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    Electromagnetics 1

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    tharik ko
    1) Electromagnetics describes the interaction between electric charges in motion and magnetic fields. 2) A steady current is produced when electric charges move at a constant speed, causing stationary magnetic fields. 3) Current density represents the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional area of a material and its direction is the velocity of positive charge carriers.

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    Electromagnetics 1

    Uploaded by

    tharik ko
    37 views9 pages
    1) Electromagnetics describes the interaction between electric charges in motion and magnetic fields. 2) A steady current is produced when electric charges move at a constant speed, causing stationary magnetic fields. 3) Current density represents the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional area of a material and its direction is the velocity of positive charge carriers.

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    lecture notes, Assignments help, symple questions, Electromagnatics

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    1) Electromagnetics describes the interaction between electric charges in motion and magnetic fields. 2) A steady current is produced when electric charges move at a constant speed, causing stationary magnetic fields. 3) Current density represents the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional area of a material and its direction is the velocity of positive charge carriers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views9 pages

    Electromagnetics 1

    Uploaded by

    tharik ko
    1) Electromagnetics describes the interaction between electric charges in motion and magnetic fields. 2) A steady current is produced when electric charges move at a constant speed, causing stationary magnetic fields. 3) Current density represents the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional area of a material and its direction is the velocity of positive charge carriers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Electromagnetics

    ➢The interaction charges which are in motion results electromagnetics.

    ➢Electric charges moving with constant speeds cause stationary electric currents and
    produce a constant magnetic fields.

    ➢The amount of charge flow per unit time is defined as steady current.
    𝑸
    𝑰= .
    𝒕

    𝒅𝑸(𝒕)
    ➢If the current I is time dependent, 𝑰 𝒕 = .
    𝒅𝒕
    𝑸 𝒕 = න 𝑰 𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕
    𝒅𝑸(𝒕)
    ➢But 𝑰 = = 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒔,
    𝒅𝒕
    𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 − 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝒆
    − 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏,
    𝒗 − 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 − 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂.
    Current Density (𝝉)
    ➢The amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area
    or the amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional
    area of a material.
    𝐼
    ➢ 𝜏Ԧ = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
    𝑆

    Current density is a vector. Its direction is the direction of the


    velocity of positive charge carriers.

    ➢A current density 𝜏Ԧ flowing through an infinitesimal area 𝑑𝐬 produces an


    infinitesimal current dI.
    𝒅𝑰 = 𝝉. 𝒅𝒔
    𝑰 = ‫𝝉 𝒔ׯ‬. 𝒅𝒔
    Cross product of two vectors

    𝒂 × 𝒃 = 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒏
    Magnetic field and Magnetic force
    ➢In analyses in electromagnetics, it is general to consider a current
    element 𝐼𝑑𝑙. A current element 𝐼𝑑𝑙 is an infinitesimal length 𝑑𝑙 of wire
    carrying a current I and is a vector quantity.
    ➢It is found that when a current element 𝐼𝑑𝑙 is placed in an constant
    magnetic field of strength 𝐵, then there will be a magnetic force on the
    current element, which is perpendicular to both parameters.

     𝑑𝐹

    ➢The magnetic force 𝑑𝐹 on the element is given by


    𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
    ➢The direction of the magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane at which
    𝐼𝑑𝑙 and 𝐵 are formed. In this case inside the plane
    Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
    𝑑𝐹
    ➢If =/2, then 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵
    𝐼𝑑𝑙

    ➢B-field is defined as amount of magnetic force per unit current element.


    Magnetic force on moving charges
    ➢When an electric charge is moved in a magnetic field, there exists a magnetic
    force on the charge.
    ➢The magnetic force on a current element containing moving charges with
    constant velocity is given by 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵

    ➢But, 𝐼𝑑𝑙 = 𝒏𝒒𝒗𝒔𝒅𝒍 = 𝒏 𝒔𝒅𝒍 𝒒 𝒗 = N𝒒 𝒗 , where N is the total number of


    charge in the current element.

    ⟹ 𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 = 𝑁𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵 = 𝑁𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵)

    ➢The magnetic force on a charge q is given by 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵).


    ➢When q= e, then e(𝑣 × 𝐵)
    ➢When q= -e, then -e(𝑣 × 𝐵) ( direction is changed)

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