Bicol University

College of Agriculture and Forestry

Guinobatan, Albay

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important and widely grown cereals in tropical
and subtropical regions of the world, and it is a staple food for more than 60% of the world's
population. Rice production is an important component of strategies for food security and
income generation. However, it is facing many biotic and abiotic constraints that negatively
affect productivity. These constraints undermine the efforts undertaken by many countries since
the 2008 food crisis to boost domestic rice production to fill the increasing gap between rice
production and demand. Among the biotic constraints, weeds are the most damaging in rice
production environments. Weeds pose a serious threat to food security, it was estimated that 53
% of rice farmers experienced weed problems in their fields and about 33 % of rice areas were
affected by weeds. However, the severity of weed problems varies across countries and rice
production environments (A. Diagne et al. 2013, Oerke and Dehne 2004; Rodenburg and
Johnson 2009).

The Philippines is the world’s eighth-largest rice producer but due to weed damage, the
country's rice production is extremely low. However, managing weeds in rice field; farmers
commonly used the methods of hand weeding and herbicide application, these are two most
commonly used management techniques by Filipino farmers. Other weed control techniques
include use of clean seeds, good land preparation, good water management, and use of
mechanical weeder (Donayre et al., 2014). Many farmers favor the use of hand weeding because
it is immediately available and practically applicable in areas where workers are abundant. Other
farmers, on the other hand, use herbicides because it requires less labor, easily applied, and
shows immediate results. Understanding the effects of weed control interventions on weed
population dynamics is very helpful in predicting the ecological changes in the field (Moody,
1996). It also helps refine the control interventions to prevent weed shifts and complexity on
weed management. Effects of hand weeding and herbicide control on weeds and yield of rice
have been known in irrigated lowland rice (Ihsan et al., 2014; Ehsanullah et al., 2014).
Weeds are frequently mentioned as one of the major constraints to rice cultivation by
smallholder farmers in particular, these are probably the most ever-present class of crop pests
and are responsible for marked losses in crop yields. Of the total losses caused by pests, weeds
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

have a major share (30%). They reduce the crop yield and deteriorate the quality of produce and
hence reduce the market value of the turn out. Therefore, management of weeds in all agro-
ecosystems is imperative to sustain our crop productivity and to ensure the food security to the
burgeoning population.

Effects of socio-economic and institutional factors on farmers’ decisions

The determinants of adoption of hand-weeding-only show the importance of factors such

as farmers’ education level, household revenue, training in agricultural practice and the access to
input (credits) in shifting farmers’ decisions from the use of a single traditional WMP towards a
combination of modern WMPs. These results are in line with Gillespie et al. (2007),
Rahelizatovo and Gillespie (2004), Asfaw and Admassie (2004) and Teklewold and Kohlin
(2011), who showed that access to information and training and education positively affect the
adoption of improved agricultural technologies. The result that the more wealthy households
tend to rely more on improved WMPs is consistent with previous studies (Gillespie et al., 2007;
Kim et al., 2005). Wealthier farmers, ceteris paribus, have a higher likelihood of adopting
agricultural innovations than poor farmers. The more wealthy farmers can better afford the costs
of innovations and have a higher capacity and willingness to take the risks involved with such an
investment.

Weed Management strategies including water control

The likelihood of adopting a water control option (i.e. bunding) was higher with land
ownerships than other land tenure types, because this method requires at least a midterm
investment planning. Land renters or borrowers may not be willing to take the risk of investing
in that technology, because of the tenure insecurity on the land they crop (Rodenburg et al.,
2014). These results are consistent with previous studies on the adoption of soil and water
conservation technologies (e.g. Jara-Rojas et al., 2012; Teklewold and Kohlin, 2011). However,
the effects of land tenure on farmer adoption of the combinations of WMPs including water
control (WC) were not significant. Furthermore, the effects of parasitic weeds infestation on the
adoption of the combinations including WC were positive, whereas the effect was negative for
the adoption of WC as a stand-alone option.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Weed Management Option

Manual Weed Control (Manual Hand Weeding)

Weeds are removed and collected from crop fields by hand. The collected weeds are piled on
bunds or in case of certain weeds, taken home to feed animals. Manual weeding is a part of
integrated weed management that involves the integrated use of cultural, manual, mechanical
and/or chemical control methods.

Chemical Weed Control (Herbicide)

Chemical weed control refers to any technique that involves the application of a chemical
(herbicide) to weeds or soil to control the germination or growth of the weed species. In
economic terms, chemical control of weeds is a very large industry and there are scores of
examples of chemical weed control products. Common examples of chemicals used to control
weeds in forages are 2,4-DB; EPTC; bromoxynil; and paraquat

Statement of the Problem

The aim of this study is to assess Weed Management Practices of Farmers in Irrigated Lowland
Rice Field in Claveria, Masbate.

Specifically, the research sought to

• Determine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of lowland rice farmers
in Claveria, Masbate.
• To assess the practices of the lowland rice farmers in Claveria, Masbate towards weed
control management.
Assessment questions:
1. How many times do you perform plowing and harrowing in your rice field?
2. What are the methods of planting do you established in your rice field?
3. What are the present weeds in your rice field?
4. What are the weed management practices do you perform in your rice field?
5. How often do you follow this method of control?
6. What are the common problems encountered in weed management?
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited in Claveria, Masbate. It focused only on the Assessment on weed
management practices on lowland rice field and delimited to one farmer. The study covered on
30-day midyear practicum from June to July 2021.

Significance of the Study

This study will be undertaken to find the weed management practices of farmers in irrigated
lowland rice field in Claveria, Masbate. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to
the following:

Farmers:
The direct recipients of the output of the research study are the farmers who are often concerned
on how to control weeds that grow in their rice field.
Students:
The importance of the study with regards to Agriculture students is that they will have a deeper
understanding when it comes on the weed management. Thus will help them to realize whether
the knowledge and skills developed in trhe program would be useful to them in their future
careers. Community:
The importance of the study to the community of the said place is that they will have a
knowledge regarding on the weed management practices of the farmers in irrigated lowland rice
field.
Future Researchers:
The findings of the study will serve as a reference material and guide to future researchers who
will conduct the same study or any study related to weed management.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature, studies, synthesis of the art, gap
bridged by the study, conceptual framework and definition of terms that provided the needed
information for strengthening, enriching an developing this study.

Related Literature
Weeds are most severe and widespread biological constraints to crop production. Most of
the cereal crops suffer from severe infestation of weeds. The yield losses due to uncontrolled
weed growth in lowland and upland rice ranges from 12 to 81 per cent (Chopra and Chopra,
2003; Mukherjee and Singh, 2005).
Crop yield losses due to weeds mainly depend upon their intensity as well as type of
weed flora. There is a linear correlation between yield loss and population of weeds,
however, above certain population limits; yield reduction becomes nearly constant due to self
competition among weed plants. Grassy weeds were heavy competitors with rice crop and were
followed by sedges and broad leaved weeds (Umapathy and Sivakumar, 2000).
Irrigated Lowland Rice Characteristics
Irrigated rice covers 55% of the world's rice-growing area and provides 75% of
production. Irrigation is grown in bundled fields or paddies, which are surrounded by a small
embankment that keeps water in. In many humid tropical and subtropical areas, irrigated rice is
grown continuously with two or even three crops a year. This practice of growing rice after rice
is centuries old and has been shown to be one of the most sustainable agricultural systems in the
world according to IRRI.
The need to develop improved weed management

Improved weed management in the agriculture of developing countries is needed for the
development of Integrated Crop Management (ICM). There is no ICM without a strong
component of weed management. Plant protection services, research and agricultural extension
must deal with the problem of weed control through the necessary farmer education, and
publishing leaflets and bulletins on the subject. Based on the importance of weed control for
sustainable agriculture, FAO has decided to prepare and publish the present practical guidelines
as a modest contribution to the efforts of developing countries to secure food for their
population.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Weed management as part of plant protection services

As a general rule, plant protection services have specialists responsible for plant
protection activities in general without being specialized on specific pests. This means the work
on weed management is much neglected in all existing phytosanitary programmes. Damage
caused by weeds is permanent, but not as spectacular as the one caused by other pests such as
insects and pathogens. Most experts on plant protection usually have very little background and
knowledge on weeds and ways to control them. These specialists are generalists in plant
protection, with better knowledge of control of other pests. Weeds are often neglected and
excluded from the regular programmes of plant protection. The quarantine of exotic weed
species with possibilities of adaptation in the territory of the country is another aspect not well
covered by the plant protection specialists. World trade tends to increase, which causes a major
risk for more unintentional or intentional entries of exotic plants in the shipments of imported
commodities of plant origin (FAO,
2020)

Related Studies Effects of weeds on rice

Weeds cause great losses in rice yields as they compete with rice for nutrients, space,
water, and light (Smith, 1983; Khanh et al., 2007; Vincent, 2016). In some instances, weeds are
carriers for major diseases such as rice blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae). It should also be
mentioned that a majority of farmers use recycled seed during transplantation, thus aggravating
the current situation (Vincent, 2016). Weeds represent turn into extensive in rice yield due to the
changes in cultural practices. For instance, direct-seeded field offer aerobic growth conditions
for weed as they are not immersed in water during the first phase of plant growth and thus more
useful for weed growth, particularly in areas with highly competitive grass weed populations
(Moody and De Datta, 1982; Chuhan, 2012).
Rice grown under the lowland conditions are favorable for abundance growth and
multiplication of weed species (R. Siva et. al 2016). Managing weeds in rice is tedious due its
expensive nature coupled with labor scarcity. Nature of Weed Spectrum Weed menace is a
common problem in rice cultivation. In spite of wide variation, the number of weed species that
constitute the major portion of the weed flora, causing economic concern to the rice cultivation is
usually less than 10 of the 350 species that are considered worldwide importance (Moody and
Drost, 1981).
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Nature of Crop-Weed Competition

Crop yield losses from weeds usually proportional to the amount of nutrients, light and
water used by the weeds at the expense of the crop. Other factors for which crops and weeds are
said to compete are space, oxygen, carbon dioxide, air and heat energy. However, weed
competes with crop plants mainly for nutrients, moisture, light and space (Singh et al.,
2004).

Competition for Nutrients

Weeds usually grow faster than the crop plants and then they adsorb the available
nutrients earlier, resulting in reduced availability to crop plants. Weeds being more vigorous
competitors remove a greater portion of the fertilizer applied to the rice crop (Thirumurugan
et al., 1998). Weeds depleted higher amount of N to the tune of 35 kg ha-1 (Jitendra Pandey
and Thakur, 1988). The N depletion increased with the age of the crop and weeds strive hard to
take the nutrients present in limited amount. Further in transplanted rice, total N removal
by crop and weeds together were significantly higher than in direct seeded rice culture
(Subhas Chander and Jitendra Pandey, 2001).

Effect of Weeds on Rice Growth and Productivity

Severe infestation of weeds suppressed the plant height increased tiller mortality,
decreased shoot and grain production. Singh et al., (2002) observed that maintaining weed free
condition till maturity gave significantly higher grain yield due to more panicles m-2 and lower
density and dry weight of weeds. Moorthy and Saha (2005) reported that the losses in grain yield
for first 30, 60, and 90 days were 17.7, 11.8 and 5.0 per cent. Weedy environment throughout the
crop growth caused yield reduction to the tune of 57 -61 per cent in case of transplanted rice and
64 – 66 per cent in case of wet seeded rice in comparison to season long weed free situation. The
unit increase in intensity of monocots, dicots and weed dry weight causes decrease in Pusa
Basmati 1 rice grain yield by 2.18, 1.64 and 2.85 q ha-1, respectively during wet season (Singhet
al., 2008). Veeraputhiran and Balasubramanian (2010) observed that maintaining weed free
condition till maturity produced the grain yield of 7139 kg ha-1 of transplanted rice. The overall
effect of crop weeds competition is the reduction in the economics as well as biological yield of
rice.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Synthesis of the Art

The literature studies showed the body of knowledge that is related to the present study.
However, there are also differences in the study that are noted.

Walia, 2006, stated in a study that the greatest loss caused by the weeds resulted from
their competition with crop for growth in terms of nutrients, soil moisture,light, space, etc.
Chauhan and Johnson (2010) stated that when direct seeded rice was grown together with either
jungle rice or Ludwigia sps. shoot competition reduced the growth and yield of rice more than
root competition and rice grain yield was highly correlated with obove and below ground
biomass of the weeds.

Tang and Morishima (1997) stated that weedy rice or Oryza sativa f. spontanea is
taxonomically delegated indistinguishable species from planted rice. Weedy rice spreads widely
across the globe. Zhang et al. (2014) revealed solid genetic separation for Asian weedy rice
comprising of indica, japonica, and a common type depend on geographical distribution designs.

Gap Bridge by the Study

This research attempt to Assess Weed Management Practices of Farmers in Irrigated

Lowland Rice Field in Claveria, Masbate.
The researchers conducted a review of related literature and studies, with the existing data its
primary focus was only one method of managing weeds and no other options. Other factors
affecting the farmers practice when it comes to weeds were not discussed and most of the studies
collected were not updated.

The researchers will find out what method of managing weeds that the farmers in
irrigated lowland rice field in Claveria, Masbate are practicing. We will also find out if these
farmers are exposed in other methods of managing weeds or will they be willing to know more
about weed management practices. By the use of the questionnaire and interviews we are going
to use, this will make a gap-bridge to the present study.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Definition of Terms

Assessment- In this study, it is a tool used to measure or evaluate farmer's knowledge about the
weed management practices in irrigated lowland rice field.

Broadcast planting- It refers to a method of sowing seeds by scattering them over the surface of
the soil. Broadcasting is usually done by hand.

Chemical weed control- it refers to any technique that involves the application of a chemical
(herbicides) to weeds or soil to control the germination or growth of the weed species.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Direct application – Precise application to a specific area or plant organ such as to a row or bed
or to the leaves or stems of plants.

Field capacity – The percentage (expressed on the basis of weight or volume) of water
remaining in a soil 2 or 3 after having been saturated and after free drainage has practically
ceased.

Fertilizer – It refers to any organic or inorganic of natural or synthetic origin that is added to a
soil to supply one or more elements essential to the growth of plants.

Irrigated Rice field- It is refers to agricultural areas that are equipped to provide water (via
artificial means of irrigation such as by diverting streams, flooding, or spraying) to the crops.

Manual weeding- it refers to process by which weeds are removed and collected from crop
fields by hand.
Weed – It refers to any plant that is objectionable or interferes with the activities or welfare of
man.

Weed management- It refers to process of limiting weed infestation & minimizing competition
with crops.

Transplanting- It refers to the process of moving a fully germinated seedling (or mature plant)
and replanting it in a permanent location for the growing season.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Socio-
economic
profile
2. Land
Preparation
1. Interview Data
and Methods
Gathering/
of Planting in
Collection
Lowland Rice
2. Logistics Field
3. Weed
Interview to Management
3. Interviewer Lowland Rice Practices of
Farmers Lowland Rice
Farmers
4. Common
Problems
Encountered
in Weed

FEEDBACK

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

The conceptual framework of this study is presented in Figure 1. This encompasses three phases,
namely, input, process, and output.

The input is the preliminary stage in which the study's foundation will be built. This study
focused on the interview guide, logistics, and interviewer. During the process stage, the
researcher will conduct interviews with lowland farmers in order to gather and collect data on
the assessment of weed management practices. The study's output will be a socio-economic
profile, land preparation and planting methods in irrigated lowland rice fields, lowland rice
farmers' weed management practices, and common problems encountered in weed management.
This framework allowed both the researcher and the readers to fully comprehend and determine
the flow of ideas in the study.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The descriptive method was used in the study. The data were gathered through an
individual survey interview as means of collecting of all the necessary information to determine
the assessment of weed management practices on irrigated lowland rice field.

Sampling Method

The study's respondent is lowland rice farmer from Claveria Masbate. Due to Covid-19
restrictions, the researchers were only able to interview one farmer and collect data through
survey questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

To ensure that the study was conducted in an orderly and fruitful manner, the researcher
used the following procedure:
The first thing the researcher did was create questionnaires for the interview guide based
on the problem of their topic. Following that, the researchers look for reliable sources relating to
their topic and collect ideas and information to gain a deeper understanding on the topic. The
researchers then interviewed lowland rice farmers and gathered data. Finally, the researchers
made a conclusion and recommendations about the study.

Research Instrument

The questionnaire was created using suitable questions modified from related research
and individual formed by the researchers. The questionnaire is divided into six parts. The first
part deals with the socio-economic profile of farmers. The second part is composed of choices
about the land preparation practices. For the third part it questioned the methods of planting of
Farmers in lowland Rice field. Fourth, questions about the weed management practices of
lowland rice farmers. Fifth, is the assessment on the common problems encountered in weed
management.
Lastly, it composed of interview guide questions.
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Assessment on Weed Management Practices of Farmers in Irrigated Lowland Rice Field in

Claveria, Masbate

Instruction: Please fill in the following questions of the facts on your Weed Management
Practices. The researchers assured you that the data you provided will be used for our research
purpose only.

(Panuto: Mangyaring punan ang maga sumusunod na katanungan sa iyong mga gawi sa pag
kontrol ng mga damo sa inyong mga palayan.)

Tinitiyak sa iyo ng mga mananaliksik na ang impormasyong na iyong ibinigay ay gagamitin

lamang para sa aming hangaring pananaliksik.

I. Farmer’s Profile

Name:_____________________________________________ Age: _______________

Address: ___________________________________________

Sex: Female Male

Civil Status: Single Married

Widow/Widower Separated

Religion: Roman Catholic Iglesiani Cristo Born Again

Christian

Others (please specify): _____________________

Highest educational Attainment: College Secondary Elementary

Number of Children: _____ Female _____ Male

Tenurial Status:
Owner/Cultivator Leaseholder Tenant

Others (please specify): _______________

 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
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Monthly Income: 5, 000below 5, 000 – 10, 000 15, 000 above Source of

Income aside from Rice Farming:

Employee None
Livestock Others (please specify): _______________________

Total Lowland Area (ha): __________________

II. Land Preparation Practices

1. Plowing

a. How many weeks is the fallow period of your field?

One week Two weeks One month

b. When is the right/perfect time to do plowing in your field?

One week after harvesting Two weeks after harvesting

Others (please specify)_________________

c. How many times do you perform plowing in your rice field? Once
time Two times Three times
Others (please specify)____________________

d. How many days is the interval of plowing?

One day Three days One week/seven days

Others (please specify) ____________________

e. What tools and equipment do use in plowing?

Tractor Carabao
Others (please specify) ____________________
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

2. Harrowing

a. How many times do you perform harrowing in your rice field?

Once twice thr ic e not applicable

Others (please specify) __________

b. How many weeks/days is the interval of harrowing? One day

Three days One week/seven days
Others (please specify) ______________________

c. What tools and equipment do you used in harrowing?

Tractor Carabao
Others (please specify)_______________________

III. Methods of Planting 1. Crop Establishment

a. How often do you plant lowland rice?

Once a year twice a year Every three months

Others (please specify):____________________

2. Method of Establishment

Broadcasting/Direct seeding

*If yes, why?

Economical

Not labor
intensive Others (please specify)________________

Do you use drum seeder? Yes No *If

yes, why?
Savings in seed reduces seeding
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Reduces seeding rate

Others (please specify) ___________

Transplanting *If yes,

why?

Promotes better penetration of roots in the soil

Enables to plant the seedlings at the right spacing

Promotes better development of shoot system of plants

Others (please specify)_________

3. Nutrient Management
a. Do you used or apply any amount of fertilizer? Yes No
*If yes, Organic Chemical

b. What organic fertilizer do you used?

Animal manure Rice straw Rice hull

Others (please specify) ________

c. What chemical fertilizer do you used?

14- 14-14 (Complete fertilizer) 16-

20-0 (Ammonium phosphate)

20-0-0 (Ammonium sulfate) 46-0-0(Urea)

Others (please specify)_________

4. Water management

a. Do you maintain the water flow for how many weeks (during planting) even it is
an irrigated lowland rice field? Yes No
If yes, how often do you sustain the water to run freely in the field?

Everyday Every week twice a week

 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
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b. What is the average centimeter of water do you maintain in your field during
vegetative phase?

3cm 5cm 7cm Others (please specify)__________

IV. Weed Management Practices of Lowland Rice Farmers A. Manual Weed Control

 What are the present weeds in your rice field?

Umbrella sedge (bakibaki) Barnyard grass-

bayokibok Jungle rice (pulangpuwit) Others(please

specify) ____________  What manual weed practices do you apply in

your field?

Hand Weeding Rotary weeder Others (please specify):

________________________

 How often do you follow this method of control?

_______________________________

Always Often Others(please specify)_________

 In manual weeding, do you hire someone to manage or eliminate the weeds in

your rice field?________________

B. Chemical Weed Control

Herbicide

If yes, what kind of herbicide?

2,4 – D
others (please specify): _____________

Alachor
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

Atrazine

When do you spray herbicide?

1 week Before planting 2 weeks before planting 3 weeks before planting

Others (please specify) _________________________
How often do you follow this method of control?

Very often Not so often

Others (please specify)________________

How much does it cost you, using chemical weed control?

1,000 below
1,000 - 1500

Others (please specify)_______

Why did you use this Weed Management Practices?

It is the only available

Easy to use

Harmless to rice growth

Affordable

Convenient others (please specify): _____________

What practice can you recommend to the other farmers in eliminating weeds in lowland rice
field?__________________________________________________

Do you know other ideas to control weeds in a safer manner?_____________________

 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

V. Common Problems Encountered in Weed Management

1. Farming experience and knowledge Lack of teaching

practices

Unable to connect with Extension Workers

Less opportunity to new agricultural trends

2. Financial Aid and Assistance

Low subsidy from the government

Less privileged to modern technique of weed control

Lack of financial assistance to explore other practices of weed management.

VI. Interview Guide Questions

A.
Yes No

1. Do you consider weeds as poisonous in rice field?

2. Is it important to know about weed management?

3. Do you find it hard managing weeds in your area?

4. Does weeds really affects the rice yield?

5. Do you think there are other weed management

practices that is more effective than what you are
practicing in increasing your rice yield?
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This chapter emphasizes the summary of the whole study that includes the findings considering
the statement of the problem and the recommendation which are the overgrowth of the
conclusion.
The researchers manage gather data and information to answer the following questions:
1. How many times do you perform plowing and harrowing in your rice field?
2. What are the methods of planting do you established in your rice field?
3. What are the present weeds in your rice field?
4. What are the weed management practices do you perform in your rice field?
5. How often do you follow this method of control?
 Bicol University
College of Agriculture and Forestry
Guinobatan, Albay

6. What are the common problems encountered in weed management?

Conclusion

Recommendation

The researchers wish to recommend to the future researchers to conduct a comparative study
regarding this study in order to give readers more information and knowledge about Weed
Management. Based on the gathered data and conclusion of the study, here are several
recommendations to be considered:

1. The study should amplify the number of respondents so that the research study
would be reliable enough to readers
2. The researchers should have sufficient time in conducting research so that the
information that gathered is effective and considerable