THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BIDA

P.M.B 55, BIDA,

NIGER STATE
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE:
CIVIL ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY
COURSE CODE:
MEC311

ASSIGNMENT DONE BY:

FOLORUNSHO SAMSON AYOMIDE
2020/137477EC

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. AHMED AHMED
QUESTION1: DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ENGINEERING IN THE
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Development planning happens in many different contexts so to define it succinctly is tricky. Basically,
development planning refers to the strategic measurable goals that a person, organization or community
plans to meet within a certain amount of time. Usually, the development plan includes time-based
benchmarks. It generally also includes the criteria that will be used to evaluate whether or not the goals
were actually met.
The core priorities of the NDP are to eliminate poverty; reduce inequality and unemployment through
inclusive economic growth; building human capabilities so that people can lead lives they value;
enhancing the capacity of the state; and promoting leadership and active citizenship throughout society.
While not conceived with an explicit gender perspective, the NDP includes many aspects and proposals
that would promote the transformation of the socio-economic lives of women.
Ways in which engineering contributes to economic development “I see engineering as a fundamental
driver for many parts of the economy” Economic literature has highlighted a number of ‘waves of
innovation’, or so called ‘Kondratieff waves’, that have acted as game-changers in the history of
economic development. The current fifth wave is associated with the development and uptake of
information and digital technologies. However, according to some literature there are indications that the
sixth wave of innovation has already begun, with this wave associated with the development of
sustainable technologies. In contrast to the other technological waves, the sixth wave moves away from
resource dependency and towards resource efficiency and sustainability. This has been attributed to the
fact that natural resources are under threat as a result of over-use by humans, thereby encouraging people
to come up with sustainable solutions. Empirical literature supports the position that infrastructure acts to
promote growth, such as Easterly and Rebelo (1993). In 1994, The World Bank considered the
importance of infrastructure on productivity and deemed that it could impact economic development
through economic growth, alleviating poverty and the enabling environmental sustainability. In 1998,
Canning found that telephones and paved roads had a significant impact on growth. Engineering is a
broad field that can contribute to economic development through many different channels. By investing in
infrastructure, such as transport, bridges, dams, communication, waste management, water supply and
sanitation, energy and digital infrastructure, countries can raise their productivity and enhance other
economic variables. Through having a well-developed transport and communications infrastructure for
example, countries are better able to get goods and services to market and move workers to jobs. A strong
communications network allows a rapid and free flow of information, helping to ensure businesses can
communicate and make timely decisions. “You cannot have an economy without engineering...” This
view was supported by Professor Calestous Juma Hon FR Eng FRS of the Harvard Kennedy School, who
contributed to our interview programme. He highlighted that “you cannot have an economy without
engineering. This is because engineering plays a crucial role in the production of goods and services,
through creating new knowledge and ensuring there is the capacity in place to produce and move goods
and services – infrastructure, transportation networks and logistical arrangements.” Engineering can also
help address challenges that will help countries to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs
*The role of engineer in national development
The role of Engineer in national development refers to the application of the knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice in the provision of social
amenities like good education, infrastructure, medical care and social services.
*Specific aspects of national development in which engineers play a vital role are;
EDUCATIONAL GROWTH
Engineers play the role of guidance and counselling of students at tender age at secondary school level in
taking decision on the choice of courses of career by sensitizing them towards the technical and
engineering discipline.
Engineers in tertiary institution (Polytechnic and Universities) prepare the undergraduate by taking them
through the practical knowledge of their different fields of engineering thereby impacting upon them from
their wealth of knowledge and experience.
Engineers inculcate in the undergraduates the need for entrepreneurial skills for sustainable development
rather than seeking and indulging in the get rich quick practices.
Community Development.
The Engineer deals with the creation, improvement, and protection of the communal environment,
providing facilities for living, industry and transportation, including large buildings, roads, bridges,
canals, railroad lines, airports, water-supply systems, dams, irrigation, harbors, docks, aqueducts, tunnels,
and other engineered constructions within a given community.
COMMUNITY ENGINEERING
Like community Policing, community engineering plays a very important role in the monitoring of
infrastructural development projects within the neighbourhood with a view to ensuring adherence to
standards and ethics of engineering practice. Engineers within a community come together as volunteers
to sponsor infrastructural development projects like boreholes, water distribution network, construction of
drainages, culverts etc.
Incorporation of Engineering Companies.
The coming together of Engineers to incorporate Engineering firms has come a long way in fostering
National development by ensuring continuity in Engineering infrastructural development project, unlike
in situations where Engineering firms are family biased where probably the principal partner is the only
Engineer and his demise means the folding up of the company.
ENGINEERS AND POLITICS.
Decision making for National Development is made at the highest level of Government. Involvement of
Engineers in politics affords them the opportunity to beat this policy/decision making bodies. Engineers at
these levels, use their professional knowledge to attract and defend important engineering infrastructural
development projects. Similarly, Engineers in politics contribute to the enhancement of the welfare of
other Engineers thereby motivating them to higher productivity for national development.
ENGINEERS IN PUBLIC SERVICE.
Most of the Engineering Development Projects are being conceptualized, designed, supervised, evaluated
and certified by the Engineers in the Public Service. These Engineers also ensure that these projects are
executed according to specifications. They also make necessary input towards the procurement of
Engineering Projects.

QUESTION 2: DISCUSS THE PLACE OF ENGINEERING IN BUILDING

GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE ECONOMY
Engineering covers many different types of activity. Engineers make things, make things make things
work better. They also use their creativity to design solutions work and to the world’s problems and help
build the future. Engineering has previously been Engineering as the ‘creative application of scientific
defined by the Royal Academy of principles’, principles that are put in practice to invent, design, build,
maintain a processes. Improve structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and the problem of
defining engineering is solved in different ways by researchers: • Cebr in its UK work has defined
engineer as ‘engineer sectors’. It identified and listed a set of industry sectors and subsectors that are
considered ‘engineering sectors’, and then identified the economic value of them. The list is extensive,
and the sectors amount to about one quarter of the UK economy.
An assessment of the economic importance of engineers for the island of Ireland focused on their
occupations, and defined engineers as a ‘member of the engineering profession…who has successfully
completed a level 6 or above engineering programme. Extensive economic impacts Prior work and the
results from the workshop highlight the extensive economic impacts of engineering. Similarly, the prior
research in Ireland used the following occupation list: • civil/mining engineers • mechanical engineers •
electrical engineers • electronic engineers • software engineers • chemical engineers • design and
development engineers • production engineers • planning and quality control engineers • other engineers
and technologists not elsewhere classified • engineering technicians • building and civil engineering
technicians. These lists show the extensive impacts. Engineers are involved in building and maintaining
roads and other horizontal infrastructure; creating and maintaining the machinery used in manufacturing;
developing the electronics for new products; developing chemicals for industrial applications; and much
more. These activities have impacts across the three main economic divisions: primary (agriculture,
mining, etc.), secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (services, including professional services).
QUESTION 3: DISCUSS THE DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MILITARY
ENGINEERING TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military
works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are
also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil
engineering. In the 20th and 21st centuries, military engineering also includes other engineering
disciplines such as mechanical and electrical engineering techniques.
The first civilization to have a dedicated force of military engineering specialists were the Romans, whose
army contained a dedicated corps of military engineers known as architecti. This group was pre-eminent
among its contemporaries. The scale of certain military engineering feats, such as the construction of a
double-wall of fortifications 30 miles (48 km) long, in just 6 weeks to completely encircle the besieged
city of Alesia in 52 B.C.E., is an example. Such military engineering feats would have been completely
new, and probably bewildering and demoralizing, to the Gallic defenders. Vitruvius is the best known of
these Roman army engineers, due to his writings surviving.
In ancient times, military engineers were responsible for siege warfare and building field fortifications,
temporary camps and roads. The most notable engineers of ancient times were the Romans and Chinese,
who constructed huge siege-machines (catapults, battering rams and siege towers). The Romans were
responsible for constructing fortified wooden camps and paved roads for their legions. Many of these
Roman roads are still in use today.
For about 600 years after the fall of the Roman empire, the practice of military engineering barely
evolved in the west. In fact, much of the classic techniques and practices of Roman military engineering
were lost. Through this period, the foot soldier (who was pivotal to much of the Roman military
engineering capability) was largely replaced by mounted soldiers. It was not until later in the Middle
Ages, that military engineering saw a revival focused on siege warfare.
Military engineers planned castles and fortresses. When laying siege, they planned and oversaw efforts to
penetrate castle defenses. When castles served a military purpose, one of the tasks of the sappers was to
weaken the bases of walls to enable them to be breached before means of thwarting these activities were
devised. Broadly speaking, sappers were experts at demolishing or otherwise overcoming or bypassing
fortification systems. With the 14th-century development of gunpowder, new siege engines in the form of
cannons appeared. Initially military engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating these new
weapons just as had been the case with previous siege engines. In England, the challenge of managing the
new technology resulted in the creation of the Office of Ordnance around 1370 in order to administer the
cannons, armaments and castles of the kingdom. Both military engineers and artillery formed the body of
this organization and served together until the office's predecessor, the Board of Ordnance was disbanded
in 1855.
In comparison to older weapons, the cannon was significantly more effective against traditional medieval
fortifications. Military engineering significantly revised the way fortifications were built in order to be
better protected from enemy direct and plunging shot. The new fortifications were also intended to
increase the ability of defenders to bring fire onto attacking enemies. Fort construction proliferated in
16th-century Europe based on the trace italienne design by the 18th century, regiments of foot (infantry)
in the British, French, Prussian and other armies included pioneer detachments. In peacetime these
specialists constituted the regimental tradesmen, constructing and repairing buildings, transport wagons,
etc. On active service they moved at the head of marching columns with axes, shovels, and pickaxes,
clearing obstacles or building bridges to enable the main body of the regiment to move through difficult
terrain. The modern Royal Welch Fusiliers and French Foreign Legion still maintain pioneer sections who
march at the front of ceremonial parades, carrying chromium-plated tools intended for show only. Other
historic distinctions include long work aprons and the right to wear beards. In West Africa, the Ashanti
army was accompanied to war by carpenters who were responsible for constructing shelters and
blacksmiths who repaired weapons.
The Peninsular War (1808–14) revealed deficiencies in the training and knowledge of officers and men of
the British Army in the conduct of siege operations and bridging. During this war low-ranking Royal
Engineers officers carried out large-scale operations. They had under their command working parties of
two or three battalions of infantry, two or three thousand men, who knew nothing in the art of siegeworks.
Royal Engineers officers had to demonstrate the simplest tasks to the soldiers, often while under enemy
fire. Several officers were lost and could not be replaced, and a better system of training for siege
operations was required. On 23 April 1812 an establishment was authorized, by Royal Warrant, to teach
"Sapping, Mining, and other Military Fieldworks" to the junior officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers
and the Corps of Royal Military Artificers, Sappers and Miners.
The first courses at the Royal Engineers Establishment were done on an all-ranks basis with the greatest
regard to economy. To reduce staff the NCOs and officers were responsible for instructing and examining
the soldiers. If the men could not read or write they were taught to do so, and those who could read and
write were taught to draw and interpret simple plans. The Royal Engineers Establishment quickly became
the centre of excellence for all fieldworks and bridging. Captain Charles Pasley, the director of the
Establishment, was keen to confirm his teaching, and regular exercises were held as demonstrations or as
experiments to improve the techniques and teaching of the Establishment. From 1833 bridging skills were
demonstrated annually by the building of a pontoon bridge across the Medway which was tested by the
infantry of the garrison and the cavalry from Maidstone. These demonstrations had become a popular
spectacle for the local people by 1843, when 43,000 came to watch a field day laid on to test a method of
assaulting earthworks for a report to the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1869 the title of the Royal
Engineers Establishment was changed to "The School of Military Engineering" (SME) as evidence of its
status, not only as the font of engineer doctrine and training for the British Army, but also as the leading
scientific military school in Europe. The dawn of the internal combustion engine marked the beginning of
a significant change in military engineering. With the arrival of the automobile at the end of the 19th
century and heavier than air flight at the start of the 20th century, military engineers assumed a major new
role in supporting the movement and deployment of these systems in war. Military engineers gained vast
knowledge and experience in explosives. They were tasked with planting bombs, landmines and
dynamite.

At the end of World War I, the standoff on the Western Front caused the Imperial German Army to gather
experienced and particularly skilled soldiers to form "Assault Teams" which would break through the
Allied trenches. With enhanced training and special weapons (such as flamethrowers), these squads
achieved some success, but too late to change the outcome of the war. In early WWII, however, the
Wehrmacht "Pioniere" battalions proved their efficiency in both attack and defense, somewhat inspiring
other armies to develop their own combat engineers’ battalions. Notably, the attack on Fort Eben-Emael
in Belgium was conducted by Luftwaffe glider-deployed combat engineers.

The need to defeat the German defensive positions of the "Atlantic wall" as part of the amphibious
landings in Normandy in 1944 led to the development of specialist combat engineer vehicles. These,
collectively known as Hobart's Funnies, included a specific vehicle to carry combat engineers, the
Churchill AVRE. These and other dedicated assault vehicles were organized into the specialized 79th
Armored Division and deployed during Operation Overlord – 'D-Day'.
The word engineer was initially used in the context of warfare, dating back to 1325 when engineer
(literally, one who operates an engine) referred to "a constructor of military engines". In this context,
"engine" referred to a military machine, I. e., a mechanical contraption used in war.
As the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings developed as a technical discipline, the
term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the
construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline. As the prevalence of
civil engineering outstripped engineering in a military context and the number of disciplines expanded,
the original military meaning of the word "engineering" is now largely obsolete. In its place, the term
"military engineering" has come to be used.
QUESTION 4: IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE
(WITH THE BRANCHES OF EACH DISCIPLINE)

Engineering is the discipline and profession that applies scientific theories, mathematical methods,

and empirical evidence to design, create, and analyze technological solutions cognizant of safety, human
factors, physical laws, regulations, practicality, and cost. In the contemporary era, engineering is
generally considered to consist of the major primary branches of chemical engineering, civil
engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.[1] There are numerous other engineering
subdisciplines and interdisciplinary subjects that may or may not be part of these major engineering
branches.

Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is the application of chemical, physical and biological sciences to the process of
converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties
Biomolecular Focuses on the  Genetic engineering (of whole genes and their
engineering manufacturing chromosomes)
of biomolecules.  Immunology and biomolecular/biochemical
engineering
 Engineering of DNA and RNA (related to genetic
engineering)

Materials Involves  Metallurgical engineering, works with metals

engineering properties of  Ceramic engineering works with raw oxide
matter (material) materials (e.g., alumina oxide) and advanced materials
and its that are polymorphic, polycrystalline, oxide and non-
applications to oxide ceramics
engineering.  Polymer engineering works with polymer materials
 Crystal engineering works with the design and
synthesis of molecular solid-state structures
 Biomaterials engineering works with natural and
living systems

Molecular Focuses on the

engineering manufacturing
of molecules.
Process Focuses on the  Petroleum refinery engineering works on the
engineering design, operation, manufacture of refined products
control, and  Plastics engineering works on the plastics products
optimization of  Paper engineering works on paper products
chemical
 Textile engineering works on fiber, textile and
processes. These
apparel products.
include natural
and man-made  Cosmetics
materials, the  Household chemicals
interaction of
 materials with
machines, safety
and health, energy
conservation, and
waste and
pollution control.
This extends to
plant design and
layout, machine
and wet process
design and
improvement and
designing and
creating products.
Corrosion Applies scientific
engineering knowledge,
natural laws, and
physical resources
to design and
implement
materials,
structures,
devices, systems,
and procedures to
manage corrosion.
Generally related
to metallurgy,
corrosion
engineering also
encompasses non-
metallics
including
ceramics.
Corrosion
engineers often
manage other not-
strictly-corrosion
processes
including
cracking, brittle
fracture, crazing,
fretting, erosion,
and more.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering comprises the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and natural built
environments.
Subdiscipline Scope Major specialties
Environmental The  Ecological engineering, the design, monitoring, and
Engineering application of construction of ecosystems
engineering to  Fire protection engineering, the application of
the engineering to protect people and environments from fire
improvement and smoke
and protection  Sanitary engineering, the application of engineering
of the methods to improve sanitation of human communities
environment
 Wastewater engineering, Wastewater engineering is a
type of engineering that comes from civil engineering and
environmental engineering. A wastewater engineer
determines the best way to transport or collect rainwater for
human populations. Wastewater engineering also deals with
the transportation and cleaning
of blackwater, greywater and irrigation water. Wastewater
treatment and water reclamation are areas of concern in this
field. Wastewater engineers map out the topographical and
geographical features of Earth to determine the best means
of collection. They use sonar scanning in wells to determine
volumes of water that can be used for human consumption.
Using these types of data, they can provide a means of
collecting water. After collecting the water, it is their job to
transport it to where it can be made available for use.
 Municipal or urban engineering, civil engineering
applied to municipal issues such as water and waste
management, transportation networks, subdivisions,
communications, hydrology, hydraulics, etc.

Geotechnical Concerned  Foundation (engineering), the engineering of below-

engineering with the ground foundations that support superstructures
behavior of
earth materials
and soil and
rock
mechanics at
the site of a
civil
engineering
project.
Structural The  Earthquake engineering, the behavior of structures
engineering engineering of subject to seismic loading
structures that  Wind engineering, the analysis of wind and its effects
support or on the built environment
resist structural  Architectural engineering, application of engineering
loads. principles to building design and construction
 Ocean engineering, the design of offshore structures

Transport The use of  Traffic engineering, a branch of transportation

engineering to engineering focusing on the infrastructure necessary for
ensure the safe transportation
 and efficient  Highway engineering, a branch of engineering that deals
transportation with major roadways and transportation systems involving
of people and automobiles. Highway engineering usually involves the
goods. construction and design of highways.

Utility A branch of  Subsurface utility engineering, a branch of utility

engineering Civil engineering that involves managing certain risks associated
Engineering with utility mapping at appropriate quality levels and
that focuses on communication of utility data to concerned parties.
the planning,
design,
construction,
operation,
maintenance,
and asset
management of
any and all
utility systems,
as well as the
interaction
between utility
infrastructure
and other civil
infrastructure
Water resources Prediction,  Hydraulic engineering, concerned with the flow and
engineering planning, conveyance of fluids, principally water; intimately related to
development, the design of pipelines, water supply network, drainage
and facilities (including bridges, dams, levees, channels,
management of culverts, storm sewers) and canals.
water  River engineering, is the process of planned human
resources. intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of a river
with the intention of producing some defined benefit—to
manage the water resources, to protect against flooding, or
to make passage along or across rivers easier.
 Coastal engineering, the study of the processes ongoing
at the shoreline and construction within the coastal zone,
often directed at combating erosion of coasts or providing
navigational access.
 Groundwater engineering, involves the analysis,
monitoring and often modeling of groundwater source to
better understand how much remains and if the water can be
used for e.g., recharging reservoirs and irrigation.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electrical engineering comprises the study and application
of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism.
Sub-discipline Scope Specialties
Electronic The creation of physical  Control engineering, focuses on
engineering devices and abstract the modeling of dynamic systems and the
methods that make it design of controllers using electrical circuits,
possible to conduct digital signal processors and microcontrollers
electricity, magnetism and  Telecommunications engineering,
light, through low power focuses on the transmission and processing of
electrical circuits information through communications
deemed electronic channels that are created by making use of
circuits as well as applied electromagnetism in the physical
through communication world and are oftentimes divided in wired and
channels, in such a manner wireless.
so as to make it possible to  Electronics denotes a broad engineering
control, that is to actuate, field that covers subfields such as analog
on other external entities electronics, digital electronics, consumer
that can be mechanical, electronics, embedded systems and power
electrical, chemical and electronics. Electronics engineering deals with
even biological in nature, implementation of applications, principles and
even to the point of algorithms developed within many related
automation and thus fields, for example solid-state physics, radio
achieving a manipulation engineering, telecommunications, control
over those natural systems, signal processing, systems
phenomena so as to engineering, computer
concede to them a specific engineering, instrumentation
form so that they abstractly engineering, electric power control, robotics,
represent something, in a and many others.
processing action that is
called program and
therefore they become
abstract signals of
information, which can be
subject of further
processing and even end-
user presentation in what is
known as computing.
Computer The design and control of  Software engineering, the application of a
engineering computing devices with the systematic, disciplined, quantifiable
application of electrical approach to the development, operation and
systems. maintenance of software and the study of
these approaches; that is, the application of
engineering and computer science to
software.[3]
 Hardware engineering, designing,
developing and testing various computer
equipment. Can range from circuit boards
and microprocessors to routers.
 Network engineering, designing,
deploying and maintaining computer
networks, such as corporate networks or the
Internet.

Power engineering The generation,  Power System Planning, involves the

 transmission and modelling of power systems to analyze the
distribution of electricity management of current and future electricity
and the design of devices demand
such as transformers,  Power System Design, the development
switchgear, electric of a specific solution to address a power
generators, electric motors, need, such as a new substation, a new power
high-voltage engineering line, power system protection and so on
and power electronics.  Power System Operations and Control,
involves plant and system operation, where
protocols for the safe and continuous
operation of individual equipment,
subsystems, power plants or the whole power
system are developed and applied
 Protection and Control, involves the
design of power system protection,
measurements, metering, telecommunications,
and so on
 High Voltage Engineering, involves the
understanding of electromagnetic phenomena
of large voltages and currents (such as partial
discharge), as applied to the holistic power
system design and its components, such
as transformers, electric motors, electric
generators, switchgear, to create coordination
and harmony

Optical engineering The design of instruments

and systems that utilize the
properties of
electromagnetic radiation.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical engineering comprises the design and analysis of heat and mechanical power for the
operation of machines and mechanical systems
Sub-discipline Scope Specialties
Acoustical Concerns the manipulation and
engineering control of vibration, especially
vibration isolation and the
reduction of unwanted sounds.
Manufacturing Concerns dealing with different  Musical instruments
engineering manufacturing practices and the  Hand tools
research and development of  Cleaning tools
systems, processes,
 Cutting and abrasive tools
machines, tools and equipment.
 Forestry tools and equipment
 Garden tools
 Kitchen tools
  Machine and metalworking tools
 Power tools
 Woodworking, Woodworking machine
 Balancing machine
 Electrical discharge machining
 Loom
 Pumpjack
 Printing machine
 Personal protective equipment

Optomechanical Field specific to the mechanical  Fiber optics

engineering aspects of optical systems.  Laser systems
Includes design, packaging,  Telescopes
mounting and alignment
 Cameras
mechanisms specific to optical
systems.  Optical instrumentation

Thermal Concerns heating or cooling of  Air conditioning

engineering processes, equipment, or  Refrigeration
enclosed environments.  Heating, ventilating

Sports Is a field of engineering that

engineering involves the design, development
and testing of sport equipment.
The equipment used by athletes
has always gone through
technological design and
development based on current
knowledge and understanding.
Vehicle The design, manufacture and  Automotive
engineering operation of the systems and engineering, bicycles, motorcycles, automobiles, buses
equipment that propel and and trucks and new telecommunication vehicles
control vehicles.  Naval architecture, marine vehicles and structures
 Aerospace
engineering, airplanes, helicopters, drones and spacecraft
 Marine engineering, boats, ships, oil rigs and other
marine vessels or structures, oceanographic engineering
 Railway engineering dealing with the design,
construction and operation of all types of rail transport
systems.

Power plant Field of engineering that designs,  Geothermal power plants

engineering construct and maintains different  Coal-fired power plants
types of power plants. Serves as  Hydroelectric power plants
the prime mover to produce
 Diesel engine (ICE) power plants
electricity.
 Tidal power plants
 Wind turbine power plants
  Solar power plants

Industrial plant Field of engineering that designs,  Air Compressors

engineering construct and maintains different  Pumps
types of Industrial Machines and  Fans and Blowers
Equipment.
 Conveyors
 Elevators
 Escalators
 Pneumatics
 Hydraulics
 Gears, Springs, Screws, Bolts,
Flywheel, Machine Components
 Piping Systems
Energy Energy efficiency, energy
engineering services, facility management,
plant engineering, environmental
compliance and energy
production. Energy efficiency of
buildings and manufacturing
processes, employing advances
in lighting, insulation and
heating/cooling properties.

INTERDISCIPLINARY
Sub-discipline Scope Specialties
Agricultural engineering Farm power and machinery,  Aquaculture engineering, cultured aquatic species a
biological material processes, their production systems
bioenergy, farm structures  Biomechanical engineering
and agricultural natural  Bioprocess engineering, products from biological
resources. materials
 Biotechnical engineering
 Ecological engineering, ecosystems
 Food engineering, food processing, food machinery
packaging, ingredient manufacturing, instrumentation a
control.
 Forest engineering
 Health and safety engineering
 Natural resources engineering
 Machinery systems engineering
 Information & electrical systems engineering

Applied engineering Systems integration,  Automation/control systems/mechatronics/robotics

manufacturing and  Computer-aided drawing and design (CADD)
management  Construction
 Electronics
  General
 Graphics
 Nanotechnology

Biomedical Medicine and healthcare  Bioinstrumentation, devices and tools used in the
engineering, Biomedical biology, biocompatible diagnosis and treatment of disease.
nanoengineering prostheses, diagnostic and  Bioinformatics, digital tools to collect and analyze
therapeutic devices ranging biomedical data, such as DNA
from clinical equipment to  Biomechanics, motion, material deformation, trans
micro-implants, imaging chemical substances across biological membranes and
equipment such inside the body. Artificial heart valves, artificial
as MRIs and EEGs, tissue kidneys and artificial hips.
regeneration and
 Biomaterial, materials implanted in the body
pharmaceuticals. The
increased utilization of  Biomedical optics
nanotechnology across the  Biosignal processing, recording and processing bio
existing areas of this branch signals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as
has led the cardiac signals, speech recognition and brain activity
specialization Biomedical  Biotechnology, use of living systems to make usefu
nanoengineering. products such as pharmaceuticals and foods
 Clinical engineering, hospital-related products, inc
data management, instruments and monitoring systems
 Medical imaging, MRIs, EEGs, ultrasound, PET
 Neural engineering, replacement/restoration of lost
sensory and motor abilities, neurorobots, neuro electron
 Pharmaceutical engineering, pharmaceuticals and
pharmaceutical delivery
 Rehabilitation engineering, products that aid indivi
with physical and other impairments, to improve e.g., m
seating and communication
 Tissue engineering

Biological engineering  Bioacoustics

 Biochemical engineering, processes that involve
biological organisms or molecules such as bioreactors
 Biosystems engineering
 Biomedical engineering, the application of enginee
principles and techniques to the medical and biological
sciences
 Biotechnical engineering
 Biomolecular engineering
 Bioresource engineering
 Bioprocess engineering
 Cellular engineering
 Genetic engineering, manipulate genes in organism
 Food and biological process engineering
 Health and safety engineering
  Microbiological engineering
 Molecular engineering
 Protein engineering, protein synthesis
 Systems biology
 Synthetic biology

 Architectural engineering
 Mechanical engineering
o Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
o Refrigeration
o Public health
engineering: water services, drainage and plumbing
 Electrical engineering
internal environment and  Lighting, including artificial and emergency lightin
Building services
environmental impact of voltage systems, containment, distribution, distribution
engineering
buildings and other structures boards and switchgear
 Lightning protection
 Security, video and alarm systems
 Escalators and lifts
 Fire engineering, including fire detection and fire
protection
 Building façade engineering
Energy supply gas, electricity and renewable sources
Energy efficiency, energy
services, facility
management, plant  Solar engineering, photovoltaic systems, solar ther
Energy engineering engineering, environmental systems
compliance and energy  Wind engineering, wind turbines
production. insulation and
heating/cooling properties.
 Machine learning
 Data science
 Artificial intelligence
 Control theory
 Signal processing
Generation, distribution, analysis,  Telecommunications
Information and use  Image processing
engineering of information, data and knowledge   Information theory
in systems.  Computer vision
 Natural language processing
 Bioinformatics
 Medical image computing
 Autonomous robotics
 Mobile robotics
  Manufacturing engineering, tools,
equipment and processes
 Component engineering, optimal
compents to be subsequently assembled into
products.
 Systems engineering, logistics, team
Logistical and resource
Industrial engineering coordination, machinery control
management systems
 Construction engineering, buildings and
other structures
 Safety engineering, safe operation and
safe failure modes
 Reliability engineering, product
durability
 Robotics and Automation
 Instrumentation engineering
Mechatronics Mechanical and electrical  Optomechatronics engineering
engineering engineering hybrid  Biomechatronic engineering
 Avionics, the design of electronics and
systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft
Engineering Management of engineers and
management engineering processes
Military weapons and vehicles, such
Military engineering  Combat engineering
as artillery and tanks
Mining engineering An engineering discipline that
involves the science, technology,
and practice of extracting and
processing minerals from a naturally
occurring environment. Mining
engineering is closely related to
many other disciplines like mineral
processing and metallurgy,
geotechnical engineering and
surveying. A mining engineer
manages all phases of mining
operations – from exploration and
discovery of the mineral resource,
through feasibility studies, mine
design, development of plans,
production, and operations, to mine
closure.
With the process of mineral
extraction, some amount of waste
material and other byproducts are
generated which are the primary
 source of pollution in the vicinity of
mines. Mining activities by their
nature cause a disturbance of the
natural environment in and around
which the minerals are located.
Mining engineers must, therefore,
be concerned not only with the
production and processing of
mineral commodities but also with
the mitigation of damage to the
environment both during and after
mining as a result of the change in
the mining area.

 Materials
nanoengineering creating Nanomaterials
 Biomedical
nanoengineering creating Nanomedicine (Bio
The introduction of nanotechnology sensors, Tissue engineering, Drug delivery,
Nanoengineering
into existing fields of engineering. etc.)
 Instrumentation
engineering creating Nanosensors
 Electronic
nanoengineering creating Nanoelectronics
The application of quantum theory
to design of materials and devices.  Quantum properties
Now gaining recognition as its own of nanomaterials, nanoelectronics and nano-
branch of engineering, but more scale devices
traditionally associated with sub-  Semiconductor
Quantum engineering disciplines of electrical and materials and semiconductor devices
computer engineering,  Photonics and quantum optics
communications engineering, solid-  Quantum information systems
state and semiconductor materials and quantum cryptography
engineering, optical engineering and  Quantum computing
engineering physics.
 Medical physics
 Nuclear fuel
Terrestrial and marine nuclear
Nuclear engineering  Nuclear reactor design and control
power plants
systems
 Radiation protection
Petroleum engineering A field of engineering concerned  Reservoir engineering, the flow of fluids
with the activities related to the in porous and permeable underground
production of Hydrocarbons, which reservoirs and sub-surface stresses.
can be either crude oil or natural  Drilling engineering, well-drilling,
gas. Petroleum engineer focus on cementation and casing.
 studying subsurface formation
properties and design and selection
of equipment to maximizing
economic recovery of hydrocarbons
from subsurface
reservoirs. Petroleum
geology and geophysics focus on
 Production engineering, design and
provision of a static description of
selection of sub-surface equipment, surface
the hydrocarbon reservoir rock,
facilities and separation of well fluids.
while petroleum engineering
focuses on estimation of the
recoverable volume of this resource
using a detailed understanding of
the physical behavior of oil, water
and gas within porous rock at very
high pressure.
Project engineering includes all
parts of the design of manufacturing
or processing facilities, either new
or modifications to and expansions
of existing facilities. A "project"
consists of a coordinated series of
activities or tasks performed by
engineers and designers. A small
project may be under the direction
of a project engineer. Large projects
are typically under the direction of a
project manager or management
 Mechanical engineering
team. Project tasks typically consist
of such things as performing  Process engineering
calculations, writing specifications,  Instrumentation and control engineering
Project engineering preparing bids, reviewing  Civil engineering
equipment proposals and evaluating  Structural engineering
or selecting equipment and  Environmental engineering
developing and maintaining various
 Electrical engineering
lists (equipment and materials lists)
and drawings (electrical, instrument
and piping schematics, physical
layouts and other drawings used in
construction). engineering. Large
projects are typically contracted out
to project engineering companies.
Staffing at engineering companies
varies according to the work load
and duration of employment may
only last until an individual's tasks
are completed.
 Railway systems, including wheeled
Railway engineering
and maglev systems
 Cryptographic engineering
Cryptographic Engineering is the discipline
of using cryptography to solve human
problems. Cryptography is typically applied
when trying to ensure data confidentiality, to
authenticate people or devices, or to verify
data integrity in risky environments.
 Information technology engineering,
(ITE) or information engineering
methodology (IEM) is a software engineering
approach to designing and developing
information systems. It can also be
considered as the generation, distribution,
analysis and use of information in systems.
 Teletraffic
engineering, Telecommunications traffic
engineering, tele traffic engineering, or traffic
engineering is the application of traffic
Software engineering the
engineering theory to telecommunications.
application of a systematic,
Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of
disciplined, quantifiable approach to
statistics including queuing theory, the nature
the development, operation and
Software engineering of traffic, their practical models, their
maintenance of software and the
measurements and simulations to make
study of these approaches; that is,
predictions and to plan telecommunication
the application of engineering
networks such as a telephone network or the
and computer science to software.
Internet. These tools and knowledge help
provide reliable service at lower cost.
 Web engineering focuses on the
methodologies, techniques and tools that are
the foundation of Web application
development and which support their design,
development, evolution and evaluation. Web
engineering is multidisciplinary and
encompasses contributions from diverse
areas such as systems analysis and design,
software engineering, hypermedia/hypertext
engineering, requirements engineering,
human-computer interaction, user interface,
information technology engineering,
information indexing and retrieval, testing,
modeling and simulation, project
management and graphic design and
presentation.
Supply chain Supply chain engineering concerns  Logistics
 the planning, design, and operation  Pricing
engineering
of supply chains.  Production
Systems engineering is an
interdisciplinary field of  Systems engineering deals with work-
engineering that focuses on how to processes, optimization methods and risk
design and manage complex management tools. It overlaps technical and
engineering projects over their life human-centered disciplines such as control
Systems engineering cycles. Issues, such as reliability, engineering, industrial engineering,
logistics and coordination of organizational studies and project
different teams, evaluation management. Systems engineering ensures
measurement and other disciplines that all likely aspects of a project or system
become more difficult when dealing are considered and integrated into a whole.
with large or complex projects.
Textile engineering courses deal
with the application of scientific and
engineering principles to the design
and control of all aspects of fiber,
textile and apparel processes,
products and machinery. These
include natural and man-made
 Apparel engineering
materials, interaction of materials
 Fabric engineering
with machines, safety and health,
energy conservation and waste and  Industrial & production engineering
pollution control. Additionally,  Textile engineering management
Textile engineering
students are given experience in  Textile fashion & design
plant design and layout, machine  Textile machinery design & maintenance
and wet process design and  Wet process engineering
improvement and designing and
 Yarn engineering
creating textile products.
Throughout the textile engineering
curriculum, students take classes
from other engineering and
disciplines including: mechanical,
chemical, materials and industrial
engineering.