Department of Education

Region III
DIVISION OF MABALACAT CITY

Name: __________________________________ Grade/Track/Strand: ___________

School: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
General Chemistry 2 (Q4 – Lessons 1 and 2)
Spontaneous Process and Entropy
I. Introduction

Thermodynamics is the study of the flow of energy. It encompasses the study

of the flow of heat as well as mass. First Law - Energy of the universe is constant.
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”; Second Law - Entropy of universe
increases. “The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and
remains unchanged in the equilibrium process”; and Third Law - At absolute zero,
the entropy of a perfect crystal is 0. “The entropy of the perfect crystalline
substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature (T = 0, K = -273.150C).”
This learning activity sheet will focus on spontaneous change, entropy, and
free energy, and Chemical equilibrium.

II. Learning Competencies

 Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy. (STEM_GC11CTIVa-

b-140)
 Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance.
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-142)
 Explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the reaction rates of the forward
and the reverse reaction. (STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-145)
 State the Le Chatelier’s principle and apply it qualitatively to describe the
effect of changes in pressure, concentration and temperature on a system at
equilibrium. (STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-149)

III. Objectives
After going through this Learning Activity Sheets, you are expected to:
1. describe the spontaneous and non-spontaneous process;
2. determine the different factors that affect chemical equilibrium; and
3. describe the second law of thermodynamics.

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IV. Discussion
Spontaneous Process
Spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that takes place
without energy from an external source. It is a physical or chemical change that
occurs by itself. Examples are when a rock at the top of a hill rolls down or flows
from a hot object to a cold one. These processes occur without requiring an outside
force and continue until equilibrium is reached. A non-spontaneous process, on
the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of
energy from an external source. A spontaneous process in one direction under a
particular set of conditions is non-spontaneous in the reverse direction. At room
temperature and typical atmospheric pressure, for example, ice will spontaneously
melt, but water will not spontaneously freeze.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics deals with entropy, it is a measure of
randomness or disorder. It tells whether a process or chemical reaction can occur.
When energy changes from one form to another form, the entropy in a close system
will increase. The significance of this law is that it tells us about the direction of
heat transfer and what processes are impossible even if they satisfy the first law.
Consider the phase changes of water. Raising the temperature of a substance will
result in more extensive vibrations of the particles in solids and more rapid
translations of the particles in liquids and gases. At higher temperatures, the
distribution of kinetic energies among the atoms or molecules of the substance is
also broader (more dispersed) than at lower temperatures. Thus, the entropy for
any substance increases with temperature.
Free energy (G) is the energy available to do work. The conditions for
spontaneity and equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure in terms of ∆𝐺
are as follows:

• ∆𝐺 < 0, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction

• ∆𝐺 > 0, the reaction is non-spontaneous (spontaneous in the opposite direction)
• ∆𝐺 = 0, the system is at equilibrium

.Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the forward reaction rate equals

the rate of the backward reaction. In other words, there is no net change in
concentrations of reactants and products. This kind of equilibrium is also called
dynamic equilibrium.

The conditions and properties of a system at equilibrium are summarized below.

1. The system must be closed, meaning no substances can enter or leave the
system.
2. Equilibrium is a dynamic process. Even though we don't necessarily see the
reactions, both forward and reverse are taking place.
3. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions must be equal.
4. The number of reactants and products do not have to be equal. However, after
equilibrium is attained, the amounts of reactants and products will be constant.

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 Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if an external stress is applied to a
system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially
offset as the system reaches a new equilibrium position.

Stress - means a change in concentration, pressure, volume, or temperature

that removes the system from the equilibrium state.

The Effect of a Change in Pressure

Changes in pressure and volume affect the number of moles in the gaseous
reactants and gaseous products. An increase in pressure due to decreased volume
results in a reaction in the direction of fewer moles. A decrease in pressure due to
increase in volume results in a reaction in the direction of greater number of moles.

The Effect of Changes in Concentration

Adding or removing a product or reactant disturbs the equilibrium.
a. Stress of an added reactant or product is relieved by reaction in the direction
that consumes the added substance. Adding reactant, the reaction shifts to the
right (toward the product). Adding product, the reaction shifts to the left (toward
reactant)
b. Stress of removing a reactant or product is relieved by reaction in the direction
that replenishes the removed substance. Removing the reactant will shift the
reaction towards the reactant. Removing a product will shift the reaction towards
the product.

V. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Classify the given situations below whether the process is spontaneous or non-
spontaneous.
______ 1. Rusting of iron in moist air ______ 9. Burning of chlorine
______ 2. Drying of leaves ______ 10. Fireworks
______ 3. Decaying of radioisotopes ______ 11. H2O freezing below freezing point
______ 4. Dissolving of salt ______ 12. H2O freezing above freezing point
______ 5. Oxidation of gold ______ 13. The combustion of gasoline
______ 6. Radioactive atom splits up ______ 14. A ball thrown into the air
______ 7. Spoilage of food ______ 15. A raindrop falling to the ground
______ 8. Dissolution of sand in water

Activity 2
Identify the following statements.
1. The scientific discipline that deals with the interconversion of heat and other
forms of energy.
2. A process of a physical or chemical change that occurs by itself.
3. The measure of randomness and disorder.

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4. Process that gives off heat to the surroundings.
5. Process that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
6. The value of the product during the endothermic process.
7. The value of the product during the exothermic process.
8. The change of phase from solid to liquid.
9. The change of phase from liquid to gas.
10.The change of phase from solid to gas.

Activity 3

Direction: Answer the given questions below. Write at least 2-3 sentences for
each number on the space provided. (5pts each).

1. What does the second law of thermodynamics tell about the entropy of
spontaneous processes and processes at equilibrium?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the second law of thermodynamics is applied through:
a. Eating fruits and vegetables.
b. Hot cup of tea on a table.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

VI. Assessment

Choose the correct answer on the following. Write your answers in the space
provided.

________1. What is the change in concentration, pressure, volume, or

temperature that removes the system from the equilibrium
state?
A. stress B. enthalpy C. entropy D. free energy

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________2. What is the energy available to do work?
A. stress B. enthalpy C. entropy D. free energy
________3. What do you call the measure of randomness or disorder?
A. stress B. enthalpy C. entropy D. free energy

________4. How may a chemical equilibrium be established? It is by

starting
a reaction with ____________________.
A. reactants only
B. products only
C. equal quantities of reactants and products
D. all of the above

________5. What is the direction of the reaction if ∆𝐺 > 0?

A. forward direction C. the system is in equilibrium
B. opposite direction D. none of the above

________6. Which of the following is TRUE for a chemical reaction at

equilibrium?
A. only the forward reaction stops
B. only the reverse reaction stops
C. both the forward and reverse reactions stops
D. the rate constant for the forward and backward reactions
are
equal

________7. What law states that “Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed?”
A. first law C. third law
B. second law D. fourth law

________8. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the concentration of

products for a chemical reaction already at equilibrium,
assuming no disruptions to the equilibrium?
A. The concentrations of products will not change because
there
are no more reactants.
B. The concentrations of products will not change because the

limiting reagent is gone.

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 C. The concentrations of products will not change because the

forward and reverse rates are equal

D. The concentrations of products will change continually
because of reversibility.

________9. The changes in pressure and volume affect the number of moles
in the gaseous reactants
A. true B. false
________10. What process/principle states that if an external stress is
applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts to
partially offset the stress as the system reaches a new
equilibrium position.
A. Le Chatelier’s Principle C. Thermodynamics
B. Chemical equilibrium D. Spontaneous process

________11. What is the direction of the reaction if ∆𝐺 = 0.

A. forward direction C. the system is in equilibrium
B. opposite direction D. none of the above

________12. Which of the following are equal for a chemical system at

equilibrium?
A. The concentrations of reactants and products are equal
B. The rate constant for the forward and reverse reactions are
equal
C. The time that a particular atom or molecule spends as a
reactant and product are equal
D. The rate of the forward and reverse reaction

________13. What law states that the entropy of the perfect crystalline
substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature (T = 0,
K
= -273.150C).”
A. first law C. third law
B. second law D. fourth law

________14. What is the study of the flow of heat and mass

A. Le Chatelier’s Principle C. Thermodynamics
B. Chemical equilibrium D. Spontaneous process

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________15. What is a physical or chemical change that takes place
without
energy from an external source.
A. Le Chatelier’s Principle C. Thermodynamics
B. Chemical equilibrium D. Spontaneous process

VII. Reflection

Cite at least three (3) situations/applications that show how chemical

equilibrium occurs in our daily lives.

Criteria
Presentation of Ideas - 5 pts
Content - 10 pts
Evidence- based - 5 pts
Total - 20 pts

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VIII. References

Wilbraham, Anthony et al.CHEMISTRY, Prentice Hall, Inc. 2002, New Jersey

Chemical thermodynamics and energetics. 2016. Retrieved from
http://www.mteducare.com/images/mhtcet_2016_notes/chemistry/Chemical
%20thermodynamics.pdf

Jessie A. Key. Introductory Chemistry-1st Canadian Edition. Chapter 18. Chemical

Thermodynamics. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/entropy-
and-the-second law-of-thermodynamics-2/

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 IX. Answer Key

ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2
1. Spontaneous
2. Spontaneous 1. Thermodynamics 6. Positive
3. Spontaneous 2. Spontaneous 7. Negative
4. Spontaneous 3. Entropy 8. Melting
5. Non-spontaneous 4. Exothermic 9. Vaporization
6. Spontaneous 5. Endothermic 10. Sublimation
7. Spontaneous
8. Non-spontaneous
9. Non-spontaneous
10. Spontaneous
11. Spontaneous
12. Non-spontaneous
13. Spontaneous
14. Non-spontaneous
15. Spontaneous

ACTIVITY 3 ASSESSMENT

1. A
Answers may vary 2. D
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. D

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X. Development Team

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Stefen M. Santos

Editor: Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Reviewers: Ala M. Elagio, Nicole Ann P. Tiongco, Jeffrey R. Yumang
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Ericson S. Sabacan, EdD, CESO VI
Leandro C. Canlas, PhD, CESE
Elizabeth O. Latorilla, PhD
Sonny N. De Guzman, EdD
Cristina L. Dizon, PhD
Elizabeth C. Miguel, EdD

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Department of Education – Division of Mabalacat

P. Burgos St., Poblacion, Mabalacat City, Pampanga

Telefax: (045) 331-8143

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E-mail Address: [email protected]