (first, second and third Grade)

BEST PRACTICES

 China Police Accountability – the Chinese police is general enjoy a positive image in the eyes of the public.
The Police Law of 1995 established a new police supervisory system.
 Four (4) types of Police Supervision:
o Procuracy Supervision – ensures that the police perform their duties within the boundaries of the law.
It reviews and approves police request for arrest and supervises the legality of other police actions.
Procuracy has the responsibility to receive and review citizen’s complaints against the police and
obligated to bring a criminal prosecution against the responsible officers.
o Administrative Supervision – subject to supervision of the Ministry of Supervision. It receives and
review citizen’s complaints against the police. The supervisory agency either recommend to the police
agency that disciplinary actions on the officer by itself. To ensure the legality of police operations, it
may also send agents to police agencies to inspect their work.
o Internal Supervision – oversee the legality of law enforcement work of lower level police agencies. It
has the authority to inspect the work of lower agencies and to correct or revoke wrong or improper
decisions made by lower level police agencies. Aside from this hierarchical oversight, there is also an
internal supervisory system within each police bureau through an Internal Supervisory Committee.
o Citizen’s Supervision – Citizens may exercise their right to supervise the police in three ways:
a. Make recommendations and suggestions to police agencies
b. File complaints against the police
c. Bring administrative or civil lawsuits against the police

19
ISRAEL POLICE SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION

 Mishteret Yisrael is the civilian police force of the Israel. Its duties include crime fighting, traffic control,
maintaining public safety and counter-terrorism. It is under the jurisdiction of the Internal Security Ministry.
 The Israel Police is a professional force with Civil Guard Volunteers who contribute time to assist officers in
their own communities.
 The police are divided into the following main divisional groups:
o Headquarters Unit: Internal Relations, Legal Counsel, Immigration Control, Audit and Accounts,
Economic Crimes, Public Complaints, Disciplinary Courts, Service Administration, Safety, Appeals,
Controller, Spokesperson.
o Department: Human Resources, Investigation and Intelligence, Logistics Support, Organization and
Planning, Traffic, Patrol and Security and Community and Civil Guard.
o Regional Districts: Central District, Southern District, Northern District, Judea and Samaria District,
Tel Aviv District and Jerusalem District.
o Operational Units:
a. Magav (Border Police) – the combat arm of the police mainly serves in unquiet areas – the
borders, the West bank and the rural countryside.
b. Yamam (Special Police Unit) – the police elite counter terrorist hostage rescue unit. It is
known as the most experienced and specialized in the world.
c. Yassam – the on-call counter terrorist unit in each district. Originally started as Riot Police
were called upon to assist with counter-terror operations. The Yassam has sub-unit of Rapid
Response Motorcycle Units.

RANKING SYSTEM

RANK ENGLISH EQUIVALENT

OFFICER
Rav Nitzav Commissioner
Nitzav Major General
Tat Nitzav Brigadier General
Nitzav Mishneh Commander
Sgan Nitzav Chief Superintendent
Rav Pakad Superintendent
Pakad Chief Inspector
Mefake’ ah Inspector
Mefake’ ah Mishneh Sub-Inspector

ENLISTED
Rav Nagad Senior NCO
Rav Samal Baknir Senior Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Mitkadem Advance Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Rishnon Staff Sergeant Major
Rav Samal Sergeant Major
Samal Rishnon Sergeant
Samal Sheni Corporal
Rav Shoter Lance Corporal
Shoter Constable

PRACTICES:

 In order to prevent terrorist and criminal activity in residential areas, the Civil Guard maintains a network of
neighborhood Civil Guard Bases, whose tasks are to recruit and operate armed mobile and foot patrols of
volunteer citizens, run training programs, and organize rapid response teams for emergency duty.
 Civil Guard Volunteers, who ranged in age from 17 to 90 years, while on duty, have police authority and are
usually armed with police rifles and provided with portable radio transmitters and identification vests.

20
  The Civil Guard also includes special units that provide volunteer aid to regular police units in range of activities
including traffic control and enforcement of traffic regulations, patrol functions, emergency rescue units,
agricultural theft prevention (mainly as volunteers with the Border Guard Police), and others.
 These special uniformed volunteer units undergo specialized training and volunteer 4 to 6 hours per week.
 In 1994, the IP command adopted a Community Policing Strategy. The essence of this approach is that local
police forces should work in partnership with local government (municipalities and local authorities) and
community agencies, all pooling their resources to prevent or minimize crime, social problems that lead to crime,
and incivilities that decrease the quality of life. The implementation process was initially led by the Community
Policing Unit, which was directly responsible to the Commissioner.
 Starting in 1999, the unit is gradually being merged with the Civil Guard Department, thus joining the two functions
of mobilizing volunteers and working with the community on crime prevention and enforcement activities.
 In 1999, a system to make the police commanders more accountable to their communities and to achieve their
objectives was implemented based on the COMPSTAT method used by NYC Police. The IP Commissioner holds
biweekly meetings with a specific area commander, bringing forth statistical information and mapping this
information to pinpoint areas and patterns of crime that need to be addressed.
 The computerization of all policing activities (although incomplete) and linking the stations to the central computer
at HQ via an intranet allows for local commanders as well as the management to keep track of changing crime
and traffic accident patterns.

ASEAN COUNTRIES POLICE MODELS

(1) BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM

 The Royal Brunei Police Force (Malay: Polis Diraja Brunei (PDRB)) was founded in 1921 with the passing of
the Brunei Police Force Enactment.
 The police force is in charge of prisons, fire services, the issuing of licenses, immigration, and keeping law and
order in the streets. The RBP has been a member of INTERPOL since 1984.
 In 1984, It became a member of the INTERPOL and ASEANAPOL.
 The Sultan of Brunei serves as Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, Minister of Finance and Chancellor of the
national university.
 The Sultan also serves as Superintendent General of the Royal Brunei Police Force.
 The Royal Brunei Police Force is organized into 7 Police Districts:
o The Brunei
o Belait
o Muara/Marine
o Tutong
o Temburong
o Jerudong
o Berakas
o
 These police districts are managed by four directors:
o Director for Administration and Finance
o Director for Operation
o Director for Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
o Director for Logistics.

RANKING SYSTEM

 Inspector General of Police

 Deputy Inspector General of Police
 Commissioner
 Deputy Commissioner
 Senior Assistant Commissioner
 Assistant Commissioner
 Senior Superintendent
 Superintendent
21
  Deputy Superintendent
 Chief Inspector
 Senior Inspector
 Inspector
 Probationary Inspector
 Cadet Inspector
 Sergeant Major
 Staff Sergeant
 Sergeant
 Corporal
 Lance Corporal

(2) CAMBODIA POLICE SYSTEM

 Handled by the Cambodian Police Force.

 The former National police chief General Hok Lundy was a political appointee known for his loyalty to Prime
Minister Hun Sen. The international community had quietly pressed the prime minister to remove his police chief
for several years, but he was too central to Hun Sen's power structure and he showed no sign of changing his
position. Hok Lundy died in a helicopter accident on Nov. 9, 2008.
 The force is organized into six departments.
1. Security
2. Transport
3. public order
4. Border
5. Administrative
6. Judicial

 While the judicial police are meant to function under the prosecutor-general's office, in fact they receive orders
from the national police commander, meaning prosecutors lack control over the judicial police department.

RANKING SYSTEM

GENERAL (STARED)
 General
 Brigadier General
 Major General
 General Lieutenant

HIGH COMMISSIONER (STRIPED)

 Major
 Lieutenant Colonel
 Colonel
 Second Lieutenant
 First Lieutenant
 Captain

(NON-STRIPED)
 Staff Sergeant
 First Sergeant
 Command Sergeant Major
 Warrant Officer
 Chief Warrant Officer
 Officer Cadet

22
(3) INDONESIAN POLICE SYSTEM

INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

 Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia is the official police force for Indonesia.
 It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia.
 The Headquarter, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta,
Indonesia.
 The police were formally separated from the military in April 1999, a process which was formally completed in
July 2000. With 150,000 personnel, the police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most
nations. The total number of national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.
 The strength of the Indonesian National Police stood at approximately 285,000 in 2004. The national police force
was formally separated as a branch of the armed forces and placed under the Office of the President in 1999. It
also includes 12,000 marine police and an estimated 40,000 People’s Security (Kamra) trainees who serve as a
police auxiliary and report for three weeks of basic training each year.
 In 2000, the police force officially regained its independence and now is separate from the military.

ORGANIZATION
POLRI
 A centralized national bureaucracy.
 As a national agency it has a large central headquarters in Jakarta (Markas Besar Polri or Mabes Polri).
POLISI DAERAH OR POLDA
 Cover provinces, district commands.
POLISI RESOR OR POLRES
 For districts, sub-district commands.
POLSEK AND COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICERS OR POLMAS
 Service individual villages.

RANKS OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

In the early years, the Polri used European police style ranks like inspector and commissioner. When the police were
included into the military structure during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military style such as Captain, Major and
Colonel. In the year 2000, when the Polri conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces
2000, they use British style police ranks like Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have returned to Dutch style ranks
just like in the early years.

 High ranking officers

o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
o Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
 Mid rank officers
o Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
o Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant
Colonel
o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
 Low rank officers
o Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
 Warrant officers
o First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
o Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
 Non-commissioned officers
o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
o First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
23
 o Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant
 Enlisted
o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
o First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
o Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
o First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
o Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private

(4) MALAYSIAN POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

A centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its
headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

At the federal level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for police activities in accordance with the Police
Act of 1963. The RMP is commanded by the inspector general of police, whose powers and responsibilities are delineated
in the Police Act of 1967, who reports to the minister of home affairs, and who is assisted by a deputy director general.
The Inspector General’s headquarters has four departments:

o Internal Security/Public Order (IS/PO)

o Management
o Crime Investigation
o Special Branch

Each department is headed by a director with the rank of commissioner of police and who is immediately
subordinated by field commanding officers who implement policy. Other police units perform support or conventional
police tasks, such as directing traffic, and maintaining communications. The RMP also has a women’s contingent that
deals with crimes relating to women or children and maintains various kinds of volunteer units, the largest of which is the
People’s Volunteer Reserve that supplements the regular force, particularly in times of national emergency.

The major operating units of RMP are the:

1. Police Field Force (PFF)

2. Federal Reserve Units (FRU)
3. Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
4. Special Branch
5. Marine Police

POLICE FIELD FORCE

The PFF is controlled by the IS/ PO, which has primary responsibility for all public order situations involving
suppression of riots and disturbances. The PFF was formed to undertake punitive operations against Communist
guerrillas and armed uprisings by other criminal elements operating from bases in the jungle. To facilitate the process, the
inspector general is cochairman with the chief of the armed forces staff in the Operational Planning Committee at the
national level. PFF functions include patrolling the frontiers and other sparsely populated areas. The unit is organized into
brigades, battalions, and companies that can be deployed on long-term, deep-jungle operations either independently or,
especially in internal security matters, in conjunction with the armed forces. The PFF is also utilized in support of the
General Duties Police in crime prevention measures, disasters, and public order situations. Its seventeen battalions are
organized into north, central, southeast, and east brigades. Units are supplied with scout cars equipped with machine
guns and radios. The force has a platoon of women police trained in jungle warfare. The unit is headed by a senior
assistant commissioner of police as deputy director of administration and logistics.

FEDERAL RESERVE UNITS

24
 The FRUs, also responsible to the IS/PO, are run by a finance and logistics director and deputy director of
operations. These are self-contained, specifically designed, and highly mobile units of specially trained police for the
suppression of riots, dispersal of unlawful assemblies, protection of important national and foreign dignitaries, and crowd
control. They also assist in rescue work during local or national disasters and may be deployed on special tasks in aid of
the CID, the Special Branch, or District Police.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT

The CID was created in 1970. Its director is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the
apprehension and prosecution of criminals. He has two deputy directors. The deputy director of administration and
prevention deals with matters pertaining to administration, criminal records, fingerprints, and railways. The deputy director
of planning and operations deals with the analysis of crime at both national and international levels, the latter through links
with Interpol; technical and forensic investigations into the more complicated criminal events, secret societies, and
antinarcotic measures. It also maintains a dog unit and oversees the detective establishment.

SPECIAL BRANCH

The Special Branch is the equivalent of a secret service and is responsible for the collation and dissemination of
security intelligence conveyed regularly to the prime minister and the cabinet. This intelligence service operates at district,
field, and headquarters level.

MARINE POLICE

The Marine Police patrol territorial and coastal waters to prevent, detect, and investigate breaches of the law,
including piracy; protect fishing and other marine craft; assist in maritime search and rescue efforts; and police areas
accessible only by water. The Marine Police are particularly active off Sarawak in supporting anti-insurgency operations,
delivering materials to ground forces, patrolling, and maintaining blockades. Their vessels consist mainly of patrol and
speed boats.

At the State and District Levels, The Police Commissioners of Sabah and Sarawak and the chief police officers in
each state in the Malay Peninsular are responsible for the day to-day command and administration of police forces. The
country is divided into thirteen contingents/components headed by the commissioners of police in Sabah and Sarawak in
the Borneo states and chief police officers of the states of Kedah/Perlis, Penang, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory,
Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang. Each of these commanders has a
headquarters staffed somewhat comparably to the office of the inspector general, with some local modifications based on
geography and population. There are three categories of commanding officers in terms of rank:

 Commissioners in Sabah and Sarawak and the chief police officers in Kuala Lumpur, Perak, and Kedah/
Perlis have the rank of deputy commissioner of police.
 Chief police officers of Penang, Pahang, Kelantan, Johor, and Negeri Sembilan have the rank of senior
assistant commissioner of police
 Chief police officers of Melaka and Terengganu have the rank of assistant commissioner of police

The next level of command is that of the officer in charge of a police district, who is responsible to the
commissioner/chief police officer for the command and control of his district. The police district is not always on an equal
level with an administrative district. There are seventy-four police districts in the Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory. The
lowest rank is that of an assistant superintendent of police in small or rural districts. However, the rank may go up to that
of an assistant commissioner of police for the more important urban industrialized districts, such as Ipoh or Petaling Jaya.
The lowest level of command is that of an officer in charge of a police station. Each police district is divided into a number
of station areas under a junior police officer. There are more than five hundred police stations crisscrossing the country.
Each station area is divided into a number of beat and patrol areas.

The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide, which include those from the four
neighboring countries Malaysia shares border with: Indonesian National Police, Royal Brunei Police Force, Royal Thai
Police and Singapore Police Force.

25
RMP ORGANIZATIONS

Aside from the 2 departments involved in the administration of Management Department and Logistics
Department, RMP have 6 departments involved in crime prevention of Criminal Investigation Division, Narcotics Criminal
Investigation Division, Internal Security and Public Order Department (KDN / KA), Special Branch, Commercial Crime
Investigation Department and Counter-Terrorism Special Operations Team. All departments are led by the directors with
the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army Equivalent rank of Three Stars General or Lieutenant-General)

RAKAN COP

(Malay: Friends of Cops) is the Malaysian community police corps which was launched by Royal Malaysian
Police in Kuala Lumpur on 9 August 2005 to help combat crime in the city and any situations around Malaysia.

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Inspector-General of Police (IGP)
 Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP)
 Commissioner of Police (CP)
 Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
 Superintendent of Police (SP)
 Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
 Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
 Inspector (Insp)
 Probationary Inspector (P/Insp)

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Sub-Inspector (SI)
 Sergeant Major (SM)
 Sergeant (Sgt)
 Corporal (Cpl)
 Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
 Constable (PC)

RMP EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The composition of the police force reflects the general ethnic makeup of the nation. Most police in the Malay
Peninsular are Malay Muslims; in Sabah and Sarawak, most of the lower ranks come from the native ethnic groups.
Indians and Chinese are present in all branches, but more visibly in the CID and Special Branch. The force is well trained,
and pay and morale are high.
Although local conditions vary, there are three methods of joining the police force. Candidates with at least six
years of primary school are recruited as constables, those holding the Malaysia Certificate of Education are recruited as
probationary inspectors, and university graduates are recruited as probationary assistant superintendents.
The police training school in Kuala Lumpur offers basic training for constable recruits and refresher courses for
junior officers. Higher-level courses are given at the Police College in Kuala Kubu Baharu. There are separate schools for
CID and Special Branch personnel, and paramilitary training for the PFF is given at Ulu Kinta in Perak. Unit training is also
given where needed. A number of police officers from other countries in Southeast Asia attend the Royal Malaysia Police
College, and members of the RMP attend courses in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

(5) THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

26
THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)

 At present, it is known as Royal Thai Police.

 A subdivision of the Ministry of Interior under the office of the Prime Minister.
 Primary responsible for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of the kingdom's laws and Charged
with performing police functions throughout the entire country,
 A unitary agency whose power and influence in Thai national life had at times rivaled that of the army.
 Headquarters - Bangkok

MAJOR OPERATIONAL UNITS

1. PROVINCIAL POLICE
 This force provides police services to every town and village throughout the kingdom except metropolitan
Bangkok and border areas. The Provincial Police thus handled law enforcement activities and in many
cases was the principal representative of the central government's authority in much of the country.
 The Provincial Police Division is divided into 10 regions covering the 75 Provinces of Thailand except
Metropolitan Bangkok and the border areas:
2. BORDER PATROL POLICE DIVISION 40,000 PARAMILITARY FORCE
a. BPP General Staff Division
b. BPP Tactical Training Division
c. BPP Support Division
d. BPP Nawut Sondetya Hospital
e. BPP Village Scouts Center
f. BPP Counter-Insurgency Training Center
g. BPP Districts 1 through 4
h. Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU)
i. Airborne Training
ii. Naresuan 261 Counter-Terrorism Unit (formerly the 4th Company PARU)
iii. Sea Air Rescue Unit
3. METROPOLITAN POLICE
 Responsible for providing all law enforcement services for the capital city of Bangkok and its suburbs, the
Metropolitan Police was probably the most visible and publicly recognizable of all Thai police components
4. CENTRAL INVESTIGATION BUREAU
 National coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan components in preventing
and suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national security. Having jurisdiction over
the entire country, the CIB was organized to assist both provincial and metropolitan components of the
Royal Thai Police in preventing and suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national
security.

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Police General
 Police Lieutenant General
 Police Major General
 Police Special Colonel
 Police Colonel
 Police Lieutenant Colonel
 Police Lieutenant
 Police Captain
 Inspector

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Police Senior Sergeant Major
 Police Sergeant Major
 Police Sergeant
 Police Staff Sergeant
27
  Police Corporal
 Police Lance Corporal
 Police Constable

(6) MYANMAR POLICE SYSTEM

MYANMAR POLICE FORCE

 Formally known as “The Peoples Police Force”.

 Independent department under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 It was reorganized on 1 October 1995 and informally become part of Tatmadaw. Current Director General of
Myanmar Police Force is Brigadier General Kyaw Kyaw Tun with its headquarters at Nay Pyi Daw. Its command
structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar's seven states and seven divisions has their
own Police Forces with headquarters in the respective capital cities.
 The Myanmar Police Force (MPF) was created in 1995 and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs.  The Force has
strength of more than 93,000 men and women, with its headquarters located in the administrative capital Nay Pyi
Taw.  
  Myanmar is divided into seven states and seven regions, each with its own local police force. 

RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Police Major General
 Police Brigadier General
 Police Colonel
 Police Lieutenant Colonel
 Police Major
 Police Captain
 Police Lieutenant
 Police Second Lieutenant

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Police Warrant Officer
 Police Sergeant
 Police Corporal
 Police Lance Corporal

(7) SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

 The Singapore Police Force (SPF) is a uniformed organization under the purview of the Ministry of Home
Affairs. The mission of the SPF is to prevent, deter and detect crime to ensure the safety and security of
Singapore. This is done through its focus on the 5 broad areas of Police work - Frontline Policing, Counter
and E-services, Investigation, Community Engagement and Public Security & Order.
 Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (Polis Repablik Singapura), it has grown from an 11-man
organization to a 38,587 strong force. Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in
the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police services.
 Formed in 1819 with a skeleton force of 11 men under the command of Francis James Bernard.
 It is under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 Ministry of government of Singapore responsible for public safety, civil defense and immigration.
 It is headed by the Minister of Home affairs.
28
  It is also known as Home Team.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

 There are currently 15 staff departments and 13-line units. The headquarters is located in a block at New
Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs.

RANKING SYSTEM

The rank of Corporal was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, all ranks were shifted from the
sleeves to the epaulettes, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also, in the same year, the Station Inspector rank was
changed from collar pips to epaulettes with a new design similar to that of the SAF Warrant Officers, and the rank of
Senior Station Inspector was introduced. In 1998, the Senior Station Inspector (2) rank was introduced, and changes were
made to the SI, SSI, and SSI (2) rank designs. The rank of Lance Corporal was abolished in 2002[23]. The 2006, the
Gurkha Contingent adopted embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its combat dress, but are worn on the right front
pocket.

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Commissioner of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of Police
 Senior Assistant Commissioner
 Assistant Commissioner
 Deputy Assistant Commissioner
 Superintendent
 Deputy Superintendent
 Assistant Superintendent
 Chief Inspector
 Inspector

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Senior Station Inspector (2)
 Senior Station Inspector
 Station Inspector
 Senior Staff Sergeant
 Staff Sergeant
 Sergeant
 Corporal
 Special Constable
 Constable
(8) VIETNAM POLICE SYSTEM

PEOPLE’S POLICE OF VIETNAM

 The law enforcement in Vietnam is called the Vietnam People's Public Security.
 It is under command of the Ministry of Public Security.
 Vietnam People's Public Security is a part of Vietnam People's Armed Forces, it includes two branches:
o Vietnam People's Police
o Vietnam People's Security Force

STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION

As in other Communist states, the police structure and operations are never released to the public and have to be
pieced together from scattered accounts in the press. At the provincial level, there is a police force branch organized into
several sections to deal with matters pertaining to political conformity, internal security, passports and identity cards,
counterintelligence, and administration. Smaller groups having similar responsibilities are maintained at the district level. A
group of special agents, subdivided into cells, is concerned with counterrevolutionary activities. Each village administrative
committee has a security section composed of trusted party members charged with the surveillance of suspects. The
security sections receive considerable information through complaints and denunciations made by local people—a

29
practice encouraged by the Communist Party and the constitution as one of the duties of a good citizen. Villages also
maintain their own local watchmen for patrol and guard duties.

The rank structure for officers and noncommissioned officers is prescribed in the decree of law of July 16, 1962. It
indicates a strong military influence on the service. The decree prescribes three ranks for officers. The highest is the
general’s rank with two additional grades for lieutenant general and major general; field rank has four grades (senior
colonel, colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major), and the company rank has four grades (senior captain, captain, senior
lieutenant, and lieutenant). Noncommissioned officers are divided into three ranks: senior sergeant, sergeant, and
corporal. A temporary rank called aspirant comprises those preparing for Vietnam promotion to officer rank.

The equivalent of a military private is referred to a policeman. Included in the commissioned ranks are the following:

 Army officers who are graduates of the Officers School who are transferred to the police force
 Party cadres and specialists and cadres in public service who are transferred to the police force
 Graduates from police cadre training schools of the Ministry of Public Security
 Reserve police officers who are recalled to active duty
 Noncommissioned policemen who have distinguished themselves in service or have shown outstanding loyalty to
the party or have accomplished some notable feat in the discharge of their duties.

The 1962 decree stipulates that the appointment of officers and men is based as much on their political record
and on the ‘‘services rendered to the revolution’’ as their professional skills. Nominations to aspirant and commissioned
ranks are made by the minister of public security and to the noncommissioned officers’ ranks by the Council of Ministers.
Nominees for lieutenant must be graduates of a police cadre training school or noncommissioned officers or soldiers with
a distinguished record of valor, skill, and proficiency in combat. Promotions are based on the needs of the police force,
political records, achievement records, and the length of service in grade. The service normally required in each grade is
2 years from corporal up to lieutenant, 3 years from lieutenant to captain, 4 years from captain to lieutenant colonel, and 5
years from lieutenant colonel to higher grades. The same authorities who are authorized to appoint are also authorized to
promote or demote. In emergency cases, a police unit commander with the rank of a senior captain or higher may dismiss
a subordinate two ranks below him and nominate another officer as replacement. Age limits for different ranks are 38 to
48 for lieutenant, 43 to 53 for captain and senior captain, 48 to 58 for major, 53 to 63 for lieutenant colonel and colonel, 55
to 63 for senior colonel, and 58 to 65 for major general.

The 1962 decree accorded broad powers to the police force for enforcing state political, military, and economic
policies. Their political duties include the defense of the socialist regime and the destruction of counterrevolutionaries.
Their specialized duties include the apprehension of hooligans, bandits, thieves, embezzlers, speculators, and other
criminals; control and reform of counterrevolutionaries; safeguarding of public property; ensuring security of land, river, air,
and sea transport; census enumeration; issuing of passports and travel permits; control of production, sale, and use of
radio and television sets; control of hotel, printing, engraving, and other trades; and control of weapons, poisons, and
explosives. Periodically, policemen and officers receive awards for exceptional performance of any of these duties.

Nonprofessional law enforcement units are reported in the press. They include People Protection Squads,
Enterprise Protection Force (active in factories, government buildings, and communes), Municipal Security Protection
Force, Neighborhood Protection Civil Guard Agency, Capital Security Youth Assault Units, Township Public Security
Force, and Civil Defense Force.

ARMED PUBLIC SECURITY FORCE

Founded on March 3, 1959, the Armed Public Security Force is a second police agency functioning under army
control. Although its responsibilities overlap those of the regular police in some areas, its functions are more specific and
specialized, such as protecting ports and coastal areas, borders, factories, construction sites, communication and
transportation centers, public utility installations, mines, and cooperatives. It is the training agency for the district police
and the militia. It also engages in public works and civic projects. It helps farmers during planting and harvesting seasons,
combats floods and droughts, constructs communication routes and irrigation works, conducts rescue missions, clears
jungles, builds canals, camps, and access roads, and even helps to deliver babies in rural areas. These ostensibly public-
spirited missions in fact help to reinforce its primary task of maintaining constant surveillance over the population.

The Armed Public Security Force is organized along military lines into sections, platoons, companies, battalions,
and larger formations, depending on the availability of personnel and the security requirements of the region.

30
RANKING SYSTEM

COMMISSIONED OFFICER
 Police General
 Police Colonel General
 Police Lieutenant General
 Police Major General

MIDDLE RANK
 Police Brigadier
 Police Colonel
 Police Lieutenant Colonel
 Police Major

LOWER RANK
 Police Captain
 Police First Lieutenant
 Police Lieutenant
 Police Sub-Lieutenant

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

All men of military age are eligible to join the police force if they can pass basic literacy, intelligence, and health
tests and if their loyalty is vouched for by a party official. Former soldiers who become reservists at the expiration of their
service terms and soldiers discharged on reaching age forty-five form the core of the force. Officers are obtained mainly
from the army either by direct transfer or by granting commissions to graduates from army officer training schools. A
majority of the enlisted men have some previous military training. Training is carried out under the supervision of army
officers. The courses are limited to military subjects, such as those commonly given to infantry units and include
marksmanship, grenade throwing, reconnaissance, and Vietnam tactics. Pervading all types of training is political
indoctrination and ideological awareness-raising.

(9) LAOS POLICE SYSTEM

LAO POLICE FORCE

 It is under the command of the Ministry of National Defense.

 In 1998, It became a member of the INTERPOL and ASEANAPOL.
 One of the first priorities for the LPDR was restructuring defense and security forces and improving
effectiveness in these new roles. After the major Mekong River towns were liberated, soldiers were assigned
police duties, although they lacked the necessary training. As the pace of political change quickened and the
government became increasingly concerned about security, the public expressed dissatisfaction with heavy-
handed military controls, Pathet Lao arrogance, and the excesses committed by some guerrillas.
 The emphasis on discipline, training, and reorganization reflected the difficulties encountered by the former
Pathet Lao cadre in converting from a guerrilla insurgency into a national security force. Men taught to think of
urban-dwelling lowland Lao as their bitter enemies found it difficult at first to treat them as liberated brothers.
Also, most young Pathet Lao guerrillas brought in to keep order in the Mekong towns were members of
upland minorities who had never before been confronted with the temptations of city life. Consequently, there
were reports of abuses such as extortion and robbery by drunken Pathet Lao police officers.
 By the end of 1976, an effective police force had been established. Its mission was simple: to maintain basic
law and order and strictly enforce government policies, often with little regard for human rights. A police
academy was established at the former United States-built police school at Ban Donnoun, ten kilometers east
of Vientiane, where Vietnamese and Soviet instructors began teaching Laotian cadres basic police
procedures. The crime rate reportedly was very low.
 The academy also trained a Laotian secret police organization similar to the Vietnamese internal security
apparatus. The secret police were to provide internal security for the party and to look for dissidents within the
population: those individuals who disagreed with the LPRP's pro-Vietnamese line and who expressed pro-

31
 Chinese or Laotian nationalist sentiments that could be construed as anti-Vietnamese. By late 1978, there
were reportedly 800 Vietnamese secret police in Laos engaged in military and civilian surveillance activities.
By the late 1980s, their presence had been reduced to a few senior advisers.

RANKING SYSTEM

 General
 Lieutenant General
 Major General
 Brigadier General
 Colonel
 Lieutenant Colonel
 Major
 Captain
 Lieutenant
 Second Lieutenant
 Sergeant
 Corporal
 Private First Class
 Private

OTHER COUNTRIES POLICE MODELS COMPARISON

PARTICULARS COLUMBIA NEW AFGHANISTAN SRI LANKA SPAIN

ZEALAND

ORGANIZATIONAL National Police of

New Zealand Afghanistan Sri Lanka Cuerpo National
NAME Columbia Policia
Police National Police Police Police (CNP)
National

DEPARTMENT/ New Zealand North Atlantic Ministry of

AGENCY UNDER Ministry on National Government/ Treaty Defense, Cuerpo Superior
WITH Defense Ministry of Organization Public Security, De Policia (CSP)
Police (NATO) Law and Order

ENTRANCE AGE 21 years old 20 years old 18 years old 22 years old 18 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 55 years in

50 years old 58 years old 58 years old 67 years old
service

Police
MINIMUM RANK Patroller Constable Sergeant Constable Private
Rank4

Commissioner of Inspector
Master General
HIGHEST RANK Columbia/National Commissioner General of Lieutenant
Chief
Police Police

EDUCATIONAL High school

Tertiary High School Secondary
REQUIREMENT Graduate/College Baccalaureate
Education Graduate Education
Graduate

32
 PARTICULARS INDIA PAKISTAN ARGENTINA ABU DHABI BRAZIL

ORGANIZATIONAL Pakistan Police Federal Abu Dhabi

Indian Police Policia Militar
NAME National Police of Argentine Police
Service (IPS) (PM)
(PNP) (PFA) (ADP)

DEPARTMENT/
Federal National Public
AGENCY UNDER India Police Agency Policia de Ministry of
Investigation Security and Social
WITH (IPC) Buenos Aires Interior
Agency Defense System

ENTRANCE AGE 21 years old 20 years old 21years old 18 years old 18 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 60 years old 60 years old 55 years old 60 years old 49 years old

MINIMUM RANK Police Constable Candidate or Private

Constable Policeman
(PC) Cadet (Soldado)

Superintendent
HIGHEST RANK Director Inspector
General or Commander Colonel
Intelligence Bureau General of
Commissioner General (Coronel)
(DIB) Police
General

EDUCATIONAL Complete
High School University
REQUIREMENT Bachelor Degree college Tertiary Education
Degree Degree
Education

PARTICULARS SUDAN URUGUAY GERMANY FRANCE ISRAEL

National Police
ORGANIZATIONAL
National Police of Federal Police France (Police
NAME Sudan Police Force Israel Police
Uruguay of Germany Nationale de
France)

DEPARTMENT/
Federal
AGENCY UNDER Ministry of the Ministry of Minister of
Ministry Interior Ministry of
WITH Interior of Uruguay Interior Internal Affairs
Interior

ENTRANCE AGE 18 years 21 years old 16 years old 17 years old 21 years old

RETIREMENT AGE 55 years 54 years old 60 years old 60 years old 55 years old

33
 Gardien de la
MINIMUM RANK Republican Guard Senior Paix
Lance Corporal Constable
Metropolitan Guard Constable (Keeper of the
peace)
Directeur
general de la
Ministry of the Inspector Inspector
HIGHEST RANK Inspector General police Nationale
Interior Police General
(Director
General)

EDUCATIONAL Secondary School High school French

High School Bachelor’s
REQUIREMENT Certificate /College Baccalaureate
Degree Degree
Examination Graduate Degree

34