2020 07 17 Infinera Submarine Networks Today and Tomorrow
2020 07 17 Infinera Submarine Networks Today and Tomorrow
2020 07 17 Infinera Submarine Networks Today and Tomorrow
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3000
GEO
2500
2000
Intelsat 1
1500 April 6th 1965
1000
845
500
36 48 138 138
0
TAT-1 TAT-2 TAT-3 TAT-4 TAT-5 TAT-6 TAT-7
1956 1959 1963 1965 1970 1976 1978
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7
Copper vs Fiber Capacity Levels
Transatlantic Cable Capacity (circuits)
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
40k
15000
Copper
10000 Fiber
845 4k 4k
5000 36 48 138 138
0
TAT-1 TAT-2 TAT-3 TAT-4 TAT-5 TAT-6 TAT-7 TAT-8
1956 1959 1963 1965 1970 1976 1978 1988
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8
Transatlantic Fiber Optic Cable Evolution
…because, by 1992,
voice was just another
type of data
Source: Wikipedia
Europe
They carry
>95% of
Mediterranean international
bandwidth
Asia
Dotcom Bubble
Coherent
CapEx ($B)
Coherent
Post Bubble SLTE Upgrades ICP Surge
Plough
Cable
Submarine cable
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14
Amplifiers in Submarine Cables
+10kV -10kV
50-80km
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15
Danger to Submarine Cables
Closed SLTE
Cable vendor gets 100%
transponder revenue
Closed cable
contracts expire
Coherent!
Cables Upgrades
2014→ Spectrum Sharing
Vendor A
Vendor A Vendor B • Challenges
Wet Plant + .
.
. – How to “accept” the new cable is RFS?
Vendor Z – How to manage spectrum for multiple tenants
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17
Open Cable Network Architecture
Vendor A Vendor B Infinera Cable Landing Station
Transponder(s) Transponder(s) Transponder(s)
ASE and/or
Idlers
Some or all transponders
will be located in PoP/DC
Power Management
ROADM Controller
PoP or Wet plant
monitoring
Data Center
Backhaul
“Glass through” To the Wet Plant
Examples: Hundreds of cable systems worldwide Examples: SeaBRAS-1, MONET, BRUSA, MAREA, AAE-1 etc.
Deployed up to 2010
50 Coherent 48Tb/s
100G
Coherent 40Tb/s
40
32Tb/s
30 40G
Coherent
20 10G
IM-DD 12.8Tb/s
10
3.2Tb/s
0
2005 2010 2012 2016 2020
Amplifier Location
←C-Band EDFA→
←L-Band EDFA→ XTb/s capacity at the Limited by ability to
←C-Band EDFA→ cost of 2 fiber pairs power the amp chain
←L-Band EDFA→
C+L Band
• Shorter amp spacing • Higher order modulation • Longer amp spacing • LC-PCS
• Higher amp power • Fewer fiber pairs • Lower amp power • More fiber pairs
• Examples: • Pump sharing • Example: Dunant
• MAREA, BRUSA, etc.
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29
SDM Comparison: MAREA vs Dunant SDM Roadmap
Future transatlantic cable
40 fiber pairs @ 25Tb/s
Petabit scale cable
MAREA Dunant
State of the art
State of the art SDM cable
UNCOMPENSATED cable
25 Years 4 Years
The cable you lay this year may not be the “ideal cable” for future transponders
BUT… Regardless of cable type, each generation of transponder delivers more capacity
Ultra High Baud Rate LC-PCS Subsea Modulations High Gain SD-FEC
(32-96 Gbaud) (ME-8QAM, etc)
• Compact DCO
• 1.6Tb/s Optical Engine
• 2λ x up to 800Gb/s
CHM6
Nyquist Subcarriers DBA Super-Gaussian Encryption
Gain Sharing
Groove (GX) C L
1567 1569
192.1
192.2
192.3
192.4
1529 1610
XTC Shared Wavelocker SD-FEC Gain Sharing Lightning Tolerance C+L Band
DRX
Laser 1
Laser 2
Laser 1
Laser 2
Laser 1
Laser 2
Laser 1
Laser 2
1st Gen: No shaping 2nd Gen: Nyquist shaping ICE4: Nyquist subcarriers ICE6: Nyquist subcarriers
• Higher spectral efficiency • Higher spectral efficiency • Add subcarriers
• Driven by FlexGrid • Enhanced clock recovery • High Baud rate carrier
• Linear tolerance • Low Baud rate subcarriers
• Non-linear tolerance
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37
Two options for increasing capacity*
QPSK 16QAM
Time Time
2 Bits/symbol 4 Bits/symbol Symbols per Second
Coherent Transceiver
CD Compensation NOISE
Dispersion
Chromatic
Baud Rate
Single carrier
32 Gbaud → 66 Gbaud
A B
Nyquist Sub-carrier
Optimized Performance
While maintaining economic
advantage of higher Baud rate
4 8 16 33 66
Baud Rate
(Gbaud)
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40
Higher Order Modulation
X1 Spectral Efficiency X3
PM-QPSK PM-64QAM
PM-64QAM
32QAM
8QAM
Imagine if we could “move the QPSK
curve” closer to the Shannon Limit
2 BPSK
Optical Reach
DM
Fewer bits per symbol,
longer reach
So we use a clever
Start with a Distribution Matcher to
64QAM manipulate the probabilities
of using certain symbols
constellation
Shannon Limit
Optical Reach
85 100
100 90 100
110 100
115 100
115 100
110 100
90 100
85
Impairments
Current options revolve around the two different parts of the Shannon Equation
C = B log2 ( 1 +
S
N
)
Bandwidth term
Capacity
This is why SDM is so
interesting for the near future
Log term
Capability
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47
The Future of
Submarine Networks
A Situation Report
What do we know? What does that mean?
1: Maximize ROI from existing cables 2: More to extract from new cables
Submarine network
Amplifier Location
demand continues to grow Amplifier Location
C = B log2
( 1 +
S
N ) 3: C+L delivers more capacity per 4: SDM points the way to a Petabit
PCS brings us close to fiber pair, not per cable transatlantic cable
the Shannon Limit
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49
What does a future transponder look like?
Somehow you
40 fiber pairs must deal with…
C = B log2 ( 1 +
S
N
)
There may be a Shannon …but not on power
Limit on fiber capacity… or volume
Transponders
..
.
Mux or ROADM
..
.