CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES physical (cephalocaudal and proximodistal

CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL AND MOTOR law), motor (crawling before walking), speech
DEVELOPMENT and intellectual development.

TOPIC OUTLINE: 4. All individuals are different – every person

1. What is Developmental change? is indeed biologically and genetically different
2. Stages of Life Span
from every other.
3. Significant Facts about development
4. Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks
5. How life begins 5. Each phase of development has
6. Physical and Motor development (infancy to characteristic behavior – periods of
babyhood)*** Continuation on the succeeding meetings equilibrium and disequilibrium

Developmental Changes – a progressive 6. Each phase of development has hazards

series of changes that occur as a result of – physical, psychological or environmental in
maturation and experience; “qualitative origin
change” (Van den Daele, 1976)
7. Development is aided by stimulation – to
STAGES OF THE LIFE SPAN make (something) more active
Prenatal period Conception to birth
Birth to the end of the 8. Development is affected by cultural
Infancy
second week
changes – molded to conform to cultural
End of the second week to
Babyhood
end of the second year standards and ideals
Early childhood Two to six years old
Six to ten or twelve years 9. Social expectations for every stage of
Late childhood
old development – it is expected that at a certain
Ten or twelve to thirteen or period of his/her life span they are going to
Puberty or preadolescence
fourteen years learn and master certain essential skills, these
Thirteen or fourteen to
Adolescence are called developmental tasks (Havighurst).
eighteen years old
Early adulthood Eighteen to forty years old
Middle age Forty to sixty years old HAVIGHURST’S DEV’TAL TASKS
Old age or senescence Sixty years and up Life Span Dev’tal Tasks
Babyhood to Childhood Solid food, walk, talk,
SIGNIFICANT FACTS ABOUT
control elimination of
DEVELOPMENT wastes, ready to read,
beginning to develop
1. Early foundations are critical – patterns do conscience
tend to persist, but they are not unchangeable; Late Childhood Physical skills for ordinary
three conditions under which change is likely to games, get along with
age-mates, appropriate
occur: masculine and feminine
a. individual receives help and guidance social roles, fundamental
b. significant people treat individuals in new skills in reading, writing
and different ways. and calculating, sense of
c. strong motivation on the part of the morality
individual Adolescence New and more mature
relations with age-mates of
both sexes, desiring,
2. Roles of Maturation and Learning in
accepting, and achieving
Development – Maturation (unfolding of the socially responsible
inherent traits, phylogenetic functions) behavior, emotional
Learning (development that comes from independence from
exercise and effort on the individual’s part, parents and other adults,
ontogenetic functions) preparing for an economic
career, preparing for
a. human beings are capable of learning;
marriage and family life,
variations are possible developing ideology
b. maturation sets limits beyond which Early Adulthood Occupation, selecting a
development cannot progress even with mate, learning to live with
the most favorable learning methods a marriage partner, starting
c. definite “timetable”; individual cannot a family, rearing children,
learn if not ready managing home, civic
responsibility
Middle Age Assisting teenage children,
3. Development follows a definite developing adult leisure
predictable pattern – orderly patterns of

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 time activities, adjusting to b. Turner Syndrome – one complete X
physiological changes chromosome and no Y chromosome; female
Old Age Adjusting to decreasing condition; short stature and infertile ovaries
physical strength and
health, retirement, reduced c. Down Syndrome – known as chromosome
income numbered 21 (21-21-21) severe mental
retardation, broad hands with short fingers,
Factors Influencing Mastery of same features
Developmental Tasks
Handicaps to Mastery Number of Offspring:
a. retarded developmental level a. singleton
b. lack of opportunity to learn developmental b. multiple births (twins, triplets, quadruplets,
tasks or lack of guidance in their mastery quintuplets, etc.)
c. lack of motivation
d. poor health 1 out of 80 births – twins
e. physical defects 1 out of every 9,000 – triplets
f. low intellectual level 1 out of 570,000 – quadruplets
Aids to Mastery 1/3 of all twins - identical
a. normal or accelerated developmental
level Stages or periods of conception
b. opportunities to learn the developmental a. Zygote – 2 weeks after fertilization
tasks and guidance in mastering them b. Embryo – 2 weeks to 2 months
c. motivation c. Fetus – 2 months to birth
d. good health and absence of physical
defects Ordinal Position:
e. high level of intelligence
Here are some common characteristics
f. creativity
associated with ordinal position:
10. Traditional belief about people of all
ages – stereotyping
Ordinal Position Associated characteristics
Firstborns Behave in a mature way,
THE PRENATAL PERIOD insecure of younger
It is the shortest period of all, one of the most siblings, lack dominance
important period; approximately 270 to 280 and aggressiveness as a
days or nine calendar months. result of parental over
protectiveness, leadership
abilities, bossy, usually
HOW LIFE BEGINS high achievers, role
models to younger siblings
Union of the male and female sex cells also Middle-borns Independent,
known as fertilization adventuresome, resent
Male and female sex cells (released from the privileges older siblings are
granted, break rules to
gonads) differ in two ways: attract parental attention,
habit of being an
a. Ovum (pl. ova) – from the female gonads underachiever for fewer
(ovaries); carries 23 matched chromosomes parental expectations,
Spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa) – from the fewer responsibilities, turn
to outsiders for peer
male gonads (testes); carries 22 matched
companionship
chromosomes and the unmatched Last-borns Willful and demanding,
chromosome can either be X or Y spoiled, greater feelings of
b. Differ in number of preparatory stages security, protected by
Male – maturation, fertilization parents from physical and
Female – maturation, ovulation, fertilization verbal attacks by other
siblings, dependent,
irresponsible
SEX
Total of 46 chromosomes: INFANCY
XX – girl Subdivisions of Infancy
XY – boy
a. Period of Partunate – (from birth to fifteen
Chromosomal Deficiencies: to thirty minutes after birth) fetal body has
a. Klinefelter Syndrome – XXY; male emerged from the mother’s body and lasts until
condition; infertility, smallness of testicles, the umbilical cord has been cut or tied.
sparse facial and body hair, and enlarged
breasts
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b. Period of the Neonate – (from the cutting Physical Development: one of the two
and tying of the umbilical cord to approximately periods of rapid growth during the lifespan (the
the end of the second week of post natal life) other is puberty)

Adjustments of Infancy a. Weight – after 4 months, the baby’s weight

has normally doubled, at one year they are
a. temperature changes – constant approximately 21 lbs.; increase in weight
temperature of 100°F in the uterine sac; during babyhood comes mainly from an
average room temperature is 60-70°F increase in fat tissue.
b. breathing – when the umbilical cord is cut,
infants must begin to breathe on their own b. Height – at 4 months, 23-24 inches, at one
c. sucking and swallowing – nourishment by year, 28-30 inches
sucking and swallowing instead of receiving it
from the umbilical cord c. Physical Proportions - Head growth slows
d. elimination – work soon after birth down during babyhood; trunk and limb growth
increases
Kinds of birth:
d. Bones – number of bones increases; the
a. Natural, or Spontaneous, Birth – head first fontanel closes approximately at 50% or after
position 18 months
b. Breech Birth – buttocks appear first,
followed by the legs, then the head e. Muscles and fat – muscles grow slowly and
c. Transverse Birth – crosswise the mother’s weak; fat tissues develop rapidly due to milk
uterus intake.
d. Instrument Birth – fetus is too large to
emerge spontaneously or when the position f. Body builds – ectomorphic (long and
makes it impossible to normal birth; aid of slender), endomorphic (round and fat),
instruments mesomorphic (heavy, hard and rectangular)
e. Caesarian Section – surgical operation
g. Teeth – four to six of the 20 temporary teeth
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT by the age of 1; 16 by the age of 2; first teeth to
appear are those in front; last are the molars
Size: at birth, average infant weighs 7 ½ lbs.
and measures 19 ½ inches in length. Boys are h. Nervous System – at birth, brain weight is
slightly heavier and longer than girls. 1/8 of the baby’s total weight; gain in brain
weight happens during the first two years of
Infantile Features: muscles of the newborn life; cerebellum and cerebrum increases in
are sort, small and uncontrolled; readily be weight particularly
misshapen; skin of whites becomes lighter
when they grow older and the skin of the i. Sense Organ Development – 3 months, eye
nonwhites becomes darker; natal teeth (lower muscles are well-enough coordinated; hearing
central incisors). develops rapidly; smell and taste are already
well-developed at birth; highly responsive to
Physical Proportions: head is approximately skin stimuli
¼ of the body length; but the adult head is 1/7
of the total body length; neck is short almost Physiological Functions:
invisible; abdomen is large and bulging; a. Sleep patterns
shoulders are narrow; the hands and feet are b. Eating patterns
miniature c. Elimination patterns
Physiological Functions: birth cry, the lungs
Motor Control:
are inflated and respiration begins; respiration
rate (40-45/ min) at the end of the first week it
a. Head region – eye control, smiling, head
normally drops to 35/ min; heartbeat is faster
holding
than the adult; quieter, cooing, sleeps more,
b. Trunk region – sitting
sucking and elimination.
c. Arm and hand region – thumb opposition,
Reflexes: pupillary reflexes, lips and tongue, reaching
knee jerk, sneezing, etc. d. Leg region – kicking, hitching, crawling and
creeping, standing position, walking
BABYHOOD
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Babyhood Skills: hand skills (self-feeding,
self-dressing, self-grooming and play skills);
leg skills (jumping, climbing, even swimming

Speech development: crying, cooing,

babbling and gesturing

COURSE & YR. LEVEL: BEED/BSED-I

SUBJECT CODE: EDPEC 1
SUBJECT TITLE: CHILD AND
ADOLESCENCE
PREPARED BY: MS. SHIELORIEDC

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