Republic of the Philippines

 
National Privacy Commission

 
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10173, known as the “Data
Privacy Act of 2012”

  Pursuant to the mandate of the National Privacy Commission to administer and implement the
provisions of the Data Privacy Act of 2012, and to monitor and ensure compliance of the country
with international standards set for data protection, the following rules and regulations are hereby
promulgated to effectively implement the provisions of the Act: Rule I. Preliminary Provisions

1. Title
2. Policy
3. Definitions

Rule II. Scope of Application

4. Scope
5. Special Cases
6. Protection afforded to data subjects
7. Protection afforded to journalists and their sources

Rule III. National Privacy Commission

8. Mandate
9. Functions
10. Administrative Issuances
11. Reports and Public Information
12. Confidentiality of Personal Data
13. Organizational Structure
14. Secretariat
15. Effect of Lawful Performance of Duty
16. Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel

Rule IV. Data Privacy Principles

17. General Principles

18. Principles of Transparency, Legitimate Purpose and Proportionality
19. Principles in Collection, Processing and Retention
a. Collection must be for a specified and legitimate purpose
b. Personal Data shall be processed fairly and lawfully
 c. Processing should ensure data quality
d. Personal data shall not be retained longer than necessary
e. Any authorized further processing shall have adequate safeguards
20. Principles for Data Sharing

Rule V. Lawful Processing of Personal Data

21. Lawful Processing of Personal Information

22. Lawful Processing of Sensitive Personal Information and Privileged Information
23. Extension of Privileged Communication
24. Surveillance of Subjects and Interception of Recording of Communications

Rule VI. Security Measures for Protection of Personal Data

25. Data Privacy and Security

26. Organizational Security
27. Physical Security
28. Technical Security
29. Appropriate Level of Security

Rule VII. Security of Sensitive Personal Information in Government

30. Responsibility of Heads of Agencies

31. Requirements Relating to Access by Agency Personnel to Sensitive Personal Information
32. Implementation of Security Requirements
33. Applicability to Government Contractors

Rule VIII. Rights of Data Subject

34. Rights of the Data Subject

a. Right to be informed
b. Right to object
c. Right to access
d. Right to correct
e. Right to rectification, erasure or blocking
35. Transmissibility of Rights of the Data Subject
36. Right to Data Portability
37. Limitation on Rights

Rule IX.  Data Breach Notification.

38. Data Breach Notification

39. Contents of Notification
40. Delay of Notification
41. Breach Report
42. Procedure for Notification
Rule X. Outsourcing and Subcontracting Agreements.

43. Subcontract of Personal Data

44. Agreements for Outsourcing
45. Duty of Personal Information Processor

Rule XI. Registration and Compliance Requirements

46. Enforcement of the Data Privacy Act

47. Registration of Data Processing Systems
48. Notification for Automated Processing Operations
49. Review by the Commission

Rule XII. Rules on Accountability

50. Accountability for Transfer of Personal Information

51. Accountability for Violation of the Act, these Rules and other issuances

Rule XIII. Penalties

52. Unauthorized Processing of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information

53. Accessing Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information Due to Negligence
54. Improper Disposal of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information
55. Processing of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information for Unauthorized
Purposes
56. Unauthorized Access or Intentional Breach
57. Concealment of Security Breaches Involving Sensitive Personal Information
58. Malicious Disclosure
59. Unauthorized Disclosure
60. Combination or Series of Acts
61. Extent of Liability
62. Large-Scale
63. Offense Committed by Public Officer
64. Restitution
65. Fines and Penalties

Rule XIV. Miscellaneous Provisions

66. Appeal
67. Period for Compliance
68. Appropriations Clause
69. Interpretation
70. Separability Clause
71. Repealing Clause
72. Effectivity Clause
 
Rule I. Preliminary Provisions

Section 1. Title. These rules and regulations shall be known as the “Implementing Rules and
Regulations of the Data Privacy Act of 2012”, or the “Rules”. Section 2. Policy. These Rules
further enforce the Data Privacy Act and adopt generally accepted international principles and
standards for personal data protection. They safeguard the fundamental human right of every
individual to privacy while ensuring free flow of information for innovation, growth, and
national development. These Rules also recognize the vital role of information and
communications technology in nation-building and enforce the State’s inherent obligation to
ensure that personal data in information and communications systems in the government and in
the private sector are secured and protected. Section 3. Definitions. Whenever used in these
Rules, the following terms shall have the respective meanings hereafter set forth:
a.           “Act” refers to Republic Act No. 10173, also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012;

b.          “Commission” refers to the National Privacy Commission;

c.            “Consent of the data subject” refers to any freely given, specific, informed indication of
will, whereby the data subject agrees to the collection and processing of his or her personal,
sensitive personal, or privileged information. Consent shall be evidenced by written, electronic
or recorded means. It may also be given on behalf of a data subject by a lawful representative or
an agent specifically authorized by the data subject to do so;

d.          “Data subject” refers to an individual whose personal, sensitive personal, or privileged
information is processed;

e.           “Data processing systems” refers to the structure and procedure by which personal data
is collected and further processed in an information and communications system or relevant
filing system, including the purpose and intended output of the processing;

f.             “Data sharing” is the disclosure or transfer to a third party of personal data under the
custody of a personal information controller or personal information processor. In the case of the
latter, such disclosure or transfer must have been upon the instructions of the personal
information controller concerned. The term excludes outsourcing, or the disclosure or transfer of
personal data by a personal information controller to a personal information processor;

g.          “Direct marketing” refers to communication by whatever means of any advertising or

marketing material which is directed to particular individuals;

h.          “Filing system” refers to any set of information relating to natural or juridical persons to
the extent that, although the information is not processed by equipment operating automatically
in response to instructions given for that purpose, the set is structured, either by reference to
individuals or by reference to criteria relating to individuals, in such a way that specific
information relating to a particular individual is readily accessible;
i.             “Information and communications system” refers to a system for generating, sending,
receiving, storing, or otherwise processing electronic data messages or electronic documents, and
includes the computer system or other similar device by which data is recorded, transmitted, or
stored, and any procedure related to the recording, transmission, or storage of electronic data,
electronic message, or electronic document;

j.              “Personal data” refers to all types of personal information;

k.          “Personal data breach” refers to a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful
destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted,
stored, or otherwise processed;

l.             “Personal information” refers to any information, whether recorded in a material form
or not, from which the identity of an individual is apparent or can be reasonably and directly
ascertained by the entity holding the information, or when put together with other information
would directly and certainly identify an individual;

m.       “Personal information controller” refers to a natural or juridical person, or any other body
who controls the processing of personal data, or instructs another to process personal data on its
behalf. The term excludes:

1.           A natural or juridical person, or any other body, who performs such functions as
instructed by another person or organization; or

2.           A natural person who processes personal data in connection with his or her personal,
family, or household affairs;

There is control if the natural or juridical person or any other body decides on what information
is collected, or the purpose or extent of its processing;

n.          “Personal information processor” refers to any natural or juridical person or any other
body to whom a personal information controller may outsource or instruct the processing of
personal data pertaining to a data subject;

o.           “Processing” refers to any operation or any set of operations performed upon personal
data including, but not limited to, the collection, recording, organization, storage, updating or
modification, retrieval, consultation, use, consolidation, blocking, erasure or destruction of data.
Processing may be performed through automated means, or manual processing, if the personal
data are contained or are intended to be contained in a filing system;

p.          “Profiling” refers to any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the
use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular
to analyze or predict aspects concerning that natural person’s performance at work, economic
situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behavior, location or movements;
q.          “Privileged information” refers to any and all forms of data, which, under the Rules of
Court and other pertinent laws constitute privileged communication;

r.            “Public authority” refers to any government entity created by the Constitution or law,
and vested with law enforcement or regulatory authority and functions;

s.            “Security incident” is an event or occurrence that affects or tends to affect data
protection, or may compromise the availability, integrity and confidentiality of personal data. It
includes incidents that would result to a personal data breach, if not for safeguards that have been
put in place;

t.             Sensitive personal information refers to personal information:

1.           About an individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, color, and religious,
philosophical or political affiliations;

2.           About an individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, or to any
proceeding for any offense committed or alleged to have been committed by such individual, the
disposal of such proceedings, or the sentence of any court in such proceedings;

3.           Issued by government agencies peculiar to an individual which includes, but is not
limited to, social security numbers, previous or current health records, licenses or its denials,
suspension or revocation, and tax returns; and

4.           Specifically established by an executive order or an act of Congress to be kept

classified.

Rule II. Scope of Application

Section 4.  Scope. The Act and these Rules apply to the processing of personal data by any
natural and juridical person in the government or private sector. They apply to an act done or
practice engaged in and outside of the Philippines if:
a.           The natural or juridical person involved in the processing of personal data is found or
established in the Philippines;

b.          The act, practice or processing relates to personal data about a Philippine citizen or
Philippine resident;

c.            The processing of personal data is being done in the Philippines; or

d.          The act, practice or processing of personal data is done or engaged in by an entity with
links to the Philippines, with due consideration to international law and comity, such as, but not
limited to, the following:

1.           Use of equipment located in the country, or maintains an office, branch or agency in the
Philippines for processing of personal data;
2.           A contract is entered in the Philippines;

3.           A juridical entity unincorporated in the Philippines but has central management and
control in the country;

4.           An entity that has a branch, agency, office or subsidiary in the Philippines and the
parent or affiliate of the Philippine entity has access to personal data;

5.           An entity that carries on business in the Philippines;

6.           An entity that collects or holds personal data in the Philippines.

Section 5. Special Cases. The Act and these Rules shall not apply to the following specified
information, only to the minimum extent of collection, access, use, disclosure or other processing
necessary to the purpose, function, or activity concerned:
a.           Information processed for purpose of allowing public access to information that fall
within matters of public concern, pertaining to:

1.           Information about any individual who is or was an officer or employee of government
that relates to his or her position or functions, including:

(a)       The fact that the individual is or was an officer or employee of the government;

(b)       The title, office address, and office telephone number of the individual;

(c)        The classification, salary range, and responsibilities of the position held by the
individual; and

(d)      The name of the individual on a document he or she prepared in the course of his or her
employment with the government;

2.           Information about an individual who is or was performing a service under contract for a
government institution, but only in so far as it relates to such service, including the the name of
the individual and the terms of his or her contract;

3.           Information relating to a benefit of a financial nature conferred on an individual upon

the discretion of the government, such as the granting of a license or permit,  including the name
of the individual and the exact nature of the benefit: Provided, that they do not include benefits
given in the course of an ordinary transaction or as a matter of right;

b.          Personal information processed for journalistic, artistic or literary purpose, in order to
uphold freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, subject to requirements of other
applicable law or regulations;

c.            Personal information that will be processed for research purpose, intended for a public
benefit, subject to the requirements of applicable laws, regulations, or ethical standards;
d.          Information necessary in order to carry out the functions of public authority, in
accordance with a constitutionally or statutorily mandated function pertaining to law
enforcement or regulatory function, including the performance of the functions of the
independent, central monetary authority, subject to restrictions provided by law. Nothing in this
Act shall be construed as having amended or repealed Republic Act No. 1405, otherwise known
as the Secrecy of Bank Deposits Act; Republic Act No. 6426, otherwise known as the Foreign
Currency Deposit Act; and Republic Act No. 9510, otherwise known as the Credit Information
System Act (CISA);

e.           Information necessary for banks, other financial institutions under the jurisdiction of the
independent, central monetary authority or Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and other bodies
authorized by law, to the extent necessary to comply with Republic Act No. 9510 (CISA),
Republic Act No. 9160, as amended, otherwise known as the Anti-Money Laundering Act, and
other applicable laws;

f.             Personal information originally collected from residents of foreign jurisdictions in

accordance with the laws of those foreign jurisdictions, including any applicable data privacy
laws, which is being processed in the Philippines.  The burden of proving the law of the foreign
jurisdiction falls on the person or body seeking exemption.  In the absence of proof, the
applicable law shall be presumed to be the Act and these Rules:

Provided, that the non-applicability of the Act or these Rules do not extend to personal
information controllers or personal information processors, who remain subject to the
requirements of implementing security measures for personal data protection: Provided further,
that the processing of the information provided in the preceding paragraphs shall be exempted
from the requirements of the Act only to the minimum extent necessary to achieve the specific
purpose, function, or activity. Section 6. Protection afforded to Data Subjects.
a.           Unless directly incompatible or inconsistent with the preceding sections in relation to
the purpose, function, or activities the non-applicability concerns, the personal information
controller or personal information processor shall uphold the rights of data subjects, and adhere
to general data privacy principles and the requirements of lawful processing.

b.           The burden of proving that the Act and these Rules are not applicable to a particular
information falls on those involved in the processing of personal data or the party claiming the
non-applicability.

c.            In all cases, the determination of any exemption shall be liberally interpreted in favor of
the rights and interests of the data subject.

Section 7. Protection Afforded to Journalists and their Sources.

a.     Publishers, editors, or duly accredited reporters of any newspaper, magazine or periodical of
general circulation shall not be compelled to reveal the source of any news report or information
appearing in said publication if it was related in any confidence to such publisher, editor, or
reporter.
b.    Publishers, editors, or duly accredited reporters who are likewise personal information
controllers or personal information processors within the meaning of the law are still bound to
follow the Data Privacy Act and related issuances with regard to the processing of personal data,
upholding rights of their data subjects and maintaining compliance with other provisions that are
not incompatible with the protection provided by Republic Act No. 53.

 
Rule III. National Privacy Commission

Section 8. Mandate. The National Privacy Commission is an independent body mandated to

administer and implement the Act,  and to monitor and ensure compliance of the country with
international standards set for personal data protection. Section 9. Functions. The National
Privacy Commission shall have the following functions:
a.           Rule Making. The Commission shall develop, promulgate, review or amend rules and
regulations for the effective implementation of the Act. This includes:

1.           Recommending organizational, physical and technical security measures for personal
data protection, encryption, and access to sensitive personal information maintained by
government agencies, considering the most appropriate standard recognized by the information
and communications technology industry, as may be necessary;

2.           Specifying electronic format and technical standards, modalities and procedures for data
portability, as may be necessary;

3.           Issuing guidelines for organizational, physical, and technical security measures for
personal data protection, taking into account the nature of the personal data to be protected, the
risks presented by the processing, the size of the organization and complexity of its operations,
current data privacy best practices, cost of security implementation, and the most appropriate
standard recognized by the information and communications technology industry, as may be
necessary;

4.           Consulting with relevant regulatory agencies in the formulation, review, amendment,
and administration of privacy codes, applying the standards set out in the Act, with respect to the
persons, entities, business activities, and business sectors that said regulatory bodies are
authorized to principally regulate pursuant to law;

5.           Proposing legislation, amendments or modifications to Philippine laws on privacy or

data protection, as may be necessary;

6.           Ensuring proper and effective coordination with data privacy regulators in other
countries and private accountability agents;

7.           Participating in international and regional initiatives for data privacy protection.

b.          Advisory. The Commission shall be the advisory body on matters affecting protection of
personal data.  This includes:
1.           Commenting on the implication on data privacy of proposed national or local statutes,
regulations or procedures, issuing advisory opinions, and interpreting the provisions of the Act
and other data privacy laws;

2.           Reviewing, approving, rejecting, or requiring modification of privacy codes voluntarily

adhered to by personal information controllers, which may include private dispute resolution
mechanisms for complaints against any participating personal information controller, and which
adhere to the underlying data privacy principles embodied in the Act and these Rules;

3.           Providing assistance on matters relating to privacy or data protection at the request of a
national or local agency, a private entity or any person, including the enforcement of rights of
data subjects;

4.           Assisting Philippine companies doing business abroad to respond to data protection
laws and regulations.

c.            Public Education. The Commission shall undertake necessary or appropriate efforts to
inform and educate the public of data privacy, data protection, and fair information rights and
responsibilities.  This includes:

1.           Publishing, on a regular basis, a guide to all laws relating to data protection;

2.           Publishing a compilation of agency system of records and notices, including index and
other finding aids;

3.           Coordinating with other government agencies and the private sector on efforts to
formulate and implement plans and policies to strengthen the protection of personal data in the
country;

d.          Compliance and Monitoring. The Commission shall perform compliance and monitoring
functions to ensure effective implementation of the Act, these Rules, and other issuances. This
includes:

1.           Ensuring compliance by personal information controllers with the provisions of the Act;

2.           Monitoring the compliance of all government agencies or instrumentalities as regards

their security and technical measures, and recommending the necessary action in order to meet
minimum standards for protection of personal data pursuant to the Act;

3.           Negotiating and contracting with other data privacy authorities of other countries for
cross-border application and implementation of respective privacy laws;

4.           Generally performing such acts as may be necessary to facilitate cross-border

enforcement of data privacy protection;
5.           Managing the registration of personal data processing systems in the country, including
the personal data processing system of contractors and their employees entering into contracts
with government agencies that involves accessing or requiring sensitive personal information of
at least one thousand (1,000) individuals.

e.           Complaints and Investigations. The Commission shall adjudicate on complaints and
investigations on matters affecting personal data: Provided, that In resolving any complaint or
investigation, except where amicable settlement is reached by the parties, the Commission shall
act as a collegial body. This includes:

1.           Receiving complaints and instituting investigations regarding violations of the Act,
these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission, including violations of the rights of data
subjects and other matters affecting personal data;

2.           Summoning witnesses, and requiring the production of evidence by a subpoena duces
tecum for the purpose of collecting the information necessary to perform its functions under the
Act: Provided, that the Commission may be given access to personal data that is subject of any
complaint;

3.           Facilitating or enabling settlement of complaints through the use of alternative dispute
resolution processes, and adjudicating on matters affecting any personal data;

4.           Preparing reports on the disposition of complaints and the resolution of any
investigation it initiates, and, in cases it deems appropriate, publicizing such reports;

f.             Enforcement. The Commission shall perform all acts as may be necessary to effectively
implement the Act, these Rules, and its other issuances, and to enforce its Orders, Resolutions or
Decisions, including the imposition of administrative sanctions, fines, or penalties. This includes:

1.           Issuing compliance or enforcement orders;

2.           Awarding indemnity on matters affecting any personal data, or rights of data subjects;

3.           Issuing cease and desist orders, or imposing a temporary or permanent ban on the
processing of personal data, upon finding that the processing will be detrimental to national
security or public interest, or if it is necessary to preserve and protect the rights of data subjects;

4.           Recommending to the Department of Justice (DOJ) the prosecution of crimes and
imposition of penalties specified in the Act;

5.           Compelling or petitioning any entity, government agency, or instrumentality, to abide

by its orders or take action on a matter affecting data privacy;

6.           Imposing administrative fines for violations of the Act, these Rules, and other issuances
of the Commission.
g.          Other functions. The Commission shall exercise such other functions as may be
necessary to fulfill its mandate under the Act.

Section 10. Administrative Issuances. The Commission shall publish or issue official directives
and administrative issuances, orders, and circulars, which include:
a.           Rules of procedure in the exercise of its quasi-judicial functions, subject to the
suppletory application of the Rules of Court;

b.          Schedule of administrative fines and penalties for violations of the Act, these Rules, and
issuances or Orders of the Commission, including the applicable fees for its administrative
services and filing fees;

c.            Procedure for registration of data processing systems, and notification;

d.          Other administrative issuances consistent with its mandate and other functions.

Section 11. Reports and Information. The Commission shall report annually to the President and
Congress regarding its activities in carrying out the provisions of the Act, these Rules, and its
other issuances. It shall undertake all efforts it deems necessary or appropriate to inform and
educate the public of data privacy, data protection, and fair information rights and
responsibilities. Section 12. Confidentiality of Personal Data. Members, employees, and
consultants of the Commission shall ensure at all times the confidentiality of any personal data
that come to their knowledge and possession: Provided, that such duty of confidentiality shall
remain even after their term, employment, or contract has ended. Section 13. Organizational
Structure. The Commission is attached to the Department of Information and Communications
Technology for policy and program coordination in accordance with Section 38(3) of Executive
Order No. 292, series of 1987, also known as the Administrative Code of 1987. The Commission
shall remain completely independent in the performance of its functions. The Commission shall
be headed by a Privacy Commissioner, who shall act as Chairman of the Commission. The
Privacy Commissioner must be at least thirty-five (35) years of age and of good moral character,
unquestionable integrity and known probity, and a recognized expert in the field of information
technology and data privacy. The Privacy Commissioner shall enjoy the benefits, privileges, and
emoluments equivalent to the rank of Secretary. The Privacy Commissioner shall be assisted by
two (2) Deputy Privacy Commissioners. One shall be responsible for Data Processing Systems,
while the other shall be responsible for Policies and Planning. The Deputy Privacy
Commissioners must be recognized experts in the field of information and communications
technology and data privacy. They shall enjoy the benefits, privileges, and emoluments
equivalent to the rank of Undersecretary. Section 14. Secretariat. The Commission is authorized
to establish a Secretariat, which shall assist in the performance of its functions. The Secretariat
shall be headed by an Executive Director and shall be organized according to the following
offices:
a.           Data Security and Compliance Office;

b.           Legal and Enforcement Office;

c.            Finance and Administrative Office;

d.          Privacy Policy Office;

e.            Public Information and Assistance Office.

Majority of the members of the Secretariat, in so far as practicable, must have served for at least
five (5) years in any agency of the government that is involved in the processing of personal data
including, but not limited to, the following offices: Social Security System (SSS), Government
Service Insurance System (GSIS), Land Transportation Office (LTO), Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR), Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth), Commission on Elections
(COMELEC), Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Department of Justice (DOJ), and
Philippine Postal Corporation (Philpost). The organizational structure shall be subject to review
and modification by the Commission, including the creation of new divisions and units it may
deem necessary, and shall appoint officers and employees of the Commission in accordance with
civil service law, rules, and regulations. Section 15. Effect of Lawful Performance of Duty. The
Privacy Commissioner, the Deputy Commissioners, or any person acting on their behalf or under
their direction, shall not be civilly liable for acts done in good faith in the performance of their
duties: Provided, that they shall be liable for willful or negligent acts, which are contrary to law,
morals, public policy, and good customs, even if they acted under orders or instructions of
superiors: Provided further, that in case a lawsuit is filed against them in relation to the
performance of their duties, where such performance is lawful, he or she shall be reimbursed by
the Commission for reasonable costs of litigation. Section 16. Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel. Qualified employees of the Commission shall be covered by Republic
Act No. 8349, which provides a magna carta for scientists, engineers, researchers, and other
science and technology personnel in the government.
Rule IV. Data Privacy Principles

Section 17. General Data Privacy Principles. The processing of personal data shall be allowed,
subject to compliance with the requirements of the Act and other laws allowing disclosure of
information to the public, and adherence to the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose,
and proportionality. Section 18. Principles of Transparency, Legitimate Purpose and
Proportionality. The processing of personal data shall be allowed subject to adherence to the
principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality.
a.           Transparency. The data subject must be aware of the nature, purpose, and extent of the
processing of his or her personal data, including the risks and safeguards involved, the identity of
personal information controller, his or her rights as a data subject, and how these can be
exercised. Any information and communication relating to the processing of personal data
should be easy to access and understand, using clear and plain language.

b.           Legitimate purpose. The processing of information shall be compatible with a declared
and specified purpose which must not be contrary to law, morals, or public policy.

c.            Proportionality. The processing of information shall be adequate, relevant, suitable,

necessary, and not excessive in relation to a declared and specified purpose. Personal data shall
be processed only if the purpose of the processing could not reasonably be fulfilled by other
means.
Section 19. General principles in collection, processing and retention. The processing of
personal data shall adhere to the following general principles in the collection, processing, and
retention of personal data:
a.           Collection must be for a declared, specified, and legitimate purpose.

1.           Consent is required prior to the collection and processing of personal data, subject to
exemptions provided by the Act and other applicable laws and regulations. When consent is
required, it must be time-bound in relation to the declared, specified and legitimate purpose.
Consent given may be withdrawn.

2.           The data subject must be provided specific information regarding the purpose and extent
of processing, including, where applicable, the automated processing of his or her personal data
for profiling, or processing for direct marketing, and data sharing.

3.           Purpose should be determined and declared before, or as soon as reasonably practicable,
after collection.

4.           Only personal data that is necessary and compatible with declared, specified, and
legitimate purpose shall be collected.

b.          Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully.

1.           Processing shall uphold the rights of the data subject, including the right to refuse,
withdraw consent, or object. It shall likewise be transparent, and allow the data subject sufficient
information to know the nature and extent of processing.

2.           Information provided to a data subject must always be in clear and plain language to
ensure that they are easy to understand and access.

3.           Processing must be in a manner compatible with declared, specified, and legitimate
purpose.

4.           Processed personal data should be adequate, relevant,  and limited to what is necessary
in relation to the purposes for which they are processed.

5.           Processing shall be undertaken in a manner that ensures appropriate privacy and security
safeguards.

c.            Processing should ensure data quality.

1.           Personal data should be accurate and where necessary for declared, specified and
legitimate purpose, kept up to date.

2.           Inaccurate or incomplete data must be rectified, supplemented, destroyed or their further
processing restricted.
d.          Personal Data shall not be retained longer than necessary.

1.           Retention of personal data shall only for as long as necessary:

(a)       for the fulfillment of the declared, specified, and legitimate purpose, or when the
processing relevant to the purpose has been terminated;

(b)       for the establishment, exercise or defense of legal claims; or

(c)        for legitimate business purposes, which must be consistent with standards followed by
the applicable industry or approved by appropriate government agency.

2.           Retention of personal data shall be allowed in cases provided by law.

3.           Personal data shall be disposed or discarded in a secure manner that would prevent
further processing,   unauthorized access, or disclosure to any other party or the public, or
prejudice the interests of the data subjects.

e.           Any authorized further processing shall have adequate safeguards.

1.           Personal data originally collected for a declared, specified, or legitimate purpose may be
processed further for historical, statistical, or scientific purposes, and, in cases laid down in law,
may be stored for longer periods, subject to implementation of the appropriate organizational,
physical, and technical security measures required by the Act in order to safeguard the rights and
freedoms of the data subject.

2.           Personal data which is aggregated or kept in a form which does not permit identification
of data subjects may be kept longer than necessary for the declared, specified, and legitimate
purpose.

3.           Personal data shall not be retained in perpetuity in contemplation of a possible future
use yet to be determined.

Section 20. General Principles for Data Sharing. Further Processing of Personal Data collected
from a party other than the Data Subject shall be allowed under any of the following conditions:
a.           Data sharing shall be allowed when it is expressly authorized by law: Provided, that
there are adequate safeguards for data privacy and security, and processing adheres to principle
of transparency, legitimate purpose and proportionality.

b.           Data Sharing shall be allowed in the private sector if the data subject consents to data
sharing, and the following conditions are complied with:

1.           Consent for data sharing shall be required even when the data is to be shared with an
affiliate or mother company, or similar relationships;
2.           Data sharing for commercial purposes, including direct marketing, shall be covered by a
data sharing agreement.

(a)       The data sharing agreement shall establish adequate safeguards for data privacy and
security, and uphold rights of data subjects.

(b)       The data sharing agreement shall be subject to review by the Commission, on its own
initiative or upon complaint of data subject;

3.           The data subject shall be provided with the following information prior to collection or
before data is shared:

(a)       Identity of the personal information controllers or personal information processors that
will be given access to the personal data;

(b)       Purpose of data sharing;

(c)        Categories of personal data concerned;

(d)      Intended recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data;

(e)        Existence of the rights of data subjects, including the right to access and correction, and
the right to object;

(f)         Other information that would sufficiently notify the data subject of the nature and extent
of data sharing and the manner of processing.

4.           Further processing of shared data shall adhere to the data privacy principles laid down in
the Act, these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission.

c.            Data collected from parties other than the data subject for purpose of research shall be
allowed when the personal data is publicly available, or has the consent of the data subject for
purpose of research: Provided, that adequate safeguards are in place, and no decision directly
affecting the data subject shall be made on the basis of the data collected or processed. The rights
of the data subject shall be upheld without compromising research integrity.

d.          Data sharing between government agencies for the purpose of a public function or
provision of a public service shall be covered a data sharing agreement.

1.           Any or all government agencies party to the agreement shall comply with the Act, these
Rules, and all other issuances of the Commission, including putting in place adequate safeguards
for data privacy and security.

2.           The data sharing agreement shall be subject to review of the Commission, on its own
initiative or upon complaint of data subject.
Rule V. Lawful Processing of Personal Data

Section 21. Criteria for Lawful Processing of Personal Information.  Processing of personal

information is allowed, unless prohibited by law. For processing to be lawful, any of the
following conditions must be complied with:
a.           The data subject must have given his or her consent prior to the collection, or as soon as
practicable and reasonable;

b.          The processing involves the personal information of a data subject who is a party to a
contractual agreement, in order to fulfill obligations under the contract or to take steps at the
request of the data subject prior to entering the said agreement;

c.            The processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the
personal information controller is subject;

d.          The processing is necessary to protect vitally important interests of the data subject,
including his or her life and health;

e.           The processing of personal information is necessary to respond to national emergency or

to comply with the requirements of public order and safety, as prescribed by law;

f.             The processing of personal information is necessary for the fulfillment of the
constitutional or statutory mandate of a public authority; or

g.          The processing is necessary to pursue the legitimate interests of the personal information
controller, or by a third party or parties to whom the data is disclosed, except where such
interests are overridden by fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject, which require
protection under the Philippine Constitution.

Section 22. Sensitive Personal Information and Privileged Information. The processing of

sensitive personal and privileged information is prohibited, except in any of the following cases:
a.           Consent is given by data subject, or by the parties to the exchange of privileged
information, prior to the processing of the sensitive personal information or privileged
information, which shall be undertaken pursuant to a declared, specified, and legitimate purpose;

b.          The processing of the sensitive personal information or privileged information is

provided for by existing laws and regulations: Provided, that said laws and regulations do not
require the consent of the data subject for the processing, and guarantee the protection of
personal data;

c.            The processing is necessary to protect the life and health of the data subject or another
person, and the data subject is not legally or physically able to express his or her consent prior to
the processing;

d.          The processing is necessary to achieve the lawful and noncommercial objectives of
public organizations and their associations provided that:
1.           Processing is confined and related to the bona fide members of these organizations or
their associations;

2.           The sensitive personal information are not transferred to third parties; and

3.           Consent of the data subject was obtained prior to processing;

e.           The processing is necessary for the purpose of medical treatment: Provided, that it is
carried out by a medical practitioner or a medical treatment institution, and an adequate level of
protection of personal data is ensured; or

f.             The processing concerns sensitive personal information or privileged  information

necessary for the protection of lawful rights and interests of natural or legal persons in court
proceedings, or the establishment, exercise, or defense of legal claims, or when provided to
government or public authority pursuant to a constitutional or statutory mandate.

Section 23. Extension of Privileged Communication. Personal information controllers may

invoke the principle of privileged communication over privileged information that they lawfully
control or process. Subject to existing laws and regulations, any evidence gathered from
privileged information is inadmissible. When the Commission inquires upon communication
claimed to be privileged, the personal information controller concerned shall prove the nature of
the communication in an executive session.  Should the communication be determined as
privileged, it shall be excluded from evidence, and the contents thereof shall not form part of the
records of the case: Provided, that where the privileged communication itself is the subject of a
breach, or a privacy concern or investigation, it may be disclosed to the Commission but only to
the extent necessary for the purpose of investigation, without including the contents thereof in
the records. Section 24. Surveillance of Suspects and Interception of Recording of
Communications. Section 7 of Republic Act No. 9372, otherwise known as the “Human Security
Act of 2007”, is hereby amended to include the condition that the processing of personal data for
the purpose of surveillance, interception, or recording of communications shall comply with the
Data Privacy Act, including adherence to the principles of transparency, proportionality, and
legitimate purpose.
Rule VI. Security Measures for the Protection of Personal Data

Section 25. Data Privacy and Security. Personal information controllers and personal

information processors shall implement reasonable and appropriate organizational, physical, and
technical security measures for the protection of personal data. The personal information
controller and personal information processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person
acting under their authority and who has access to personal data, does not process them except
upon their instructions, or as required by law. The security measures shall aim to maintain the
availability, integrity, and confidentiality of personal data and are intended for the protection of
personal data against any accidental or unlawful destruction, alteration, and disclosure, as well as
against any other unlawful processing. These measures shall be implemented to protect personal
data against natural dangers such as accidental loss or destruction, and human dangers such as
unlawful access, fraudulent misuse, unlawful destruction, alteration and contamination. Section
26. Organizational Security Measures. Where appropriate, personal information controllers and
personal information processors shall comply with the following guidelines for organizational
security:
a.           Compliance Officers.  Any natural or juridical person or other body involved in the
processing of personal data shall designate an individual or individuals who shall function as
data protection officer, compliance officer or otherwise be accountable for ensuring compliance
with applicable laws and regulations for the protection of data privacy and security.

b.          Data Protection Policies. Any natural or juridical person or other body involved in the
processing of personal data shall implement appropriate data protection policies that provide for
organization, physical, and technical security measures, and, for such purpose, take into account
the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing, as well as the risks posed to the rights
and freedoms of data subjects.

1.           The policies shall implement data protection principles both at the time of the
determination of the means for processing and at the time of the processing itself.

2.           The policies shall implement appropriate security measures that, by default, ensure only
personal data which is necessary for the specified purpose of the processing are processed. They
shall determine the amount of personal data collected, including the extent of processing
involved, the period of their storage, and their accessibility.

3.           The polices shall provide for documentation, regular review, evaluation, and updating of
the privacy and security policies and practices.

c.            Records of Processing Activities.  Any natural or juridical person or other body
involved in the processing of personal data shall maintain records that sufficiently describe its
data processing system, and identify the duties and responsibilities of those individuals who will
have access to personal data. Records should include:

1.           Information about the purpose of the processing of personal data, including any
intended future processing or data sharing;

2.           A description of all categories of data subjects, personal data, and recipients of such
personal data that will be involved in the processing;

3.           General information about the data flow within the organization, from the time of
collection, processing, and retention, including the time limits for disposal or erasure of personal
data;

4.           A general description of the organizational, physical, and technical security measures in
place;

5.           The name and contact details of the personal information controller and, where
applicable, the joint controller, the its representative, and the compliance officer or Data
Protection Officer, or any other individual or individuals accountable for ensuring compliance
with the applicable laws and regulations for the protection of data privacy and security.
d.          Management of Human Resources. Any natural or juridical person or other entity
involved in the processing of personal data shall be responsible for selecting and supervising its
employees, agents, or representatives, particularly those who will have access to personal data.

The said employees, agents, or representatives shall operate and hold personal data under strict
confidentiality if the personal data are not intended for public disclosure. This obligation shall
continue even after leaving the public service, transferring to another position, or upon
terminating their employment or contractual relations. There shall be capacity building,
orientation or training programs for such employees, agents or representatives, regarding privacy
or security policies.

e.           Processing of Personal Data. Any natural or juridical person or other body involved in
the processing of personal data shall develop, implement and review:

1.           A procedure for the collection of personal data, including procedures for obtaining
consent, when applicable;

2.           Procedures that limit the processing of data, to ensure that it is only to the extent
necessary for the declared, specified, and legitimate purpose;

3.           Policies for access management, system monitoring, and protocols to follow during
security incidents or technical problems;

4.           Policies and procedures for data subjects to exercise their rights under the Act;

5.           Data retention schedule, including timeline or conditions for erasure or disposal of
records.

f.             Contracts with Personal Information Processors. The personal information controller,
through appropriate contractual agreements, shall ensure that its personal information processors,
where applicable, shall also implement the security measures required by the Act and these
Rules.  It shall only engage those personal information processors that provide sufficient
guarantees to implement appropriate security measures specified in the Act and these Rules, and
ensure the protection of the rights of the data subject.

Section 27. Physical Security Measures. Where appropriate, personal information controllers and

personal information processors shall comply with the following guidelines for physical security:
a.     Policies and procedures shall be implemented to monitor and limit access to and activities in
the room, workstation or facility, including guidelines that specify the proper use of and access
to electronic media;

b.    Design of office space and work stations, including the physical arrangement of furniture
and equipment, shall provide privacy to anyone processing personal data, taking into
consideration the environment and accessibility to the public;
c.      The duties, responsibilities and schedule of individuals involved in the processing of
personal data shall be clearly defined to ensure that only the individuals actually performing
official duties shall be in the room or work station, at any given time;

d.    Any natural or juridical person or other body involved in the processing of personal data
shall implement Policies and procedures regarding the transfer, removal, disposal, and re-use of
electronic media, to ensure appropriate protection of personal data;

e.     Policies and procedures that prevent the mechanical destruction of files and equipment shall
be established. The room and workstation used in the processing of personal data shall, as far as
practicable, be secured against natural disasters, power disturbances, external access, and other
similar threats.

Section 28. Guidelines for Technical Security Measures. Where appropriate, personal

information controllers and personal information processors shall adopt and establish the
following technical security measures:
a.           A security policy with respect to the processing of personal data;

b.          Safeguards to protect their computer network against accidental, unlawful or

unauthorized usage, any interference which will affect data integrity or hinder the functioning or
availability of the system, and unauthorized access through an electronic network;

c.            The ability to ensure and maintain the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and
resilience of their processing systems and services;

d.          Regular monitoring for security breaches, and a process both for identifying and
accessing reasonably foreseeable vulnerabilities in their computer networks, and for taking
preventive, corrective, and mitigating action against security incidents that can lead to a personal
data breach;

e.           The ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in
the event of a physical or technical incident;

f.             A process for regularly testing, assessing, and evaluating the effectiveness of security
measures;

g.          Encryption of personal data during storage and while in transit, authentication process,
and other technical security measures that control and limit access.

Section 29. Appropriate Level of Security. The Commission shall monitor the compliance of

natural or juridical person or other body involved in the processing of personal data, specifically
their security measures, with the guidelines provided in these Rules and subsequent issuances of
the Commission. In determining the level of security appropriate for a particular personal
information controller or personal information processor, the Commission shall take into account
the nature of the personal data that requires protection, the risks posed by the processing, the size
of the organization and complexity of its operations, current data privacy best practices, and the
cost of security implementation. The security measures provided herein shall be subject to
regular review and evaluation, and may be updated as necessary by the Commission in separate
issuances, taking into account the most appropriate standard recognized by the information and
communications technology industry and data privacy best practices.
Rule VII. Security of Sensitive Personal Information in Government

Section 30.  Responsibility of Heads of Agencies. All sensitive personal information maintained
by the government, its agencies, and instrumentalities shall be secured, as far as practicable, with
the use of the most appropriate standard recognized by the information and communications
technology industry, subject to these Rules and other issuances of the Commission. The head of
each government agency or instrumentality shall be responsible for complying with the security
requirements mentioned herein. The Commission shall monitor government agency compliance
and may recommend the necessary action in order to satisfy the minimum standards. Section
31. Requirements Relating to Access by Agency Personnel to Sensitive Personal Information.
a.           On-site and Online Access.

1.           No employee of the government shall have access to sensitive personal information on
government property or through online facilities unless he or she the employee has received a
security clearance from the head of the source agency.  The source agency is the government
agency who originally collected the personal data.

2.           A source agency shall strictly regulate access to sensitive personal information under its
custody or control, particularly when it allows online access. An employee of the government
shall only be granted a security clearance when the performance of his or her official functions or
the provision of a public service directly depends on and cannot otherwise be performed unless
access to the personal data is allowed.

3.           Where allowed under the next preceding sections, online access to sensitive personal
information shall be subject to the following conditions:

(a)       An information technology governance framework has been designed and implemented;

(b)       Sufficient organizational, physical and technical security measures have been established;

(c)        The agency is capable of protecting sensitive personal information in accordance with
data privacy practices and standards recognized by the information and communication
technology industry;

(d)      The employee of the government  is only given online access to sensitive personal
information necessary for the performance of official functions or the provision of a public
service.

b.          Off-site access.

1.           Sensitive personal information maintained by an agency may not be transported or

accessed from a location off or outside of government property, whether by its agent or
employee, unless the head of agency has ensured the implementation of privacy policies and
appropriate security measures. A request for such transportation or access shall be submitted to
and approved by the head of agency. The request must include proper accountability mechanisms
in the processing of data.

2.           The head of agency shall approve requests for off-site access in accordance with the
following guidelines:

(a)         Deadline for Approval or Disapproval. The head of agency shall approve or disapprove
the request within two (2) business days after the date of submission of the request. Where no
action is taken by the head of agency, the request is considered disapproved;

(b)        Limitation to One thousand (1,000) Records. Where a request is approved, the head of
agency shall limit the access to not more than one thousand (1,000) records at a time, subject to
the next succeeding paragraph.

(c)          Encryption.  Any technology used to store, transport or access sensitive personal
information for purposes of off-site access approved under this subsection shall be secured by the
use of the most secure encryption standard recognized by the Commission.

Section 32. Implementation of Security Requirements. Notwithstanding the effective date of

these Rules, the requirements in the preceding sections shall be implemented before any off-site
or online access request is approved. Any data sharing agreement between a source agency and
another government agency shall be subject to review of the Commission on its own initiative or
upon complaint of data subject. Section 33. Applicability to Government Contractors. In entering
into any contract with a private service provider that may involve accessing or requiring sensitive
personal information from one thousand (1,000) or more individuals, a government agency shall
require such service provider and its employees to register their personal data processing system
with the Commission in accordance with the Act and these Rules. The service provider, as
personal information processor, shall comply with the other provisions of the Act and these
Rules, particularly the immediately preceding sections, similar to a government agency and its
employees.
Rule VIII. Rights of Data Subjects

Section 34. Rights of the Data Subject. The data subject is entitled to the following rights:
a.           Right to be informed.

1.           The data subject has a right to be informed whether personal data pertaining to him or
her shall be, are being, or have been processed, including the existence of automated decision-
making and profiling.

2.           The data subject shall be notified and furnished with information indicated hereunder
before the entry of his or her personal data into the processing system of the personal information
controller, or at the next practical opportunity:

(a)       Description of the personal data to be entered into the system;

(b)       Purposes for which they are being or will be processed, including processing for direct
marketing, profiling or historical, statistical or scientific purpose;

(c)        Basis of processing, when processing is not based on the consent of the data subject;

(d)      Scope and method of the personal data processing;

(e)        The recipients or classes of recipients to whom the personal data are or may be disclosed;

(f)         Methods utilized for automated access, if the same is allowed by the data subject, and the
extent to which such access is authorized, including meaningful information about the logic
involved, as well as the significance and the envisaged consequences of such processing for the
data subject;

(g)       The identity and contact details of the personal data controller or its representative;

(h)       The period for which the information will be stored; and

(i)         The existence of their rights as data subjects, including the right to access, correction,
and object to the processing, as well as the right to lodge a complaint before the Commission.

b.          Right to object. The data subject shall have the right to object to the processing of his or
her personal data, including processing for direct marketing, automated processing or profiling.
The data subject shall also be notified and given an opportunity to withhold consent to the
processing in case of changes or any amendment to the information supplied or declared to the
data subject in the preceding paragraph.

When a data subject objects or withholds consent, the personal information controller shall no
longer process the personal data, unless:

1.           The personal data is needed pursuant to a subpoena;

2.           The collection and processing are for obvious purposes, including, when it is necessary
for the performance of or in relation to a contract or service to which the data subject is a party,
or when necessary or desirable in the context of an employer-employee relationship between the
collector and the data subject; or

3.           The information is being collected and processed as a result of a legal obligation.

c.            Right to Access. The data subject has the right to reasonable access to, upon demand,
the following:

1.           Contents of his or her personal data that were processed;

2.           Sources from which personal data were obtained;

3.           Names and addresses of recipients of the personal data;

4.           Manner by which such data were processed;

5.           Reasons for the disclosure of the personal data to recipients, if any;

6.           Information on automated processes where the data will, or is likely to, be made as the
sole basis for any decision that significantly affects or will affect the data subject;

7.           Date when his or her personal data concerning the data subject were last accessed and
modified; and

8.           The designation, name or identity, and address of the personal information controller.

d.          Right to rectification. The data subject has the right to dispute the inaccuracy or error in
the personal data and have the personal information controller correct it immediately and
accordingly, unless the request is vexatious or otherwise unreasonable. If the personal data has
been corrected, the personal information controller shall ensure the accessibility of both the new
and the retracted information and the simultaneous receipt of the new and the retracted
information by the intended recipients thereof: Provided, That recipients or third parties who
have previously received such processed personal data shall be informed of its inaccuracy and its
rectification, upon reasonable request of the data subject.

e.           Right to Erasure or Blocking. The data subject shall have the right to suspend, withdraw
or order the blocking, removal or destruction of his or her personal data from the personal
information controller’s filing system.

1.           This right may be exercised upon discovery and substantial proof of any of the
following:

(a)        The personal data is incomplete, outdated, false, or unlawfully obtained;

(b)       The personal data is being used for purpose not authorized by the data subject;

(c)         The personal data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which they were collected;

(d)       The data subject withdraws consent or objects to the processing, and there is no other
legal ground or overriding legitimate interest for the processing;

(e)        The personal data concerns private information that is prejudicial to data subject, unless
justified by freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press or otherwise authorized;

(f)          The processing is unlawful;

(g)       The personal information controller or personal information processor violated the rights
of the data subject.
2.           The personal information controller may notify third parties who have previously
received such processed personal information.

f.             Right to damages. The data subject shall be indemnified for any damages sustained due
to such inaccurate, incomplete, outdated, false, unlawfully obtained or unauthorized use of
personal data, taking into account any violation of his or her rights and freedoms as data subject.

Section 35. Transmissibility of Rights of the Data Subject. The lawful heirs and assigns of the
data subject may invoke the rights of the data subject to which he or she is an heir or an assignee,
at any time after the death of the data subject, or when the data subject is incapacitated or
incapable of exercising the rights as enumerated in the immediately preceding section. Section
36.  Right to Data Portability. Where his or her personal data is processed by electronic means
and in a structured and commonly used format, the data subject shall have the right to obtain
from the personal information controller a copy of such data in an electronic or structured format
that is commonly used and allows for further use by the data subject. The exercise of this right
shall primarily take into account the right of data subject to have control over his or her personal
data being processed based on consent or contract, for commercial purpose, or through
automated means. The Commission may specify the electronic format referred to above, as well
as the technical standards, modalities, procedures and other rules for their transfer. Section
37. Limitation on Rights. The immediately preceding sections shall not be applicable if the
processed personal data are used only for the needs of scientific and statistical research and, on
the basis of such, no activities are carried out and no decisions are taken regarding the data
subject: Provided, that the personal data shall be held under strict confidentiality and shall be
used only for the declared purpose. The said sections are also not applicable to the processing of
personal data gathered for the purpose of investigations in relation to any criminal,
administrative or tax liabilities of a data subject. Any limitations on the rights of the data subject
shall only be to the minimum extent necessary to achieve the purpose of said research or
investigation.
Rule IX.  Data Breach Notification.

Section 38. Data Breach Notification.

a.           The Commission and affected data subjects shall be notified by the personal information
controller within seventy-two (72) hours upon knowledge of, or when there is reasonable belief
by the personal information controller or personal information processor that, a personal data
breach requiring notification has occurred.

b.           Notification of personal data breach shall be required when sensitive personal
information or any other information that may, under the circumstances, be used to enable
identity fraud are reasonably believed to have been acquired by an unauthorized person, and the
personal information controller or the Commission believes that such unauthorized acquisition is
likely to give rise to a real risk of serious harm to any affected data subject.

c.            Depending on the nature of the incident, or if there is delay or failure to notify, the
Commission may investigate the circumstances surrounding the personal data breach.
Investigations may include on-site examination of systems and procedures.
Section 39. Contents of Notification. The notification shall at least describe the nature of the
breach, the personal data possibly involved, and the measures taken by the entity to address the
breach.   The notification shall also include measures taken to reduce the harm or negative
consequences of the breach, the representatives of the personal information controller, including
their contact details, from whom the data subject can obtain additional information about the
breach, and any assistance to be provided to the affected data subjects. Section 40. Delay of
Notification. Notification may be delayed only to the extent necessary to determine the scope of
the breach, to prevent further disclosures, or to restore reasonable integrity to the information and
communications system.
a.           In evaluating if notification is unwarranted, the Commission may take into account
compliance by the personal information controller with this section and existence of good faith in
the acquisition of personal data.

b.           The Commission may exempt a personal information controller from notification where,
in its reasonable judgment, such notification would not be in the public interest, or in the interest
of the affected data subjects.

c.            The Commission may authorize postponement of notification where it may hinder the
progress of a criminal investigation related to a serious breach.

Section 41. Breach Report.

a.           The personal information controller shall notify the Commission by submitting a report,
whether written or electronic, containing the required contents of notification.  The report shall
also include the name of a designated representative of the personal information controller, and
his or her contact details.

b.           All security incidents and personal data breaches shall be documented through written
reports, including those not covered by the notification requirements. In the case of personal data
breaches, a report shall include the facts surrounding an incident, the effects of such incident, and
the remedial actions taken by the personal information controller. In other security incidents not
involving personal data, a report containing aggregated data shall constitute sufficient
documentation. These reports shall be made available when requested by the Commission. A
general summary of the reports shall be submitted to the Commission annually.

Section 42.  Procedure for Notification. The Procedure for breach notification shall be in
accordance with the Act, these Rules, and any other issuance of the Commission.
Rule X. Outsourcing and Subcontracting Agreements.

Section 43. Subcontract of Personal Data. A personal information controller may subcontract or

outsource the processing of personal data: Provided, that the personal information controller
shall use contractual or other reasonable means to ensure that proper safeguards are in place, to
ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the personal data processed, prevent its
use for unauthorized purposes, and generally, comply with the requirements of the Act, these
Rules, other applicable laws for processing of personal data, and other issuances of the
Commission. Section 44. Agreements for Outsourcing. Processing by a personal information
processor shall be governed by a contract or other legal act that binds the personal information
processor to the personal information controller.
a.           The contract or legal act shall set out the subject-matter and duration of the processing,
the nature and purpose of the processing, the type of personal data and categories of data
subjects, the obligations and rights of the personal information controller, and the geographic
location of the processing under the subcontracting agreement.

b.          The contract or other legal act shall stipulate, in particular, that the personal information
processor shall:

1.           Process the personal data only upon the documented instructions of the personal
information controller, including transfers of personal data to another country or an international
organization, unless such transfer is authorized by law;

2.           Ensure that an obligation of confidentiality is imposed on persons authorized to process

the personal data;

3.           Implement appropriate security measures and comply with the Act, these Rules, and
other issuances of the Commission;

4.           Not engage another processor without prior instruction from the personal information
controller: Provided, that any such arrangement shall ensure that the same obligations for data
protection under the contract or legal act are implemented, taking into account the nature of the
processing;

5.           Assist the personal information controller, by appropriate technical and organizational
measures and to the extent possible, fulfill the obligation to respond to requests by data subjects
relative to the exercise of their rights;

6.           Assist the personal information controller in ensuring compliance with the Act, these
Rules, other relevant laws, and other issuances of the Commission, taking into account the nature
of processing and the information available to the personal information processor;

7.           At the choice of the personal information controller, delete or return all personal data to
the personal information controller after the end of the provision of services relating to the
processing: Provided, that this includes deleting existing copies unless storage is authorized by
the Act or another law;

8.           Make available to the personal information controller all information necessary to
demonstrate compliance with the obligations laid down in the Act, and allow for and contribute
to audits, including inspections, conducted by the personal information controller or another
auditor mandated by the latter;

9.           Immediately inform the personal information controller if, in its opinion, an instruction
infringes the Act, these Rules, or any other issuance of the Commission.
Section 45.   Duty of personal information processor. The personal information processor shall
comply with the requirements of the Act, these Rules, other applicable laws, and other issuances
of the Commission, in addition to obligations provided in a contract, or other legal act with a
personal information controller.
Rule XI. Registration and Compliance Requirements

Section 46.  Enforcement of the Data Privacy Act. Pursuant to the mandate of the Commission to
administer and implement the Act, and to ensure the compliance of personal information
controllers with its obligations under the law, the Commission requires the following:
a.           Registration of personal data processing systems operating in the country that involves
accessing or requiring sensitive personal information of at least one thousand (1,000) individuals,
including the personal data processing system of contractors, and their personnel, entering into
contracts with government agencies;

b.          Notification of automated processing operations where the processing becomes the sole
basis of making decisions that would significantly affect the data subject;

c.            Annual report of the summary of documented security incidents and personal data
breaches;

d.          Compliance with other requirements that may be provided in other issuances of the
Commission.

Section 47. Registration of Personal Data Processing Systems. The personal information

controller or personal information processor   that employs fewer than two hundred fifty (250)
persons shall not be required to register unless the processing it carries out is likely to pose a risk
to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the processing is not occasional, or the processing
includes sensitive personal information of at least one thousand (1,000) individuals.
a.           The contents of registration shall include:

1.           The name and address of the personal information controller or personal information
processor, and of its representative, if any, including their contact details;

2.           The purpose or purposes of the processing, and whether processing is being done under
an outsourcing or subcontracting agreement;

3.           A description of the category or categories of data subjects, and of the data or categories
of data relating to them;

4.           The recipients or categories of recipients to whom the data might be disclosed;

5.           Proposed transfers of personal data outside the Philippines;

6.           A general description of privacy and security measures for data protection;

7.           Brief description of the data processing system;

8.           Copy of all policies relating to data governance, data privacy, and information security;

9.           Attestation to all certifications attained that are related to information and
communications processing; and

10.        Name and contact details of the compliance or data protection officer, which shall
immediately be updated in case of changes.

b.           The procedure for registration shall be in accordance with these Rules and other
issuances of the Commission.

Section 48. Notification of Automated Processing Operations. The personal information

controller carrying out any wholly or partly automated processing operations or set of such
operations intended to serve a single purpose or several related purposes shall notify the
Commission when the automated processing becomes the sole basis for making decisions about
a data subject, and when the decision would significantly affect the data subject.
a.             The notification shall include the following information:

1.     Purpose of processing;

2.     Categories of personal data to undergo processing;

3.     Category or categories of data subject;

4.     Consent forms or manner of obtaining consent;

5.     The recipients or categories of recipients to whom the data are to be disclosed;

6.     The length of time the data are to be stored;

7.     Methods and logic utilized for automated processing;

8.     Decisions relating to the data subject that would be made on the basis of processed data or
that would significantly affect the rights and freedoms of data subject; and

9.     Names and contact details of the compliance or data protection officer.

b.          No decision with legal effects concerning a data subject shall be made solely on the basis
of automated processing without the consent of the data subject.

Section 49. Review by the Commission. The following are subject to the review of the
Commission, upon its own initiative or upon the filing of a complaint by a data subject:
a.           Compliance by a personal information controller or personal information processor with
the Act, these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission;
b.           Compliance by a personal information controller or personal information processor with
the requirement of establishing adequate safeguards for data privacy and security;

c.            Any data sharing agreement, outsourcing contract, and similar contracts involving the
processing of personal data, and its implementation;

d.          Any off-site or online access to sensitive personal data in government allowed by a head
of agency;

e.            Processing of personal data for research purposes, public functions, or commercial
activities;

f.             Any reported violation of the rights and freedoms of data subjects;

g.           Other matters necessary to ensure the effective implementation and administration of
the Act, these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission.

Rule XII. Rules on Accountability

Section 50. Accountability for Transfer of Personal Data. A personal information controller shall
be responsible for any personal data under its control or custody, including information that have
been outsourced or transferred to a personal information processor or a third party for
processing, whether domestically or internationally, subject to cross-border arrangement and
cooperation.
a.           A personal information controller shall be accountable for complying with the
requirements of the Act, these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission. It shall use
contractual or other reasonable means to provide a comparable level of protection to the personal
data while it is being processed by a personal information processor or third party.

b.          A personal information controller shall designate an individual or individuals who are
accountable for its compliance with the Act. The identity of the individual or individuals so
designated shall be made known to a data subject upon request.

Section 51. Accountability for Violation of the Act, these Rules and Other Issuances of the
Commission.
a.           Any natural or juridical person, or other body involved in the processing of personal
data, who fails to comply with the Act, these Rules, and other issuances of the Commission, shall
be liable for such violation, and shall be subject to its corresponding sanction, penalty, or fine,
without prejudice to any civil or criminal liability, as may be applicable.

b.           In cases where a data subject files a complaint for violation of his or her rights as data
subject, and for any injury suffered as a result of the processing of his or her personal data, the
Commission may award indemnity on the basis of the applicable provisions of the New Civil
Code.
c.            In case of criminal acts and their corresponding personal penalties, the person who
committed the unlawful act or omission shall be recommended for prosecution by the
Commission based on substantial evidence. If the offender is a corporation, partnership, or any
juridical person, the responsible officers, as the case may be, who participated in, or by their
gross negligence, allowed the commission of the crime, shall be recommended for prosecution
by the Commission based on substantial evidence.

Rule XIII. Penalties

Section 52. Unauthorized Processing of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal

Information.
a.           A penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year to three (3) years and a fine of not
less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos
(Php2,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who process personal information without the
consent of the data subject, or without being authorized under the Act or any existing law.

b.          A penalty of imprisonment ranging from three (3) years to six (6) years and a fine of not
less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Four million pesos
(Php4,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who process sensitive personal information
without the consent of the data subject, or without being authorized under the Act or any existing
law.

Section 53. Accessing Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information Due to

Negligence.
a.           A penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year to three (3) years and a fine of not
less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos
(Php2,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who, due to negligence, provided access to
personal information without being authorized under the Act or any existing law.

b.          A penalty of imprisonment ranging from three (3) years to six (6) years and a fine of not
less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Four million pesos
(Php4,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who, due to negligence, provided access to
sensitive personal information without being authorized under the Act or any existing law.

Section 54.  Improper Disposal of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information.
a.           A penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months to two (2) years and a fine of
not less than One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) but not more than Five hundred
thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who knowingly or negligently
dispose, discard, or abandon the personal information of an individual in an area accessible to the
public or has otherwise placed the personal information of an individual in its container for trash
collection.

b.          A penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year to three (3) years and a fine of not
less than One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) but not more than One million pesos
(Php1,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who knowingly or negligently dispose, discard
or abandon the sensitive personal information of an individual in an area accessible to the public
or has otherwise placed the sensitive personal information of an individual in its container for
trash collection.

Section 55.  Processing of Personal Information and Sensitive Personal Information for
Unauthorized Purposes.
a.           A penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and six (6) months to five (5)
years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than
One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons processing personal
information for purposes not authorized by the data subject, or otherwise authorized under the
Act or under existing laws.

b.          A penalty of imprisonment ranging from two (2) years to seven (7) years and a fine of
not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos
(Php2,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons processing sensitive personal information for
purposes not authorized by the data subject, or otherwise authorized under the Act or under
existing laws.

Section 56.  Unauthorized Access or Intentional Breach. A penalty of imprisonment ranging

from one (1) year to three (3) years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos
(Php500,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos (Php2,000,000.00) shall be imposed on
persons who knowingly and unlawfully, or violating data confidentiality and security data
systems, breaks in any way into any system where personal and sensitive personal information
are stored. Section 57. Concealment of Security Breaches Involving Sensitive Personal
Information. A penalty of imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and six (6) months to five (5)
years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than
One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) shall be imposed on persons who, after having knowledge
of a security breach and of the obligation to notify the Commission pursuant to Section 20(f) of
the Act, intentionally or by omission conceals the fact of such security breach. Section
58. Malicious Disclosure. Any personal information controller or personal information
processor, or any of its officials, employees or agents, who, with malice or in bad faith, discloses
unwarranted or false information relative to any personal information or sensitive personal
information obtained by him or her, shall be subject to imprisonment ranging from one (1) year
and six (6) months to five (5) years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos
(Php500,000.00) but not more than One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00). Section
59. Unauthorized Disclosure.
a.           Any personal information controller or personal information processor, or any of its
officials, employees, or agents, who discloses to a third party personal information not covered
by the immediately preceding section without the consent of the data subject, shall be subject to
imprisonment ranging from one (1) year to three (3) years and a fine of not less than Five
hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than One million pesos
(Php1,000,000.00).

b.          Any personal information controller or personal information processor, or any of its
officials, employees or agents, who discloses to a third party sensitive personal information not
covered by the immediately preceding section without the consent of the data subject, shall be
subject to imprisonment ranging from three (3) years to five (5) years and a fine of not less than
Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) but not more than Two million pesos
(Php2,000,000.00).

Section 60. Combination or Series of Acts. Any combination or series of acts as defined in

Sections 52 to 59 shall make the person subject to imprisonment ranging from three (3) years to
six (6) years and a fine of not less than One million pesos (Php1,000,000.00) but not more than
Five million pesos (Php5,000,000.00). Section 61. Extent of Liability. If the offender is a
corporation, partnership or any juridical person, the penalty shall be imposed upon the
responsible officers, as the case may be, who participated in, or by their gross negligence,
allowed the commission of the crime. Where applicable, the court may also suspend or revoke
any of its rights under this Act. If the offender is an alien, he or she shall, in addition to the
penalties herein prescribed, be deported without further proceedings after serving the penalties
prescribed. If the offender is a public official or employee and he or she is found guilty of acts
penalized under Sections 54 and 55 of these Rules, he or she shall, in addition to the penalties
prescribed herein, suffer perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification from office, as the case
may be. Section 62. Large-Scale. The maximum penalty in the corresponding scale of penalties
provided for the preceding offenses shall be imposed when the personal data of at least one
hundred (100) persons are harmed, affected, or involved, as the result of any of the above-
mentioned offenses. Section 63. Offense Committed by Public Officer. When the offender or the
person responsible for the offense is a public officer, as defined in the Administrative Code of
1987, in the exercise of his or her duties, he or she shall likewise suffer an accessory penalty
consisting of disqualification to occupy public office for a term double the term of the criminal
penalty imposed. Section 64. Restitution.  Pursuant to the exercise of its quasi-judicial functions,
the Commission shall award indemnity to an aggrieved party on the basis of the provisions of the
New Civil Code. Any complaint filed by a data subject shall be subject to the payment of filing
fees, unless the data subject is an indigent. Section 65. Fines and Penalties. Violations of the
Act, these Rules, other issuances and orders of the Commission, shall, upon notice and hearing,
be subject to compliance and enforcement orders, cease and desist orders, temporary or
permanent ban on the processing of personal data, or payment of fines, in accordance with a
schedule to be published by the Commission.