RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, JAIPUR

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

“A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE,

PRACTICE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING HEALTH HAZARDS
OF JUNK FOODS AND ITS PREVENTION AMONG
ADOLESCENTS AT SELECTED AREAS OF JODHPUR”

SUBMITTED BY

TWINKEL PAREEK

M.SC. NURSING PREVIOUS YEAR

GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING, DR. S.N. MEDICAL COLLEGE,

JODHPUR
 RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, JAIPUR

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE TWINKEL PAREEK

01.
AND ADDRESS

NAME OF THE GOVT. COLLEGE OF NURSING, DR. S.N.

02.
INSTITUTION MEDICAL COLLEGE, JODHPUR

COURSE OF STUDY AND M.SC. NURSING,

03.
SUBJECT COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

DATE OF ADMISSION TO
04.
THE COURSE

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE

KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE AND ATTITUDE
STATEMENT OF THE REGARDING HEALTH HAZARDS OF JUNK
5.
PROBLEM FOODS AND ITS PREVENTION AMONG
ADOLESCENTS AT SELECTED AREAS OF
JODHPUR
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Food is an important part of a balanced diet. It is something everyone needs,

every day. Life can be sustained only with adequate nourishment. Man needs food
for growth, development and to lead an active and healthy life. Food is a substance,
usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water that can be eaten or drunk
by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure.1

According to Wikipedia, junk food is a term describing food that is perceived

to be unhealthy or having poor nutritional value, according to Food Standards
Agency. The term is believed to have been coined by Michael Jacobson, director of
the Center for Science in the Public Interest. The term has since become common
usage. Junk Food includes those food items that do not add any value to a person’s
diet. Here, value denotes essential nutrients, vitamins & minerals. Street food and fast
food are also taken in the same context as junk. 1

The phrase "junk food" itself speaks of endangerment to health. Junk foods are
deemed to be trash foods as they are high in fat and sugar components regardless of
how they are labeled by manufacturers. The apparent effect of junk food on health
administers when there is excess in intake. Teenagers comprise the higher bulk of
junk food fanatics and they seem to be unhealthy with such a lifestyle of munching in
chips, fries, crackers and other snack foods in front of the television. Majority of junk
food choices do not deliver beneficial nutritional values, but you could actually
integrate a few junk foods in your diet with an assurance that it is of moderate
amount. 2

Healthy nutritious foods have been replaced by the new food mantra - JUNK
FOOD! Junk food comprises of anything that is quick, tasty, convenient and
fashionable. It seems to have engulfed every age; every race and the newest entrants
are children. Wafers, colas, pizzas and burgers are suddenly the most important thing.
The commonest scenario is a child who returns from school and plonks himself in
front of the television, faithfully accompanied by a bowl of wafers and a can of cola.
Children suddenly seem to have stepped into a world of fast foods and vending
machines, totally unaware of the havoc they are creating for themselves.  For children
who have less vision of the heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure or diabetes that
might befall them decades later, the tentacles of a junk food environment are virtually
inescapable.  Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could beginning
clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks. What children eat from
puberty affects their risks of prostate and breast cancer.  Osteoporosis and
hypertension are other diseases that appear to have their earliest roots in childhood
when lifelong eating habits are being formed. Children are especially vulnerable. Poor
diets can slow growth, decay new teeth, promote obesity and sow the seeds of
infirmity and debilitating disease that ultimately lead to incurable disease and death or
worse make life insufferable.3

Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, which

begins from the earliest signs of secondary sexual characteristics development and
ends when a person has achieved adult status. Hence, dramatic changes and
development of the physical, emotional and cognitive functions occur during
adolescence. In order to achieve optimal growth and development during adolescence,
the nutritional requirements are the highest across the life span. Practicing healthy
eating behavior is one of the important factors to meet the nutritional needs of
adolescents.4

Adolescent period is characterized by heavy demands of calorie and proteins.

The appetite of the child increases and he tends to consume more carbohydrate foods.
Intake of vitamin C and vitamin A may be low due to improper habits of eating
snacks.5

Consumption of fast food has increased rapidly since the 1970s among
adolescents from all socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups across the “United
States," the authors provide as background information in the article. "An estimated
75 percent of adolescents eat fast food one or more times per week. The increase in
fast food consumption parallels the escalating obesity epidemic, raising the possibility
that these 2 trends are causally related," the authors suggest. "Characteristics of fast
food previously linked to excess energy intake [overeating] or adiposity [fat] includes
enormous portion size, high energy density, and palatability, excessive amounts of
refined starch and added sugars, high fat content and low levels of dietary fiber."6
 The most common fast foods available in India are burggers, pizzas, wraps
and rolls, mini- meals, chips, samosa, pao bhaji, panipoori, pakodas, Chinese food
like gobi manchoori, noodles, Beverages like soft drinks, coffee, shakes etc. In India
alone the fast food industry is growing by 40% a year. Eating at home remains very
much ingrained in Indian culture and changes in eating habits are very slow moving
with barriers to eating out entrenched in certain sectors of Indian Society. The growth
in nuclear families, particularly in urban India, exposure to global media and Western
cuisine and an increasing number of women joining the work face have had an impact
on eating out trends. Adolescent is the age group of enjoyment with friends especially
in fast food corners.
6.2 NEED OF THE STUDY

Our brain is the organ in affecting how we think and move. Fast food and junk
food are very low in nutrients; instead they are full with colorings, flavors and
preservatives. Researchers have shown that junk food might cause dyslexia, ADHD
(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and worse is autism. An individual's mood
and attention are highly influenced by the food taken, which means it will affect the
concentration.7

The effects of fast food include nutritional deficiencies, obesity, increased

cholesterol levels, cardiac problems and many other threatening health hazards.
Most of these quick and convenient meals contain high amount of sodium, which
increases and aggravates the risks of high blood pressure. According to the
recommendations of the National Research Council of the National Academy of
Sciences 1,200 - 1,500 mg of sodium is the daily sodium requirement for adults.
Although the body requires minimum quantities of sodium, too much sodium
contributes to high blood pressure. Sodium can also lead to building-up of fluids in
case of people who are suffering from people with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis,
or kidney disease.7

The junk foods are traced to affect in immediate and medium term periods.
When you have a sumptuous junk meal rich in oil you feel drowsy and fail to
concentrate. Over sustained periods of junk food eating, blood circulation drops due
to fat accumulation. Lack of vital oxygen, nutrients and proteins particularly can stale
your grey (brain) cells temporarily.8

Junk food are typically ready to eat convenience foods containing high levels
of saturated fats, salt or sugar and little or no fruit, vegetables or dietary fiber and are
considered to have little or no health benefits. Common junk food includes salted
snack foods like chips (crsps), candy, gum, most sweet desserts, fried fast food and
carbonated beverages (sodas) as well as alcoholic beverages. The food habitats in
India have changed due to the western influence and the usage of foods is also on the
rise and have been a part of everyday life.9
 A survey was conducted by Association of chambers of commerce and
industries in 25 private and public school canteens in five major cities – Ahmedabad,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai including Chandigarh, among 5000 high school students.
The survey disclosed that 53% of children in Chandigarh spend an average of Rs. 700
to 1000 every month on junk food in school canteens. Another alarming finding was
that 59% of the food served in canteens was junk food. It revealed that kids prefer to
snack on junk food which is heavy in fats, salt and sugar and warns that if the trend
continues, the kids are set to develop lifestyle diseases.10

Eating fast food and leading a sedentary lifestyle leads to obesity. Obesity
leads to other complications like increase in the cholesterol level, blocking of the
arteries, the increased risk of coronary diseases, in addition to the general physical
discomfort posed by the extra weight. Fast food is also addictive and hence it is very
difficult to give up on their greasy and fatty foods and carbonated drinks and switch to
healthier options.

As people throughout Asia become more affluent towards junk foods which is
having the risk of obesity and other health related problems. About 53% of men and
44% of women are projected to become overweight by 2015 in India due to the
addiction of junk foods. According to a study on school children in Ranga Reddy
District in A.P (India). Prevalence of overweight among urban adolescent school
children was higher (11%) than in their rural counterparts This is attributed to the
eating habits (Junk Foods) and sedentary life style.11

Study was conducted to determine the association between food habits and
obesity among adolescents residing in and around Ernakulam city (India). A semi-
structured pre-test interview schedule was administered to randomly selected 100
subjects in the age group of 12-18 years. The food consumption pattern of the sunjects
revealed that prevalence of over weights was (24%) and a habitual skipping of
breakfast was (41%), which in turn could result in, impaired cognitive ability during
school hours. High popularity of junk foods and carbonated beverages was likely to
precipitate obesity.12

A prospective, observational study was conducted in Karnataka on

relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity
showed that 30% of children aged 13-16 years are over weight or in the risk of over
weight. This study focuses on the trends in childhood nutrition over the past few
years, such as changes in fast food and soft drink consumption. This way the study
explains the increasing prevalence of over weight in children and critically addresses
the issues contributing to these changes in nutrient intake.13

According to the researchers point of view now a days during evening time
huge number of junk food stall will be opening on the side of the road and most of
the stall will be filled with adolescents. The main reason is easy availability and taste.
But they are unaware of the harmful effects of junk food. So the study is essential to
improve the knowledge regarding the junk food and its hazards.
6.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Charles’s (2020) was conducted a study to assess the effects of fast food on
energy intake in overweight versus lean adolescents in Boston. Fifty-four samples (26
overweight, 28 lean) were selected by convenient sampling method. Data were
collected by telephone interviews. Result of the study showed that mean [average]
energy intake from the fast food meal among all participants was extremely large
(1,652 kcal =calories). Overweight participants ate more than lean participants
whether energy was expressed in absolute terms (1,860 vs. 1,458 kcal) or relative to
estimated daily energy requirements (66.5 percent vs. 57 percent). They concluded
that overweight participants tended to under-report total energy intake compared with
lean participants.14

RandyA A (2019) was conducted a study to determine whether a junk food

diet is associated with behavioral problems. Behavioral problems were measured
using the strength and difficulties questionnaires. Total difficulties and score for five
scales (hyper activity, peer problems, emotional symptoms, and pro-social behavior)
were calculated. Principal components analyses of dietary data (frequency of
consumption of 57 foods/drink) collected, by maternal report was used to generate
‘junk food’ factor. Data on confounders were available from questionnaires. The
result of the study shows that an increase in ‘junk food’ intake was associated with
increased hyper activity. This persisted after adjustment for confounders including IQ
scores. 15

D. kumar, P. C. Mittal (2019) et al were conducted a study to assess the

socio-cultural and nutritional aspects of fast food among adolescents in Allahabad
city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Thirty samples were selected by systemic sampling method.
Data were collected by structured interview schedule. Result of the study showed that
majority of fast food consumers belongs to the age group 15-18 years and majority
66.7% of respondents had BMI in the normal range while 29.3% were underweight.
They concluded that socio-cultural and nutritional aspects are having influence in the
consumption of fast foods.16
 Cho J, Han Y (2019) was conducted a survey study on secondary school
students to identify their perceived knowledge and attitudes toward fast foods. The
population in this study consisted of 1,050 middle and high school students aged
14~19 from five school districts in Bussan. The survey data were collected after
trained school teachers administered the survey in their classrooms. The student
survey was completed by 968 students (response rate:92%) which included 541
middle school and 435 high school students. The findings of the current study cannot
be generalized for all adolescents' perception and attitudes about fast foods throughout
the world; however, these findings are in agreement with the limited numbers of
studies published on the similar topics in other countries, though food habits often
differ from countries. Intervention to reduce frequency of fast food consumption or to
improve the food choices at fast food restaurants may need to address not only the
perceived convenience but also the importance of nutritious and healthy eating habits
among adolescents. 17

Erica Garcia-Lago (2019) conducted study to test the hypothesis that

overweight adolescents are more susceptible to adverse effects of fast food than lean
adolescents. The study selected 26 overweight and 28 lean adolescents aged 13-17
years. The samples were fed large fast food meal in food court and instructed to eat as
desired in 1 hour and assessed energy intake under free living conditions for 2 days
when fast food was consumed. Data were collected by direct observation and
telephone. Result revealed that mean energy intake from fast food meal among all
participants was extremely large and overweight participants ate more than lean
participants. The study concluded that adolescents over consumed fast food regardless
of their body weight.18

Denney-Wilson E, Crawford D (2019) was conducted a study on influences

on consumption of soft drinks and fast foods in adolescents revealed that Fast food
consumption was higher among boys than girls in all age groups. Convenience and
value for money yielded the strongest associations with fast food consumption in
boys, while preferring fast food to meals at home and preferring to "upsize" meals
were most strongly associated with consumption in girls. Interventions to reduce
consumption of soft drinks should target availability in both the home and school
environment by removing soft drinks and replacing them with more nutritive
beverages. Fast food outlets should be encouraged to provide a greater range of
healthy and competitively priced options in reasonable portions. 19

Ramesh K Goyal; Vitthaldas N (2018) et al were conducted a study to

identify the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Indian Adolescent School
Going Children: Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Status and Associated Lifestyle
Factors, drawn the prevalence of obesity and overweight and their association with
socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk factors like diet, physical activity like
exercise, sports, sleeping habit in afternoon, eating habits like junk food, chocolate,
eating outside at weekend, family history of diabetes and obesity. Material and
method of the study was carried out in 5664 school children of 12–18 years of age and
having different SES. The obesity and overweight were considered using an updated
body mass index reference. SES and life style factors were determined using pre-
tested questionnaire. The result shows age-adjusted prevalence of overweight was
found to be 14.3% among boys and 9.2% among girls where as the prevalence of
obesity was 2.9% in boys and 1.5% in girls. The prevalence of overweight among
children was higher in middle SES as compared to high SES group in both boys and
girls whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in high SES group as compared to
middle SES group. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight in low SES group
was the lowest as compared to other group. Eating habit like junk food, chocolate,
eating outside at weekend and physical activity like exercise, sports, sleeping habit in
afternoon having remarkable effect on prevalence on overweight and obesity among
middle to high SES group. Family history of diabetes and obesity were also found to
be positively associated. The data suggest that the prevalence of overweight and
obesity varies remarkably with different socioeconomic development levels.20

Kathrine.W.Bauer (2018) was conducted a study to assess the socio-

environment, personal and behavioral predictors of fast food intake among
adolescents in Minnesota schools. 806 samples were selected by random sampling
method. Result of this study showed that personal and behavioral factors, including
concern about weight and use of healthy weight-control techniques, were protective
against increased fast-food intake. Sports team participation was a strong risk factor
for increased fast-food intake among males. They concluded that addressing socio-
environmental factors such as acculturation and home food availability may help
reduce fast-food intake among adolescents. Additionally, gender-specific intervention
strategies, including working with boys’ sports teams, family members and the peer
group, and for girls, emphasizing the importance of healthy weight-maintenance
strategies and the addition of flavorful and healthy food options to their diet, may help
reduce fast-food intake.21

Instituto Brasileiro De Defesa (2018) was conducted a study with a sample

of 270 parents whose children attend nurseries, found that foods such as instant
noodles, sugar, fruit juice from concentrate and snacks are being offered to very
young children - even babies under three months old. The researchers produced two
tables showing the frightening amount of sugar, salt and fat present in twelve foods
most frequently offered to children under one year of age by 67% of parents. Of the
100 manufactured foods most consumed by children under three years, 23 have a
high level of fat. Only 20 were found adequate. Seventy-seven went beyond the
recommended salt level and 98% were found to be expensive when compared to the
amount of rice, beans or milk that could be bought for the same cost.22

Signorielli N (2018) was conducted a study in Chile on increasing

consumption of junk food and snacks in recent years and its association with
marketing strategies. The study was conducted on 400 adolescents in the age group of
13-18 years by using questionnaire. The Study showed that the availability of junk
foods and snacks at low process and marketing had triggered increased consumption
of junk foods. The contribution of snacks to daily energy intake among children was
increased by 30%. This study indicated that education about junk food consumption
and healthy eating habits in the family should be strengthened.23

Manpreet Kaur (2018) conducted a study to determine the prevalence of

consumption of fast food among school children and their knowledge regarding the
food they eat. Study was conducted on 10 different schools comprising of 2636
children. The data was obtained by questionnaire. The result revealed that 50% of the
children watched fast food being advertised on television and 70% were not aware of
the nutritional context of this food consumed by them. The study concluded that
children in urban schools liked Junk food but they preferred to have these in between
meals and believed that food advertised was healthy15. 24
 Shanthy A. B., Steven L. G (2018) was conducted a survey to determine the
effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality. A sample of 6212
(children and adolescents 4 to 19 years old) were analyzed. The results revealed that
on a typical day, 30.3% of the total sample reported consuming fast food. Children
who ate fast food, compared with those who did not, consumed more total energy (187
kcal; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 109–265), more energy per gram of food (0.29
kcal/g; 95% CI: 0.25–0.33), more total fat (9 g; 95% CI: 5.0–13.0), more total
carbohydrate (24 g; 95% CI: 12.6–35.4), more added sugars (26 g; 95% CI: 18.2–
34.6), more sugar-sweetened beverages (228 g; 95% CI: 184–272), less fiber (–1.1 g;
95% CI: –1.8 to –0.4), less milk (–65 g; 95% CI: –95 to –30), and fewer fruits and
nonstarchy vegetables (–45 g; 95% CI: -58.6 to –31.4). Very similar results were
observed by using within-subject analyses in which subjects served as their own
controls: that is, children ate more total energy and had poorer diet quality on days
with, compared with without, fast food. The study concluded that consumption of fast
food among children seems to have an adverse effect on dietary quality in ways that
plausibly could increase risk for obesity. 25

Boutelle.K.N (2017) was conducted a study to examine the relationships with

parent and adolescent food intake, home food availability and weight status. Data
were collected by parent interviews and adolescent surveys from Project EAT (Eating
among Teens). 902 middle-school and high-school adolescents (53% female, 47%
male) and their parents (89% female, 11% male) were selected as samples. Result of
this study showed that parents who reported purchasing fast food for family meals at
least 3 times per week were significantly more likely than parents who reported
purchasing fewer fast-food family meals to report the availability of soda pop and
chips in the home. They concluded that fast-food purchases may be helpful for busy
families, but families need to be educated on the effects of fast food for family meals
and how to choose healthier, convenient family meals.26

Emerson RL (2017) was conducted a study to describe diet-related attitudes

and knowledge of parents, family fast food dollars spent, fruit and vegetable intake of
children, and their relation to their children’s body mass index-for-age status. Parents
are the primary influence of preschool children’s diets. The purpose of this study was
to describe diet-related attitudes and knowledge of parents, family fast food dollars
spent, fruit and vegetable intake of children, and their relation to their children’s body
mass index-for-age status. We found that 95.5% of preschool children do not eat at
least three vegetable servings a day and that consumption patterns for fruit varies
between Black and White children. Parents’ knowledge and attitudes were not
associated with children’s fruit and vegetable intake nor with BMI status of their
children. Findings indicated a negative correlation between family fast food dollars
spent and children’s vegetable intake and positive correlation to children’s fruit intake
Study participants included 3,031 young black and white adults who were between
the ages of 18 and 30.27

Kelly N. Allen (2017) conducted study on effectiveness of nutrition education

on fast food choices in adolescents. The purpose of the study was to gain insight as to
how food choices in a simulated fast food environment might be influenced by
nutrition education in a group of adolescents. The study selected 10 adolescents.
Participants were asked to choose food items from a fast food restaurant menu. Their
chosen meals nutrition was calculated. Following a 30 minutes nutrition education
session, participants were again asked to choose a meal from the same fast food menu.
The result revealed that there was a statistically significant difference of the meals
chosen after nutrition education. The study concluded that this short nutrition
education intervention resulted in healthier fast food choices in this group of
adolescents.28

Allison DB, Fontaine KL (2017) et al was conducted a study to assess the

effect of selected snack foods on demineralization of enamel and dentine. A self
complete questionnaire was used in this cross sectional study for 415 adolescents in
the age group of 14- 15 years old. Result of the study showed that there was a
significant association between dental caries and harmful snacks which ranged from
96.9% for cola and 39% from sugar coated biscuits. This study recommended concern
about dietary habits as a part of preventive oral health plan.29
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual frameworks are interrelated concepts or abstractions that are

assembled together in some rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common
theme.

A framework for a research study helps to organize the study and provide a
context for the interpretation of the study findings. Framework provides a background
or foundation for a study. A conceptual framework helps to explain the relationship
between concepts. It is a theoretical approach to the study of problems that are
scientifically based and emphasize the selection, arrangement and clarification of its
concepts.

In present study the health belief model is used as a theory to assess the
knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescents regarding health hazards of junk
foods and its prevention.

History and orientation

The health belief model is psychological model that attempt to explain and
predict health behaviour. This is done by focusing on the practice and belief of
individual. This model was designed by Hochbaum modified and used by Kegler
Rosen Rosen Stock and Becker M. Becker modified the HBM to include this
component

 Individual perception
 Modifying factors
 Variables

Variables of health belief model

The key variables of the HBM are as follows

 Perceived threats:
Consists of two parts of a health condition
o Perceived susceptibility:
One’s subjective perception of the risk of contracting a health condition
o Perceived severity:
Feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or a leaving it
untreated (including evaluation of both medical and clinical consequences and
possible social consequences
 Perceived benefits :
The believed effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce the health hazards.
 Perceived barriers:
The potential negative consequences that may result from taking particular health
actions.
 Cues to action :
Events, either bodily (eg: physical symptoms of health condition) or environment
eg: information and mass media motivates the people to take action.
 Self –efficiency :
The belief in being able to successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the
desired outcome. (this concept introduced by Bandura in).

Application of variables in this study

 Perceived susceptibility :
Adolescents
One’s opinion of chances of getting condition
In this study it means adolescents knowledge, attitude and practices regarding health
hazards of junk food.
 Perceived severity :
One’s opinion of how serious a condition and its consequences
In this study it means adolescents opinion of how serious the condition is and what
are the management should be followed for reduce the health hazards of junk food.
 Perceived benefits :
One’s opinion of the efficiency of the advised action to reduce the risk or seriousness
of impact.
In this study it means adolescents having good knowledge about attitude and practices
to reduce risk and seriousness of impact of junk food on health.
 Perceived barriers:
One’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action. In this
study it means lack of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding health hazards of
junk food on health.
 Cues to action:
Strategies to activate readiness’s
In this study, it means the adolescents source of information and knowledge, attitude
and practices about the health hazards of junk food on health.
 Self-efficiency:
Confidence in one’s ability to take action It
suggests how the adolescents provides guidance about the health hazards of junk food
on health.
 Demographic variables:-Age, gender, education, eating habit etc
Qualify. Work area experience In-service education
Socio-psychological variables:-Working experience of nurse
Structural variables:- Knowledge attitude and practices

Perceived susceptibility: health hazards of junk food among

Perceived adolescents.
benefits: Good knowledge, attitudeofand practices of adolescents re
Cues of action:- Observing
Perceived seriousness to reduce the risk of health the adolescents
hazardsbarriers: for
of junk food attitude and practices hazards of junk food
Perceived - Lack of awareness.

Perceived threat to factor influencing the health hazards of junk food

d to take preventive action, discuss problem and guidance and provide education to overcome from the problems and provide

Provide the information regarding reduce the health hazards of junk food on health

Fig No- 1: Modified conceptual framework based on Health-Belief Model

6.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A Descriptive Study To Assess The Knowledge, Practice And Attitude

Regarding Health Hazards Of Junk Foods And Its Prevention Among Adolescents At
Selected Areas Of Jodhpur”

6.5 OBJECTIVES

In this study the objectives are:

1. To assess the knowledge of adolescents regarding health hazards of junk foods

and its prevention.
2. To assess the attitude of adolescents regarding health hazards of junk foods
and its prevention.
3. To assess the practices of adolescents regarding health hazards of junk foods
and its prevention.
4. To find out the association level of knowledge regarding health hazards of
junk foods and its prevention with selected demographic variables.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

 ASSESS: It refers to the critical analysis and valuation or judgment of the

states or quality of knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescents regarding
health hazards of junk food on health.
 KNOWLEDGE: It refers to facts, information, and skills acquired through
experience or education.
 ATTITUDE: in this study it refers to attitudes of adolescents towards the use
of junk food.
 PRACTICES: In this study it refers to practices of use of junk food by the
adolescents.
 HEALTH HAZARDS: in this study it refers to impact that occur on body
due to use of junk food among adolescents.
 JUNK FOOD: Junk food comprises of anything that is quick, tasty,
convenient and fashionable. It seems to have engulfed every age; every race
and the newest entrants are children
  ADOLESCENTS: Adolescent is a transitional stage of physical and
psychological development that generally occur during the period of puberty
to legal adulthood. According to WHO adolescents as individuals in the 10 –
19 years age group range

6.7 ASSUMPTIONS

 It is assumed that adolescent have knowledge regarding health hazards of junk

food and its prevention.
 It is assumed that adolescent have practices to eat the junk food.
 It is assumed that adolescent have positive attitude to junk food.

6.8 HYPOTHESIS

 H01: There will be no significant association between knowledge and attitude

regarding health hazards of junk food and its prevention among adolescent.
 H02: There will be no significant association between knowledge and practices
regarding health hazards of junk food and its prevention among adolescent.
 H03: There will be no significant association between attitude and practices
regarding health hazards of junk food and its prevention among adolescent.
 H1: The level of knowledge of adolescent regarding health hazards of junk
food and its prevention will be significantly associated with the selected
demographic variables.

7 MATERIALS AND METHODS OF A STUDY

7.1 SOURCES OF DATA

The data will be collected from the adolescents who are residing in selected
area of Jodhpur.

7.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

A Descriptive research design used for this study

7.1.2 SETTING

The study will be conducted in selected area of Jodhpur.

7.1.3 POPULATION

The population selected for the study is the adolescent who are residing in
selected area of Jodhpur..

7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

The data will be collected from 100 adolescents residing in selected area of
Jodhpur, by using structured knowledge questionnaire.

7.2.1 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

Convenient sampling technique use for present study.

7.2.2 SAMPLE SIZE

Sample comprised of 100 100 adolescents residing in selected area of Jodhpur.

7.2.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Adolescents those are Present at the time of data collection.

2. Adolescents those are habit of eating junk foods.
3. Adolescents those are able to read & write Hindi & English.

7.2.4 EXCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Adolescents those are not willing to participate in the study.

2. Adolescents those are not present at the time of data collection.

7.2.5 INSTRUMENT USED

A multiple choice question will be used for data collections which have two
sections.

Section –I: Demographic data

Section-II: Structured knowledge questionnaire regarding health hazards of junk

foods and its prevention.
7.2.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Data will be collected from the adolescents individually through structured

knowledge questionnaire.

7.2.7 DATA ANALYSIS PLAN

Data will be analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.

7.3 Does the study require any investigation of intervention to be conducted on

patients or other humans or animals? If so please describe briefly

No

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3

Yes
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Punam J R articles various/Junk-Food, 2007,

http://www.indiaparenting.com/food-and-nutrition/56_1186/children-and-
junk-food.html
2. Gary Pearson, effects of junk food on health,
www.articlealley.com/article_792389_23.html
3. Journal of Food and Nutrition, “Poor Eating Habits article on Children and
Junk Food”, 2008
4. A.B Harrins and G.V.Robbins,”Nutrition in catering”; William hinman
publishers, London, page no; 173-175
5. Shubhangini.A.Joshy, “Nutrition and diabetes” first edition published by Tata
Mchraw-Hill publishing company limited page 183

6. Journal of American Medical Association “Adolescents over eat fast food but
lean compensate for over consumption by eating less” June 15 2004; 20.47.

7. Carol west.Suiter and Merely Forbes “Nutrition –Principles And Application

in Health promotion” second edition 1984 page no;293
8. http://www.dietpolicy.com/diets-articles/junk-food-facts.htm
9. Junk food.wikipedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/junkfood
10. Rajan walia, study on 59% high schools serve Jank food, April 28,2011
Available from: http://articles.timesofindia.com
11. Ms. Kalpana Tord. J. Health Action April 2007 Page; 31 to 37
12. Little Flower A,Rashmi HP Prevelence of obesity among urban high school
Ind J Comm Med. 2003 Oct;28:187-190
13. Lundwig D,Peterson K, Gortmaker S .A prospective ,observational analysis
on relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened and childhood
obesity.Lancet.2001,358;505-508
14. Charles’s “Adolescents over eat fast food ,but lean adolescents over
consumption eating less “Journal of American medical association 2020 ,
20:47
15. Randy, A a study to determine whether a junk food diet is associated with
behavioral problems “Some bad effects of junk food”, 20th February 2019.
16. D. kumar, P. C. Mittal, S. Singh “socio cultural and nutritional aspects of fast
food consumption among teen agers and youth “INDIAN JOURNAL
COMMUNITY MEDICINE, vol: 31, no: 3.
17. Cho J, Han Y. Dietary behavior and fast-foods use of middle school students
in Seoul. Korean Journal of the Home Economics Education Association.
2019;8:105 - 119
18. Cara B.Ebbeling, Kelly B. Sinclair, Mark A.Pereira, Erica Garcia-Lago, Henry
A.Feldman, David S.Ludwig. The compensation for energy intake from fast
food among over weight and lean adolescents. The journal of the American
Medical Association 2019; 291 (23): 2828-2838. Available from
http://jama.ama-assn.org
19. Denney-Wilson E, Crawford D, et al, Influences on consumption of soft drinks
and fast foods in adolescents”. NSW Centre for overweight And obesity,
University of Sidney, Sidney 2052,; 2019 Australia
20. Ramesh K Goyal; Vitthaldas N Shah; Banshi D Saboo; Sanjiv R Phatak;
Navneet N Shah; Mukesh C Gohel; Prashad B Raval; Snehal S Patel, Sterling
Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, L.M.College of Pharmacy,
Ahmedabad 380 009, India, “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Indian
Adolescent School Going Children: Its Relationship with Socioeconomic
Status and Associated Lifestyle Factors” Journal of the Association of
Physicians of India  Vol: 58,  March, 2018.
21. Kathrine.W.Bauer, “socio environmental personal and behavioral predictors of
fast food in take among adolescents” ;2018; 3 (2).
22. Instituto Brasileiro De Defesa Do Consumidor (IDEC) Brasilweb, http :
//www idec.org. br (18-11-2018).
23. Signorielli N, Staples J. Televisions and children’s consumption of
Nutrition. J Health communication. 1997; 9(4) 291-301.
24. Manpreet Kaur. Jaypee’s International Journal of clinical pediatric Dentistry
2018 September-December 1(1): 13-16.
25. Shanthy A. B., Steven L. G. et. al, “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on
Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household
Survey” US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
Beltsville, Maryland. ;2018; 4 – 9.
26. Boutelle.K.N “fast food for family meals” Public Health Nutrition 2017
January 16-21.
27. Emerson RL. The New Economics of Fast Food. New York. USA: Van
Nostrand Reinhold; 2017
28. Kelly N. Allen, Julie Smith Taylor, Ruth Anne Kuiper. Effectiveness of
Nutrition education on fast food choices in adolescents. The journal of school
nursing. December 2017, volume 23, number 6. 337-341.
29. Allison DB, Fontaine KL, Memon JE, Steven J. Effects of Snack foods. AMA
Journal. 2017; 282:1580-800.
8 Signature of candidate

9 Remarks of guide

10 10.1 Name and designation of Guide R

10.2 Signature

10.3 Name of co guide

10.4 Signature

11 11.1 Remarks of the principal Mr. Murlidhar Sharma

Principal

11.2 Signature Govt. College of Nursing, Dr.

S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur