DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Abstract

This technical paper presents design, and analysis of pres-sure vessel. High pressure rise is
developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. In the design
of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of possible accident.
There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure vessel. This writing is focusing on
analyzing the safety parameter for allowable working pressure. Allowable working pressures are
calculated by using Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition. The corruption of
the vessel are probability occur at maximum pressure which is the element that only can sustain
that pressure. Efforts are made in this paper to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes &
standards to legalize the design.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 1

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

CHAPTER ONE

DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and
outside. A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure
deferent from the ambient pressure. A pressure vessel is container with a pressure deferent
between the inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside .The fluids
inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine
with the other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has combination of
high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly
radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no
linkage can occurs. In addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating
temperature and pressure. The end caps fitted to the cylindrical body are called heads. Pressure
vessel are used in a variety of application .These include the industry and the private sector .They
appear in this sector respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water
storage tanks. Other example are : diving cylinder recompression chamber, distillation towers,
autoclaves and many other vessel in mining or oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear
reactor vessel, hebetate of a space ship ,habitat of a submarine, pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic
reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle air break reservoir. Pressure vessels can be theoretically be
almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders and cones are usually
employed. More complicated shapes have historically been much harder to analyze for safe
operation and are usually for harder to construct. In the design of pressure vessel safety is
primary consideration, especially for nuclear reactor vessel, due to the potential impact of
possible accident. In generally however, the design is compromise between consideration of
economics and safety. Disadvantage of these vessel is the fact that larger diameter make them
relatively more expensive and many pressure vessel are made of steel .To manufacture a
spherical pressure vessel forged parts would have to be welded together some mechanical
properties of steel are increased by forging, but welding can sometimes reduce these desirable
properties.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 2

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive flu-ids are called pressure vessel .The
inside pressure is usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a
change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case
of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with
high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material.

1.1 Back Ground

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to enact
rule and regulations regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels following
several catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century that resulted in
large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users of boilers and pressure
vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between states made it difficult to construct
vessels. Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the spring of 1915. The first
Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels,
followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now evolved into the present eleven
Section documents, with multiple subdivisions, parts, subsections, and Mandatory and non
mandatory almost all pressure vessels used in the process industry are designed and constructed in
their accordance.

1.2 Classification of Pressure Vessel

The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:
1.2.1 According to the dimensions: -
The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the
wall thickness of the shell thickness is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell diameter, then it is called
a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the
shell, then it is said to be thick shell. Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas, thick shells
are used in high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.
Note: Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is the internal fluid
pressure (p) and the allowable stress ( ).

If the internal fluid pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin
shell. On the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then
it is said to be a thick shell

1.2.2 According to the end construction:-

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 3

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or closed end.
A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open end vessel,
whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having open ends, the
circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure, whereas in case of closed ends,
longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced.

Types of Pressure Vessel

Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel.
These are:-
 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel.
However there are some special type of vessels like regeneration Tower, reactors, but these names
are given according to their use only.
However there are some special type of vessels like regeneration Tower, reactors, but these names

are given according to their use only .

Fig. 1.1 Horizontal pressure vessel with fig. 1.4 vertical pressure vessel
Leg support with leg support
1.3 Statement of The Problem
Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure
occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs.
Each failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because
the wrong material was selected! The designer must be as familiar with categories and types of

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 4

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

failure as with categories and types of stress and loadings. Therefore the designer should have to
analysis the failure problem before performing design.
1.4 Objective of the Project
1.4.1 General objective
The general objective of this project is to design vertical pressure vessel for storing paraffin oil
which supported by saddle frame.
1.4.2 Specific Objective
Specifically the progress of this project is proceed to the following;

 To identify the problem of society

 Design to solve the problem of society
 To know the general code to which pressure vessel is designed.
 To evaluate the design based on the reliability
 To know about pressure vessel function
 To know about application of the pressure vessel
 To know the material which is used for the design of pressure vessel
 To know about design analysis of pressure vessel
 To know the factors that cause the failure of pressure vessel
 To design the main components of pressure vessel.
1.5 Scope
The scope of this project is to design saddle frame for vertical pressure vessel. Investigating on
material selection and analysis of design calculation is also under study of this project.
1.6 Significance of pressure vessel
Pressure vessels are the largest components most tools and machinery need in order to function
properly. These containers are purposely made so that gases and liquids can be safely contained
without placing things in danger. Experts have understood the usefulness of this material in
avoiding unexpected accidents. Their usage has become the usual practice among many people and
business. Pressure vessels are designed for industrial use such as in nuclear reactors and in mining.
But aside from this, they also used in people’s every day activities like in heating water and in

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 5

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

distillation. They are capable of storing liquefied gases with all safety. They are useful in storing and
disseminating unstable chemicals such as propane, ammonia and LPG.
1.7 Future study
Some components of pressure vessels are not properly designed. My future plan for pressure vessel
design is to design those components which are not designed. Also material selection problems are
now causing more problems in pressure vessel. So, I want to improve how to select materials for
pressure vessel.
The present study is based on one typical case study. There is a provision for repeating this study
considering a large number of foundations with varying parameters to arrive at a more
comprehensive conclusion. The study can be extended considering piles-supported footings

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 6

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
The broad objective of this chapter is to provide background information relating to the pressure
vessel study of the literature..H.Mayer, H.L Stark and S. Ambrose [6] has studied the effect of
parameters like stress intensity range and principal stress range on the fatigue life of the pressure
vessel. S.V.Dubal and V.G Patil [7] has designed the horizontal pressure vessel supported on the
saddle according to the guidelines given by ASME section VIII, Div 1 and Div 2. P. Petrovic[8] has
studied the stress distribution in a cylindrical pressure vessel in which load applied at the free end
of the nozzle using Finite Element Analysis. Impact of welding residual stress on the failure of the
pressure was studied by M. Jeyakumar [9].A comparative study between design of pressure vessel
by analysis and by formula done by A.Th. Diamantoudis and Th. Kermanidisfor high strength steel
pressure vessels, [10]. The identified areas of the survey include:
-Theory behind the pressure vessel design
-Approaches for design of pressure vessel as per ASME code.
- Factors causing pressure vessel failure
Pressure Vessel Related Accidents
Below are six examples of major accidents involving pressure vessels that have occurred in the past
7 years;
 Failure of the clamping system on a pressure vessel lid, which caused the lid to fly off and
hit a worker at Clariant Life Science Molecules (UK) Limited’s plant in Sandycroft, Flintshire
in October 2003. The worker named Giancarlo Coletti sustained serious injuries to his right
arm.
 An explosion at Algeria’s largest refinery in port city of Skikda, Algiers. The huge explosion
at its key gas installation killed 23 people on 20 January 2004.
 A pressure vessel weighing 22680 kg (50,000 pounds) exploded at Marcus Oil in 2004, a
Chemical plant in Houston, Texas, throwing heavy fragments into the community, which
damaged a church, shattered car windows, nearby buildings experienced significant
structural and interior damage due to improper modification and faulty welds of the vessel.
 The Burchfield (UK’s fifth largest depot) accident on Sunday 12 December 2005 that injured
43 people readily comes to the mind. Twenty petrol tanks were involved in the Burchfield
blaze rage; each held three million gallons of fuel. Over 2,000 people were evacuated from
the neighborhood of the depot during the accident.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 7

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

 Pressure vessel failure in Houston, United States, in the summer of 2008 killed a veteran
supervisor when a heat exchanger exploded in a resin-production facility.
 Two employees killed at an oil refinery in southeast New Mexico, USA and two others
critically injured after a storage tank exploded into flames on 03 March 2010
2.2 Failure theories for pressure vessel design
Induced stresses due to loading in any component are meaningless if these stresses are not com-
pared with proper failure theories. Thus the failure theories compare the combined stress due to
complex loading pattern with the maximum stress at the elastic limit of the simple tensile test.
Generally for the pressure vessel design two important failure theories are used, these are
Maximum principal stress theory and Maximum shear stress theory. ASME code, section VIII
division 1 uses Maximum principal stress failure theory as a basis of design for pressure vessel. H.
Mayer, H.L Strark and S. Ambrose has studied the parameters like stress intensity range and
principal stress range on the fatigue design of the pressure vessel.
2.2.1 Maximum Principal Stress Theory
According to this theory, breakdown or failure in a component is depends on the magnitude of
induced maximum principal stress due to complex loading. As per this theory failure or yielding
starts in a component when the induced maximum principal stress equals to the yield stress of the
material from the simple tension or compression test at elastic limit.. Maximum principal stress
theory is used to predict failure in brittle materials. This theory can be illustrated graphically (Fig.
2.1) for biaxial stress system. In graphical representation uniaxial tensile stress at elastic limit or
compressive stress at elastic limit lies on the two coordinates. The thick line region represents
elastic range of the component and the region cover with dashed line is the safety factor region
according to the ASME code.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 8

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Fig. 2.1 Maximum principal stress failure theory

2.2.2 Maximum Shear Stress Theory

According to this theory, failure or breakdown in a component material is depends on the intensity
of the maximum shear stress induced due to complex loading. Thus, the failure starts at a point

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 9

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

When maximum shear stress at a point equals to the one half of the yield strength (Fy) from the
uniaxial tensile test. Both ASME section III and section VIII, Division 2 use the maximum shear
stress criterion. Also this theory closely approaches to experimental results. For the biaxial stress
system where S1 >S2, the maximum shear stress will be (S1-S2)/2, thus failure occurs when (S1 –
S2)/2 = Fy/2.
In triaxial stress system, where S1 > S2 > S3, the maximum shear stress will be (S1-S3)/2, thus
failure occurs in the component when (S1- S3) / 2 = Fy/2. Generally this theory is used to predict
failure in ductile materials.
This theory can be illustrated graphically (Fig. 2.2) for the four states of biaxial stress system. In
graphical representation uniaxial tensile stress at elastic limit or compressive stress at elastic limit
lies on the two coordinates. The outer boundary represents elastic limit stress of the material .

Fig. 2.2 Maximum shear stress failure theory

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 10

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Comparison of two theories

Both theories are in agreement for uniaxial stress or when one of the principal stresses is large in
comparison to the others. The discrepancy between the theories is greatest when both principal
stresses are numerically equal.
Two points are obvious from the foregoing:
1. For thin-walled pressure vessels, both theories yield approximately the same results.
2. For thin-walled pressure vessels the radial stress is so small in comparison to the other principal
stresses that it can be ignored and a state of biaxial stress is assumed to exist.
2.3 Factors causing pressure vessel failure
Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure
occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs.
Each failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because
the wrong material was selected! The designer must be as familiar with categories and types of
failure as with categories and types of stress and loadings. Ultimately they are all related.
Categories of Failures
1. Material—Improper selection of material; defects in material.
2. Design—Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect design methods; inadequate shop testing.
3. Fabrication—Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including
welding; heat treatment or forming methods.
4. Service—Change of service condition by the user; inexperienced operations or maintenance
personnel; upset conditions. Some types of service which require special attention both for
selection of material, design details, and fabrication methods are as follows:
Types of failures
1. Elastic deformation—Elastic instability or elastic buckling, vessel geometry, and stiffness as well
as properties of materials are protection against buckling.
2. Brittle fracture—can occur at low or intermediate temperatures. Brittle fractures have occurred
in vessels made of low carbon steel in the 40_–50_F range during hydrates where minor flaws exist.
3. Excessive plastic deformation—the primary and secondary stress limits as outlined in ASME
Section VIII, Division 2, are intended to prevent excessive plastic deformation and incremental
collapse.
4. Stress rupture—Creep deformation as a result of fatigue or cyclic loading, i.e., progressive
fracture.
Creep is a time-dependent phenomenon, whereas fatigue is a cycle-dependent phenomenon.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 11

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

5. Plastic instability—Incremental collapse; incremental collapse is cyclic strain accumulation or

cumulative cyclic deformation. Cumulative damage leads to instability of vessel by plastic
deformation.
6. High strain—Low cycle fatigue is strain-governed and occurs mainly in lower-strength/high-
ductile materials.
7. Stress corrosion—It is well known that chlorides cause stress corrosion cracking in stainless
steels; likewise caustic service can cause stress corrosion cracking in carbon steels. Material
selection is critical in these services.
8. Corrosion fatigue—Occurs when corrosive and fatigue effects occur simultaneously. Corrosion
can reduce fatigue life by pitting the surface and propagating cracks.
2.3 Main Components Of Pressure Vessel
The followings are the main components of pressure vessels in general;
1 Shell
2 Head
3 Nozzles
4 Supports
2.3.1 Shell
Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are constructed in a wide range of diameter and
length. The shell sections of a tall tower may be constructed of different materials, thickness and
diameters due to process and phase change of process fluid. Shell of a spherical pressure vessel is
spherical as well.
2.3.2 Head
All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are
typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow
the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of the
pressure vessels to permit different design conditions.
2.3.3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessel. They
are used for the following applications. Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel. Attach
instrument connection (level gauges, Thermo wells, pressure gauges). Provide access to the vessel
interior at MANWAY.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 12

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items (e.g. heat exchangers).
2.3.4 Support
Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake wind loads. There are different
types of supports which are used depending upon the size and orientation of the pressure vessel. It
is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.
Types of support
 Saddle support
 Skirt support
 Lug support
 Leg support

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 13

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
The methods which must be followed for design of pressure vessel are as follows;

3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

In order to select appropriate material for the intended design the mechanical and physical
properties are very important. For the selection of the martial by using different kind
standard such as ASMS.

A) strength
B) corrosion resistance

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 14

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

C) resistance to hydraulic attack

D) fracture toughness
E) fabric ability
A)Strength
The strength of the martial are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that used
for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical properties
are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and rupture strength).

Yield strength
Yield strength is the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic deformation. Some
of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below and there yield strength .The
stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.

Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stain less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(
304)
Yield 35 69 138 197 205
strength(MPa)
Table3.1 Yield strength of alloys

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)

The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile test.

Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(MPa) 90 510 414 200 520
Table3.2 Ultimate tensile strength

Creep strength
Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to static
mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The time
dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode and
stress.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 15

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Rupture strength
Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure

Of the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile

strength(UTS) which means the martial have high UTS and it have good Rupture
strength.

B) Corrosion resistance
Corrosion: is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any substance by
chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term corrosion specifically
applies to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on metals.

The most familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical reaction in
which the iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide. The oxide is a
solid that retains the same general form as the metal from which it is formed but, porous and
somewhat bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle.

Chemical Cast Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Paraffin Oil G G C C G
Table 3.3 corrosion property

G-good and C-caution-depending on the martial.

C) Resistance to hydraulic attack

The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature. The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 350 0 C, hydrogen attack cause
irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged carbon and low alloy steel.

Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)

Tensile 414 90 520 200 510

strength(ULT)MPa

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 16

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6

0
temperature (400 C)

Table3.4 temperature effect on UTS

D) Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield stress related
with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress consternation (K). And stress
consternation facer is shown blow.

Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

steal18Ni/8Cr iron

Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low

toughness(K),MPa

Table3.5 fracture toughness

F) Fabric ability

Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of
common metals and alloys are shown blow.

S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.

U – Unsatisfactory

Martial Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(oC)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)304

Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 17

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Table3.6 fabric ability

Conclusion About The Material Selection

Generally for my design I select carbon steel because it can be hold pressure under
temperature of 350 o c. Because cost of a material used to the major factor that affects
fabricatibility of the material.

Carbon steel is chipper and good fabric able property except, it is difficult to casting and it is most
abundant in Eth.
from appendexhvhmcgfmhc

3.3 WELDING TYPE

Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metals are joined

together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There are several
methods to make welded joints. In a particular case the choice of a type from the numerous
alternatives depend on:

1. The circumstances of welding.

2. The requirements of the code.

3. The aspect of economy.

There are different kind of welding based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to 4 select

A) category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating

Chambers, nozzles and any welded joints within a formed or flat Head.

B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell Communicating chambers,
nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the translations and a cylinder at either
the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to main shells to nozzles
and to communicating chambers.

c) Category c: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads to main shells , to formed
heads , to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one side plate to
another side plate of a flat sided vessel.

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 18

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

d) Category d: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells, to heads
and to flat sided vessels and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating chambers.

Figure 3.8 Categories of welded joints in a pressure vessel.

Conclusion About Welding

Now for my design I select Category a (type 1) and butt joint for the shell and head .
And its radiographic examination (full), joint efficiency is (E=1).

Design specification

 Medium ; paraffin oil

 Inner service pressure, [mpa]=6.3mpa
 Nominal volume, [m3]=2.5m3
 Service temperature, [oc]=350

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 19

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

 Position; vertical
 Supporting element; saddle frame
 2 longitudinal and one lateral pipes nominal diameter [mm] = 150mm
 Bottom discharge nominal diameter,[mm] = 25mm

3.4 DETERMING THE DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF A PRSSURE VESSLE

We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 0.5m 3 and the volume is equal to the sum
of the volume of the head/bottom (hemispherical) and the volume vessel shell (which is in
cylindrical in shape). According to process equipment design, brown ell and young suggest that the
ratio of L/D can be determined by according to their presser value. But mostly it is recommended to
take L/D ratio 2:1. The pressure that was given for my operating pressure is 6.3MPa (914.4Psi).

Operating pressure: is a pressure which required for the process, served by the vessel.

Design pressure: is the pressure used in the design of a vessel. It recommended to design a vessel
and its parts for higher pressure than the operating pressure.

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure

I select 3 for more safety purpose.

=6.3MPa + 3*6.3MPa=25.2MPa

Pressure

Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Table 3.8used to fined L/D ratio

Therefore the ratio of L/D= 5 and L=5D because the deign pressure greater than
3.448MPa.

V=V h +Vs

where :- V h=volume of the head and Vs=volume of the shell

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 20

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

V h= (4/3)*π*R3=(4/3)*π*(D/2)3=(1/6)*π*D3 but D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)

V h= (1/6)*π*D3

V h= (1/6)*π*D3 R=internal radius of the shell

Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*L where, L=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(5D) L/D=5 and L=5D

Vs = (5/4)*π*D3

And the sum of the volume is 2.5m3

V=V h +V s=2.53= (1/6)*π*D3 + (5/4)*π*D3 = (17/12)*π*D3

2.5m3=4.45D3 and D = (2.5/4.45)1/3m=0.825m

Therefore D= 0.83m

To change it in standard form D= 0.9m

And L=5D=5*0.9m= 4.5m

In standard form L= 5m

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 21

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

table of material properties

Design of shell thickness

To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure of
P=6.3MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for carbon steel is (2mm)
from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is
sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm

P = internal design pressure, Pa

R = inside radius of shell, mm

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 22

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

S = max. Allowable stress, Pa

E = joint efficiency (min)

C.A=corrosion allowance, mm

Now I am going to design thickness for two stresses;

a) circumferential stress (longitudinal joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in
the long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we
shall use the following formulae for thickness of shell
t = PR/ (SE -0.6P) + C.A

b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the circumferential joint. For
this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE. OR if the circumferential joint efficiency is
less than than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we use the formula for thickness
is

t = PR/ (2SE +0.4P) + C.A

let’s use these two equation to fined the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the
smallest value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can affect
the support leg.

a) Considering circumferential stress (longitudinal joint) and calculating thickness;

I select 3 for more safety purpose. Or my safety factor is 3.

=6.3MPa + 3 *6.3MPa=25.2MPa

Given P=6.93MPa
R=0.5m
S= 80 MPa
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 23

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

P ≤ 0.385SE
P ≤ 0.385*80MPa*1
6.93MPa ≤ 30.8MPa ……………………………………………………..(satisfied)

Therefore;

t=PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A

= (6.93MPa*0.5m)/ (80*1 - 0.6*6.93MPa) + 0.002m

t=0.04768m=47.7mm

t=47.68mm

b) Considering longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)

P ≤ 1.25SE
P ≤ 1.25*80MPa*1
6.39MPa ≤ 100MPa……………………………….. (Satisfied)

Therefore ;

t=PR/ (2SE+0.4P) + C.A

= (6.93MPa*0.5m)/ (2*80MPa*1 + 0.4*6.93MPa) + 0.002m

t= 0.0239m=23.9mm

t=23.9mm

And the smallest value is t=23.9mm and for standard value let’s take

t=24mm.
Finally let’s find the external radius and diameter
Ro =R+t=0.5m+0.024m
Ro =0.524m
And
Do=2*Ro=2*0.524m
Do=1.048m
Design of head

There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed heads. Some of them are listed blow

a) Flange head

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 24

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

b) Elliptical head

c) Hemispherical head

d) Torispherical head

e) Conical head

f) Oriconical head

But for my design I select hemispherical head pressure vessel in shape and 6.3MPa internal design
pressure is applied on it and it’s thickness is calculated considering on two theory these theories
are given blow.
According on the two theory

1) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
2) ‘’exact’’ theory
S= [PRi3/R30-R3i] [1+R30/2R3i]
Now I am going to design the hemispherical head based on two theory

Given values Ri=0.5m

Ro=0.524m
P=6.3MPa
t=24mm=0.024m
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m

a) According to thin-shell theory

S= (PR)/ (2t)
S= (6.3MPa*0.5m)/ (2*0.024m)
S=65.62MPa Ans
b) According to ) ‘’exact’’ theory

S= [PRi3/R30-R3i]* [1+R30/2R3i]
S= [PRi3/ (R30-R3i)]* [1+R30/2R3i]
S= [(6.3MPa*(0.5m) 3)/ (0.5243-0.53) m3] *[1 + (0.5243/2*0.53)]
S=65.75MPa Ans

Therefore lets fined the head thickness and take the largest value for S=65.75MPa .
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) + C.A
= (6.3MPa*500mm)/ (2*65.75MPa*1 – 0.2*6.3MPa) + 2mm
t= 26.2mm
The standard head thickness is 30mm

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 25

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Welding of Head to Shell

To joined the head and shell I use butt walled joint and the head shell have deferent
thickness in according to CODE UW-9(c),UW-13. Joining of a plate unequal thickness with butt weld,
the thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm (1/8in).

Fig 6.welding type of head to

shell

Thickness of head (th=30mm) and shell (ts=24mm), their deference (6mm) is greater than 3.125mm
(1/8in) or 3.175mm.
L ≥ 3*y and y=6mm
L ≥ 18mm.
Design of nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access.
By assuming 300mm the opening diameter & allowable stress of 371.41N/mm 2 the thickness of
nozzle is
a) Area of required reinforcement,
A r: = d.ts.F

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 26

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimension of opening in plane under

consideration
ts = Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1
According to ASME Section VIII-1,
Calculate a basic pipe nozzle SA-53 Grade B, seamless:
Design Pressure = 6.3Pa and Design Temperature = 350oc;
But for my design I select Shell Material SA-516 Gr. 60;
Nozzle Diameter is assumed 300mm, Nozzle Material is Corrosion Allowance = 0.02
h =0.75 (efficiency)
a) design of Wall thickness of the nozzle (mm):

6.3*150/ [37 1.41*0.75-0.6*6.3] =3.44mm

Tn =3.44mm+0.02=3.46mm (total thickness)
 Here the available nozzle neck thickness is 6.59mm
b) Circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening– 2 (+ Corrosion Allowance)
d = 150 – 2(3.44 + 0.02) = 143.08mm
c) Area of required reinforcement: Ar
Ar=d.tn.F(mm2)
143.08*3.44*1=492.2mm2
d) Available reinforcement area in shell, Ar , as larger of As or An

As= 143.08(6.59-3.78)-2*6.59(6.59-3.78)
As=365mm2

An= 2[2.5(6.59)(3.46-0.43) =99.83mm2

Now to be the design safe; Ar <(As+An)
492.2<(99.83+365)
492.2<464.83 so design is safe

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 27

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Design of manhole
The general equation for the thickness of manhole is required to kept the balance of person who
invent to clear a pressure vessel is given by:-

Where;
Pi = internal pressure (6.3MPa)
Di = diameter of manhole has taken by supper or assumption
σ = design stress that depends on the material selection
E = the efficiency that design on it

Assumption: Di = 60mm

Since the material I select for manhole is carbon steel design stress is 80MPa at 3500c.

Then; t=Pi*Di/2*δ*E-Pi =6.3*60/ (2*80*1-6.3)=2.5mm

Design of manhole load

Load is the stress that being or applied on the vessel part of man hole design that is the stress
subjected to the vessel part of tangential and horizontal or parallel to the vessel

The circumferential stress (σ1)

σ1 =6.3*60/2*2.5=75.6MPa

The longitudinal (σ2)

σ2 = 6.3*60/4*2.5= 37.8MPa

Hence the design stress is less than allowable stress the design is safe.

Design of cover plate on manhole

The flat pleat are used as cover for manhole as blain flange and for the end of small diameter and
low pressure vessel, the general equation for the thickness of felt required to resist a given pressure
can be written in the form of

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 28

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Where;
D = effective pleat diameter
C = a constant which depends on the edge support

f = the maximum allowable stress

If edge can take as completely required

C = 0.43 and it is essential free volte
C = 0.56

Material selection of pleat on manhole

The cover pleat on the manhole is constructed from stainless steel (M, S, design code and slandered
is lost for accepted material is accordance with the rational and suitable material with other and
acceptable the environmental factor.
Therefore; t=CD √ P/ f =0.56*60√ (6.3¿ ¿ 80)¿=9.42mm

Design of inlet and outlet

This party pressure vessel is used to input the material you want to store and used to remove
the material input offer used to the way to omitted or throughout from the material by this
things.
The general thickness equation inlet and outlet is used the thickness formula for the shell from
the above

t= (Pi×Di)/ (2σ-Pi)

Where,
Pi = internal press are
Di = internal diameter
σ = allowable stress

t=6.3*60/[ (2*80)-6.3] so thickness of inlet and out let is 2.5mm

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 29

 DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

The stress subjected on the vessel part vertically or tangentially is called circumferential stress (δ1)
is given by:-
The circumferential stress (σ1)

6.3*60/2*2.5=75.6MPa

Since the designed stress is less than allowable the design is safe.

Design of bolt
Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using connecting methods Load on
bolt. The load that applied on bolt is subjected to the stress due to the stress due to the torque
transmitted and depends on the number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts. Load on each bolt is
given by:-
The total load on all bolt:

The given torque transmitted is:

Where D= diameter of bolt given suppose

σb =allowable stress for bolt

Material stress selection on bolt

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 30

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL Page 31