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    Lim F (X) L X C: AP Calculus AB Course Study Guide Limits and Continuity

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in limits and continuity for AP Calculus AB: 1) It defines a limit as the unique number L that a function f(x) approaches as x approaches a constant c, and explains how to find limits numerically, graphically, and analytically. 2) It discusses properties of limits including one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and the limit laws for sums, differences, products, quotients, and powers. 3) It introduces concepts like vertical and horizontal asymptotes, the Intermediate Value Theorem, and the Squeeze Theorem - and provides examples of how and when to apply each one when evaluating limits.

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    Lim F (X) L X C: AP Calculus AB Course Study Guide Limits and Continuity

    Uploaded by

    Pinky
    140 views6 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in limits and continuity for AP Calculus AB: 1) It defines a limit as the unique number L that a function f(x) approaches as x approaches a constant c, and explains how to find limits numerically, graphically, and analytically. 2) It discusses properties of limits including one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and the limit laws for sums, differences, products, quotients, and powers. 3) It introduces concepts like vertical and horizontal asymptotes, the Intermediate Value Theorem, and the Squeeze Theorem - and provides examples of how and when to apply each one when evaluating limits.

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    AP-Calculus-AB-Unit-1

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in limits and continuity for AP Calculus AB: 1) It defines a limit as the unique number L that a function f(x) approaches as x approaches a constant c, and explains how to find limits numerically, graphically, and analytically. 2) It discusses properties of limits including one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and the limit laws for sums, differences, products, quotients, and powers. 3) It introduces concepts like vertical and horizontal asymptotes, the Intermediate Value Theorem, and the Squeeze Theorem - and provides examples of how and when to apply each one when evaluating limits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    140 views6 pages

    Lim F (X) L X C: AP Calculus AB Course Study Guide Limits and Continuity

    Uploaded by

    Pinky
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in limits and continuity for AP Calculus AB: 1) It defines a limit as the unique number L that a function f(x) approaches as x approaches a constant c, and explains how to find limits numerically, graphically, and analytically. 2) It discusses properties of limits including one-sided limits, limits at infinity, and the limit laws for sums, differences, products, quotients, and powers. 3) It introduces concepts like vertical and horizontal asymptotes, the Intermediate Value Theorem, and the Squeeze Theorem - and provides examples of how and when to apply each one when evaluating limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    AP Calculus AB Course Study Guide

    Limits and Continuity


    From Simple Studies, https://simplestudies.edublogs.org & @simplestudies4

    on Instagram

    What is a limit and how to find it:


    Limit: If f(x) becomes close to a unique number L as x approaches c from either side, then
    the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.
    ● A limit refers to the y-value of a function

    Lim f(x)
    =L
    ●
    x→c
    The general limit exists when the right and left limits are the same/equal each other.
    ● DNE = does not exist.

    Examples of estimating a limit numerically:

    x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.0 2.001 2.01 2.1

    f(x) 3.700 3.970 3.997 4 4.003 4.030 4.4

    ● Example 2: Given lim (3x-2), find what L would be when you plug in the constant of 2.

    Lim → Lim
    f(3x-2) f(3(2)-2)
    =?
    Example of using a graph to find a limit:
    =4
    x→2 x→2
    2, x ≠ 3
    f(x) =
    0, x = 3
    lim f(x) = 2
    x→3

    *2 is the limit.

    When limits don’t exist:


    When the Left limit ≠ Right limit, then the limit is said to not exist.
    ● In the picture below, you can tell that the two limits don’t equal each other, thus the
    answer to this limit is DNE.

    Unbounded Behavior:

    lim 1
    x→0 x2
    Evaluating Limits Analytically:

    Plug in the
    number x is
    approaching

    Numerical a number
    Answer 0 0

    This is your limit. The limit does The limit is DNE


    exist but requires
    algebraic
    manipulation or
    Note: piecewise
    function is an
    exception you
    must also verify
    left lim = right
    Limits Theorem:
    Given:

    Lim and Lim


    f(x) = g(x) =
    Scalar Multiple
    L K
    x→c x→c
    Sum/Difference

    Product

    Quotient

    Power

    Picture Credits: need2knowaboutcalculus & khan academy

    Limits at Infinity
    ● If m<n, then the limit equals 0
    Lim axm
    ● If m=n, then the limit equals a/b n
    x→ ±∞ bx
    ● If m>n, then the limit DNE

    Finding Vertical Asymptotes


    The only step you have to do is set the denominator equal to zero and solve.
    ● Example:

    f(x) = x - 2 = x - 2
    x2-4 (x+2)(x-2)

    ○ (x+2)(x-2) = 0 → x = 2, -2
    ■ 2 is a removable hole while -2 is the non-removable vertical asymptote.

    Finding Horizontal Asymptotes


    Use the two terms of the highest degree in the numerator and denominator
    ● Example:

    lim x-2
    x→∞ x2-4

    ○ x and x2 are the two terms of the highest degree in the numerator and denominator
    respectively. After finding it, use the limits at infinity rule to determine the limit.

    Intermediate Value Theorem


    A continuous function on a closed interval cannot skip values.
    ● f(x) must be continuous on the given interval [a,b]
    ● f(a) and f(b) cannot equal each other.
    ● f(c) must be in between f(a) and f(b)
    Example #1: Apply the IVT, if possible on [0,5] so that f(c)=1 for the function f(x)=x2+x+1
    1) f(x) is continuous because it is a polynomial function.
    2) f(a)=f(0)=1
    f(b)=f(5)=29
    3) By the IVT, there exists a value c where f(c)=1 since 1 is between -1 and 29.
    Example #2:

    t(seconds) 0 15 25 30 35 50 60

    v(t) in ft/sec -20 -30 -20 -14 -10 0 10


    1) For 0<t<60, must there be a time t when v(t) = -5?
    2) f(a) = f(0) = -20
    f(b) = f(60) =10
    3) By the IVT, there is a time t where v(t)=-5 on the interval [0,60] since -20 < -5 < 10

    The Squeeze Theorem

    h(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x)


    lim h(x) = lim g(x) =L
    x→a x→a

    therefore,

    lim h(x) = L
    X→a

    that means f(x) equals h(x) and g(x)

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