CHM 121 - Lecture Note 7 - Kinetic Theory of Gases, Gas Laws, Equations

CHM 121:
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY II
Gases
Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas, Gas Laws
& Equation Combined Gas Laws,
Numerical value of R
Lecturers:
• Dr. Oluseyi, Dr. Agunbiade & Prof. Isanbor
• Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos
The Unique Gas Phase
 Physical properties of a gas are nearly independent of its
chemical identity!
 Gas behavior is markedly different than solid or liquid behavior
and have lower densities than the liquid and solids.
 They assume the volume and shape of their containers.
 They are the most compressible state of matters
 Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the
same container.
 Pressure
 Pressure is simply a force exerted over a
surface area.
10 miles 0.2 atm
4 miles 0.5 atm
Sea level 1 atm

Atmospheric Pressure
 Patm is simply the weight

of the earth’s atmosphere
pulled down by gravity.
 Barometers are used to
monitor daily changes in
Patm.
 In the lab, we use manometers to measure pressures of gas samples.
Units of Pressure
 we have units such as torr and mm Hg.
 The derived SI unit for pressure is N/m 2, known as the
pascal (Pa).
 Standard conditions for gases (STP) occurs at 1 atm and 0
°C. Under these conditions, 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L.
 Note that 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.325kPa
=101,325Pa and 1000Pa= 1KPa
Kinetic-Molecular Theory postulates
1) Gas consists of large number of particles (e.g atoms,
molecules ) (that are hard spheres) separated by large distances
compared to their diameters (the particles are negligibly small in
size). The volume of each particle is so small that we assume they
have mass but but have negligible volume.
2) ) Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive
forces on one another. (i.e No forces between particles
except when they collide).
3) Gas particles are in constant, rapid, straight-line motion in
random directions.
4) Gas particles colliding with each other and with containers wall
in a perfectly elastic (i.e K.E is transferred without loss from
one particle to the other. total K.E is constant) manner and
particles continue in straight lines after collisions but
changing direction.
Kinetic-Molecular Theory postulates
5) The average kinetic energy (a measure of particles speed)
of a particle is proportional to the kelvin temperature
of the gas. i.e Any two gases at the same temperature will have
the same average kinetic energy
Imagining a Sample of Gas
 We imagine a sample of gas –

chaos, molecules bumping into
each other constantly.
 After a collision, 2 molecules may
stop completely until another
collision makes them move again.
 Some molecules moving really
fast, others really slow.
 But, there is an average speed.
Gas Molecular Speeds
 As temp increases, avg.

speed increases.
 i.e. avg. KE is related to
temp!!
 Any 2 gases at same temp
will have same avg. KE!
Why Do Gas Laws Work So Well?
 Recall that the gas laws apply to any gas – the chemical
identity is not important.
 Gas particles only interact when they collide. Since this
interaction is so short, chemical properties don’t have time
to take effect!!
Volume and Pressure – Boyle’s Law
 The volume of a gas is inversely related to pressure, i.e. if P

increases, V decreases. P
P a 1/V P x V = constant P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
VI. Explaining Boyle’s Law
Volume and Temperature – Charles’s Law
 The volume of a gas is directly related to its temperature,

i.e. if T is increased, V will increase.
VaT V = constant x T V1/T1 = V2/T2
VI. Explaining Charles’s Law
As T increases V increases
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125
0C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of
1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L
charles law demonstration - Google Videos

Giant Koosh Ball in Liquid Nitrogen! -
Volume and Moles – Avogadro’s Law
 The pressure of a gas is
directly related to the
number of moles of gas, i.e.
if n increases, V will
increase.
V a number of moles (n)

V = constant x n
V1/n1 = V2/n2
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO) and
water vapor. How many volumes of NO are obtained from
one volume of ammonia at the same temperature and
pressure?
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
1 mole NH3 1 mole NO
At constant T and P
1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

Explaining Avogadro’s Law
Mixtures of Gases
 Dalton's law of partial
pressure states:
 the total pressure of a
mixture of gases is equal to
the sum of the partial
pressures of the component
gases.
The Combined Gas Law
 Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws can be combined into a convenient

form.
The Ideal Gas Law
 The ideal gas law is a combination of the combined gas law

and Avogadro’s Law.
R = 0.082058 L atm/K mole

Ideal Gas Law
Boyle’s law: V a 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)
nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
Numerical value of R
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas
occupies 22.414 L.
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

Gas Law Problems
 There are many variations on gas law problems.
 A few things to keep in mind:
1) Temperature must be in Kelvin ( 0C +273)
2) Pressure=force/surface area
3) Volume(available)=V(container)-
V(particles)1L=1000cm3=10-3m3
4) If problem involves a set of initial and final
conditions, use combined gas law.
5) If problem only gives information for one set of
conditions, use ideal gas law.
Density (d) Calculations
m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas
Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance
dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at
STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 K
mol•K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.6 L
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb containing
argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to 85 0C at constant
volume. What is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb
(in atm)?
PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

nR P
= = constant P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
V T
T1 = 291 K T2 = 358 K
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x 358 K = 1.48 atm
T1 291 K
I. Sample Problem
 What’s the final pressure of a sample of N2 with a volume of

952 m3 at 745 torr and 25 °C if it’s heated to 62 °C with a
final volume of 1150 m3?
II Sample Problem
 What volume, in mL, does a 0.245 g sample of N2 occupy at

21 °C and 750 torr?
III. Sample Problem
 A sample of N2 has a volume of 880 mL and a pressure of

740 torr. What pressure will change the volume to 870 mL
at the same temperature?
Other Uses of Ideal Gas Law
 The ideal gas law can be used to find other physical values of
a gas that are not as obvious.
▪ gas density, d = mass/volume
▪ gas molar mass, MW = mass/mole
▪ stoichiometry, via moles and a balanced equation
VI. Sample Problem
 Find the density of CO2(g) at 0 °C and 380 torr.

V. Sample Problem
 An unknown noble gas was allowed to flow into a 300.0 mL
glass bulb until the P = 685 torr. Initially, the glass bulb
weighed 32.50 g, but now it weighs 33.94 g. If the
temperature is 27.0 °C, what’s the identity of the gas?

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CHM 121:

4 miles 0.5 atm

Sea level 1 atm

 Patm is simply the weight

 We imagine a sample of gas –

 As temp increases, avg.

 The volume of a gas is inversely related to pressure, i.e. if P

 The volume of a gas is directly related to its temperature,

1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?

charles law demonstration - Google Videos

V a number of moles (n)

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

1 mole NH3 1 mole NO

1 volume NH3 1 volume NO

 Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws can be combined into a convenient

 The ideal gas law is a combination of the combined gas law

R = 0.082058 L atm/K mole

R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

 What’s the final pressure of a sample of N2 with a volume of

 What volume, in mL, does a 0.245 g sample of N2 occupy at

 A sample of N2 has a volume of 880 mL and a pressure of

 Find the density of CO2(g) at 0 °C and 380 torr.

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