Mediwood 3.0 by DR Naveen Koval (With Links)

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Just trying to make use of my creative ideas and knowledge to help medical students across
the world learn better through my venture called “ Mediwood ”….
If you want to know more about me or my creative works here are the links
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Interview with Dr. Naveen Koval — a Doctor using Art to Inspire Change | by Aaditya Khemuka | Medium
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1.GROWTH 28.PRACTICAL CLINICS
2.DEVELOPMENT
3.ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 29.MISCELLANEOUS
4.FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES 30.CREATIVITY WORKBOOK
5.NUTRITION
6.NEONATOLOGY
7.IMMUNIZATION AND IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
8.INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
9.GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
10.HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
11.HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDER
12.DISORDERS OF EAR NOSE AND THROAT
13.RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
14.CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
15.RENAL SYSTEM
16.ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
17.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
18.NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
19.TUMORS
20.RHEUMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
21.GENETICS
22.INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
23.OPHTHALMOLOGY
24.SKIN DISORDERS
25.POISONINGS
26.PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE
27.INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Growth vs development
Maturation
myelination
Factors affecting fetal

growth

What are the placental
factors affecting fetal
growth?
What are the maternal

factors affecting fetal
growth?

What are fetal hormones
and fetal growth factors?
IGF
Insulin
Glucocorticoids
thyroxine
TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS
Cigarette
LSD
cocaine

COCAINE causes NEC
Aplasia cutis
methimazole
carbimazole

Choanal atresia
Embryo
Bilaminar embryo

Fetal period

Define Perinatal period
Early Neonatal period

Late neonatal period
Definition of term baby

Definition of post term
baby
Define newborn period
Infancy is
_____________________
__________

Toddler
Pre-school period
School age

Adolescence period:
Define youth.

Define young age.
X ray of choice at
different age

Third carpal bone to
appear
is_________________
Sequence of eruption of
primary teeth

Ugly duckling stage of
dental development
Mnemonic to remember
correlation between 13 &
delay
Delayed puberty
Conduction delay
Delayed bleeding Other conditions causing delayed separation of the Umbilical Cord (>3 weeks):
• Leukocyte adhesion defect
• Urachal Anomaly

AGE INDEPENDENT
ANTHROPOMETRIC
FACTORS
e e er as a a a Si ater
Shakir’s tape
MUAC

WEIGHT AND
CORRELATES WITH
10 &7
At what age does the

birth weight
doubles,triples &
quadruples the birth
weight?
Weight is approximately 4 years

16 kg at what age? Note the connection between 4 & 16.
At 4 years of age weight is approximately 16 kgs
In AML M4 there is inversion 16 (inversion in chromosome 16)
At what age does the 12 years
child attain a head Note that 12 months =52 weeks & 12 years =52cms HC
circumference of 52 cms?

HEAD
CIRCUMFERENCE-
PATTERN
At what age does the 5 years

child attain a chest
circumference of 56 cms?

Chest circumference vs
head circumference at 5
years

Conditions causing
increased and decreased
US/LS ratio ?
CORRELATION
ARM SPAN / HEIGHT
US/LS RATIO
CC/HC

What is the relation
between bone age ,height
age and chronological
age
1)in FSS
2)in CDGP
Define failure to thrive.

What is the sequence of
closure of coronal
sutures?
What is
“klee lattschaedel”?

What is clover leaf
skull/brachycephaly/scap
hocephaly/trigonocephal
y?
What is acrocephalosyndactyly
and what is
acrocephalopolysyndactyly?
What is turmschadel?

Name a syndrome
associated with
craniosynostosis and
psittichorhina
APERT SYNDROME

Rules of development
PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT

Domains of development
How will you assess gross Supine -pull to sit-ventral suspension-prone position
motor milestones? Sitting-standing-walking-running-climbs stair s-jumping-skipping
Mention few milestones

that can be assessed by pull
to sit method

How will you assess
milestones using ventral
suspension?

What will be the normal
position of an infant in
prone position at:
a)2 weeks
b)6 weeks
Write a short note on

developmental milestones
in prone position.

An interesting
correlatio …
Difference between Crawl

& Creep

List some broad categories
under which you would
assess a child ‘s fi e otor
skills.
Short note on different

types of grasps in fine
motor skill development.

Tower of cu es…OP GHAI
vs Nelson vs Illingworth
hat is urph ’s
sequence of sound
localisation?

Mnemonic to memorize
urph ’s seque ce of
sound localization.
Identification of colors

Mnemonics to remember
attained at 2 months.
3 MONTHS


4 MONTHS
4 MONTHS MNEMONICS

IAP schedule at birth
(similar to NIS)

IAP SCHEDULE AT
6,10,14 WEEKS
COMPARE IAP VS NIS at

6,10,14 weeks
NIS
Note that the IAP immunization schedule for 6,10,14 weeks is similar to National immunization
schedule(NIS).
Only difference is that IPV can be given instead of OPV at 6,10,14 weeks if feasible..(note that just
like in NIS
baby must be given OPV +f-IPV at 6 & 14 weeks & OPV alone at 10 weeks if IPV is not feasible.)

Another difference is that in IAP schedule PCV 2 is given at 10 weeks and PCV 3 at 14 weeks
(PCV1,2,3 at 6,10,14 weeks respectively)
6 MONTHS

CORRELATION 4
MONTHS VS 6 MONTHS

IAP SCHEDULE 6
MONTHS
IAP SCHEDULE
INFLUENZA VACCINE

milestones attained at 7
months.
AIIMS 2020

Mnemonics for
at 8 months
Mnemonics for
at 9 months

IAP SCHEDULE 9
MONTHS
Mnemonics for
at 10 months

1 YEAR/
12 MONTHS
Mnemonic for memorizing

milestones at 1 year.

IAP IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE 1 YEAR
15 MONTHS

Mnemonics for memorizing
milestones at 15 months

IAP IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE 15 MONTHS

Mnemonics for memorizing
milestones at 18 months.
DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES 18
MONTHS

DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES 18
MONTHS
IAP SCHEDULE 16- 18

MONTHS

ANSWER=2 YEARS
DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES 24
MONTHS(2 YEARS)

Name some growth
parameters seen at 2 years.

Mnemonics for milestones
at 30 months
Mnemonics for milestones

at 36 months(3 years)

4 YEARS
Mnemonics for
at 4 years

IAP SCHEDULE 4-6
YEARS

ANSWER=5 YEARS
Mnemonics for
at 5 years

IAP IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE 9-12 YEARS

Screening tests-
development
Denver developmental
screening test

Classification of mental
retardation(previously
used):
profou d less tha
se ere less tha

If ou take a classificatio as ild oderate se ere the oderate will e i etwee
That ea s oderate ea s so oderate less tha also re e er that
ild less tha will e i etwee orderli e less tha oderate less tha

Pervasive development
disorders
Little professors

List the behavioural
disorders in children

TICS
PANDAS
TOURETTE SYNDROME
BREATH HOLDING
SPELLS
KUHS -OCTOBER
2020
r a ee o al
ef elso te t ook of pediatrics st ed pa e

Differential diagnosis
of breath holding spell
r a ee o al
st
ef elso te t ook of pediatrics ed pa e
Levetiracetam is
avoided in seizure
induced due to breath
holding spells.Why?
r a ee o al
st
ef elso te t ook of pediatrics ed pa e

What is the sequence of
puberty in:
1.girls
2.boys
Define precocious
puberty in females and
males.

Precocious puberty &
menarche

Define delayed puberty ?

SEMEN ANALYSIS
SMR staging in girls &

boys(pubic hair)

SMR staging in
girls(breast )
that growth spurt occurs
after pubarche.

Difference between peak
growth velocity during
puberty in girls and boys.
Freud’s sta es of
psychosexual
development

IPC section 306 & 309
Grievous hurt definition

DEPRESSION

Composition of body
fluids
DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA FOR
SIADH

What is the amount of
sodium in
1.NS
2.3% NS

Drugs causing
hyperkalemia
ECG changes in
hyperkalemia

Clinical features of
hypocalcemia.

Mnemonic for
assessing strength of a
solution using
percentage of that
solution.
Why is Normal saline

preferred IV fluid in
vomiting and ringer
lactate the preferred
IV fluid in diarrhea?

Omega 3 vs omega 6
fatty acids
What is the
energy,protein,latose &
fat content in human
milk ?

Breast milk vs cows
milk
COMPOSITION
OF BREAT MILK
BASED ON TIME
AFTER BIRTH

Inulin is seen in
__________
3 cardinal
determinants of
undernutrition

How to remember the
lowest grades in IAP
& WATERLOW
classification?
Wellcome trust
classification for PEM.

WHO classification of
undernutrition in
under 5 children
Kwashiorkor

Marasmus VS
Kwashiorkor
Grades of
Kwashiorkor &
marasmus

SAM
What are the criteria

to admit a child with
SAM?

Define hypoglycemia in
SAM.
Define primary and

secondary failure to
respond.

DISCHARGE
CRITERIA IN
SEVERE
MALNUTRITION
Definition of treatment
completion in SAM

Craniotabes- earliest
clinical finding in
rickets

VITAMIN K
dependent clotting
factors?

Excess of vitamin K
can
cause______________
____?

B -COMPLEX
VITAMINS .How to
remember?

3 D s of pellagra
Gopala ’s ur i
foot syndrome

Absorption of vitamin
B12

Absorption of vitamin
B12 and B9 are
sodium independent
Infantile tremor
syndrome

scurvy
X ray changes in
scurvy

ILSO ’S ISEASE
ATP 7A DEFECT=MENKES DISEASE
ATP7 B EFE T ILSO ’S ISEASE

Prenatal
developmental
milestones

DEFINE APNEA
APGAR SCORE

DEFINE
VIGOROUS
BABY
What is the
targeted
preductal SpO2
one minute after
birth ?

INDICATION TO
DISCONTINUE
NEONATAL
RESUSCITATION
What are the

different types of
laryngoscopic
blades?

Umbilical cord
Mnemonic to
remember the
fact that
umbilical cord
has 2 arteries
and 1 vein

Name few danger
signs in newborn
that a parent must
know .
A newborn is an
obligate
_____________

MEMORY
TECHNIQUE:
PEG SYSTEM
Mnemonic to
remember Prechtl
scale

Scoring system
used for
assessing
gestational age
Expanded new Ballard score
Mnemonic for
memorizing
physical criteria for
maturity

ENBS-
neuromuscular
criteria for
maturity
Caput
succedaneum vs
cephalhematoma
MNEMONIC

Neonatal reflexes
New born reflexes

present at birth?

MNEMONIC for memorizing
neonatal reflexes present at
birth

CORRELATION
WITH 28
Er s’s pals -
root values

Asymmetric tonic
neck reflex

When does
parachute reflex
disappear?
What are the 4

sources of heat loss
in a newborn?
Remember the
mnemonic CO-R-E
CO-NDUCTION
CO-NVECTION
R-ADIATION
E-VAPORATION

Co-R-E
temperature loss
Methods of
temperature
maintenance
r a ee o al

When is the world
breast feeding week
?
Benefits of breast
feeding to mother

What are the
protective factors in
breast milk?
LACTOSE content
of breast milk
(KUHS)

Contraindications
for breast feeding
Prolactin reflex
oxytocin reflex
r a ee o al

Preterm milk and
its composition
Fore milk vs hind

milk

What are the signs
of good
attachment?

What are the signs
of good
positioning?
Storage of
expressed breast
milk

Ponderal index
(Less than 2)
What are the key

features of KMC?
KANGAROO
MOTHER CARE

Advantages of
KMC
EOS risk factors

MOST COMMON
causes of neonatal
meningitis in the
world
Sepsis screen

BIOCHEMICAL
TRIAD OF NEC
Modified Bell
staging

Essential criteria
for perinatal
asphyxia
Predictors of
poor outcome in
perinatal
asphyxia

Sarnat& Sarnat
staging for HIE

Mechanism of
seizure

Silverman
Anderson scoring
system
Downe scoring

Chest x ray findings
in RDS
Steroids vs insulin
on their effect on
surfactant
production

Pathological vs
physiological
jaundice
Methods of TSB estimation

structural
isomerization

What is the range
of wavelength of
light from CFL
lamps used for
phototherapy?
BIND

Mnemonic for memorizing
acute and chronic forms of
kernicterus

Poor prognostic
factors in CDH

Definition of
hypoglycemia
METABOLIC
DISEASES
ASSOCIATED
WITH
HYPOGLYCEMIA

INVESTIGATION
S IN RESISTANT
HYPOGLYCEMIA
r a ee o al
EF AII S I P OTO OL
DRUGS USED IN
RESISTANT
HYPOGLYCEMIA
r a ee o al
EF AII S I P OTO OL

10 STEPS of
baby friendly
hospital
initiative

HLA associations
HLA B8
Gravis
Graves

MHC class 1 &2
Features of different
antibodies

Ig A & Alternate
pathway
When should we
suspect a child to
have primary
immunodeficiency?

Job syndrome
VACCINATION
GIVEN ON LEFT
SIDE ARE?

Live attenuated
vaccine

Vaccines
contraindicated in
egg allergy

Mission
Indradhanush

schedule
National
immunization

Most light
sensitive vaccine ?
In the vaccine vial

monitor the inner
part is a circle or a
square?

Preservative in DPT

Mnemonic to
remember protective
levels of tetanus
antitoxin
Adverse events
following vaccination

Vaccine storage
Mnemonic for
vaccines given under
special
circumstances

High risk conditions
in which certain
vaccines may be
necessary

Difference
between rectal-
oral and
axillary
temperatures
Fever of unknown
origin

1 st ,2 nd ,3 rd ,4
th ,5 th, 6 th
disease
ERYTHEMA
INFECTIOSUM
Naked DNA and

naked RNA
viruses

Ladies first in
pediatrics
Koplik spots

Complications of
measles
Triad of congenital
rubella syndrome

Roseola infantum
Tiger mosquito
NS1 Antigen

DIAGNOSIS
OF HIV IN A
CHILD >18
MONTHS
Influenza virus
structure

STREPTOCOCCUS
PYOGENES
CROSS
REACTIVITY
WITH HUMAN
TISSUES

Mnemonic-
pneumococci

Mnemonic for
remembering C
diphtheriae
ALBERT STAIN
& DIPHTHERIA

Widal test and
ah ’s test -
correlation
Hutchi so ’s triad

Argyll Robertson
pupil
Hard chancre vs
soft chancre

D s of Botulism
Bacillus anthracis:
Bamboo stick appearance
Medusa head colonies

Inverted fir tree appearance in gelatin stab culture
Mnemonic for
remembering
features of B
anthracis

Cat scratch disease

Ethambutol
toxicity

CONGENITAL
TUBERCULOSIS

Tree in bud
appearance

RMSF
Cryptococcus
neoformans in
CSF is best seen by

MNEMONICS for
tests in Kala Azar
Strongyloides
stercoralis & larva
currens

WORMS AND
NAMES
Non bile stained

eggs

Signs in hydatid
cyst
CEFIXIME
DOSAGE

FIRST
GENERATION
CEPHALOSPORI
NS
SECOND
GENERATION
CEPHALOSPORI
NS

Bird beak sign
& other
radiological
signs in
hypertrophic
pyloric stenosis

Oesophagus
and its
relationship
with 10

ANOTHER
MNEMONIC
WITH THE
DIGIT 10

Mnemonic to
remember
different levels
of
diaphragmatic
opening
Eagle -Barrett
syndrome

Central
controllers of
appetite
Gas reaches the

colonic end in a
newborn by
________ hours

REFLUX
ESOPHAGITIS -
CLASSIFICATIO
N
Wessel criteria
infantile colic

Bird beak sign -
achalasia cardia
oerhaa e’s
syndrome-triad

Name few
causes of
constipation?
Define
functional
constipation?

Hirschspru ’s
disease
Rule of 2 in
eckel’s
diverticulum

Sai t’s triad
Length of
different parts
of duodenum

DOUBLE
BUBBLE SIGN
Argentaffin
cells

Signs in
Intussusception

What is claw
sign in
intussusception
?
Radiological
signs in volvulus

BORCHARDT
TRIAD(in
gastric
volvulus)
Bird of prey
sign-sigmoid
volvulus

Peacock tail
sign in small
bowel volvulus
Sea gull sign or

Mercedes-Benz
sign in
cholelithiasis

RANSON
criteria in
acute
pancreatitis
Classifications
and criterias in
chronic
pancreatitis

Pancreatic
cholera
Peutz-Jeghers
syndrome

Triad of:
1.cholangitis
2.appendicitis
3.choledochal
cyst
4.hypernephro
ma
Mnemonic for
Red flag signs
of abdominal
pain

Bristol stool
chart
Tra eller’s
diarrhea

What are the
two
enterotoxins
produced by
Shigella
flexneri?
Strains of
adenovirus that
cause diarrhea

What are the
signs of severe
dehydration?
4 components of
management of
acute diarrhea

Composition of
WHO ORS &
reduced
osmolarity ORS
Drug of choice
in:
Cholera
Bacillary
dysentery
amebiasis

Serotype of
enterohemorrha
gic E coli that
cause HUS?
Antacid that
causes
diarrhea?

Irritable bowel
syndrome &
alosetron
Small bowel
diarrhea vs
large bowel
diarrhea

Mayo
endoscopic
score for
______________
____?

Liebermeister
groove is seen in
______________
___
Causes of
splenomegaly

How will you
manage raised
intracranial
pressure ?
Reye syndrome

Child & Pug
=Child Pugh
score
CHILD score:
mnemonic

Liver
flaps/asterixis
Triad of portal
hypertension

BUDD CHIARI
SYNDROME
SPIDER WEB

Genotypes of
Hepatitis B
virus
Nobel prize
winners(2020)
for discovery of
hepatitis C

Treatment of
Wilson disease

DOUBLE
PANDA SIGN
What are the

different types
of glycogen
storage disease
and name the
enzyme
deficient in each
one of them

Which types of
GSD will have
muscle
involvement ?
Mnemonic for
memorizing
GSD 3 AND 4

Correlation
between VON
&ONE
What is
Sandblom
triad?

Central dot sign
is seen in
______________
__
PRURITUS
TREATMENT-
NEONATAL
CHOLESTASI
S
r a ee o al

Dosage of FAT
SOLUBLE
VITAMINS in
neonatal
cholestasis
r a ee o al
PFIC

ALAGILLE
SYNDROME
Tokyo
guidelines is
used in
___________

Hematopoesis
CAUSES OF
MACROCYTIC
ANEMIA

Cows milk
consumption
causes more iron
deficiency anemia
than breast milk.
WHY?
Response to iron
therapy in iron
deficiency anemia

TRIAD OF
PLUMMER
VINSON
SYNDROME
Hereditary
spherocytosis

What does the word
thalassemia mean?
Tear drop cells

Target cells
Hair on end
appearance

TREATMENT
OPTIONS IN BETA
THALASSEMIA
Connection between
alpha and 16

Sickle cell trait and
falciparum malaria
#fishmouth
vertebrae
#autosplenectomy

WISKOTT-
ALDRICH
SYNDROME

HIT
Bernard Soulier
syndrome

Factor 13
Half life of factor 8

Intrinsic pathway
sequence:

ITP
PARAHEMOPHILIA

Correlation between
von Willebrand
disease and Denys
Drash Syndrome.
VON
WILLEBRAND
DISEASE -TYPES

VI HO ’S T IA
ABCIXIMAB

CHEDIAK-HIGASHI
SYNDROME
COMPONENTS OF
CRYOPRECIPITAT
E

Intracranial
complications of
otitis media
Weber vs Rinne -----

mnemonic
(which is on
forehead and which
is on ear?)

Marx classification is
for
________________
Shea classification

Bezold triad in
otosclerosis
Fla i o’s flush

sign

It is Gradenigo syndrome: triad of 6 th cranial nerve palsy + deep seated retroorbital pain + persistent ear
discharge is shown in the picture.

A newborn is an
obligate
__________________
__
The paranasal
sinuses not present
at birth are?

Osler Weber Rendu
Syndrome
Trotter’s triad

How will you assess
the severity of acute
laryngotracheobronc
hitis?
#WESTLEY
CROUP SEVERITY
SCORE
Mnemonic to
connect steeple &
croup

Acute epiglottitis-
clinical features

HYPOXIA-
DEFINITION
Kussmaul breathing

Common viral causes of
pneumonia in children
Aliphatic hydrocarbon
associated pneumonia
/kerosene poisoning

Mechanism of
pneumonitis due to
aliphatic hydrocarbons

What are the clinical
features of aliphatic
hydrocarbon ingestion?
How long does it take to

recover after aliphatic
hydrocarbon induced
pneumonitis?

Common bacteria
causing LRTI in
preschool children?
2 clinical features
mainly used for the
diagnosis of
pneumonia?

Classification Of
Pneumonia between
2months -5 years
according to ARI
CONTROL
PROGRAMME
(mnemonic)
Mnemonic for
memorizing classification
of pneumonia(<2
months)

What is the treatment for
pneumonia?
What is the treatment for

severe pneumonia?

Indications for
hospitalization in
children with pneumonia
Triggers of asthma

What are the lung
function abnormalities in
bronchial asthma?

STEPWISE
TREATMENT OF
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
IN CHILDREN 6-11
YEARS
Sa ter’s triad

What is the triad of
ATOPY?
What is pigeon breeders

disease?

Definition of asthma
control in school aged
children
Definition of ACUTE
LUNG INJURY/ARDS

Asbestosis Vs Silicosis
Name few drugs causing

pulmonary fibrosis?

When is the world no
tobacco day celebrated?

Cardiac
development

CVS
examination-
outline

Inspection

Palpation

Percussion

Auscultation

Auscultation

Types of apical
impulses

What are the
causes of absent
apical impulse?

S3 heart sound
S4 heart sound

Carvallo sign

Eponymous
murmurs

Mnemonic to
memorize the
congenital heart
diseases
associated with
different
conditions
SEMIOTRICKS
MEMORY
TECHNIQUE
TO
REMEMBER
CHD

SEMIOTRICKS
TOF
TETRALOGY
OF FALLOT
PENTALOGY
OF FALLOT

TRILOGY OF
FALLOT
CHD AT HIGH
ALTITUDE

CHD IN A
CHILD WITH
PATAU
SYNDROME
MATERNAL
PKU
PHENYTOIN
Hemodynamic
classification of
congenital heart
disease

Clinical features
of congenital
heart disease

Nada’s criteria
Procedures in
congenital heart
diseases

CHD and named
surgical
procedures
Management of
cyanotic spells

Left to right
shunts and right
sided obstructive
lesions are more
common in males
or female?
Left to right
shunt features

Types of ASD
MOST
COMMONS

Goose neck
deformity is seen
in
_____________?
In partial AV
septal defect will
we have MR and
AR or MR and
TR?

SWISS
CHEESE VSD
Indications for
surgical closure
of VSD

PDA
Drug used to
keep the ductus
open in ductus
dependent
lesions

Persistent
truncus
arteriosus
Complications of
TOF

Named Shunt
surgeries
Waterston shunt
vs criteria

Atrialization of
right ventricle is
seen in
______________?
Chest X ray
finding in TGA

Triad of AS
Heyde syndrome

Giraffe vs aorta
Chest x ray
finding in
coarctation of
aorta

Revised jones
criteria
Which is more
common in
Rheumatic fever-
arthritis or
carditis?

EXCEPTIONS
to Jones criteria
Clinical features
of MS

Features of
diastolic murmur
in MS
Chest x ray
findings in MS

ECG changes in
MS
Mnemonic for
aortic
regurgitation

Signs of aortic
regurgitation

Muller sign

Dove coo
murmur
Infective
endocarditis

Commonest
cause of infective
endocarditis
Common
organisms
causing IE

Prosthetic valve
endocarditis
Different
criterias related
to cardiology

Modified
Duke’s criteria

Rejected diagnosis
criteria in IE
What are the skin

lesions in Infective
endocarditis?

Janeway lesions
Osler node

Roth spots
Commonest
glomerulonephritis
seen in infective
endocarditis

Libman -Sacks
endocarditis
Vegetation size
associated with
embolism

Prophylaxis for
infective
endocarditis in
dental procedures
Lesions with high

risk and low risk for
infective
endocarditis

Investigation of
choice for infective
endocarditis
DRESSLER
SYNDROME

Mnemonic
cardiomyopathy
Beck’s triad of
cardiac tamponade

Constrictive
pericarditis -visual
cue
EGG IN CUP
APPEARANCE

Cardioselective beta
blockers

Digitalis induced
ventricular
arrhythmias -DOC
Anti-arrhythmic
drug classification

WPW syndrome-
triad
False aneurysm

In which condition
will you see muddy
brown casts in
urine?
What is:
RED DIAPER
SYNDROME
BLUE DIAPER
SYNDROME

ANTERIOR
lenticonus is seen in
_______?

Mnemonic to
memorize Alport
syndrome
Alport syndrome
genetic defect

Nephrotic range
proteinuria
Main clinical
features of acute
glomerulonephritis

How to memorize
the numbers of these
strain?
Investigations done
in PSGN

E GE ’S
DISEASE VS
E GE ’S
DISEASE
Important clinical
features of nephrotic
syndrome

Drugs causing
nephrotic syndr ome

Complications of
nephrotic syndrome

Indications for renal
biopsy in Nephrotic
syndrome
Mnemonic for
causes of sterile
pyuria
r a ee o al
ef elso te t ook of pediatrics st ed
pa e

Empirical
antimicrobial
therapy in UTI
VUR GRADING
-MNEMONIC

MCUG/VCUG
indications :
AKI mnemonic

Mnemonic for
pRIFLE

Indications for
dialysis in AKI
Serotype of E coli
causing HUS

HELMET CELLS

BURR CELLS
Cystinosis
r a ee o al

Triad of Lowe
syndrome
Treatment of Bartter
syndrome

Identify?

Unique connection
with Pituitary gland

Hoffman syndrome
Vs Kocher
syndrome

Pseudohypoparathy
roidism
Pheochromocytoma

PHEOCHROMOC
YTOMA-RULE OF
10
MEN syndrome

Triple A syndrome
Mnemonic for
memorizing clinical
features of different
types of CAH

Comparison of
different types of
steroids
Adverse effects of
corticosteroids &
androgenic steroids
Ayushmann
Khurrana

MODY
Anti-diabetic drugs

Sulfonylureas

MEGLITINIDES
Diabetes mellitus
and
hypersensitivity
types

Information flow
through neurons
Anterior aphasia and

rod a ’s area

Gerstmann syndrome
CNS
EXAMINATION

Optic nerve
examination
3,4,6 cranial nerve

examination

4th cranial nerve
examination
5TH CRANIAL
NERVE EXAM

MUSCLES OF
MASTICATION
Facial nerve
examination

8TH CRANIAL
NERVE
9& 10 cranial nerve

examination

Hering nerve &
glossopharyngeal
nerve
11th cranial nerve

examination

12th cranial nerve
examination
Rule of 17 in cranial
nerve examination

TEST FOR
DYSARTHRIA
Speech assessment

Interesting sensory
innervations
DERMATOMES
&COINCIDENCE

Spasticity vs
rigidity
ROOT VALUES OF
DTR

Superficial reflexes
CEREBELLAR
SIGNS

Kernig sign:

SEIZURE VS
EPILEPSY
MANAGEMENT OF
STATUS
EPILEPTICUS
r a ee o al

Simple vs complex
febrile seizures
r a ee o al
Recurrence of febrile seizures-risk factors :

. True regarding febrile convlusions is (PGI Dec 2000) A. Carbamazepine is good drug to
treat it
B. Patient with family history of febrile seizures have increased incidence of recurrence
C. Long-term neurological deficits are common
D. Usually last for short while
E. Continuous antiepileptic therapy is required
Risk factors for subsequent epilepsy after febrile seizure:

Q.Which of the following is not associated with increase in the risk of epilepsy in a child with
febrile seizures (2010)
A. Development delay
B. Late age of onset
C. Complex partial seizures
D. Family history positive for epilepsy
Q.Percentage of children with simple febrile seizure developing epilepsy is (Recent Dec Exam
2013)
A. 1–2%
B. 2–5%
C. 5–10%
D. 10–15%

CURRENT
INDICATIONS
FOR FEBRILE
SEIZURE
PROPHYLAXIS:
e e er as

Drug of choice in
focal seizures
Drug of choice in
JME(juvenile
myoclonic
epilepsy) & Dravet
syndrome

EEG findings in
different types of
Absence seizures
Neural tube
defects

Neural tube defect
prophylaxis

Disorders of
neuronal
migration
List some
neurocutaneous
syndromes

Diagnostic criteria
for tuberous
sclerosis complex
Major features

TSC minor
features
definitive TS complex: either 2 major features or 1 major and 2 or more minor

j ≥ minor
Etiology of acute
bacterial meningitis

Complement 8
deficiency and
meningococcal
infections
Clinical features suggestive of

bacterial meningitis in a newborn:
The most common presentation of neonatal meningitis is: (Recent Question 2016)
(a) Bulging fontanels
(b) Nuchal rigidity
(c) Poor feeding
(d) Convulsion

CSF picture in
pyogenic meningitis

Sensorineural
hearing loss &
bacterial
meningitis
TBM
r a ee o al

TUBERCULAR
MENINGITIS
MNEMONICS
How will you

manage raised
intracranial
pressure ?

DEFINITION of CP
Classification of CP

Eye of the tiger sign
NBIA

Mnemonic for
multiple sclerosis
Different types of
movement
disorders/INVOL
UNTARY
MOVEMENTS

Midbrain syndromes

HUNT& HESS
SCALE
raised intracranial
pressure
(TRIAD)

AGE WISE
DISTRIBUTION
OF BRAIN
TUMORS
CRANIOSPINAL
IRRADIATION

When to suspect
hydrocephalus?
If head circu fere ce i crease ore tha c i
weeks duri the first o th of a e the h drocephalus
should e suspected
DECORTICATE VS
DECEREBRATE

Site of lesion in
decorticate and
decerebrate
posture
Batten disease

T1 WEIGHTED MRI
VS T2 WEIGHTED
MRI

VERTICAL
SUSPENSION IN
HYPTONIA

Guillain-
Barre
syndrome
Miller Fisher
syndrome

ISAAC
SYNDROME
(NEUROMYOT
ONIA)

AML M3

Genetic risk
factors for
childhood
leukemia
Prognostic
features in ALL

ALL & t(4,11)
CLL vs ALL

Most common
type of Hodgkin
lymphoma
Reed Sternberg
cells

urkitt’s
lymphoma
Reese Ellisworth
classification for
retinoblastoma

RVT vs RCC vs
Nephroblastom
a
il ’s tu or
Classification of
Wilm’s tu or
based on histology

Mnemonic for
neuroblastoma
n-myc
amplification in
neuroblastoma

Staging of bone
tumor:
Everolimus

Hand Schuller -
Christian disease
Hand foot
syndrome

Multiple myeloma
classification
A THI ’S
TUMOR

RECIST
CRITERIA

Malignant
melanoma-least
malignant
Ugly Duckling
rule of melanoma:

Clark & Breslow
staging for
melanoma

Bone metastases

Rule of 10 &
phaechromocytoma

Carotid body
tumor

Types of collagen
Arthritis-definition

Reactive arthritis

eiter’s s itter’s
disease
JIA:
Arthritis of one or
more joints with
onset below 16
years of age and
persisting for at
least 6 weeks.

Types of JIA

Oligoarticular JIA
oligoarticular JIA

Polyarticular JIA
RF positive vs RF
negative
Polyarticular JIA

Systemic JIA

Psoriatic arthritis
Mnemonic for
remembering the
fact that RF
positive is
aggressive

Enthesitis related
arthritis
MAS(macrophage
activation
syndrome)

Swan neck
deformity in
rheumatoid
arthritis
Erosive
osteoarthritis

Meaning of lupus

SOME MEDICAL
TERMS
RELATED TO
WOLF

Malar rash &
butterfly rash (an
interesting
connection)
SLE (ACR revised

classification
criteria)

Shrinking lung
effect in SLE
Libman -Sacks
endocarditis

Owl eye appearance
in neonatal lupus
Classification of
juvenile
dermatomyositis

CLASSIFICATIO
N of vasculitis

Kawasaki
disease:clinical
criteria

What are the 5
principal criteria of
Kawasaki disease
Giant aneurysm
definition

Differential
diagnosis of
Kawasaki disease
Classification
criteria for
childhood HSP

Triad of Behcet
disease
Trigger finger

Volk a ’s si
LACHMAN TEST

GENU VARUM VS
CUBITUS VARUS
Fractures & its

relation to -1

affe ’s disease
ASH brace

Bayne and Bateman
classification
Osteochondritis

Gout vs pseudogout
Genu varum vs
genu valgum

Muscles in
abduction of
shoulders
Salter -Harris
classification

Signs in carpal
tunnel syndrome
Panjabi & White

classification

Dingman
classification

Rubinstein-Taybi
syndrome:

Angelman syndrome

EUKARYOTIC
DNA
POLYMERASE

Criteria for DS

UPSLANTING OR
DOWNSLANTING??
First trimester
screening for Down
syndrome

TRIPLE TEST

Some interesting facts
about Down
syndrome
Webbing of neck

Turner Syndrome:
ANSWER: oo a s dro e ale Tur er’s s dro e

GENE for Noonan
syndrome

Inheritance pattern
assessment
Autosomal dominant

Autosomal recessive
X linked recessive

X linked dominant
Mitochondrial
inheritance

Name few diseases
linked to chromosome
1 to 9
Chromosome 8 &
hereditary
spherocytosis

Name few diseases
10 to 17
Chromosome 17
connections

Name few diseases
18 to 22
Exons & introns

Euchromatin
Triple nucleotide
repeat sequence :

ANSWER:CGG=FRAGILE X SYNDROME
Genes associated with

tuberous sclerosis

FEW facts associated
between cats ,genetics
and IEM.
TREACHER
COLLINS
SYNDROME

Goldenhar syndrome
SITES OF
METABOLISM

BLACK urine in
alkaptonuria
Flow chart for

organic aciduria

OROTIC ACIDURIA
AND
ALLOPURINOL
Glycogen storage
diseases

Wolman syndrome-
mnemonic
Mucopolysaccharidos
es MNEMONICS

Type 1 MPS
Hunter syndrome

PS that does ’t
cause intellectual
disability/mental
retardation
MPS 4 vs MPS 6

Vertebral beaking in
MPS
Deficient enzyme in
Gaucher disease

Interesting fact :
GM2 gangliosidosis
#taysach
#sandhoff

Adrenal
leukodystrophy(cereb
ral form)
CONGENITAL DISORDER OF GLYCOSYLATION

Fish eye disease &
LCAT deficiency
Urine odors in
inborn errors of
metabolism

Rotting fish urine
odour &
trimethylaminuria
MEEN
&MINAMATA &
TRIMETHYLAMINURI
A

HAWKINSINURIA
AND URINE ODOR
Farber vs Fabry
disease

Visual Fixation
CONGESTION
OF EYE

Fleischer ring vs
Kayser-Fleischer ring
Ocular signs in
thyrotoxicosis

Lens subluxation
Microspherophakia

Oil drop cataract

Berlin’s edema
RETINITIS
PIGMENTOSA
ASSOCIATED
SYNDROMES

Nairobi eye

List the
neurocutaneous
syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA FOR
NF1

Crowe sign:
Café-au- lait
macules

Skin findings in
tuberous sclerosis
Mnemonic for
tuberous sclerosis

Weber syndrome
vs Sturge-Weber
syndrome
Nevus of Ota VS
nevus of Ito

Portwine stain vs
Salmon patch

Koebner
phenomenon
u ro’s
microabscess is
seen in
____________?

YELLOW
NAIL
SYNDROME

LEOPARD
syndrome
Lepra reaction-
mnemonic

Porphyria
Congenital
erythropoietic
porphyria:

KELOID VS
HYPERTROPHIC
SCAR

Rule of 9
Arsenic poisoning

Poisoning and their
antidotes

Different types of
snakes and their
venoms

WAYS TO
ASSESS
CORRECT
PLACEMENT OF
ENDOTRACHEA
L TUBE
Types of shock

SIRS

Color coding of IV
cannula
Contraindications of
LP

Swan-Ganz catheter
MAPLESON
BREATHING
CIRCUIT

Cubbing
Parrot
beaking
clubbing

GCS -eye
opening response

GCS-best verbal
response

GCS-motor
response

Synophrys
Different types of
laryngoscopic
blades

Different types of
facies
BIRD LIKE
FACIES

Types of reflex
hammer
Pigeon chest

Pigeon toe

PARKINSONISM-
FEATURES
PQLI VS HDI
there are many methods of memorizing it...I just wanted to highlight that visual cues are more
powerful than verbal cues...so try to combine both methods wherever possible...so that even if you
forget the letters or get confused with whether the I in the mnemonic stands for Income or IMR
...The visual cue will help u to recollect the answer....u can choose ur own methods and words...my
aim is to tell u that try to make visual cues wherever possible...a picture can speak thousand of
words...👍🏻

SENSITIVITY OF
NERVE FIBERS TO
PRESSURE AND
HYPOXIA

ANATOMY-
CONNECTION
BRIDGES IN
MEDICINE

TRACTIONAL
EPIPHYSIS
FACIAL
NERVE=FRIEND

3 HIATUSES OF
DIAPHRAGM

RETROPERITONEAL
ORGANS

NAMED NERVES
REM SLEEP

Hit and run drugs
GELL AND
OO S’S
CLASSIFICATION

ANTHROPOID
PELVIS
OVARIES DEVELOP
BY
______________WEEK
S OF GESTATION

E1,E2,E3
ESTROGEN

NAMED SIGNS OF
PREGNANCY

ANTEROPOSTERIOR
DIAMETERS OF
FETAL SKULL

SUBAREOLAR
PLEXUS

MESS

TIETZE
TIETZ
WERMER
WERNER

OLIVER
OLLIER
GLISSON
GLEASON

HOMAN
HAMMAN
GITTER
GLITTER

MEIG
MEIGE
EBSTEIN
EPSTEIN

RUBEOLA
RUBELLA
GAISBOCK
GRASBECK

MOTION SICKNESS
MORNING SICKNESS
MOUNTAIN
SICKNESS
MAZZOTTI
MAZZONI

HEISTER
HASNER
RAYNAUD
REYNOLD

TROISIER
TROUSSEAU
HYPERCALCEMIA
&HYPOCALCEMIA

NAGAYAMA
NAKAYAMA
NIWAYAMA
AIDS DAY

CHRISTMAS

ENTONOX/HOCKEY
STICK/CLENCHED
FIST

PUNCTUATION

INCEPTION

PINK
SONG

PATI

CHILD/KID/LITTLE/
YOUNG
ALICE IN
WONDERLAND
SYNDROME

POTATO &
ASSOCIATED
CONDITIONS

SITA &
CORRELATION

PITT

ANTON SYNDROME

BUNION
CARRION DISEASE

DAWSON FINGERS
EATON AGENT

FENTON REACTION
GOTTRON PAPULES

HAMPTON HUMP
INION

JARGON APHASIA
KERION

LARON DWARFISM
MORTON NEUROMA

NELSON
ONDANSETRON

PATON LINE
QUANTIFERON
GOLD TEST

RANSON CRITERIA
SIMON FOCUS

TENSILON
/EDROPHONIUM
TEST
UBIQUINONE

VIRION
WATERSTON SHUNT

XENON
YERGASON TEST

ZOLLINGER
ELLISON
SYNDROME
cyclopia

La Casa De Papel / Money Heist & Medical Facts for MCQs
HOUNSFIELD UNITS
OF AIR,WATER &
BONE

RADIOLOGICAL
VIEW

SCHNEIDER FIRST
RANK SYMPTOMS
SCHIZOPHRENIA

KELOID VS
HYPERTROPHIC
SCARS
SIX AND 6-
CORRELATION

TCA CYCLE ,KREBS

HEME SYNTHESIS ,PORPHYRIAS

TACTILE RECEPTORS,AVENGERS

A beautiful picture with a deep hidden meaning....if u really love doing something it really doesn’t matter how many people are
listening to you or watching you ...you will do your best anyhow... :-)
The same applies to the MeDiWoOd group....it doesn’t matter how many people are a part of this group and how many people
are liking the posts...as long as its helping someone learn and enjoy ....i will try my best to keep posting... ..
:-)
Now some facts:

Musician nerve is--
A. Radial nerve
B. Ulnar nerve
C. Median nerve
D. Axillary nerve
Answer is B....
The ulnar nerve controls the intrinsic movements of hands by supplying intrinsic muscles and thus controls the fine
movements of the hand. This is the reason why it is called the musician’s nerve. (mUUUsicians nerve=UUUlnar nerve)
Also note:
1. Eye Of Hand : Median Nerve( imagine an EYE in the MIDdle of hand)
2. Labourer's Nerve : Median Nerve(actually its ironical.....but MADIAN means lazy in Malayalam.. ..)
:-)
3. Surgeon's Nerve : Axillary Nerve(imagine a surgeon with an AXE)

4. Wandering Nerve : Vagus Nerve(Vandering=Vagus.....or remember VAGabond wanders everywhere)
MUSICAL MURMUR: Many functional or innocent murmurs are “vibratory” or “musical” in quality. Still's murmur is the
innocent murmur most frequently encountered in children. This murmur is usually vibratory or musical...
A MUSICAL HONKING MURMUR=mitral valve prolapse
Reflex hallucination is a morbid variety of.

(AIIMS May 2011)
A Kinesthesia
B Paresthesia
C Hyperesthesia
D Synesthesia
Answer is D..
Reflex hallucination: A stimulus in one sensory field produces a hallucination in another. This is a morbid variety of
synesthesia, in which an image based on one sensory modality is associated with an image based on another.
synaesthesia.:a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a
certain sound induces the visualization of a certain color. ...
Hand dystonia affecting musicians is often called MUSICIAN’S DYSTONIA or musician’s cramp.
VIOLIN STRING ADHESIONS-adhesions seen in post gonococcal perihepatitis(Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome).. From the fallopian
tubes, gonorrhea spreads to the peritoneum, healing as fine “violin string” adhesions between the liver capsule and the parietal
peritoneum (Fitz-Hugh - Curtis syndrome)
Lyre's SIGN is seen in??

A. Plunging Ranula

B. Carotid Body Tumour
C. Parapharyngeal Tumour
D. Cystic Hygroma
Answer is B...
LYRE SIGN-splaying of internal &external carotid arteries by CAROTID BODY TUMOR.....................................
(note that PSEUDO LYRE SIGN is seen in vagal paraganglioma...)
ACCORDION SIGN on CT scan of intestine is noted in
a.progressive systemic sclerosis
b.nodular lymphoid hyperplasia
c.Whipple’s disease
d.pseudomembranous colitis
ANS-1--a===.progressive systemic sclerosis

2--d===pseudomembranous colitis
Typical drumstick appearance of bacilli is generally seen in
1)C botulinum
2)C perfringens
3)C histolyticum
4)C tetani
Answer is 4....
DRUMSTICK APPEARANCE-Claustridium tetani..........................................
PIANO KEY SIGN-dorsal subluxation of distal radio-ulnar jt in R.A(rheumatoid arthritis)...................
SAXOPHONE PENIS-due to c/c lymphatic obstruction seen in LGV(lymphogranuloma venereum)..........

Other causes of saxophone penis are donovanosis, syphilis and chronic lymphatic filariasis . Another cause is congenital
lymphedema...
STRING SIGN (Radiological) – Congenital hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis

STRING OF KANTOR – Crohn’s Ds
STRING OF BEADS ON ANGIOGRAPHY – Fibromuscular Dystrophy
STRING OF PEARLS – Chronic Pancreatitis
STRING OF PEARLS DEFORMITY – Rickets
BANDMASTER OF IMMUNE ORCHESTRA- Helper T cells are master controllers of immune responses (the “bandmaster of the
immunologic orchestra”)
Erect and supine abdominal films ;jejunum shows CONCERTINA EFFECT due to prominent Volvulae Conniventes in intestinal
obstruction......

la main en lorgnette (opera glass hand) : used to describe the advanced changes observed in the hands and wrists in
rheumatoid and psoriatic arthropathy.
cefOPERAzone....:
Compared with most other cephalosporins, the administration of cefoperazone, or cefotetan is associated with a higher
incidence of which of the following? (AIPG 2009)
A Acute heart failure

B Acute renal failure
C Bleeding tendencies in patients taking warfarin
D Hypertension
Ans. C Bleeding tendencies in patients taking warfarin

Cefmetazole and cefotetan, both second-generation cephalosporins, and cefoperazone (third generation) can interfere with
hepatic vitamin K metabolism, leading to what amounts to a deficiency ot vitamin K-dependent clotting factor activity.
Drug which can be used in any degree of renal failure:

a. Cefepime
b. Cefoperazone
c. Cephaloridine
d. Cefuroxime
Ans: Cefoperazone
Cefoperazone has biliary excretion and thus can be used safely in renal failure..
Which of the following Antimicrobials has Antipseudomonal action:
A. Cefopodoxime proxetil
B. Ceforanide
C. Cefotetan
D. Cefoperazone
Correct answer : D. Cefoperazone
Cephalosporins with antipseudomonal action:
Cefoperazone
Ceftazidime
Other 3rd generation cephalosporins (not reliable)
Note that cefoperaZZZZone and ceftaZZZZidime used for pseudomonaZZZZ... :-)
FUSION BEATS:
Three ECG findings are virtually pathognomonic of Ventricular tachycardia: AV dissociation, capture beats, and fusion beats....

aaj main upar aasma neeche....lovely song from the movie khamoshi..good lyrics too..here are few facts related to up and
down... :-)
upslanting eyes=Downs syndrome vs downslanting eyes=Treacher Collins(dont think downs should have downslating
eyes....instead think about a teacher looking down).......
Bouchards nodes =proximal ipj involvement in osteoarthritis......vs Heberdens node=distal ipj in oa.....(remember BPHD
like in benign prostatic hypertrophic disease)
TB,silicosis (upper lobe of lung involved predominantly) vs asbestosis(lower lobe of lung)(again dont think asbestosis
affects upper lobe jst bcos asbestos is seen on the roof).......
marFAN=superior dislocation vs homocystINuria=inferior lens dislocation.(remember fan is up,urine goes down...also in
weill MARCHesani syndrome the lens dislocates in forward direction..imagine we march forward)..
monteggia vs galeazzi...
remember GRIMUS
GRIMUS helps to remember which forearm bone is fractured - and whether the distal ("inferior") or proximal ("superior")
part of the bone is involved.
• G - Galeazzi
o R - radius
o I - inferior
• M - Monteggia
o U - Ulna
o S - Superior

pie on the sky and pie on the floor
“pie in the sky” or SQy– inferior fibers pass into loop of Meyer in temporal lobe; temporal lobe defect..(imagine a TEMPle
in the sky)( Controlateral congruous homonymous superior quadrantanopia)
“pie on the floor” – superior fibers providing inferior vision – parietal lobe lesion(pataal below floor) ( Controlateral
congruous homonymous inferior quadrantanopia)
(easiest way to memorise the lesions of optic tract is to memorise the diagram of lesions at different levels)
UPward gaze palsy =PERinaud syndrome(UPPER)... vs downward gaze palsy(Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (or the
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome)....
now some procedures done in congenital cyanotic heart disease:
waterston shunt (if natural its called aortopulmonary window defect)...=ascending aorta to rt pulmonary artery(imagine
water falling from above like in waterfalls)..vs potts shunt=descending aorta to lt pulmonary artery(imagine many pots kept
on ground).....
glenn shunt is connecting superior vena cava to rt pulmonary artery(remember glenn SVeePs or sweeps..i imagined glenn
mc grath ..the fast bowler from austrailia sweeping the ball)
fonTAn procedure is connecting inferiorvena cava to rt pulmonary artery(fontan and fountain sounds familiar but i is
missing so inferior vena cava)
proximal esophagus perforation=finding on left side of chest

distal esophagus perforation=finding on right chest(d and r should b together...DR..)
“Inferior parathyroid develops from 3rd brachial pouch while superior parathyroid develops from
4th brachial pouch” (4 is a higher value(superior) than 3)
Inferior rib notching in cardIovascular system related disease...superior rib notching in other SyStemS ..
S. mansoNI adults resides in the inferior mesenteric veins, and
S. japonicum in the superior mesenteric veins. (japanese make superior designs)
Most esophageal varices are “uphill
varices”; less commonly, those that arise in the absence of portal
hypertension and with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction are
“downhill varices.”
okuda needle=for PTC(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography)

Dance to express and not to impress..:-)this stands true for whatever we do in our lives.....anyways here are some facts :
PEACOCK FEATHER APPEARANCE-CT/MRI finding in midgut volvulus.........

RACCOON EYES-periorbital ecchymoses seen in basal skull fracture ,also seen in neuroblastoma....................................
STRING OF PEARL-CT thorax in ABPA(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis).....
KERATIN PEARL-squamous cell carcinoma........
PEARL NECKLACE-adenomyomatosis(MRI),PCOD(Stein Leventhal syndrome).....
now some facts related to dance..
ST.VITUS DANCE-chorea.......
HILAR DANCE-atrial septal defect....
DANCING CAROTIDS-aka corrigans sign seen in aortic regurgitation(due to wide pulse pressure.....brachial dance can also be
seen)..
SIGN DE DANCE-intussusception......
Dancing Eyes And Feet(Opsoclonus Myoclonus)=neuroblastoma
now some GREENS...

GREEN URINE-oxaluria,carboluria...
GREEN STOOL-gastroenteritis,giardia n salmonella infections...
GREEN SKIN-multiple organ failure...
GREEN EYE-cholestatic jaundice.
GREEN COLONY-Strept.viridans,Strept.pneumonia(alpha hemolysis)..

GREEK HELMET FACIES-wolf hirschhorn syndrome(deletion 4p chromosome)...........
SHIELD CHEST-turners syndrome,noonans syndrome...........
KNIGHTS MOVE PATTERN-pattern of transmission of x linked recessive disease(diagonal transmission)..........
TROJAN HORSE SPREAD-mechanism of spread of HIV(hiv evades the immune system by hiding in the macrophages n then
spread insidiously)...........
SANDSTORM APPEARANCE-pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis(ct scan)......n finally
ACHILLES TENDON-tendinous extension of 3 muscles gastrocnemius,soleus n plantaris..attaches to calcaneum.......

THE six to remember:one amongst the best moments of life..... -)
all the following points has been asked in various examinations.. :-)
HIT=heparin induced thrombocytopenia=paradoxical thrombosis seen/anticoagulant of choice is direct thrombin inhibitors

like lepirudin,argatroban,ximelgatran/LLLLepirudin used in case of LLLLiver disease/aRRRgatRRoban used in RRRenal
diseases/ximelgatran=ximelGUTran is assimilated in gut and therefore only dti thats used orally..........
facts about 6....
6th disease=caused by HHV 6=roseola infantum or exanthem subitum.....
rash on day 6th of fever- dengue fever (dengue=6 letters)
IL6...= Various mediators like Cytokines, TNF alpha , IL-1 ,IL-6 ,interferon beta and gamma stimulate PGE2 production in the
anterior hypothalamus, which then brings about rise in the temperature set point by a variety of physiological mechanisms
including activation of cAMP............
e6(product of hpv)-inhibits p53...
chromosome 6: HLA gene locus on chromosome 6p.

MMMMMMMMalignant MMMMesothelioMMMMMa Vs pul.adenoCarcinoma jst remember M for malignant mesothelioma....
positive stain for acid MUCOPOLYSACHARIDE,MESOTHELIN,thromboModulin,WT1 susceptibility gene product(w is inverted
m)..... MULTIPLE MICROVILLI which are long and slender(in adenocarcinoma they are short n plump) now remember 3(3 is m
turned to one side)=associated with 3p,6q,9p del and p53 mutation...........
FALSE NEGATIVE BCG in: MEASLES, MALNUTRITION
MILIARY TB ,tb MENINGITIS

FALSE +VE: HIV
• Mental retardation is seen in all MPS except
Morquio,maroteaux lami and Schei.(mentally stable or mentally sahi=MS) ...

nw some more facts regarding mucopolysacharidosis:
• Corneal clouding is seen in MPS except
Hunter and Sanfilippo.(hunters of san fillipo can see....waise bhi hunters must hv good eyesight right...?.. ..)
:-)
• Morquio= or morKuio= Keratan SO4 = sounds like karate so skeletal deformities are most severe....
• Hunter and Hurler are MPS with MR, coarse facies and CVS involvement. (hunter and hurler have heart involvement)
• Hunter – X recessive, granulated lymphocyte (hunters is the only x linked MPS)
• hurlers is the only MPS with vacuolated lymphocytes.....(all the others hav granulated lymphocytes....)
• sanfilippo =dwarfism and coarse facies very rare....(remember sanfilippo looks good..think that a person named philips looks
good)
looser zone=seen in osteomalacia
MS......Microspherophakia may also occur in association with

various systemic disorders, including Marfan syndrome(MS), Weill-
Marchesani syndrome, Alport syndrome, mandibulofacial dysostosis,
and Klinefelter syndrome.
mitral stenosis related=graham steel(grahMSteel)

lutembacher syndrome=MS +ASD
oRtneR syndrome= cardiovocal syndrome ( refers to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy from cardiovascular disease ;most
commonly MS) .. :-)

a pencil sketch of Sachin...drawn by me on November 6, 2013 :-)
now some cricketing facts:
Schistocytes are seen in :

a)Iron deficiency anemia
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
d) Aplastic anemia
e) Megaloblastic anemia
Correct Answer:c) Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(MAHA). A schistocyte is a fragmented part of a red blood cell. They are
typically irregularly shaped, jagged, and have two pointed ends. Sometimes referred to as “helmet cells”. Several
microangiopathic diseases, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies, generate
fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus, creating schistocytes. Excessive schistocytes
present in blood can be a sign of MAHA where the most common cause is aortic stenosis.

HELMET CELL-maha(microangiopathic haemolytic anemia) ,HUS(hemolytic uremic syndrome)...imagine in mahabharat every
one wears a crown/helmet......and mike HUSsey is a batsmen and wears helmet..............
"Pad sign" is a feature of which disease?
A Duodenal peptic ulcer

B Chronic pancreatitis
C Cancer head of the pancreas
D Pyloric stenosis
Answer is C...
The following statements are true EXCEPT:

A .Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture of the fore-arm and hand may develop despite wrist pulses being present and the
forearm skin being well perfused
B .‘Fat pad’ sign is helpful for diagnosing occult #’s outside the elbow joint capsule
C. On the lateral XR of the elbow, the radio-capitellar line should intersect the middle 1/3 of the capitellum
D. 25 % of supra-condylar #’s are undisplaced and is the most common # involving the elbow in children
Answer is B(FAT PAD SIGN-seen in intra articular fracture of elbow...........)
A glove-&-stocking pattern of sensory disturbance usually develops with disease in:

1. peripheral nerves
2. the spinal cord
3. the brainstem
4. the thalamus
Answer: 1
FINGER IN GLOVE sign -abpa(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis),bronchiectasis................
ln X-ray batwing appearance is due to:
A Pulmonary embolism
B Mitral stenosis
C Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
D Bronchial asthma
ANSWER IS C..
SACHINS ELBOW-for the world lateral epicondylitis may b tennis elbow ,for me its sachins elbow(Sachin suffered from lateral
epicondylitis at the peak of his career).

Cozen test is done for ?
A. Little leaguer's elbow

B. Tennis elbow
C. Golfer's elbow
D. Frozen shoulder
Correct Answer: B
The test is said to be positive if a resisted wrist extension triggers pain to the lateral aspect of the elbow owing to stress placed
upon the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The test is performed with extended elbow.....
All of the following statements about Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulator (SERD), Fulvestrant are true, Except
A. It is a selective estrogen antagonist
B. Used in the treatment of breast cancer
C. Slower acting, safer and less effective than SERM
D. May be administered as ‘once a month’ dose
Correct answer : C. Slower acting, safer and less effective than SERM
Fulvestrant is safer, faster acting and has a long duration of action compared to SERM’s
Sachin is like fulvestrant(serd=selective estrogen receptor downregulator)=fast onset,safer,long acting...(more effective than
serm= selective estrogen receptor modulators )..
ball operation= division of the sensory nerve trunks supplying the anus, for relief of pruritus ani.
ball thrombus =an unattached, spherical antemortem thrombus found in the left or right atrium usually in certain cases of
mitral stenosis.
some facts about pencils..
"Pencil-in-cup" deformity is seen in? (fmge march 2012,aipg 2010)

a.RA
b.OA
c.Psoriatic arthritis
d.Sjögren syndrome
ANS--Psoriatic Arthritis.
The X-ray Changes are similar to rheumatoid arthritis but they differ in THE FOLLOWING:
1. Asymmetrical distribution of disease

2. Often affects PIP and DIP joints
3. relative absence of peri-articular osteoporosis
4. Erosions seen at the distal interphalangeal joints joints
5. Reduced joint space
6. Pencil in cup deformity (arthritis mutilans with telescoping of the fingers)- this is a result of osteolysis
7. Loss of the terminal tufts of the phalanges (acro-osteolysis)
8. Sacroiliac and spondylitic changes (similar to those of Ankylosing Spondylitis.)
pencil pointing appearance=clavicle in rheumatoid arthritis

pencil cells=seen in gall bladder mucosa..

Onion skin spleen in SLE :
This appears so because of the nodules formed due to concentric fibrosis of the walls of PENICILLARY arteries and the
surrounding tissues. Hence the name oinion skin spleen.(also note that Shrinking Lungs are seen in SLE........SL=SL)
“pencil-point” cortex=cortical thinning seen in scurvy
. In 'scurvy' all of the following radiological signs are seen except:
A. Soap bubble appearance

B. Pelican spur
C. Frenkel's line
D. Zone of demarcation near epiphysis
Correct Answer: A
radiological findings in scurvy:

• periosteal reaction : due to subperiosteal haemorrhage
• scorbutic rosary .(note that scorbutic rosaries have sharp margin and rickety rosaries have round margins..)
• Wimberger's ring sign: circular, opaque radiologic shadow surrounding epiphyseal centers of ossification, which may result
from bleeding
• Frankel's line: dense zone of provisional calcification
• Trümmerfeld zone : lucent metaphyseal band underlying Frankel's line
• Pelkan spur: metaphyseal spurs which result in cupping of the metaphysis)
and finally
HIT AND RUN DRUGS=drugs whose action is
irreversible is called "hit and run drugs"...their action persist for a long time even after the drug is eliminated from the body...
Which of the following is "hit and run" drug?
A. Prazosin
B. Propranolol
C. Reserpine
D. Adenosine
Answer is C...
Its an IRREVERSIBLE inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). [VMAT usually transports free NA,5HT,dopamine
back into vesicles at presynaptic end] The effect will b seen for days to weeks even after discontinuation of drug. coz it takes
time for synthesis of new VMAT.
hit n run means d effect of drug will remain even after its elimination from the body.. ..
memorise the mnemonic:
hit and run end in MORGUe
M-MAO inhibitors
O-OMEPRAZOLE
R- RESERPINE
GU- GUANETHIDINE
sachin is like a hit and run drug....even if he stops playing ...,his impact and effect on cricket and the hearts of millions of his fans
will persist for a long time to come... :-)

now here are some facts regarding 10.....and 100
CD10-precurser B cell marker....
CHROMOSOME 10-gyrate atrophy,immerslund grasboek syndrome......
VITAMIN B 10-paba(para amino benzoic acid)...
FACTOR 10-stuart prower factor(POWER of 10 ...dus ka dum.)....
CN 10-vagus nerve....
All are about 25 cms or 10 inches:
1. Length of Esophagus
2. Length of Ureter
3. Length of Duodenum
4. Length of Descending colon
All are about 10 cms or 4 inches:
1. Length of Trachea
2. Length of Fallopian or Uterine tube
3. Length of Common bile duct
4. Length of 3rd part of Duodenum (Transverse Duodenum)
5. Length of Posterior wall of Vagina
6. Anteroposterior measurement of Inlet of Pelvis
7. Transverse measurement of Outlet of Pelvis
T 10-oesophagus enters abdomen(remember voice of america 8-10-12...where v is for VENA CAVA,o for
oesophagus,a for aorta......
COLLAGEN 10-hypertrophic cartilage(defect cause schmidt metaphyseal chondrodysplasia)...
RULE OF 10-phaeochromocytoma(10%malignant,10%b/l,10%extraadrenal,10%calcify,10%paediatric,10%familial n
10 times more likely to appear in exams than in real life......
fentanyl is 10 times more potent than morphine &sufentanyl is 10 times more potent than fentanyl......
TEN=toxic epidermal necrolysis=lyell's disease=severe form of steven johnson syndrome.....
Ten Horn sign =Pain caused by gentle traction of right testicle =seen in Acute appendicitis
100 day cough=whooping cough=bordetella pertussis= (colonies resembles bisected pearls or Mercury drops or Aluminium paint
appearance./Culture films has 'Thumb print' appearance.)
S-100=marker of melanoma(other markers are HMB-45, Mitf, Melan-A, and tyrosinase)

apo B -100= The longest monomeric protein in human cells is apo B100 which contain about 4536 amino acids/ Type
2 – Familial Hyper cholesterolemia- defect ov f LDL receptors or apo B-100

FLAME FIGURES-Wells syndrome......
FLAME CELLS-multiple myeloma
FLAME SHAPED RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES seen in background Diabetic Retinopathy...........
SIGNET RING CELL-Krukenberg tumor.........
SIGNET RING APPEARANCE-bronchiectasis,papillary necrosis IVU finding.............
HELIOTROPE RASH-violaceous discoloration of eyelids in dermatomyositis.........
CASALS NECKLACE-pellagra............
REDDISH DIGITS-recovery stage of Raynauds phenomenon (episodic digital ischemia on exposure to cold or
emotional stress.).....
BANGLE TEST-mid arm circumference measurement for assessing P.E.M.......
PERINAUD SYNDROME-also called dorsal midbrain syndrome,associated with conjugate upward vertical gaze
palsy(in this pic she has fine upward gaze so her midbrain is intact)......
WINKING EAR LOBE-tricuspid regurgitation................................................
CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME-long curly eye lashes........

TOM and JERRY...my all time favourites..but I liked Jerry more than Tom..:--)
TOM CATS URINE ODOUR-multiple carboxylase deficiency(inborn error of metabolism)...
TOM SMITH ARTHRITIS-a/c sceptic arthritis of infancy..............
CAT genes=chloramphenicol acetyl transferase genes

CAT EYE syndrome-partial Trisomy (22p-22q11)
CAT ALLERGY -Fel d 1 is the major cat allergen,which can cause allergic manifestation in humans.
CAT BITE-Most common organism isolated "Pasteurella multocida''.
CAT REFLEX-It is the other name of symmetric neck reflex.
CATS EYE REFLEX-leukocoria seen in retinoblastoma,pseudoglioma....
CAT CRY syndrome- Cri-du-chat syndrome ,occurs due to deletion of 5p chromosome
CAT SCRATCH disease- It manifests by painful regional lymphadenopathy persisting for several weeks or months
after a cat scratch.causative organism is Bartonella henselae.
CAT FLEA TYPHUS-Caused by Rickettsia felis,vector is Etenocephalides felis,incubation period 8-16 days and
duration of illness 8-16 days
RAT TAIL APPEARANCE-achalasia cardia......

RAT BITE FEVER....spirillum minus(sodoku) n streptobacillus moniliformis(haverhill fever)....
RAT CATCHERS YELLOWS=Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's syndrome, canicola fever, canefield
fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever, Fort Bragg fever, black jaundice, and Pretibial fever)
RAT LUNG FLUKE= Angiostrongylus cantonensis (causes eosinophilic meningitis)
(note that human lung fluke is paragonimus westerMANi)
"RAT BITE EROSION" =from erosion of long-standing soft-tissue tophus (GOUT)
Joint Mice = osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
PLEURAL MOUSE=A pleural mouse (also known as a fibrin body), is a 1-2 cm mobile rounded clump of fibrin left
over after resolution of a pleural effusion.
PERITONEAL MOUSE= a free body in the peritoneal cavity, probably a small detached mass of omentum,
sometimes visible radiographically.
mickey MOUSE pelvis in down syndrome(outward flaring of iliac wings)
mickey MOUSE sign=pagets disease(increased radiotracer uptake in bone scan of pedicles and spinous process of
vertebra)
mickey MOUSE CAST= Dysmorphic RBC casts in Glomerular hematuria
RODENT ULCER=basal cell carcinoma
CLAW SIGN-intussusception....
CLAW HAND-low ulnar nerve paralysis....
BEEFY RED TONGUE-niacin deficiency....
COTTAGE CHEESE APPEARANCE-vaginal candidiasis(colposcopic finding)...
COTTAGE CHEESE N KETCHUP-cmv retinitis.(fundoscopic finding).....
SWISS CHEESE PATTERN-adenocystic carcinoma salivary gland,membranous gnephritis(basement membrane
appearance),neurocysticercosis(brain gross app),lymphangioleiomyomatosis(ct finding)....

Hope you all have heard about Crazy Frog before…and hope you have listened to the song as well.. ..if not listen to it now..
:-)
Anyways here are some facts:

SNOWMAN APPEARANCE-also called figure of 8 ,seen in supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection...
MELTS LIKE A SNOW-seminoma testis or any radio sensitive tumor.....
SNOWSTORM PATTERN-ARDS(chest x ray),hydatidiform mole(usg).........
SNOWFLAKE KERATITIS-onchocerciasis(river blindness)......
SNOWFLAKE CATARACT-diabetes mellitus........
SNOW BALL PATTERN-gelatinous exudates in anterior vitreous in pars planitis.................
SNOW BANKING-grey white plaques due to coaliscion of snow ball opacities in pars planitis......
SNOW DROP-its a mnemonic to memorise different blot techniques..here S,N,W stands for southern,northern,western
respectively........match them wid D,R,P for dna,rna,protein respectively....ie..southern blot for dna,northern blot for rna
&western blot for protein....now u wont forget..
CHRISTMAS TREE CATARACT-myotonica dystrophica........
CHRISTMAS TREE APPEARANCE OF SKIN LESION:pytiriasis rosea
CHRISTMAS FACTOR=factor 9(def causes hemophilia b or christmas disease...)
CRAZY PAVEMENT APPEARANCE-rash in kwashiorker,ct finding in ARDS and Acute interstitial pneumonia..........
FROG BELLY-congenital hypothyroidism.....
FROG FACE-long standing angiofibroma(exophthalmos+croaking voice)....
FROG LEG POSITION-fulminant scurvy,chf(in children)......
FROG NECK-klippel feil disease.....
TADPOLE CELLS-or strap cells in rhabdomyosarcoma.....
HUTCHINSONS PUPIL-dilated and unreactive pupil on the side wer intracranial mass lesion compress occulomotor nerve(here
crazy frog has a mass lesion affecting his 3rd c.n. on left side..)....

Cherry Blossom Appearance
A descriptor for the punctate cavitary radiocontrast-
filled defects that percolate through salivary gland ducts, a sialologic appearance ofSjögren syndrome; the contrast material may persist for up
to a month.
STRAWBERRY TONGUE-scarlet fever,kawasaki disease..........................

STRAWBERRY GUMS-wegeners granulomatosis..................................
STRAWBERRY VAGINA-Trichomonas vaginalis.........................................................
STRAWBERRY GALL BLADDER-cholesterolosis................................................
STRAWBERRY HAEMANGIOMA-capillary haemangioma..................................
STRAWBERRY CELLS-chronic african trypanosomiasis(a type of plasma cell with red purple cytoplasm)....
STRAWBERRY LESION OF RECTOSIGMOID=fusospirochaetes..
MULBERRY RASH-typhus fever............
MULBERRY CELL-vacoulated plasma cell................
MULBERRY CALCULI bladder calculus composed of calcium oxalate................
MULBERRY MOLAR-congenital syphilis.....
MULBERRY HAMARTOMA in retina in tuberus sclerosis.......
RASPBERRY RASH-secondary yaws..........
RASPBERRY TUMOR-umbilical adenoma.......
RASPBERRY THORN SIGN=ba enema in crohn disease.....
CRUSHED CRANBERRY APPEARANCE-gross appearance of Actinomadura pelletieri colonies.....
CRANBERRY JUICE helps in preventing UTI ......
BERRY SYNDROME-complex aortopulmonary malformation
BERRY ANEURYSM- are small saccular aneurysm are the result of small congenital defects
in the media of blood vessels and are located at the BBBBbifurcation of arteries/most common cause of death in
ADPKD../
(some facts abt aneurysms:
Most Common site of FFFFalse Aneurysm: FFFFFemoral Artery.
· Most Common site of True aneurysm: Popliteal Artery.
· M/C complication of aortic aneurysm--> Rupture
· IOC for aneurysm- CT
The most common type of “true aneurysm” is fusiform type.

The most common site of AAAAarterial aneurysm is Infra renal part of AAAAbdominal AAAAAorta.
PPPPPopliteal Aneurysms are the most common PPPPPeripheral aneurysms.
The most common site for dissecting aneurysms is Ascending Aorta.
MC Causeof AAA IS A: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is Atherosclerosis. AI 1996
“Cirsoid aneurysms” are common in superficial temporal artery. (sa=sa)
Types of Aneurysms :
Berry aneurysm: occurs in circle of willis
Micro aneurysms: seen in Diabetes and Hypertension
Mycotic aneurysms: are seen in bacterial infections.
Aortic dissecting Aneurysms: Due to degeneration of tunica media. Occur in Marfans Syndrome and Hypertension.
Syphilitic aneurysms or Luetic aneurysms: involve ascending Aorta
Pseudoaneurysm follow trauma usually.
Rasmussens aneurysm is a/w - tuberculosis )
BERRY 'S LIGAMENT=suspensory ligament of thyroid.
some facts abt thyroid surgery:
Always see and follow RLN In thyroid Sx (Right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more prone
to injury during thyroid surgery. )
• RLN injury--> M/C site--> Berry's ligament
• Sup. Thyroid artery--> ligated close
• Inf. Thyroid artery --> should never be ligated--> only terminal brances may be ligated)
BLUEBERRY MUFFIN- Purple papulonodular lesions are referred to as "BLUEBERRY muffin” rash and represent
dermal erythropoiesis. Causes include congenital viral infections (CMV, rubella, and parvovirus), congenital
neoplastic disease, and Rh hemolytic disease....

RAY BAN GLASS APPEARANCE-bilobed neutrophil in pelger huet anomaly..............................
.MUSICIANS NERVE-ulnar nerve...................
STRING SIGN -crohns disease(string sign of kantor),hypertrophic pyloric stenosis...............................
GITTER (not guitar;-))CELLS-during injury in CNS microglial cells modifies to form macrophages called gitter
cells.................
ROCKER BOTTOM FOOT-congenital vertical talus,pes valgus(seen in Edward syndrome,Patau syndrome,Pena
Shokeir syndrome)....................................
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER-caused by R.rickettsii,positive Weil-Felix reaction,tick is the insect
vector..................
MYC GENES-proto-oncogenes,transcriptional activators,c-myc translocation=burkitt lymphoma,n-myc
amplification=neuroblastoma,l-myc amplification=small cell ca lung.................mic 2 is marker of Ewings sarcoma

tamasoma jyotirgamaya....( Lead me from darkness to light.)......................
FLAME FIGURES-wells syndrome......
FLAME CELLS-multiple myeloma(actress lisa ray is suffering frm that)....... some cells in multiple
myeloma...,flame cells,russels bodies,dutcher bodies,mott cells....
FLAME SHAPED RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES seen in background Diabetic Retinopathy...........
CANDLE STICK APPEARANCE-a sharply marginated cut off of terminal phalanx with central depression..seen in
burns,DM,leprosy,psoriasis,RA...............................................
CANDLE FLAME APPEARANCE-doppler color flow appearance in mitral
stenosis.......................................................
bone pearls or wax drippings=x ray appearance in electricity burns....
DRIPPING CANDLE WAX-flowing periosteal hyperostosis also known as melorrheostosis (leris disease)..............
MOLTEN WAX APPEARANCE(of intestine)-malabsorption(barium enema )................
CANDLE GREASE SIGN-also called grattage sign(accentuation of silvery scales in psoriasis)................
Candle guttering appearance =myelogram appearance in arachnoiditis showing multiple areas of patchy deposits

Snider’s test: It is a crude assessment of airway resistance. The patient is asked to blow out a candle in a single breath, with his mouth open,
which is
kept at a distance of 15 cm from the patient
PALMAR ERYTHEMA (BRIGHT RED PALM)
The thenar and hypothenar eminences, base and pulp of the fingers turn
red in:
• Cirrhosis of liver (‘liver palms’=dawson's sign)
• Alcoholics
• Pregnancy
• Rheumatoid arthritis (long-continued)
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Hyperdynamic circulation, e.g. pyrexia, pregnancy
• Polycythaemia
luciferase enzyme gives the ability to glow spontaneously in dark......

According to LIGHT's criteria , a pleural effusion is likely exudative if at least one of the following exists:
1. The ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5
2. The ratio of pleural fluid LDH and serum LDH is greater than 0.6
3. Pleural fluid LDH is greater than 0.6 or ⅔ times the normal upper limit for serum. Different laboratories have different values for
the upper limit of serum LDH, but examples include 200 and 300 IU/l.
Wood’s light examination:

bluish-green fluorescence in tinea capitis caused by Microsporum species—Microsporum canis and Microsporum audouinii,
tinea versicolor (yellow fluorescence),
erythrasma (coral red fluorescence),
porphyrins in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (Urine will produce bright red fluorescence),
trichomycosis axillaris(orange fluorescence),
Pseudomonas infection(green fluorescence),
In scabies, fluorescein solution fills burrows.

In pigmentary disorders, vitiligo, piebaldism,
and ash leaf macules of tuberous sclerosis,the lesions become prominent................
,
some facts relating to burns:
The total body surface area (TBSA) involved is usually worked out by the Wallace Rule of Nine wherein each upper limb is 9% of TBSA,
9% each for the front and back of lower limb, 9% for the front and back of chest, 9% for the front and back of abdomen, the head and neck
9% and 1% for the perineum....

Parkland formula: It calculates the fluid (Ringer lactate)to be given in the first 24 h (4 ml/kg/% burn for adults and 3 ml/kg/% burn for children). Half of
this is given in the first 8 h and the second half in the next 16 h ....(other formulas used are Brookes formula and Muir and Barclay formula .............)
crocodile skin lesions in flash burns.......
Litchenberg Flowers/Arborescent Markings of skin are seen in lightening injuries........
St Anthony's FIRE=erysipelas/ergotism
“Sparkling” myocardium is a distinct characteristic of CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS, referring to an increased echogenicity of the
myocardium. ...
LIgnocaine is the doc for digitalis induced ventricular arhythmia(diva).....remember DIVALI......

I did this painting using water colors and glitters...
now here are some facts related to PAINTING..............
PAINTERS COLIC-Plumbism=saturnism=devons colic=lead poisoning..............
flaKKKy PAINT DERMATOSIS-Kwashiorker.....................
BRUSH-FIELD SPOT-downs syndrome....(imagine making a down stroke with the brush).................
GLITTER CELLS-Polymorphonuclear leukocytes that stain pale blue with gentian violet and contain cytoplasmic granules that
exhibit brownian movement; observed in urine sediment and characteristic of pyelonephritis(imagine glittering
pyelonephritis).................
sherRIN gtons law of Reciprocal INnervation (i,e...here Aishwaryas left lateral rectus is active and left medial rectus is
relaxed).....
HERINGS LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION{i,e...movements in both the eyes of aishwarya is equal and symmetric....)..problem
is both these laws have RIN in their names...but remember that hering=hearing=hearing is equal in both ears=so herings
is linked with equal..nw u wont b confused again..:-)...
PICTURE FRAME VERTEBRA-pagets disease.. (p=p)
colors.......(only few facts are covered here remaining will b covered with individual color series like
blue/green/red/yellow/black...etc)
REDMAN SYNDROME=vancomycin(RED-VAN syndrome) .....aipg

GREY BABY SYNDROME=chloramphenicol..=chlorampheniCOAL=coal is grey.....aipg
XXXanthopsia(yellow vision)=digoXXXin...aipg
red green color blindness=ethambutol..(imagine that person with ethambutol color blindness wont b able to see Indian flag
properly... )...aipg
:-)
RReddish orange urine=RRRifampicin ...aipg

black urine=ALKAptonuria(if u jumble up alka it becomes kala..smile emoticon...)
mepacrine (yellow),clofazamine (brownish-black), amiodarone (bluish-grey) and phenothiazines (slate-
grey),dapsone(bluish)===skin colors
dark urine=primaquine in a case of g6pd def.....aipg

stain series:::
SPECIAL STAINS
Glycogen----PAS positive, diastase sensitive.........................(glycogen pads)
MuCIn ---- PAS negative with diastase resistant
MuCIcarmine, alCIan blue,Colloidal Iron......................(Ci is the key here)
lipid----Sudan black B, Oil red O, Osmium tetroxide(lipid and oil are linked...remember the O and imagine sudan has lots of oil)
Elastic fibre ----Verhoff-vangieson stain(imagine u r trying to stretch the dash between verhoff and vangieson...butthey will
come back to their original position on releasing the stretch)
Skeletal muscle(striations),Astrocytic Processes---PTAH
Collagen&muscle—Mason trichrome, (try(trichrome) to call(collagen))
Iron -- Pearls stain(pearls made up of iron)
Melanin ---Mason Fontana(m=m)
Calcium --- Von kossa, Alizarin Red(von CAssa and CAlizarin red)
Amyloid ---Congo red, thioflavin T
Mast cell---Toluidine blue
Myelin sheath---Luxol fast blue(myelin and fast are linked...myelin makes nerve conduction fast)
Reticulin--- Gomori Methenamine silver
Acid Fast organism---Ziehl nielson stain
Wade fite (AFB) - Myco leprae(leprosy inWADEs skin)
Fungi. Amoeba.trichomonas---- PAS
Basement membrane – PAS
Helicobactor pylori - Warthin starry(helicopter and war links)
Barr body – Aceto orcein
Copper – Rubeanic acid (rub copper)
Postmortem staining:
Usually mistaken for —Contusion.
Can occur before death in —Cholera.
Hypostasis or cadaveric lividity — Postmortem staining.
Purple colour in —Asphyxia.
Blue green colur in —Hydrogen sulphide poisoning.
Precipitin test is used to identify human blood in stains
spot series.....
Bitot's spots= vitamin A deficiency.
café au lait spots =neurofibromatosis(cafe au lait has coast of california appearance=smooth borders )and McCuneAlbright's
syndrome.(here the cafe au lait has coast of maine appearance=irregular borders...).......it can b memorised like imagine u r
touching the surface of the c in california...it will b smoooth.......and touching the M in maine will feel irregular.....also Mc
CuneAlbright syndrome and Maine starts with M...m=m... :-)

cherry-red spot = Tay-Sachs disease(also knowns tay spots)..also seen in niemann picks disease,gauchers disease
hot spot=war-thins tumor(adenolymphoma).....note=its the only salivary gland tumor thats more common in men....and all
other parotid gland tumorsshow cold spot in 99Tc scan(remembr war and heat/hot links.. and men do it..)
cotton-wool spots= white or gray soft-edged opacities in the retina, seen in hypertensive retinopathy, lupus erythematosus,
and other conditions.
Forschheimer spots = rubella( just prior to the onset of the skin rash...seen in soft palate).
germinal spot = the nucleolus of an oocyte
liver spot =lentigo senilis(ls=ls)...seen in old age and associated with excessive uv ray exposure...(its a misnomer and has
nothing to do with liver)
milk spots = SOLDIER SPOTS(milk spot)-pericardial plaques in c/c pericarditis...................................
mongolian spot =.blue-black flat skin markings that appear at birth /-fade in a few years, NO treatment needed
rose spots = typhoid fever.
Roth's spots = subacute bacterial endocarditis.(seen in retina)
Tardieu's spots = spots of ecchymosis under the pleura after death by asphyxia
Elschnig's s'spot = hypertensive retinopathy. They are choroidal infarcts caused by insufficient blood supply
fuch spot=severe myopia(pigmented scar in macula)
horder spot=psittacosis(resembles rose spots of typhoid)
herald spot=pityriasis rosea
nagayama spot=roseola infantum
powder burn spot=endometriosis
brushfield spots=downs syndrome
"blueberry muffin spots" =congenital rubella
fordyce spots= asymptomatic, minute, yellow-white papules on the vermilion border of the lips and buccal mucosa. These
ectopic sebaceous glands may be found in otherwise normal individuals and require no therapy.
spotless RMSF(rocky mountain spotted fever)=ehrilichiosis
Schuffner spots- Pl vivax & ovale

James spots – Pl ovale
Maurer’s spots- Pl falciparum
Ziemann spots – Pl malariae
PAEDIATRIC SERIES PART 1:
this list will definitely give you some points for your exam....hv tried to include most of the frequently and recently asked topics
in pediatrics..
childs expected height becomes 100 cm at 4 years....(its 50 cm at birth....75 cm at 1 yr)
sexual maturation in females follows the pattern thelarche---->pubarche---->menarche..(thelarche =appearance of

breasts.......pubarche=appearance of pubic hair.....menarche.=appearance of first menstrual cycle.......note that the sequence
follows anatomical pattern frm above downwards ...;like breast....followed by pubic hair....followed by
uterus/vagina(menarche).....
in males the anatomical pattern is reversed.........testes growth first-then the scrotal changes-then the penile growth-then the
pubic hair growth......
MAX growth spurt in females=tanner stage 3(3=max)
first set of milk teeth appears at 6 months.....(its the lower central incisor that appears first...imagine the digit 6 kept in the
midline in front of teeth...the round of 6 represents lower central incisor..)
1st permanent teeth=1st molar
Fore milk is Free From Fat...(Hind milk Has High fat)
metabolic acidosis is associated with acetazolamide(acidazolamide.....sounds better.. )

:-)
wide variable s2 split=VSD(Vide Variable VSD)....note that wide fixed split seen in ASD and single s2 in TOF....
commonest cause of death in PDA=cardiac Failure....(remember PDA and PDF are two file formats=F stands for failure...)
cardiac defect common in downs syndrome=endocardial cushion defect(imagine that you keep the cushions down and stand
on it...)
single umbilical artery is associated with congenital anomalies in 10 to 20 % cases..(its associated with unilateral renal
agenesis.....1=1)
in MINImal change disease adMINI-STER STERoids.........
commonest cause of death in kl-INFE-lters syndrome=INFEctions
Mc cune albright syndrome=3p=polyostotic fibrous dysplasia/precocious puberty/pigmentation(cafe au lait spots)
large doses of vitamin K in new born causes hemolytiKK anemia------>Kernicterus......
post infectious enteritis---- body LACks LACtase........
gas reaches the colonic end in a newborn by 8 hours(imagine 8 as two gas bubbles inside the colon)
myotonic dystrophy is the only muscle dystrophy causing distal muscle weakness(all others cause proximal weakness).....
lactoferrIN INhibits E coli.....
PABA=PAMA(protects against malaria)
fractured chromosomes caused by LSD......
breast milk Doesnt Know about vitamin D and K.......(breat milk lacks them)

CMV infections causes C=chorioretinitis/M=microcephaly/V=periVentricular manifestation....(also note that:
periventricular calcification=also seen in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
perivenular demyelination=ADEM
periventricular hyperintensity in ct=pyridoxin dependent epilepsy
periventricular leukomalacia=spastic diplegia type of cp/administration of dexamethasone during pregnancy
Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction often develops after a grade IV IVH owing to venous congestion.
periventricular plaques=multople sclerosis
perineural space invasion=adenocystic carcinoma of salivary gland)
lung maturity best assessed by phosphatidyl glycerol(PG) estimation..(PG makes you mature....)
commonest cause of acute epiglottit-HI-s=H influenza
commonest cause of crouppppp=parainfluenza virus......
alpha thalassemias=3 genes missing=HbH=note that H has 3 lines....
if all the 4 alpha genes missing=Hb BART=gamma 4=4 letters=causes non immune hydrops....
kostmaNN syndrome=neutrophils affected(neutropenia)....therefore treated with G-CSF(filgrastim)
chronic malnutrition is judged by HEIGHT FOR AGE=cHAronic malnutrition....
acute malnutrition is judged by weight for height=WHacute malnutrition...
takayasu arteritis=pulseless disease....(take ya pulse..)
most common cause of renal artery stenosis in children with raised ESR=takayasu arteritis(RASTA)
omphalocele...oooh it has >20% risk of chromosomal anomalies.....
most common inherited childhood tumor=retinoblastoma...(note that INhERITEd and RETINoblastoma has similarities)
chang classification is for medulloblastoma..(i remembered it becos of Michael Chang....a great tennis player of the
90s....therefore m=chang...and he used to blast his opponents)
commonest cause of meningoencephalitis in children=enterovirus(enters the brain)
severe sporadic encephalitis caused by herpes SSSSimplex virus 1.................
meningitis in less than 2 months by E coli,beta hemolytic streptococci(extremely chota beta/baccha)
meningitis in 2 months to 12 years=H influenza=IN-fants and children
meningitis after 12 years=MENingococci=seen in MEN...or grown ups...

most common type of intussus-ception=ileo-colic type.......
acrocephalosyndactyly=aperts syndrome..........acrocephalopolysyndactyly=carpenter syndrome.....(note that carpenter requires

more fingers...)
HARLEQUIN BABY=harlequin ichthyosis....child is born encased in a thick,abnormal fissured hyperkeratotic skin...its an

abnormality of hyperkeratotic skin... ... It is associated with a mutation in the gene for the protein ABCA12...isotretinoin is the
drug of choice..
STIFF BABY SYNDROME=hereditary hyperekplasia/chloride channelopathy associated with excessive startling and stiffness of
trunk and limbs.
MICHELIN TYRE BABY SYNDROME=characterised by multiple ring shaped skin creases on extremities.
CRACK BABY SYNDROME=seen in infants of mothers who consumed crack cocaine during pregnancy/associated with
microcephaly,LBW,IUGR
SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME= triad of medical findings: subdural hematoma(whiplash injury), retinal hemorrhage, and cerebral
edema and infer child abuse caused by intentional shaking....
BLUE BABY SYNDROME-due to methaemoglobinemia caused by excessive intake of nitrates....
GREY BABY SYNDROME=chloramphenicol toxicity.
BRONZE BABY SYNDROME=photoisomerisation of conjugated bilirubin in skin causes this.... (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia --
-> risk of bronze baby syndrome with phototherapy)
COLLODION BABY=lamellar ichthyosis(new born baby is encased in a shiny transparent membrane that peels of after a week
or so and the peel looks like a collodion... :-)

here goes zoozoo....a proposal...... lucky zoozoo..............Now some facts regarding flowers and lovers
FLOWER CELLS-adult t cell leukemia(multilobulated nucleus)...........
FLOWER VASE APPEARANCE-horse shoe kidney(ivp)...........
SUNFLOWER CATARACT-wilsons disease,chalcosis,penetrating trauma...........
ROSETTE CATARACT-blunt trauma......
HOMER WRIGHT ROSETTE-neuroblastoma,medulloblastoma......
FLEXNER WINTERSTEINER ROSETTE-retinoblastoma.........
PSEUDOROSETTE-Ewings sarcoma........
ROSE THORN ULCER-inflammatory bowel disease................................
ROSE THORN APPEARANCE-carcinoma pancreas...........................................
DEW DROP ON ROSE PETAL-chicken pox lesion appearance....................................

MORNING GLORY SYNDROME: Absence of Lamina Cribrosa is seen
HELIOTROPE RASH-violaceous discoloration of eyelids in dermatomyositis..
FLOATING WATER LILLY SIGN=perforated pulmonary hydatid cyst
MALTESE CROSS: Tetrad forms in RBC’s which represent budding merozoites are called Maltese cross (associated with
Babesia microti)
VINCA ROSEA:source of the alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine – used in treatment for leukaemia and lymphoma.
BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY-rheumatoid arthritis......
BOW TIE SIGN-normal appearance of discoid meniscus(absent bow tie sign seen in bucket handle tear of meniscus)...
LOVERS TRIAD-calcaneal #+forearm #+lumbar compression #(seen due to fall from height)... The name lover's fracture is
derived from the fact that a lover may jump from great heights while trying to escape from the lover's spouse.
DARLINGS DISEASE:Histoplasmosis
PANTON-VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN :
• pore-forming toxin lyses PMNs. It makes strains more virulent.Produced predominantly by community-acquired methicillin-
resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains
Elongated facies: FRAGILE X SYNDROME..............

Superman.... ....i wish i could fly like a superman and travel around the world...
:-) ..i am not a child anymore but the
:-)
fascination about superman continues to exist and grow.... :-)
lightening flash injuries because of burns due to superheated light
Superior gluteal nerve supplies all except (AIPG – 2009)

A Gluteus minimus
B Gluteus medius
C Tensor fascia lata
D Gluteus maximus
Answer is D..
Gluteus maximus (d) is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Superior gluteal nerve supplies the trio – Gluteus medius(b), Gluteus minimus (a) & Tensor fascia latae(c).
I. This trio has two major actions at the hip joint – Abduction & Medial rotation. If the foot is fixed it raises the opposite hip.
II. If one foot is fixed this trio will raise the unsupported hip – as happens during walking to clear off the leg from the ground.
Lesion of superior gluteal nerve gives Trendelenburg test positive.
III. The unsupported hip sags down instead of going upwards. Lesion of right superior gluteal nerve leads to sagging down of
left hip.
Superfemale=47,XXX
• often no distinguishing phenotype, especially in 1st year of life
• there may be slight neuromotor developmental delay, followed by slight delay in speech and language. Lack of co-ordination
and poor academic performance with immature behaviour
• affected individuals tend to be tall
• normal sexual development
Which of the following is true regarding superfecundation?

A. Fertilization of a second ovum in a woman who is already pregnant
B. Occurs in bipartite uterus
C. Both ova do not always develop to maturity
D. The second foetus is born later as a mature child
Correct answer : C. Both ova do not always develop to maturity
Superfecundation is fertilization of 2 ova discharged from the ovary at the same period by 2 separate acts of coitus committed
at short intervals.
Both ova do not always develop to maturity.
One foetus may get aborted early or die and get retained until labour.
Fertilization of a second ovum in a woman who is already pregnant issuperfoetation.
It can occurs in a bipartite uterus.
Which of the following is not true regarding super antigens -(AIPG, 2010)
A Bind T cells irrespective of antigen specificity of TCR
B Bind directly to both MHC II and T cell receptor causing T cell activation.
C Bind to cleft or antigen binding groove in the MHC II molecule
D Binds directly to lateral aspect of T cell receptor
ANSWER is C
Superantigens

a. Superantigens are potent. activators of T-lymphocytes.
b. Superantigens stimulate very large numbers of T cells, without relation to their epitope specificity. This leads to an excessive
and dysregulated immune response with release of cytokines IL - 1, IL - 2, TNF - α and IF - γ
c. Conventional antigens bind to MHC class I or II molecules in the groove of the αβ dimer (T cell receptor).
d. However, superantigen bind directly to the lateral portion of TCR β chain and MHC class II β chain.
e. For superantigens, antigen specificity of TCR is not required.
All are true regarding superantigens except?

A. Activate very large numbers of B cells
B. Bind outside the antibody binding groove
C. Are medium sized proteins
D. Cause release of cytokines
Correct answer : A. Activate very large numbers of B cells
Epidermolysin and TSS toxin are superantigens
Superimposition technique is used in - AIPG 1990
A. Femur
B. Ribs
C. Skull
D. Pelvis
ANSWER IS C..
Specimens for toxicological studies are preserved in:
A 10% formaldehyde
B Alcohol
C Supersaturated solution of common salt
D Normal saline
Answer is C…
1. All poisoning cases- saturated soln. of common salt, Acid poisoning- rectified spirit (95%ethanol + 5% methanol),EXCEPT-
Carbolic acid- Thymol.
2. Blood for Alcohol- NaF.
3. Urine- Thymol. Faeces- rectified spirit.
4. CO, HCN- liquid paraffin or no preservative if fresh.
5) As, Sb- 15 cm long bone.
6. Rabies- 50% glycerol saline, keep hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla.
7. Specimens for pathological examination and Museums specimens are preserved in 10% Formalin.
8 Formalin is ordinarily available as a 40% solution from the market, it is diluted to 10% for use in preservation of specimens.
Formalin is never used to preserve toxicological specimens as it would denature the poisons and make the estimation of
poisons difficult.
What is not required for formation of cholesterol gallstones. (DNB Question GI Surgery December 2011)
a) Supersaturation of bile

b) Nucleation
c)Gall bladder stasis
d)Infection
ANSWER IS D...
All of the following enzymes may contribute in generating free oxygen radicals within neutrophils for killing intracellular
bacteria except?
A. Superoxide dismutase
B. Fenton’s reaction
C. NADPH oxidase
D. Glutathione peroxidase
Correct answer : D. Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase is a free radical scavenger which converts H2O2 to H2O and O2. It does not generate free radicals.
Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide (O2–) to H2O2. Hence it is involved in both free radical scavenging and creation.
Mutation of SOD1(superoxide dismutase 1) gene Is seen in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis….
Supernumerary teeth(Hyperdontia) = Gardner's syndrome

Supernumerary ribs=cervical rib =can cause thoracic outlet syndrome...
Supernumerary nipples are located along the milk lines....
Superior temporal gyrus=wernickes area-lesion causes sensory aphasia
The artery to the ductus deferns is a branch of:
• Inferior epigastric artery
• Superior epigastric artery
• Superior vesical artery
• Cremasteric artery
Answer is superior vescical artery
An artery supplying a visceral structure is always a branch of another visceral artery to some related viscera. Here only the
superior vesical artery is a visceral artery and the rest all the parietal (supply the structures in the abdominal wall).
Most common site of origin of vestibular schwannoma is?

A. Cochlear nerve
B. Superior vestibular nerve
C. Inferior vestibular nerve
D. Facial nerve
Correct answer : B. Superior vestibular nerve
Most common site of origin of vestibular schwannoma is Superior vestibular nerve ( 50-60% ).
It also occurs in the inferior vestibular nerve ( 40-50% ) and cochlear nerve ( 10% ).
Diplopia in superior oblique palsy is?

A. Vertical diplopia on downward gaze
B. Vertical diplopia on upward gaze
C. Horizontal diplopia on inward gaze

D. Horizontal diplopia on outward gaze
Correct answer : A. Vertical diplopia on downward gaze
In paralysis of the superior oblique muscle (trochlear nerve palsy), maximum diplopia is experienced when the patient looks
down.
This is especially important when the patient tries to climb downstairs and when trying to read a book.
The patient tries to compensate by tucking the chin towards the chest.
Superior oblique muscle is also known as copying muscle...
the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is believed to control secretion of which of the following hormones ?
a. antidiuretic hormone
b. oxytocin
c. growth hormone
d. adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Answer: ADH (vasopressin)

POPEYE SIGN-Bisceps tendon rupture
MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY SYNDROMES-kocher syndrome(cretinism+hypertrophy of muscles),hoffman
syndrome(myxedema+hypertrophy of muscles)
CIGAR BUNDLE APPEARANCE-Mycobacterium leprae arranged in parallel rows
SAIL SIGN-pnneumomediastenum(x ray chest),intra articular fracture elbow(x ray),thymic sail sign(normal thymic shadow in
anterior mediastenum).
SAILORS DISEASE=scurvy
DRUNKEN SAILOR GAIT=truncal ataxia(lesion in cerebellar vermis)
'ROLLING SAILOR' GAIT = bilateral hip disease(hips, knees, and feet externally rotated )
Some points about bodies:
Apoptotic bodies-membrane bound spherical sturctures in Apoptosis
Asteroid bodies(eosinophilic inclusions)-Sarcoidosis / Sporotrichosis

Aschoff's bodies-Rheumatic fever
Babes-Ernest metachromatic granules-Diphtheria
BALBIANI'S Bodies – yolk nucleus
Bamboo bodies – asbestosis

Birbeck's granules-Histocytosis-X
Bodies OF ARANTIUS - aortic valve nodules
BODY OF HIGHMORE - mediastinum testis
Bollinger bodies - fowlpox
Brassy body – dark shrunken blood corpuscle found in malaria
Call exners bodies – granulosa theca cell tumour of ovary
Chromatid bodies - entamoeba histolytica precyst
Citron bodies - cl. Septicum
Civatte bodies – lichen planus
Councilman bodies – hepatitis B
Coccoid X bodies – psittacosis
Creola bodies - asthma
Cystoid bodies – in degenerated retinal nerve fibers ( seen in Cotton wool spots)
Cowdry type-A bodies-Yellow fever,Herpus virus infection

Cowdry type-B bodies-Adenovirus,Poliovirus(code-BAP)
Donnes bodies – colostrums corpuscles
Donovan bodies – granulose inguinale (LGV)

Dohle bodies-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neutrophils seen in bacterial infection
Dumbell shaped Asbestos bodies-asbestos fibres coated with glycoprotien & hemosiderin. stained with Prussian blue stain .
Davidson's body-sex chromatin in neutrophils(dumbell shaped)
Ferruginous bodies – asbestosis
Gamma gandy bodies – congestive splenomegaly
Guarnieri bodies - inclusion bodies of vaccinia

Gamma-Favre bodies-LGV
Henderson Peterson bodies - molluscum contagiosum
Halbersteadter-Prowazeke's bodies-Trachoma
Harting bodies – calcospheritis in the cerebral capillaries
Heinz bodies – G 6 PD deficiency
Herring bodies – neurohypophysis
Heterophil antibodies – infectious mononucleosis
Hirano bodies – alzheimer’s disease

Hectoid bodies-Sickle cell anemia
Howell-Jelly bodies-spleenectomy
Lewy bodies – parkinsonism
Levinthal coles lille bodies – psittacosis

Luys body-subthalamic nucleus (lesion causes hemiballismus)
LE bodies(haematoxylin bodies)-SLE
Lafora bodies-Familial myoclonus
Leishmans Donovans bodies-Kala Azar
Lipschutz' bodies-intra nuclear inclusions in herpus simplex infection
Mallory bodies – alcoholic hepatitis (hyaline inclusions in heapato cytes )
Masson bodies – rheumatic pneumonia
Michelis guttman bodies – malakoplakia

Mooser bodies – endemic typhus
Moot bodies – multiple myeloma

MiyaGaVa's bodies-LymphoGranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Nissels bodies-cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons
Negri bodies(intracytoplasmic,intraneuron,hippocampus)-Rabies
Odland body – keratinosome
Oken’s body - mesonephros
Paschen bodies – vaccinia / variola

Pappenheimer bodies-nonheame iron pigments in siderocytes
Pick bodies – picks disease
PsamoMMa bodies –1. papillary carcinoma of thyroid ,
- 2.serous papillary carcinoma of ovary
- 3. meningioma
- 4. mesothelioma
Reilly bodies – hurler’s syndrome
Rokitansky bodies - teratoma
Ross’s bodies – syphilis

Rusell's bodies-Multiple myeloma
Rushton bodies – odontogenic cyst
Sclerotic bodies - chromoblastomycosis
Sandstorm bodies – parathyroid glands
Schillar Duval bodies - yolk sac tumour
Schauman's/Conchoid bodies(calcium&iron complexes)-Sarcoidosis& Beryliosis
Torres bodies=yellow fever
Verocay bodies – schwanoma

Weibel-Palade bodies-storage organalles of vonWillebrands factor in platelets & endothelium
Winkler's&Ross's bodies-Syphilis
Zebra bodies – metachromatic leukodystrophy
A)Intra Cytoplasmic
Rabies ---Negri bodies

Small pox ---Gaurnier bodies
Molluscum Contagiosum---------- Henderson Peterson bodies
Fowl pox-- --Bollinger bodies
Trachoma--Halberstaedter- Prowazek Bodies
B)Intra Nuclear Inclusions
Cowdry type A--------

Herpes Virus( Lipschutz Inclusions)
Yellow fever ( Torres Bodies)
Cowdrey Type B------

Adeno Virus ( Basophilic)
Poliovirus ( acidophilic)
C)Both Intra Nuclear and Cytoplasmic
Measles Virus

Here are some points related to soldiers..
-)
SOLDIER SPOTS(milk spot)-pericardial plaques in c/c pericarditis...................................

GUARDIAN OF GENOME-p53(tumor supressor gene).........................................
GUARDIAN OF PERITONEAL CAVITY-greater omentum....................................
MARCH FRACTURE-stress fracture of second metatarsal shaft...........................................
MARCH HAEMOGLOBINURIA-haemoglobinuria after prolonged physical exercise(like in marchers)..................................
COMMANDO OPERATION - an operation done for the excision of the carcinoma of tongue , the floor of the mouth , part
of the jaw and lymph nodes enbloc
COMMANDO CRAWL=spastic cp
GUNSTOCK DEFORMITY-cubitus varus due to malunited supracondylar fracture of humerus..................
TRIGGER FINGER(stenosing tenosynovitis)-RA,carpal tunnel syndrome ..etc..Trigger finger, trigger thumb, or trigger digit,
is a common disorder of later adulthood characterized by catching, snapping or locking of the involved finger flexor
tendon, associated with dysfunction and pain. The most important pulley - A2 and A4 pulley trigger point..............
BULLET VIRUS-rabies virus.................
BULLET VERTEBRA-hurlers syndrome,morquio syndrome,achondroplasia.....................
BULLET BUBO OF HUTCHINSON-primary syphilis..................
BULLET METACARPALS=MPS ...........
FORENSIC BALLISTICS : Deals with investigation of firearms, ammunition and problem arising from their use.
RICOCHET BULLET : strikes an intervening object first and then rebounds/ ricochets towards target.
TANDEM BULLET or PIGGY BACK BULLET : number of bullets fired is two.
Tandem Bullet or piggyback bullet (tandem = one behind the other)- Occasionally, more bullets are found than the number
of entrance wounds. This occurs due to defect in the weapon, or due to faulty ammunition, or with loaded firearm unused
for several years.
YAWNING BULLET : Which travel in an irregular fashion and produces KEY HOLE ENTRY WOUND.
DUMDUM BULLET : A jacketed bullet with its nose cut off and it expands on impact.(there is a saying in hindi..”naak mein
dum”…naak means nose and dum stands for dumdum bullet.. ..) :-)
SOUVENIR BULLET : If a bullet is left in body for long time it gets surrounded by fibrous tissue and is calles as souvenir
bullet.
red green color blindness=ethambutol..(imagine that person with ethambutol color blindness wont b able to see INDIAN
FLAG properly... )...aipg
:-)
Red-green colorblindness: A form of colorblindness in which red and green are perceived as identical. This is the most
common type of colorblindness. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and affects 6% of males. It is also known
as deutan colorblindness, deuteranopia, and Daltonism.
FLAG SIGN-kwashiorker……..(alternating light and dark bands in the hair, indicating alternating periods of protein adequacy
and deprivation)
SAFFRON MECONIUM-post maturity.............
SPOKE WHEEL APPEARANCE-small bowel volvulus,

Lets assess some of the medical terms related to elections,parties and voting...please use your vote wisely.. :-)
BJP=Bence Jones Protein
Bence Jones protein (BJP) is the name given to monoclonal light chains which are filtered by the kidney. There presence
in the urine indicates a paraproteinaemia, often multiple myeloma.
Classically BJP is detected by heating urine to 45-55 deg.C. whereupon the protein coagulates. The precipitant
redissolves on boiling.
Bence Jones proteins are derived from?

A. Alpha globulins
B. Beta globulins
C. Delta globulins
D. Gamma globulins
Correct answer: D. Gamma globulins

Bence Jones proteins contain light chains of gamma globulins.
Bence Jones proteinuria is seen in?
A. Alpha heavy chain disease
B. Gamma heavy chain disease
C. Mu heavy chain disease
D. Epsilon heavy chain disease
Correct answer : C. Mu heavy chain disease

Bence Jones proteinuria is seen in Mu heavy chain disease. It occurs due to the excretion of kappa light chains in urine.
Bence jones proteins are exreted in the urine except

a.multiple myloma
b.chronic lymphatic leukemia
c.waldenstorms macroglobulinemia
d.rheumatic fever
answer is D..
CPM=Central Pontine Myelinolysis:

if plasma sodium is raised too rapidly or too much and the hyponatremia has been present for >24–48 hours, it has the
potential to produce CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS, an acute, potentially fatal neurologic syndrome characterized
by quadriparesis, ataxia, and abnormal extraocular movements.
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE:4/5/6...
Glasgow coma scale :

EVM 456(electronic voting machine)
E : eye opening
Maximum points given=4
V : vocal response
Maximum points given=5(note that V looks like roman numeral V or 5..
M : motor response
maximum points given is 6..
Lotus related facts;

primary cavitary sarcoidosis ="lotus seed-like" manifestations (radiological finding)
lotus root sign in USG= de Quervain Disease

(De Quervain disease is stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)
tendons in the first extensor compartment of the wrist.)
FLOATING LOTUS SIGN(also known as floating lilly sign or camalote sign)=pulmonary hydatid cyst
Sickle related facts and mcqs..(have given few mcqs asked in previous years...its a very high yield topic):
Autosplenectomy is most commonly seen in long standing:

A) Lymphoblastic leukemia
B) Hereditary spherocytosis
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Thalassemia
Answer is C.
Aplastic crisis in sickle cell anaemia is due to infection due to:
A) Salmonella Typhi
B) Pneumococci
C) Herpes virus
D) Parvovirus B19
ANSWER IS D
Parvovirus B19 triggers aplastic crisis in sickle cell anaemia. The virus causes complete suppression of haematopoesis for
2-3 days. It has little effect in normal individuals; but in sickle cell anaemia due to shortened RBC life span, crisis results.
Patients may require blood transfusion.
Replacement of Glutamate by Valine in beta chain causes increase in concentration of:
A) Haemoglobin A
B) Haemoglobin S
C) Haemoglobin C
D) Haemoglobin E
ANSWER IS B
Most common manifestation of sickle cell anaemia is:

A) Severe anaemia
B) Haemolytic crisis
C) Sequestration crisis
D) Repeated episodes of skeletal pain
Ans: D
Anaemia in sickle cell disease is moderate. Haemolytic crisis is uncommon; it causes jaundice and reduction in
haemoglobin. Sequestration crisis is rare; it causes massive pooling of RBCs in spleen in children between 6 months and
3 years. Most common manifestation of sickle cell disease is recurrent episodes of skeletal pain caused due to
microinfarction.
What is not true about sickle cell anaemia?

A) Hypersplenism may warrent splenectomy
B) Cardiomegaly and heart failure develop with time
C) Patients have susceptibility to pneumococcal infection

D) Pulmonary hypertension develops with time
Ans: A
Sickle cell anaemia is associated with hyposplenism due to repeated splenic infarctions. This results in autosplenectomy.
Reduced splenic function causes impaired opsonisation and infection due to capsulated organisms such as pneumococci.
Cardiomegaly, heart failure and pulmonary hypertension are common with chronic sickle cell anaemia.
A person who is heterozygous for sickle cell anemia has increased resistance for?
A. Malaria
B. Filariasis
C. Dengue haemorrhagic fever
D. Thalassemia
Correct answer : A. Malaria

Sickle cell trait (heterozygous case of sickle cell anemia) provides protection against malaria. Sickling of RBC’s result in
the leaking of potassium from the cell. This leads to the death of the malarial parasites within the RBC’s.
Hammer related facts:
The name, hammer toe comes from the way the toe hits or hammers on the floor with each step. The primary deformity
seen in a hammer toe is found at the PIPJ (proximal interphalangeal joint) ...remember HP(hammer toe=PIPJ)
A mallet toe, on the other hand, is a similar deformity but is found in the DIPJ (distal interphalangeal joint). Remember
MD..(mallet toe=DIPJ)
And lastly, claw toes are a deformity where the entire toe grabs and involves the MPJ (metatarsal phalangeal joint) PIPJ
and DIPJ.
Collectively, these deformities are referred to as hammer toes.
Note that:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. It is characterised by weakness of extremities
and HAMMER TOE.
PALM related facts:
Now here are some diseases that can be diagnosed using palms:
(note that facts related to fingers will be discussed separately)..
SIMIAN CREASE=single palmar crease=downs syndrome
PALMAR ERYTHEMA (BRIGHT RED PALM)

The thenar and hypothenar eminences, base and pulp of the fingers turn
red in:
• Cirrhosis of liver (‘liver palms’=dawson's sign)
• Alcoholics
• Pregnancy
• Rheumatoid arthritis (long-continued)
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Hyperdynamic circulation, e.g. pyrexia, pregnancy
• Polycythaemia

JANEWAY LESION=infective endocarditis
RASHES IN PALMS AND SOLES: Coxsackie A, Secondary Sypilis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
ATROPHY
Small muscles of hand = Thenar, Hypothenar, Adductor pollicis
Thenar = OAF pollicis (median nerve)
Hypothenar = OAF digiti minimi (ulnar nerve)
SEVERITY OF PALLOR can be assessed by using palmar crease...

Compare the color of palmar crease with that of the adjacent skin of palm. Pallor is said to be present if both are of same
color.
Clinical grading of anemia:

1. Mild: Pallor of conjunctiva and/or mucous membrane
2. Moderate: Above + Pallor of skin
3. Severe: Above + Pallor of palmar creases
CHERRY RED COLOR due to CO poisoning......

Nurses are angels without wings...lets take a while to think about their services and sacrifices...
Here are some facts :
Visceral malignancy is associated with Sister Mary Joseph's nodule, which is located at the:
________________________________________
1.knee
2.groin
3.thyroid
4.umbilicus
Answer is 4....
Paraumbilical Nodes (Sister Joseph Node)

Patients with intra-abdominal or pelvic neoplasms may have metastases to a paraumbilical node that is easily palpable
through the navel. This node is named after Sister Joseph, the superintendent at St Mary's Hospital, a unit of the early
Mayo Clinic .According to the legend, she became proficient at predicting the results of the celiotomy on the basis of the
presence of this node, which she felt while hand-prepping the abdomen. This node is often called, incorrectly, “Sister Mary
Joseph's nodule,” perhaps because Catholic nuns have traditionally taken the name of Mary in addition to another name.
at the beginning of mitosis the chromosomes consist of 2 double DNA strands joined together at the centromere known as
sister chromatids .
Sertoli cells(nurse cells) in the testis have receptors for: (AIIMS 2007)
a) FSH
b) LH
c) Inhibin
d) Progesterone
Answer is A...
Leydig cells have receptors for LH & with cholesterol desmolase enzyme they secrete androgens.
Sertoli cell has have receptor for FSH & Testosterone.
In the presence of anti-Mullerian hormone (MIR- Mullerian inhibiting factor) PRODUCED BY the sustentacular/ SERTOLI
CELLS cells in the testis, the paramesonephric ducts regress in males.
Nursemaid's elbow is: (DNB Dec 2010)
A Elbow dislocation
B Radial head subluxation (Pulled elbow)
C Radial head fracture
D Lateral epicondylitis
Ans. B Radial head subluxation (Pulled elbow)

Common in children usually 2-4 years. Usually following child being pulled or swung by the hand or the forearm, annular
ligament stretches and there is tenderness over the radial head. Reduction is gentle flexion and full supination
Danon disease (or glycogen storage disease Type IIb) is a metabolic disorder.
Danon disease is associated with heart muscle abnormalities resembling severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The genetic defect involves a gene called Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) ...

some facts related to this beautiful painting of Durga puja :
PRAYER SIGN-diabetic cheiroarthropathy(diabetic stiff hand syndrome)....
trident hand=achondroplasia
trident pelvis=achondroplasia,jeune syndrome,ellis van crevald syndrome
POLYDACTYLY SYNDROMES-laurence moon biedl syndrome,ellis van crevald syndrome.....etc......(Hrithik Roshan has preaxial
polydactyly wid an extra thumb on right hand, whereas Sir Garfield Sobers had an extra digit in each hand..)
christian disease( Hand–Schüller–Christian disease ) = associated with multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
triad of exophthalmos, lytic bone lesions (often in the skull), and diabetes insipidus (from pituitary stalk infiltration)
Mutations in the gene encoding the pituitary

transcription factor PROP1 (Prophet of Pit1),
= panhypopituitarism
Mohammedan's prayer position(sitting and leaning forward position)=relieves pain in acute pancreatitis
KAL1 gene=affected in kallman syndrome(x linked......hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
RAMipril=ace inhibitor/contraindicated in b/l renal agenesis...(captopril is fast and short acting..so no time to produce active
metabolite.only ace inhibitor that cause postural hypotension.......lisiNOpril=no active metabolite.......all ace inhibitors except
foxenopril and moxapril are excreted through kidneys(FOX & MOX)
WOLF RAM SYNDROME-DIDMOAD(diabetes insipedes+diabetes mellitus+optic atrophy+deafness)...
SITAGLIPTAN-dehydropeptidase 4 inhibitor used in Diabetes Mellitus.......
HANUMAN SYNDROME-post cardiothoracic surgery mediastenitis....
smoke stack appearance on fa=central serous retinopathy
puff of smoke on cect scan=moya moya disease
now some facts related to dance...ST.VITUS DANCE-chorea........HILAR DANCE-atrial septal defect......DANCING CAROTIDS-aka
corrigans sign seen in aortic regurgitation(due to wide pulse pressure.....brachial dance can also be seen).......SIGN DE DANCE-
intussusception............... DANCING eyes and feet(opsoclonus myoclonus)=neuroblastoma
now some facts regarding bengali language..
Bikele's sign: (bikel means afternoon in bengali)=seen in meningitis
With patient holding arms abducted & forearms flexed, examiner tries to extend the forearms. This is quite painful & can not be
done easily in meningitis..
may- hegglin anomaly(may means girl in bengali)=macrothrombocytopenia due to MYH9 gene mutation..(pseudo dohle bodies
are seen....i,e.......egg shaped leucocytic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies(hEGGlin and EGG are linked).....also note that giant
platelets are also seen in bernard soullier syndrome.......and dohle bodies are seen in burns,trauma and cytotoxic drugs......
Bohn's nodules (bohn means sister in bengali)=smooth whitish bumps or cysts which are sometimes found in the mouths of
newborns...asymptomatic/regresses within 3 months/similar in appearance to epstein pearls...
Spongiform pustules of Kagoj(kagoj means paper in bengali)=psoriasis
and regarding the happiness in everyones face:

happy puppet syndrome=angelman syndrome(chromosome 15/paternal uniparental disomy and maternal genomic
imprinting(remember angels being female ,it is the maternal genomic imprinting......but prader willi syndrome has paternal
genomic imprinting(p=p))
Gelastic seizures = epileptic events characterized by bouts of laughter(seen in hypothalamic hamartomas)...(remember smile
being elastic..it stretches and regains its original position)
Orbicularis oculi is involved in a "Duchenne's smile" named after the scientist who first described the phenomenon.
Contraction of orbicularis oculi results in crow's feet at the lateral canthi during smiling.

smiling muscle=zygomaticus major
no wonder kolkata is the city of joy.... :-)
some facts related to doubles:

delusion of doubles=capgras syndrome....(familiar person is seen as a stranger.....the opposite of this is fregoli syndrome where
stranger is seen as a familiar person)....
double panda sign=wilsons disease(mri brain)
double ring sign=traumatic csf rhinorrhoea
double bubble sign=annular pancreas ,duodenal atresia
double murmur=duroziez murmur in aortic regurgitation(felt over femoral artery)
twin peak sign=In a dichorionic pregnancy, both the amnions and the chorions reflect away from the placental surface, creating
a potential space into which villi can grow. (di=2)
shadow within shadow.....=mitral stenosis/left atrial enlargement
bone within bone=osteopetrosis
biphasic histopathology=synovial cell carcinoma
ito cells in space of disse(i 2 cells in space of DI sse)
hellers syndrome=developmental regresion after 2 years(life becomes hell after 2 years)
ouchterlony procedure=double diffusion in 2 dimension(ouchterlony=ouch2erlony)
diphasic temp curve=encephalitis
bitemporal hemianopia=circle of willis aneurysm....
bitemporal scarring=setleis syndrome......(imagine 2 satellite shaped scars in bilateral temporal region..)
amphotericin b causes BOTH hypokalemia n hypomagnesemia(ampho=both...b=both)...aipg
biochemical cycles occuring in BOTH mitochondrion and cytosol=HUG(heme synth/urea cycle/gluconeogenesis)..aipg
buprenorphine is a mu receptor agonist and kappa receptor antagonist(double role)...aipg

double duct sign=ca pancreas
G2 phase inhibitors=DONOrubicin/TWOpotecan/eTWOposide/Bleomycin(b is 2nd alphabet)
bifid epiglottis=hall pallister syndrome(hall and pallister both have 2 ll representing bifid epiglottis)
biventricular enlargement in vsd=katwalschel phenomenon(imagine a cat sleepin in the enlarged rt and left ventricle with its
trunk passing thru the vsd....)
interleukin 2 produced by T cells(two=t)
w hernia=double loop hernia
pseudomonas pseudomallei=whitmore bacillus
fusobacterium fusiformi=vincents bacilli
hailey hailey disease=familial benign chronic pemphigus
moya moya disease=puff of smoke appearance in ct scan
biphasic temperature pattern=dengue fever(den-gue)
bifidus factor=promotes lactobacillus bifidus growth(present in breast milk)
“Double aortic knuckle” on CXR - Coarctation of aorta (dak on chest xray and also dock sign on chest xray.(bilateral rib
notching)
Bilateral breast cancer- Lobular carcinoma
bilateral mamillary bodies (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)=korsakoff syndrome
Bilateral renal cell carcinoma- Von Hippel-Lindau
bilateral lesions of amygdala =kluver bucy syndrome
bilateral trilobed lungs=ivemark syndrome
bilateral basal ganglia calcification=fahr syndrome,hypoparathyroidism(can also b seen in
hyperparathyroidism)..,,hypothyroidism
bilateral superior gluteal nerve injury=waddling gait
bilateral prOptOsis=mcc in children is chlOrOma......(MCC IN ADULTS=THYROID OPHTHALMOPATHY)...aipg
bilateral ovarian mucin secreting secondaries frm git=kruken berg tumor.........
bilateral ptosis in thallium poisoning
bilateral fasciculations and wasting of tongue=motor neuron disease
bilateral atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen=picks disease
bilateral renal artery stenosis=enalapril contraindicated
bilateral schwannomas=neurofibromatosis 2
bilateral diffuse interstitial pneumonia=cmv infection
bilateral shrunken kidneys=c/c glomerulonephritis,c/c pyelonephritis and benign nephrocalcinosis
bilateral adrenalectomy=nelson syndrome(pituitary adenoma enlargement)
bilateral parotid enlargement=c/c pancreatitis/hiv/influenza/cocksackie/amyloisosis/sarcoidosis/lipoproteinemia/cirrhosis
of liver....
bilateral lower lobe miliary shadows=mycobacterium avium complex
bilateral pin point pupil=pontine stroke.....(other causes of pin point pupil..remember PONTINE:
P= Pontine Hemorrhage / Phenothiazine / Pilocarpine
O= Organophosphorus poisoning / Opiod poisoning
N= Neostigmine Poisoning
T= Transient
I = Iritis
N= Narcotics drugs e.g. Morphine
E= Elevated temperature / Eye- Horner's syndrome)
bilateral alveolar infiltrates=pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy=sarcoidosis
bilateral pleural plaques with calcifications=asbestosis

bilateral inguinal ln present in vulvar carcinoma stage 4a
b/l necrosis of globus pallidus=co poisoning
b/l necrosis of putamen=methanol poisoning..
b/l internuclear ophthalmoplegia=multiple sclerosis
MOHAMMEDAN'S PRAYER POSITION(sitting and leaning forward position)=relieves pain in acute pancreatitis
CRESCENT SIGN-
1)invasive aspergillosis( x ray chest)........,
2)avascular necrosis of femoral head(x ray hip).......,
3)intussusception(plain xray abdomen)...........................
CRESCENTIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS-rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis(Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule)........
CRESCENT SHAPED HEMATOMA=subdural hematoma(due to rupture of bridging veins)
GOLDEN CRESCENT IN EYE – subluxation of lens
HALF MOON SHAPED BACTERIA=meningococci
MOON LIKE FACIES-Cushing’s syndrome,Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome,Nephrotic syndrome
Mutations in the gene encoding the pituitary transcription factor PROP1 (PROPHET of Pit1)= panhypopituitarism

a very inspiring movie indeed...inspires you to work harder...
now some facts related to the movie:
athletes foot:caused by tenia pedis
female athlete triad. =disordered eating, amenorrhea,

and osteoporosis
athletic heart=hypertrophy of the heart supposedly due to systematic athletic conditioning.
COACH syndrome (cerebellar vermis

hypoplasia, oligophrenia, congenital ataxia, coloboma, and
hepatic fibrosis)
runners knee.=chondromalacia patellae.......
running larva =larva currens(currens means racing in latin)=creeping eruptions=strong I loides stercoralis=remember strong
and creepy current..the I suggests that the drug of choice is ivermectin...
walking pneumonia=mycoplasma pneumonia(walking with a mike)....

wandering aceTaBulum=TB hip
wandering nerve-=vagus..(vagabond wanders)
wandering kidney=nephroptosis
bent over posture=jansen metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Skeletal muscles contains 2 types of fibres

Type I- Slow twitch (Red) - Oxidative
Type II- Fast twitch (too fast =2 fast)(White.....because of less mitochondrion) -...> Glycolytic
Type I fibres contain myoglobin and mitochondria - aerobic metabolism.
Type II- Less mitochondria depends on anaerobic glycolysis.
Sprinter(milkha singh) uses Type II fibres predominantly. Uses creatine phosphate as the major source of energy for first 4-5
seconds and then use muscle glycogen metabolised by anaerobic glycolysis
Marathon runner uses Type I fibres predominantly and uses aerobic metabolism. Uses Blood glucose and fatty acids as the fuel
sources and ATP is the major source of energy throughout
milkleg.....osteomalacia....
quick pulse =celer pulse
RACE For Milkha Singh....mnemonic for .sarcoma with lymphatic metastasis:

R: Rhabdomyosarcoma
A: Angiosarcoma
C: Clear cell sarcoma
E: Epithelial cell sarcoma
For: Fibrosarcoma
Milkha: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Singh: Synovial cell sarcoma
Miu RACES.....mnemonic for actions of mu opioid receptor:

Miu=miosis/R=respiratory depression/A=analgesia/C=constipation/E=euphoria/S=sedation
Motility of bacteria..:
Darting::vibrio( dart vibrates when it hits the target)
Tumbling::listeria.(tumbling list)
Stately::clostridia: (closed state)
Cork screw::treponema.

Lashing::borrelia (borri mein lash)
Swarming-proteusSS
Twitching-eikinella(imagine the 2 l in eikenella is twitching)
Falling leaf- giardia (its not giardia it should be GIRA DIA)
gliding-mycoplasma (imagine wandering with the mike and gliding over the crowd=just like farhan akhtar did in the movie
rock on during the concerts)

some facts about waves......
ERG
a wave- Activity of rods and cones
b wave- Bipolar cell response (and also of the muller cells)
c wave - metabolism of pigment layer(Coloured pigment)
JVP
a wave=Atrial contraction(coincides s1)....a wave absent in a fib......giant a waves in tricuspid stenosis/pulmonary stenosis
c wave=Closure of tricuspid valve
x descent=atrial relaXXXation..rapid x descent in cardiac tamponade
v wave=Ventricular systole with passive rt atrial filling(coincides s2)......prominent in tricuspid regurgitation...v stands for
venous filling
y descent=atrial emptying into rt ventricle(imagine u r standing in rt ventricle and suddenly tricuspid valve opens and blood
falls on ur head...u shout why?.....y?......)............rapid y descent in constrictive pericarditis....
cannon wave=huge pathological a wave=regular in junctional rhythm(regular rhythm).............irregular in complete heart

block...
great sea=meaning of thalassemia....,

our sea=meaning of marenostrin(protein defective in familial mediterenian fever)
• sine wave pattern of ecg=hyperkalemia sine wave pattern of ECG=in severe hyperkalemia
(now ecg features of hyperkalemia can b memorised like this...imagine u have made a normal ECG with p wave,qrs and t wave
using an aluminium wire or any malleable wire......now hold at the peak of T wave with your right hand and hold the begining of
P wave with your left hand....now stretch the wire with your left hand..u will note that P wave w idens and flattens/PR segment
lengthens/P waves eventually disappear......QRS interval is prolonged/sinus bradycardia/sine wave pattern/tall T waves..... :-
.......)
)
thymic wave sign of mulvey=refers to the indentation of the normal thymus in young children by the ribs, resulting in a wavy
border. ....
osborne wave(also known as camel-hump sign, late delta wave, hathook junction, hypothermic wave, prominent J wave , K
wave,H wave or current of injury) =are an electrocardiogram finding inhypothermia/hypercalcemia..
richards wave sign=aortic aneurysm..
wavefront phenomenon= finding that prolonged coronary artery occlusion results in the expansion of small subendocardial
infarcts into a larger transmural MI, seemingly spreading in waves

On the standard surface ECG,
P wave corresponds to SA node depolarization,
the P-R segment to the conduction time in the AV node and the Purkinje system
and the QRS complex to the ventricular depolarization
and the T wave to the ventricular repolarization.
The electrocardiogram shows biventricular hypertrophy; P waves

may be notched or peaked.=vsd
EEG waves:
3hz spike and wave=absent seizures

polyspike and waves=myoclonic seizures
triphasic waves=metabolic encephalopathies such as hepatic encephalopathy
hypsarrhythmia=infantile spasms
v shaped waves=during blinking
Stage 2 NREM SLEEP= sleep spindles and high voltage biphasic waves called K complexes.(remember as sleep spindles and k
komplexes=2s and 2 k)
stage 3 NREM SLEEP=delta waves(3 D)
floating teeth=histiocytosis x
floating thumb=type 4 hypoplasia of thumb....
floating water lilly sign=perforated pulmonary hydatid cyt
surfers ear=exostosis of auditory canal
swimmers ear=otitis externa(caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa)

swimmer's itch=schistosomal dermatitis.
Swimmer’s shoulder= a combination of subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff tendinosis.......
swimming pool conjunctivitis=a nonspecific red eye that can be caused by pool chlorination, adenovirus, and rarely,
Chlamydia.
swimming pool granuloma=Mycobacterium marinum
Cervicothoracic (swimmer’s view) lateral projection of cervical spine

Special projections may occasionally be required for sufficient evaluation of the structures of the cervical spine. The swimmer’s
view may be employed for better demonstration of C-7, T-1, and T-2 vertebrae, which on the standard lateral projection are
obscured by the overlapping clavicle and soft tissues of the shoulder girdle.

This quote also applies to all the students preparing for any exam in their life ..All the hardships that you are facing now will
help you become a champion in your field…so practise hard and give your everything …u will b the winner eventually for
sure…
Now some terms related to boxing:
BOXERS FRACTURE-fracture fifth metacarpal
BOXER’S EAR= aural haematoma =cauliflower ear =permanent swelling and distortion of the external ear as the result of
ruptures of the blood vessels:usually caused by blows received in boxing.
PUNCHED OUT SKULL-multiple myeloma
PUNCHED OUT PHALANX-enchondroma
KNOCK OUT DROPS-another name for chloral hydrate due to its rapid hypnotising effect...its called mickey finn wen mixed
with alchohol.
PUNCH DRUNK SYNDROME-aka boxers dementia...aka c/c traumatic encephalopathy......presents with symptoms of dementia
& parkinsonism...mostly in boxers n wrestlers due to repeated head trauma...Muhammad Ali suffers frm it...................
some famous personalities suffering/suffered frm parkinsonism are-Muhammad Ali,Katherine Hepburn,Adolf Hitler,Salvador
Dale,Pop John Paul 2,Yasser Arafat..........

water colors and pencil colors on paper.....
an epitome of pe RF ection...
poetry in motion........
intense devotion....
silent emotion.......
the conqueror.....
#rogerfederer........:-)
Maladie de Roger (ROGER'S DISEASE)=small congenital asymptomatic ventricular septal defect (VSD)
bruit de Roger (ROGER'S MURMUR)=loud pansystolic murmur of a ventricularseptal defect.

ROGER REFLEX (esophagosalivary reflex)- salivation caused by irritation of the lower end of the esophagus.
TENNIS RACKET APPEARANCE-odontogenic myxoma,langerhan cells(electron microscopy),Claustridium

tertium(microscopy)......................
Tennis fracture= Avulsion fracture of the 5th metatarsal styloid, also known as a pseudo-Jones fracture
Tennis elbow=lateral epicondylitis
Now some terms related to tennis..:-):
ACE: Serve where the tennis ball lands inside the service box and is not touched by the receiver.
ACE inhibitors:
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors:
contraindicated in b/l renal agenesis...
captopril is fast and short acting(imagine pakistan CAPTAIN shahid afridi=fast scoring but gets out quickly..therefore fast and
short acting)..so no time to produce active metabolite.its the only ace inhibitor that cause postural hypotension.......also
remember this was the first ACE inhibitor developed(captain has to be the first)
lisiNOpril and captopril=no active metabolite.......
all ace inhibitors except fosenopril and moexipril are excreted through kidneys
Baseline: Line at the farthest ends of the court indicating the boundary of the area of play. If the ball goes over the base it will
be the other player's point.
If the BASELINE fetal heart rate is less than 110 beats/min, it is termed bradycardia; if the baseline rate is greater than 160
beats/min, it is termed tachycardia.
Intermittent Pyrexia
The elevated temperature touches the BASELINE temperature in between in a 24 hour period…seen in malaria,kala azar…
ATP: Acronym for Association of Tennis Professionals, the main organizing body of men's professional tennis.
HMP pathway does not generate ATP(adenosine triphosphate).
The specialized mammalian tissue/organ in which fuel oxidation serves not to produce ATP but to generate heat is:=brown
adipose tissue
Yield of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose is lower in muscle and brain than in kidney, liver and heart because different
shuttle mechanisms operate to transfer electrons from the cytosol to the mitochondria in two sets of tissues….
BREAK point: Point which, if won by the receiver, would result in a break of service; arises when the score is 30–40 or 40–ad.
BREAK POINT chlorination indicates:Point where free residual chlorine starts appearing.
ERROR: A shot that does not land (correctly) in the opponent's court, resulting in the loss of a point.
All of the following about standard error are true except? (AIPG 2011)
All of the following about standard error are true except? (AIPG 2011

A As the sample size increase S. E. increase
B As the sample size increase S. E. decrease
C It is a measure of the extent to which the sample means deviate from the true population mean
D SE is inversely related to the square root of the sample size
Answer is A
Error: type I (alpha) vs. type II (beta)
Type I (Alpha) Error:"There Is An Effect" where in reality there is none.
Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true is called as?

Type 1 error
FOLLOWTHROUGH: Portion of a swing after the ball is hit.

What is the imaging study of choice for the diagnosis of partial small bowel obstruction?
ans.barium FOLLOW THROUGH

Commonest radiological appearance of gastric carcinoma (in barium follow through) is - filling defect in antrum / body of
stomach.
NO MANS LAND: Area between the service line and the baseline, where a player is most vulnerable.
Which area in the hand is known as the 'no man's land?
Ans. That area between the distal palmar crease and the proximal inter¬ phalangeal joint.
This area is also called the Dangerous area of hand i.e., the area of Pulleys. Results of tendon repair are very bad in this area.
NET: Interlaced fabric, cord, and tape stretched across the entire width of the court; it is held up by the posts
Net protein utilisation:

It is the ratio of total nitrogen retained by total nitrogen intake multiplied by 100
NPU can range from 1 to 0 with value of 1 indicating 100 % utilization of dietary nitrogen as protein and a value of zero
indicating none of the nitrogen supplied converted to protein
SET POINT: Situation in which the player who is leading needs one more point to win a set.
The elevation in body temperature in fever is due to resetting of the HYPOTHALAMIC SET POINT mediated by cytokines.
STROKE: Striking of the ball .
Definitionof stroke:AONDOVE(abrupt onset neurological deficit of vascular etiology)

Pontine Stroke is associated with all except :
A. Bilateral pin point pupil
B. Pyrexia
C. Vagal palsy
D. Quadriparesis
Correct answer : C. Vagal palsy
Vagal palsy is not a component of pontine stroke.

sec 44 IPC--. Injury(4 is the only digit with multiple sharp points....so obviously 44 will deal with injuries......)
sec 90 IPC. -- Consent known to be given under FFFear (remember all the IPC s in 90s have some connection with F.....u can also
note that most of the radio FM frequencies are in 90s...)
Sec 92 IPC.-- Act done in good FFFFaith for benefit of a person without consent
Sec 191 IPC—Giving false evidence=perjury
Sec 192 IPC—Fabricating false evidence.(fabricating false evidence has 2 f...so 192...)
Sec 193 IPC—Punishment for false evidence.
Sec 197 IPC—Issuing or signing false certificates.(false cerTTTificaTes....197...bcos...T and 7 are similar..)
Sec198 IPC--. Using a FFalse certificate as true..... S
ec 199 IPC--. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
Sec 204 IPC—Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidenc e.(remember 4 =door according to our peg
system....so anything with 4 has D in it....eg:204=DDDestruction of DDocument..............304 B:Dowry
Death.......................420=Dhokebaazi..................497=aDDDultery)
sec 299 IPC. Culpable homicide, definition...just imagine a bowler getting a batsman out just 1 run short of a triple century.....
Sec 300. Murder IPC, definition(the movie 300 ws full of murder and blood shed...but a great movie though......)
Sec 302 IPC. Punishment for murder(i think every film lover is familiar with the dialogue that...mujrim ko taze raate hind dafa
teen sau do ke tehat faansi ki saza sunaai jaati hai..to be hanged till death...)
Sec 304 IPC. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder( It applies to an event where the death is intentional
but does not come within the IPC definition of "murder") Sec 304 A IPC—Causing death by negligence.(A = aalsi...aalsi log
negligent hote hain......)
Sec 304 B IPC-Dowry Death...(B is nothing but 2 D kept on top of each other.....)
306. Abetment of suicide (abetment means to encourage...jst note that first u encourage a person to do something and then the
person attempts it....the same pattern follows in ipc...abetment first and then the attempts..)..

nw a story sehwag was batting on 306 ..the bowlers distarcted his concentration and encouraged him to play loose
shots....(abetment of suicide) when on 307....he ws hit on helmet by a bouncer.....attempted murder.. when on 308....the ball just
missed his off stump by an inch...attempted culpable homicide.... when on 309...sehwag got out on a full toss ball....thats what i
call an attempted suicide....
307. Attempt to murder
308. Attempt to commit culpable homicide
Sec 309 IPC—Attempt to commit suicide(sehwags second highest score in test match....he got out on a very easy ball...it ws like
a suicide.....also note that 306 and 309 has 6 and 9 ...ulta pulta....and both are linked with suicide)
Sec 313 IPC—Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.(13 digit is unlucky therefore associated with abortion)
Sec 319 IPC—Hurt.(sehwag 319....this is sehwags highest score in test matches....he ws hurt when he got out...) Sec 320 IPC—
Grievous hurt.(i remembered it as wen ur 32 teeth becomes 0 its grievous hurt...note that Fracture/dislocation of tooth
amountsto grievous hurt according to Sec. 320 IPC. )..... Any hurt which:
i. Endangers life
ii. Causes the victim to be in severe bodily pain for
20 days
iii. Unable the victim to follow his ordinary pursuits for a period of 20 days also comes under grievous hurt..,..(so linked with
20)
Sec 351 IPC—Assault.(s in ss looks like 5)
Sec 362 IPC—Abduction.(Ebdo ction}
Section 372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc(note that all the ipc s in 70 s have some thing to do with sexual
offences like rape,prostitution,unnatural sexual offences etc... seventies and sexual....both have S...)
Section 373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc. Sec 375 IPC —Rape.definition...
Sec 376 IPC—Punishment for rape.
Sec 377 IPC—Unnatural sexual offences.(2 sevens together=homosexuals)
Sec 497 IPC—Adultery.{4 looks like A....9 is inverted d and 7 and T looks similar....A d T=adultery....}
Sec 84 IPC—Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is
incapable of knowing the nature of the act or what he is doing is either wrong or contrary to law. [i remembered this bcos 84 is
my birth year...84 is for insane people like me...:-)} (also note that if the person is doing an offence because of an unsound mind
due to intoxication against his will...then it falls under sec 85 IPC....)

amazing movie... now some astronomical facts:
negative gravity causes= A pilot in Sukhoi aircraft is experiencing negative G.Which of the following physiological events
will manifest in such situation?(aipg2006)....ans.=cerebral arterial pressure rises(remember that the negative g acts from
below upwards so blood flow increases in upward direction causing red out...(the reverse occurs with positive g)
positive gravity causes=black out
HAPE=high altitude pulmonary edema

Which is a feature of high altitude pulmonary edema?(AIIMS NOV 2006)
a) Associated with low cardiac output
b) Associated with pulmonary hypertension
c) Occurs only in unacclamatized persons
d) Exercise has no effect
Correct answer : b) Associated with pulmonary hypertension
telescoping of fingers tips=hyperparathyroidism/arthritis mutilans seen in psoriatic arthritis
telescopic urinary sediments=findings of acute cellular elements(rbc,wbc/rbc cast) and chronic elements(broad and waxy
casts).....classically seen in SLE(lupus nephritis).........
aviators fracture=# neck of talus
star gazing fetus=cervical hyperextension in breech presentation.......also associated with downs syndrome....
starry sky appearance=burkitts lymphoma(histopathological finding)/acute hepatitis(usg of liver)/acute post infectious

glomerulonephritis(finding in immunofluorescence study)/chlamydia trachomatis(cytoplasm of infected epithelial cells with
abundant immunostained Chlamydia trachomatis)
starry night sign=arteriographic finding in splenic trauma
warthin starry stain=best stain for detection of spirochetes.....also stains Helicobacter pylori.....
Cholesterol transport into mitochondria is mediated by the steroidogenetic acute regulatory protein (StAR) ...
comet tail appearance=gb angiomyomatosis(Focal diffuse gall bladder wall thickening with comet tail reverberation
artifacts on USG is seen)
comet tail appearance=rounded atelectasis(chest xray and ct scan finding)
comet-scotoma= occurring in glaucoma. Synonym(s): Bjerrum scotoma; sickle scotoma
asteroid body=sarcoidosis
asteroid hyalosis==A form of hyalosis in which numerous small spherical bodies form in the vitreous humor but do not
affect vision, associated with increasing age. Also called Benson's disease.
satellitism-H.influenza
tandem repeat sequence=satellites(4 in human genome)
satellite pustules=diaper dermatitis
subviral satellite=hepatitis D

alien hand=cortico basal degeneration
alien tongue=pure word deafness(cant comprehend what the other person is speaking)
skyline view in x ray=for visualising patella
SUNSET SIGN-eyes in hydrocephalus(due to raised ict affecting cn 3,4,6).................

RISING SUN SIGN-glomus jugulare(otoscopic finding)..................
SUNDOWNING- seen in delirium.......... Onset or exacerbation of delirium during the evening or night(sundowning)
apollo 11 disease=acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70(its named so because the disease outbreak
corresponded with apollo 11 landing on the moon)....
saturnism=lead poisoning
venustraphobia=fear of beautiful girls
venus necklace(multiple sclerosis -hyperintensity on undersurface of corpus callosum in t2 MRI )
venus collar=syphilitic leukoderma
meteorism = excess gas accumulation in thegastrointestinal tract.(also known as tympanitis/anticholinergic drugs may cause
this)
stephen hawking(author of A Brief History of Time ) is suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (lou gehrigs disease)-
both upper and lower motor neuron affected; it is the most common type of motor neuron disease (upper motor neuron -
Babinski, spacisity ,and lower motor neuron – fasiculations, atrophy)
Defective SOD1 (Superoxide Dismutase 1)...................
Atrophic Precentral Gyrus -......................................
Bunina Body - PAS Positive inclusions in neurons........................................
treatment includes.......Riluzole – presynaptically inhibits glutamate release in the central nervous system (CNS)
Baclofen – GABA B receptor agonist that controls spasticity orally or intrathecally (also used in cerebral palsy)
(some other types of mnd are.............Primary Lateral Sclerosis - upper motor neuron atrophy only/Progressive Bulbar Palsy -
cranial nerves of lower brain stem /Progressive Muscular Atrophy - lower motor neuron atrophy
only)............................................
ISAAC syndrome=NeuromyoToNia.......(remember NewToN)

mARsh test for Arsenic poisoning...

STOCKERS LINE:Iron deposition line in the corneal epithelium, located at the corneal leading edge of a pterygium./Color
may vary from yellow to golden brown./Causes no symptom or clinical significance...................
GHOST vessels=interstitial keratiti...............
GHOST cell glaucoma= Ghost cell glaucoma is a secondary open-angle glaucoma caused by degenerated red blood cells
(ghost cells) blocking the trabecular meshwork..........:.:.::::
GHOST pregnancy:pseudocyesis.............,,,,,,,,,
DEVILS GRIP-epidemic pleurodynia(bornholm disease....causedby coxsackie b virus)....
WITCH"S MILK-Milk resembling colostrum sometimes secreted from the breasts of newborns of either sex three to four days
after birth and lasting no longer than two weeks, due to endocrine stimulation from the mother before birth.also called
hexenmilch...............
COHEN syndrome=prominent maxilary incisors(only prob is they hav poor visual acuity...so cant become a good dracula)•
CEP(gunthers disease)=As if Dracula ! Photosensitivity, teeth discoloration(erythrodontia), psychiatric. (Uroporphyrinogen 3

cosynthase deficient)• ...........:::::::::::::..........,,.......
HEMOPTYSIS is usually due to bronchial artery....but in mitral stenosis its due to pulmonary artery..........

ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS =The ingestion of RBCs by PMNs or macrophages, which occurs commonly in paroxysmal cold
hemoglobinuria, cold agglutinin disease, and incompatible blood transfusion; erythrophagocytosis may also occur in Heinz-
body anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, isoimmune hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, in viral and parasitic
infections,and familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.....
pHANTOM hernia=abdominal bulge while crying due to paralysis eg.polio........
PHANTOM tumor=effusion in transverse fissure of lung appears like a coin lesion in chest xray..........
PHANTOM limb=persistance of pain in the amputed part of limb. blood fluke=schistosoma hematobium.....................
HEMOPHILUS(blood loving)...:now some facts abt hemophilus .......................
hemophilus aegyptii causes b/l pink eyes.....................
hemphilus ducreyi causes soft chancre(chancroid) and it is painful(ducreyi=do cry...so painful...and usualy people who are soft
at heart cry easily..)...note that hard chancre is seen in primary syphilis..its painless................................
hemophilus influenza shows satellite phenomenon...................
Thanatology is science that deals with death..............:::::
Putrefaction is the surest sign of death. .........
The earliest sign is manifested as greenish discoluration in the right ilic fossa. .........::::::.....
Thallium poisoning death resembles natural death.................
.Pink teeth are seen in death due to asphyxia ........................
lesch neyhan syndrome=HGPRTase deficiency:self mutilation

Now this is what i call a groundbreaking poster.. :-)
now some facts:

ANGRY SUN APPEARENCE in fundoscopy is seen in papillitis..
ANGRY LOOKING SCAR:between 1 to 2 weeks of injury...reddish in colour
MUSCLE OF ANGER:dilator naris and depressor depti(also note that muscle of fright is platysma and muscle of surprise
is frontalis...others have been mentioned by you..)
ANGRY OUTBURSTS in Prader Willi syndrome
ANGRY BACK SYNDROME: skin hyper-reactivity state in patch-test sites..
The mnemonic MUDPILES is commonly used to remember the causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis.
M — Methanol
U — Uremia (chronic kidney failure)
D — Diabetic ketoacidosis
P — Propylene glycol ("P" used to stand for Paraldehyde but this substance is not commonly used today)
I — Infection, Iron, Isoniazid, Inborn errors of metabolism
L — Lactic acidosis
E — Ethylene glycol (Note: Ethanol is sometimes included in this mnemonic as well, although the acidosis caused by
ethanol is actually primarily due to the increased production of lactic acid found in such intoxication.)
S — Salicylates
PIGMENTED MUDDY BROWN granular cast : acute tubular necrosis of kidney(also note that RBC Casts =
Glumerulonephritis(hematuria=red)
WBC Casts = Interstitial nephritis & Pyelonephritis....pyelonephritis means infection and WBC will be associated.....
FATTY Casts = Nephrotic Syndrome.....hyper lipidemia is one amongst the triad of nephrotic syndrome.
BROAD Waxy Casts = Chronic Renal Failure...because its chronic and takes time the cast must be broad... ) :-)
no offence but Aamir Khan must be having "SETLEIS SYNDROME" (focal facial dermal dysplasia):upslanting
eyebrows....+ b/l tempral scarring(remember he had this feature in ghajini..smile emoticon..)
CLAY-SHOVELER FRACTURES: fractures of the spinous process of a lower cervical vertebra (usually C7), usually a
stress fracture.(first 2 letters of CLay C and L when rearranged looks C7..)
CLAY COLOURED STOOL: obstructive jaundice
CLAY PIPE CARCINOMA:squamous carcinoma of lip seen in clay pipe smokers
CLAY soil is most favourable for development of ascaris(hook worm) eggs.
Stellwag's sign- staring look and infrequent blinking of eyes with widening of palpebral fissure. This is due to toxic
contraction of striated fibres of levator palpebrae superioris....that means Aamir Khan has Setleis syndrome with
hyperthyroidism...smile emoticon
other named eye signs in thyrotoxicosis:
Von Graefe's sign- The upper eyelid lags behind the eyeball as the patient is asked to look downwards.
JoFFroy's sign- Absence of wrinkling on the forehead when the patient looks upwards with the face inclined downwards.(F
stands for forehead wrinkling absent)
Moebius' sign- This means inability or failure to converge the eyeballs.(mob always converge on someone)
DaLRymple's sign- This means the upper sclera is visible due to retraction of upper eyelid.(LR stands for lid retraction)
CONDUCTIVE DEAFNESS(i am sure he is not able to hear anything because of mud):rinNE=NEgative and Weber
lateralised to Worse ear...
because this movie is about wrestling:
HERPES GLADIATORUM:HSV type 1 infection affecting upper torso and head in wrestlers due to skin to skin contact and
injuries....
PUNCH DRUNK SYNDROME-aka boxers dementia...aka c/c traumatic encephalopathy......presents with symptoms of
dementia n parkinsonism...mostly in boxers n wrestlers due to repeated head trauma.
GEOPHAGIA=earth eating=a type of PICA
BIRD FACIES = Pierre Robin syndrome.,seckel disease(Small lower jaw, a slit like hole in the palate of mouth (called cleft
palate) and the tongue appear to fall into the throat (condition called as retroglossoptosis)....).
ELFIN facies = William's syndrome.
HEPATIC facies=c/c liver disease
MOON facies = Cushing's syndrome
SNARLING facies = Myasthenia gravis.
MITRAL facies = Mitral stenosis.
ASHEN GREY facies = Myocardial Infarction.
MOUSE facies = Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
MONGOLOID facies = Down's syndrome.
COARSE facies = Most of the inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) viz. the muco- polysaccharidoses (MPS), mucolipidoses
(ML), fucosidoses mannosidoses, sialidoses, aspartylglycosaminuria, generalised gangliosidosis(GMl )
CHIPMUNK facies ( Untreated β Thalassemia major, Bullimia nervosa, Parotid swelling)
LEONINE facies ............Lepromatous Leprosy
ADENOID facies =Adenoid hypertrophy
TORPID or Myxedematous facies =Myxedema
MASK LIKE facies =Parkinsonism
ACROMEGALIC facies =Acromegaly (Large supraorbital ridge and frontal bossing, thickened lips, enlarge tongue, lower
jaw firm and square (protruding jaw = prognathism).)
GARGOYLE facies (Hurler syndrome)
SIMIAN facies=marasmus
FA facies=microcephaly/small eyes with epicanthic fold/abnormalities of ear
GREEK HELMET facies=wolf hirschhorn syndrome
HIPPOCRATIC facies=the face as it appears near death and in some debilitating conditions marked by sunken eyes and
temples, pinched nose, and tense hard skin—called alsofacies Hippocratica
BOVINE facies=A facies described in patients with ocular hypertelorism, associated with craniofacial dysostosis

FROG FACE-long standing angiofibroma(exophthalmos+croaking voice)....
POTTERS FACIES-wide set eyes,flattened palpebral fissure,prominenet epicanthus,micrognathia n potters ear (seen in
renal agenesis)
BLOODHOUND facies=cutis laxa
DISH facies=congenital syphilis

some interesting facts..:
NEMO= nuclear factor B essential modulator=defect causes anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia.....and deficiency
predisposes to hsv 1 infections....
CORAL REEF psoriasis...=has thick adherent scales resistant to topical treatment
CORAL REEF AORTA-extreme calcification of juxtarenal n suprarenal aorta due to atherosclerosis(ct

finding)......................................
CORAL RED APPEARANCE=woods lamp apearance in erythrasma
COD FISH VERTEBRA-osteoporosis...............................

A fisherman presents with C/O chronic diarrhea and fatigue. His physician orders a P/S, which reveals a megaloblastic
anemia. Most likely cause is? (AIPG 2009)
A Clonorchis sinensis
B D latum
C E granulosus
D T saginata
Answer is B...
Megaloblastic anaemia is associated with fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum).
FISH HOOK APPEARANCE OF URETERS-benign prostatic hypertrophy............................

FISH HOOK PATTERN:capillary arrangement in hemangiopericytoma
FISH SKIN-ichthyosis vulgaris.................

"Fish Eye Lesion" seen in ERCP is diagnostic of?
1.)Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm(IPMN) of Pancreas
2.)Mucinous Cystadenoma of Pancreas
3.)Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas
4.)Pseudocyst of Pancreas
Answer is 1....
Fish eye in IPMN....(notice that i and eye sounds same...)
FISH MOUTH: Cushings disease

FISH MOUTH VALVE: ileocecal valve
FISH MOUTHED STENOSIS:Mitral Stenosis(also button whole)

All are true for sickle cell anemia, except (AIPG 2011)
A Pulmonary arterial hypertension
B Fish mouth vertebra
C Leukopenia
D Increased size of heart
Answer is C....(imagine a fish holding a sickle in the mouth)

FISH MOUTH VERTEBRA-sickle cell anemia..............

FISH TAILING:single edge stab injury
'School of fish' appearance under microscope is seen in: (AIIMS Nov 2010)
A Cholera
B Chancroid
C Syphilis
D Diphtheria
Answer is B..
Ans. B Chancroid
School of fish, tram track and rail road track appearance is of H. ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid.(imagine crying
at school...cry for ducreyi)
All are true about V. cholerae except:
A 'Fish in stream' appearance

B VR media is an enrichment media
C Gives cholera red reaction
D Positive string test
Answer is B
VR medium is the transport medium used for V. cholerae.
The enrichment medium for vibrios is alkaline peptone water.
V. cholera give positive cholera red reaction and string test.
FISH IN STREAM-appearance of V.cholera colony....
FISH NET APPEARANCE=pemphigus vulgaris(intraepidermal igG deposits)
FISHY ODOUR OF URINE=trimethylaminuria
Creamy fishy odour is caused by: (AIPG 2009)
A Trichomonas
B Gardnerella
C Candida
D Chlamydia
Answer is B
FISHY ODOUR OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE=bacterial vaginosis(caused by gardnerella)
Richest source of vitamin D is coD liver oil...
Fish is deficient in which of the following nutrients (AIPG 11)
A Iodine
B Vitamin A
C Iron
D Phosphorus
Answer is C
Important nutrient facts about a fish:
Fish is a rich source of protein (15-25%), unsaturated fatty acids & vit A & D.

Fish bones when eaten are a good source of Calcium, Phosphorus & fluorides.
In addition, sea fish is rich in iodine but fresh water fish do not contain iodine.
Fish are less rich in Fe and contain practically no carbohydrate.
CARP like mouth=everted lower lip in 18 q del syndrome also known as de grouchy syndrome(also associatedwith
tapering fingers and mental retardation)
MERMAID SYNDROME-sirenomelia,a rare congenital condition wer legs are fused together at birth(intake of HALOPERIDOL
during pregnancy is one major cause).......................
Considering the fact that DORY has trouble learning names (particularly Nemo’s), learning and retaining new information,
and even remembering the fact that she was engaged in conversation just minutes before...it shows she has anterograde
amnesia...may be she has a hippocampal lesion... :-)
Both immediate and recent memories are converted to long term memories at Hippocampus.
Remote (long term memory) → neocortex (Predominantly formed by frontal lobe)
Head injury- Memory of prognostic importance–> Anterograde amnesia
1.MCC OF amnesia- chronic alcohol dependence

2. MCC OF transient anterograde amnesia- alcoholic black out
3. MCC of persistent anterograde amnesia - head injury
4. MCC of dementia - alzheimer's ds
5. MCC of irreversible dementia - alzheimer's ds
6. MCC of reversible dementia in developing nations - hypothyroidism
7. MCC of reversible dementia in developed nations - toxins
8. MCC of pseudodementia - depression
9. MCC of treatable dementia- multi infarct dementia
Which of the following used as preanesthetic medication causes longest amnesia (LQ)
A Diazepam
B Lorazepam
C Midazolam
D Flunitrazepam
Ans. B(lorazepam=longest amnesia;l=l)

Lorazepam
The longest amnesia is produced by lorazepam although half life of lorazepam (15 hours) is shorter than diazepam (36
hours) and this is probably because of its strong receptor binding potential

some medical facts :
naked viruses=
have to be naked for CPR & PAPP smear...
Calci, Picorna, Reo (rna)

Papilloma, Adeno, Parvo, Polyoma (dna)
naked granuloma=SARCOIDOSIS=Early in the formation of a granuloma there may be no surrounding lymphocytes. This is
called a naked granuloma.
Several types of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies can accompany granulomatous inflammation including: laminated calcific
Schaumann bodies, stellate asteroid bodies, and small oval brown Hamasaki-Weseberg bodies. These inclusion bodies are
common in sarcoidosis but are nonspecific.
Diagnosis of beta Thalassemia is established by(AIPG 2005)

A. NESTROFT Test
B. HbA1c estimation
C. Hb electrophoresis
D. Target cells in peripheral smear

Correct answer : C. Hb electrophoresis
NESTROFT Test – NAKED Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic Fragility Test – used for screening for Thalassemia
HbA1c – Used to assess long term glycemic control in diabetics (blood sugar control over past 3 months)
Target cells – A feature of thalassemia, but not diagnostic
naked fat sign=” a finding pathognomonic for COLONIC LIPOMA described in 1982 by Messer and Waye, in which fat spills out
of the lesion after it is biopsied..
RAIL TRACK APPEARANCE(also referred as tram track)-

1.bronchiectasis(ct scan).....................
2.optic nerve meningioma(MRI)….. "tram track" sign on axial cuts or a "doughnut" sign on coronal cuts.
3.sturge weber syndrome(subcortical calcification in ct scan),
4.hypertrophic osteoarthropathy(bone scan),
5.membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis(glomeruli),
6.acute renal cortical necrosis(x ray),
7.Haemophilus ducreyi(colony appearance)...........................
RAIL TRACK NYSTAGMUS-optokinetic nystagmus.....
rail road technique=reconstruction of urethra in urethral rupture...........
Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, is divided into two biotypes: classical and El
Tor.
El tor was a railway station…
Eltor vibrio maybe differentiated from classical vibrio by fact that Eltor vibrio:
a. Eltor V. cholerae agglutinates chick RBCs.

b. Eltor V. cholera is resistant to polymyxin B.
c. It is hemolytic for sheep RBCs.
d. It is susceptible to phage 5.
pk vs ph of a drug:
When the pK of a drug equals the pH of the surroundings, 50% ionization occurs; that is, equal numbers of ionized and un-
ionized species are present.
A lower pK reflects a stronger acid; a higher pK corresponds to a stronger base
Drugs with different pK values will diffuse across membranes at different rates.
The pH of the biologic fluid in which the drug is dissolved affects the degree of ionization and, therefore, the rate of drug
transport.
alien hand=cortico basal degeneration (This disorder involves the failure of an individual to control the movements of his or
her hand, which results from the sensation that the limb is “foreign.” The movements of the alien hand are a reaction to
external stimuli and do not occur sporadically or without stimulation. )
after reading this you might be thinking-“lagta hai Mediwood ka admin kauno wrong number hai aur hamri firki le raha hai
jab se Mediwood join kiya hun Lul ho gayi humri life”… :-)

another amazing movie with amazing music...nw some facts....
MILLIONAIRE MOLECULE-IgM(has the highest molecular wt..of 1000000 da)....................
COIN LESION-a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion is a mass in the lung smaller than 3 centimeters in
diameter...........
COIN TEST=tb of dorso lumbar spine.......
COIN ON EDGE APPEARANCE-vertebra plana in eosinophilic granuloma..........
STACKED COIN APPEARANCE-scleroderma of bowel (dilated distal esophagus and dilated jejunum)......
AMERICAN DOLLAR PAPER MARKING-skin telengiectasia in c/c liver disease...........................
COPPER PENNY BODIES-chromoblastomycosis................................................
PORTERS TIP HAND-erbs palsy.................
MONEY BAG APPEARANCE=pericardial effusion
..................and answer to the MCQ is D.ALL THE ABOVE....

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Think about this quote...especially those who are going to write the exams... ..don't take exams as a competition ..think
:-)
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At what age does the

Weight is approximately 4 years

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At what age does the 5 years

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Define failure to thrive.

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Mention few milestones

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Write a short note on

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Difference between Crawl

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Short note on different

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COMPARE IAP VS NIS at

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