Particulate Nature of Matter

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Le Maurice B.

Cimini Grade 12- STEM D

Particulate Nature of Matter

Observation Table
Spread time of food coloring in hot and cold water

JAR Spread time of food coloring (in Observations


seconds)
A (Hot) 22.19 seconds In hot water, the food coloring diffuses
through the water quickly.
B (Cold) 1 minute and 13 seconds While in cold water, the food coloring
diffuses through the water slowly.

Guide Questions

1. What happens to the food coloring as it is dropped in each jar with water?
As I dropped the food coloring to the center of a Jar of hot water, I noticed that it diffuses
through the water quickly and filled the jar with food coloring, within approximately 22 seconds.
Whereas, the Jar that contains cold water, the food coloring sinks to the bottom of the container
and diffuses through the water slowly. It took 1 minute and 13 seconds to spread out, and some of
the food colorings stay together.

2. How will you describe the movement of the food coloring in each jar?
Food coloring has a slightly greater specific gravity (relative density) than water, thus it
sinks before it could even diffuse. As the food coloring is dropped into Jar A, the substance
dissolves and gets mixed quickly throughout the hot water, until all of it is colored. This is because
hot water has molecules that have more energy and are moving faster. Diffusion can occur more
quickly as a result of the quicker motion. The Jar B which has a cold water, on the other hand, the
diffusion rate is slower. Due to the less kinetic energy, the cold water has, than in warm water. In
addition, I have noticed that more of the food coloring stays together in a plume falling to the
bottom of the container, and if left alone and undisturbed, it might form a layer at the bottom due
to what is called the Brownian motion.

3. In which jar did the food coloring spread faster?


As I poured the food coloring in each jar, I have observed that in Jar A that contains hot
water, the food coloring is spreading out faster and easily gets mixed through the water than Jar B
that has cold water. It took an average of 22 seconds for the food coloring to dissolve in hot water
and about 1 minute and 13 seconds for the cold water.
Le Maurice B. Cimini Grade 12- STEM D

4. How does the temperature of the water affect the rate of spread of food coloring?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in
a substance. The kinetic energy of the particles increases as the temperature increases. A volume of
heated water has fewer molecules and weighs somewhat less than the same amount of cold water
due to the increased space between the molecules. They bounce off each other and move farther
apart and the increased motion of the particles causes them to diffuse faster. While the molecules
in cold water have less kinetic energy than in warm water; it makes the diffusion process much
slower. Hence, in the experiment, the food coloring will diffuse faster at higher temperatures; the
rate at which fluid particles will diffuse is faster than at lower temperatures.

5. Based on the activity, what can you infer regarding the particles that comprise the water and
food coloring?
All things considered, this experiment demonstrates the relationship between temperature
and the process of diffusion by placing drops of food coloring in water with different temperature.
It concludes that, the particles move quicker at higher temperatures and the food coloring drops
applied in hot water disperse faster than those placed in cold water. It also addresses other factors
that impact diffusion and how the rate of these movements directly depends on the energy of the
water molecules.

Knowledge check questions


1. How does the idea of Democritus result in the formulation of the particulate nature of matter?
Democritus, a Greek philosopher from more than 2000 years ago, proposed that matter is
made up of tiny particles that cannot be seen. He believed that breaking a substance into smaller
and smaller bits will eventually lead to the tiniest conceivable particles—building matter's
components. Unfortunately, his concept of atom was dismissed, until scientists returned to
Democritus' notion many years later to incorporate it into the formulation of their theory. The
particulate model of matter is the name of the theory they devised. Scientists utilized Democritus'
ideas as a foundation and reference when formulating the particle nature of matter. The particle
model is beneficial for two reasons, according to scientists. For starters, it gives a logical
explanation for matter's behaviour. Second, it conveys a crucial concept: matter particles are
always moving. Matter that appears to be absolutely still is not at all motionless. Particles in
continual motion make up the air you breathe, your books, your workstation, and even your
body. As a result, the particle model can be used to explain solid, liquid, and gas properties. It
can also be used to describe what happens during state transitions.

2. What happens to the space between particles of a heated matter?


When heat is applied to a substance or particles, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster
than usual, creating gaps to form between them. Since, the particles of a solid are tightly bound
together and the gaps between them are very small. It vibrates faster and faster as it heats up,
Le Maurice B. Cimini Grade 12- STEM D

until they have enough energy to break free from their set places. Basically, when this happens,
the particles have more freedom to move around. Moreover, the particles in a liquid are
separated by spaces that are large enough to allow the particles to slide past each other. So when
a liquid absorbs heat energy, the particles move about more and more quickly. Some of the
particles gather energy to separate themselves from the other particles. In addition, particles in
gasses are spaced much wider than particles in liquids or solids. Therefore, a gas is mostly empty
space. It always fills whatever container it is in, and as the particles are moving constantly in all
directions, they spread throughout their container, no matter what volume or shape their
container is.

Check your understanding


A. A. Match each view about the nature of matter with the ancient Greek philosopher who
proposed it.
____B_____1. Matter is continuous. A. Anaximenes
____C_____2. Matter is made up of indivisible particles. B. Aristotle
____A_____3. Matter is made up of air. C. Democritus
____F_____4. Water is the primal material of matter. D. Empedocles
____E_____5. Matter is composed of fire. E. Heraclitus
F. Thales

B. B. Tell whether the statement is true or false


True 1. Matter is made up of distinct particles.
True 2. Charged particles that make up matter are known as atoms.
True 3. According to Aristotle, there are no empty spaces in matter.
True 4. Democritus’s idea on what composes matter laid the foundation for
the particulate nature of matter.
True 5. Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between particles in
matter.
False 6. Particulate drawings are used to illustrate the particles that make up
matter.
False 7. Solid matter has particles that slide past one another.
True 8. There is a huge distance between particles of gases.
False 9. Strong attractive forces exist between particles of gases.
True 10. Particles of matter are in constant motion.
Le Maurice B. Cimini Grade 12- STEM D

Challenge Yourself

A. Answer the given question:

1. What information will you use to support that particles are in constant motion? Cite a
particular instance to justify your answer.

The kinetic theory of matter (particle theory) states that: "all matter consists of many,
very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion". The person
who is credited with having conceived of the idea is the philosopher Democritus, who lived from
460 to 370 BCE. Many years later, scientists such as Dalton, Einstein, Thompson, Rutherford,
Bohr, and Plank came back to Democritus’ idea and continue it.
Furthermore, because thermal energy causes particles to vibrate and move randomly, all particles
are always moving. We might say that when particles heat up, they vibrate at a greater frequency
and travel more quickly. The particles move and vibrate more slowly as they cool. There is a
hypothesis that if a particle is at 273 °C273 °C or 0 K0 K, it would be in a stationary state and
therefore does not vibrate at all.
A prominent illustration of how matter particles are constantly moving with the
assistance of diffusion is in our breathing, where oxygen is at a higher concentration within our
arteries and arterioles than in continuously respiring cells. When blood travels into muscle
capillaries, for example, from hepatocytes or skeletal muscle fibers, oxygen is separated through
a single layer of cells. Without the active involvement of any other molecule, oxygen is delivered
via the capillary membrane and into the cells via a process known as 'passive diffusion.'

2. A pot of water is placed on top of a hot stove. After some time, you noticed the buildup of
moisture inside the pot cover. What inference can you make based on your knowledge of the
particulate nature of matter?

A liquid's average speed increases as its temperature rises. As a liquid's temperature rises,
its molecules move quicker, increasing the liquid's kinetic energy. Furthermore, since kinetic
energy is directly related to temperature, a sufficiently heated liquid transforms into a gas. The
liquid condensation occurs into a gas known as vapor. Due to the high evaporation, boiling water
rapidly creates a bubbling noise, and large bubbles can be seen on the surface of the water. At
this point, the water can no longer maintain its liquid form and rapidly evaporates into vapor.
However, covering the pot limits the escape of water vapor, allowing a faster temperature
increase. Hence, the build-up of moisture inside the pot cover as the warm and humid air reaches
it.
Le Maurice B. Cimini Grade 12- STEM D

3. How does the arrangement of particles in matter affect its properties?

The arrangement of particles in matter affects its properties as it plays an important role
that provides the matter, whether it’s solid, liquid and gas, through its distinction, uniqueness,
and its differences. As a matter of fact, the property of a matter depends on the formation of the
particles. By all means, matter in the solid-state is made up of particles that are in a tightly
packed pattern, with barely any room for movement. Matter in the liquid state, on the other hand,
maintains a fixed volume but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are
near each other, but not tightly packed. In addition, another state of matter which is gas is made
of particles that are very far away from each other and free-floating with no distinct
arrangement.

4. How does increasing the temperature of matter result in phase changes?

Temperature changes cause a phase transition and affect whether a substance exists as a
solid, liquid, or gas. As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules within the solid
begins to vibrate, reducing their attraction. There is a temperature threshold, known as the
melting point, at which the vibration becomes strong enough to cause the solid to turn to liquid.
While, the temperature of a liquid and consequently its kinetic energy – rises, the molecules
begin to vibrate more rapidly. They eventually reach a point where their energy is so high that
the molecules escape into the environment and the liquid turns into a gas. Increasing the
temperature of a gas in an open system, on the other hand, does not affect the state of matter
since the gas molecules go infinitely farther apart. However, in a closed system, raising the
temperature of gases causes an increase in pressure because the molecules move faster and strike
the edges of the container more frequently.

5. If you are to create a tangible representation of what comprises a matter, how will you present
it? What appropriate materials will you use in making your model?

I would use butter as a representation if I were to provide a tangible material or model of


what makes up a matter. Butter is not a pure material; thus, it undergoes a variety of further
modifications across solid, liquid, and gas phases. Butter is a water, butterfat, and protein
mixture. When the butter is solid, the molecules are tight together and do not move past each
other. Subsequently, when the butter is heated in a pan, the molecules begin to move and can
glide past one other, resulting in the formation of a liquid. When butter melts, it usually divides
into a yellowish phase of fat and a white phase of protein. It may also be moved into various
shapes, similar to how a liquid can take on the shape of its container. As it seems to boil, the
steam within interacts with the butter, converting it to a gas. This is just the elimination of water
dissolved in the butterfat by evaporation. Furthermore, when the liquid butter cools, the
molecules slow down and reconnect, allowing it to solidify anew. When refrigerated, butter
maintains a hard solid.

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