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NOTES ON LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

By: PROF. BRYAN T. YANG, M.S. Justice

LEA 1: POLICE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE PLANNING

POLICE
- refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives and
properties and ensure public safety.
- a public official with an extraordinary power to make an arrest and performing direct police functions.

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English language

ORGANIZATION
- a group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives
- a form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective
- the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and
authority, establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people work effectively

POLICE ORGANIZATION
- a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and
objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the
laws and the prevention of crimes

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

- pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws

ADMINISTRATION
- an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency
- connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-making and maintenance of the internal
order

POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

- the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related statutes
- focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and managed in order to achieve
the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively

MANAGEMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

1) PLANNING
- the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained

2) ORGANIZING
- involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as well as the resource of an organization to
achieve pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization

3) DIRECTING
- involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various activities in an organization to
achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization

4) CONTROLLING
- involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work performance and comparing it with planned goals or
objectives of the organization, and making the necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished as
planned

5) STAFFING
- the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the right men for the right job
- involves good selection and processing of reliable and well-trained personnel

6) REPORTING
- the making of detailed account of activities, work progress, investigations and unusual in order to keep every one
informed or what is going on

7) BUDGETING
- the forecasting in detail of the results of an officially recognized program of operations based on the highest
reasonable expectations of operating efficiency

ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1) UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders
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2) SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

3) DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of certain specified authority by a superior to a subordinate

4) HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and subordinates

5) SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks which are highly technical and require special skills and
training

6) CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position and authority

7) COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective supervision and control of their
personnel and unit

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of higher
authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.

Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the community or
the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. It is also the police service which prevails in country with
decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the Philippines based on
the existing laws, concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made.
 
b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

 Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated
 Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to
guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System.  Ten families in a
town (tun) equaled a tithing.  Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman.  Since 10 tithings amounted
to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve.  Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They
possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to
shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant,
usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word
“ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

 
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France). When he
invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of crime
being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions
in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It
became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”
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B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel
through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial power s.

C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
 Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
 Policeman becomes public servant.
 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.”
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the facts of a
crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”

D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the
time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
 Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were defined
 Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London
during sundown.

Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and
imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This
was later abolished about 75 years after.

Star Chamber Court (1487)

A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and
judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse
of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

4. Keepers of the Peace

 
A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of knights to
keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving
the cities and towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on
duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the
King to sign the same with the following features:
 No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers.
 No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to catch
thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
= made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables
and watchmen

BEGINNING OF MODERN POLICING (1829)

Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
= recognized as the father of modern policing system

METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
= the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London Police
and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.
= the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New Scotland
Yard

TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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1. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

- created in 1845 in New York, USA
- recognized as the first modern style police department in the US
- the largest police force in the world
- modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London

2. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT

- the oldest police department in the US
- the first night watch was established in Boston in 1631
- formally founded in May, 1854

AUGUST VOLLMER
- recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in the development of the field of
criminal justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic guide in the administration of the police
organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California

III. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

A. During the Spanish Regime

Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the defense of the colony;
Locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the colonial military
establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense).
Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas; (2) detection of local
or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of tax collection including
church revenues.
Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that
5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this police organization for 3 years.
There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges although in some province they received a
proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue collection.

Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of
State. This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river
police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was called – Cuerco De
Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security).

Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula troops of their
works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial
capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)

B. American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No
70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every
January 9th.

1. ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary”,
enacted on July 18, 1901

CAPT. HENRY ALLEN

- the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901

2. ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901
CAPT GEORGE CURRY,
- the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1901

3. Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary, enacted on October 3,
1901

4. Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940

C. Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on September 8, 1966; created the
Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police
forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)

D. Martial Law Period

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PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975; established the Integrated
National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local police
forces as components, under the Ministry of National Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the President to the Ministry of National Defense

E. Post Martial Law Regime

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Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction
over all INP units assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP from the Ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on
December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection,
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on
February 25, 1998; this law amended certain provisions of RA 6975

RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009

“AN ACT EXTENDING FOR FIVE (5) YEARS THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD FOR COMPLYING WITH THE MINIMUM
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) AND
ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION SYSTEM THEREOF, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975 AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8551 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES”

IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING

BRIG GEN RAFAEL CRAME

- the first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917

COL ANTONIO TORRES

- the first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935

COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA

- the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine Independence from the United
States of America in 1946

P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO

- the first chief of the Philippine National Police

IV. HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF
1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and RA 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)

- formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
- reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION:
- consist of:
a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
1) provincial governors
2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

- the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA 6975
- headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the President
- the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
- Undersecretary for Local Government
- Undersecretary for Peace and Order
- No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be appointed as Secretary within one (1) year from date
of retirement or resignation
- the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National Police Commission
- refer to the organizational chart of DILG
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POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

1. Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over local governments;
2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
supervision over local governments and on public order and safety;
3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other issuances implementing laws on public order and safety, the
general supervision over local governments and the promotion of local autonomy and community empowerment
and monitor compliance thereof;
4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments, law enforcement and public safety;
Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and projects to promote peace and order, ensure public safety
and further strengthen the administrative, technical and fiscal capabilities of local government offices and
personnel;
5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local emergencies arising from natural and man-made
disasters;
Establish a system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and the Department, to
ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic services to the public;
6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of police functions, a police force that is national in scope
and civilian in character.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) was in charge with external security while the DILG
was in charge with internal security
- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is now in charge with both internal and external security
with the PNP as support through information gathering and performance of ordinary police functions

B. NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

- an agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination
- shall exercise administrative control and operational supervision over the PNP

COMPOSITION:
- consist of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners and the Chief of PNP as ex officio member
- shall serve a term of office of six (6) years without reappointment or extension
- three of the four regular commissioners shall come from civilian sector and not former members of the police
or military
- the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the law enforcement sector either active or retired
- at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners shall be a woman
- from among the three regular commissioners from the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be chosen
- the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the Commission
- refer to the organizational structure of the NAPOLCOM

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE REGULAR COMMISSIONERS

- citizens of the Philippines
- lawyers with at least five (5) years experience in handling criminal or human rights cases; or
- holders of a master’s degree in public administration, sociology, criminology, criminal justice, law enforcement
and other related disciplines

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- composed of:
a) Commission Proper
b) Staff Services
1) Planning and Research
2) Legal Affairs
3) Crime Prevention and Coordination
4) Personnel and Administrative Service
5) Inspection, Monitoring and Investigation
6) Installations and Logistics
7) Financial Service
c) Disciplinary Appellate Boards
1) National Appellate Board
 shall decide cases on appeal from the decisions rendered by the Chief, PNP

2) Regional Appellate Board

 shall decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by the mayor, PLEB, and PNP officers other
than the Chief, PNP

C. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

- organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551
- a law enforcement agency under the operational control of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government and administrative supervision of the National Police Commission
- it is an organization that is national in scope and civilian in character, as provided by Article XVI, Section 6
of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:
“The state shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be national in scope and civilian in
character…”
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- headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of Director General, appointed by the President and who shall
serve a term of office of four (4) years

NATIONAL IN SCOPE
- means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of
the Philippine archipelago
- all uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are national government employees

CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
- means that that the PNP is not a part of the military, although it retains some military attributes such as
discipline

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP

1) Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
2) Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
3) Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their
prosecution;
4) Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and pertinent
laws;
5) Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of
all his rights under the Constitution;
6) Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law;
7) Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and issue licenses to operate security
agencies and to security guards and private detectives, for the purpose of their professions.

ORGANIZATION and COMPOSITION OF THE PNP

- shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs:
1) Deputy Chief for Administration
2) Deputy Chief for Operations
- the Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be appointed by the President
- no officer who is retirable within six (6) months shall be appointed Chief
- the PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional offices, provincial offices, district offices, and city or
municipal stations

CAMP RAFAEL CRAME

- the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police, located in Quezon City
- houses the offices of the following:
a) Chief, PNP
b) two (2) deputy chiefs
c) Chief, Directorial Staff
d) Directorial Staff
e) National Administrative Support Units
f) National Operational Support Units

PNP Directorial Staff

The head of the PNP Directorial Staff is The Chief Directorial Staff (TCDS) with the rank of Deputy Director General. The
PNP is composed of twelve (12) Directorates headed by a Police Director with a position title of Director of the Directorial
Staff.

The PNP Directorial Staff is composed of the following:

1. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management;

2. Directorate for Intelligence;
3. Directorate for Operations;
4. Directorate for Logistics;
5. Directorate for Integrated Police Operations
6. Directorate for Plans
7. Directorate for Comptrollership
8. Directorate for Police Community Relations
9. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management
10. Directorate for Research and Development
11. Directorate for Information and Communication Technology Management.
12. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development

THE PNP SUPPORT UNITS

The PNP is composed of various National Support Units (NSU’s): the Administrative Support Units and the
Operational Support Units. The head of each Administrative and Operational Support Units has the rank of Chief
Superintendent.

NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT UNITS

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1. Logistics Support Service (LSS) - responsible for procurement, distribution and management of all the logistical
requirements of the PNP including firearms and ammunitions.

2. Information Technology Management Service (ITMS) – formulates and implements information technology (IT)
policies, plans and programs of the PNP.

3. Finance Service (FS)- responsible for disbursement of all funds of the PNP and the accounting of the same.

4. Health Service (HS) - responsible for providing medical and dental services to the PNP personnel and their direct
dependents and other authorized civilians. Operates and maintain PNP hospitals nationwide.

5. Communications and Electronic Service (COMMEL) – operates, maintains and ensures coordination between
and among PNP units and offices in the acquisition, distribution and operation of communications and electronics
facilities.

6. Chaplain Service (CS) – provides spiritual and counseling services for the moral growth of PNP personnel and
their dependents. This unit also conducts worship and religious services, provides pastoral care and ministration,
religious and moral education, guidance and counseling and values orientation.

7. Legal Service (LS) – serves as the PNP legal counsel as well as represents the PNP in all criminal and civil
actions before the courts in coordination with the Office of Solicitor General. It also serves as adjudicative unit in
the processing of claims for benefits of retires and separated PNP personnel.

8. Headquarters Support Service (HSS) – provides support for the security, management of traffic flows and
maintenance of the national headquarters.

9. Engineering Service (ES) – formulates policies, plans and procedures in the management of engineering
services, land utilization and on-based/off-based housing activities.

10. Training Service (TS) – provides career and specialized training programs for PNP personnel in order to upgrade
their professional knowledge and skills necessary to cope with the challenges in public safety and social defense.

11. Personnel and Retirement Benefits Service (PRBS) – this is a newly formed National Administrative Support
Unit (please refer to the organization chart).

NATIONAL OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNITS (NOSU)

1. Maritime Group - performs all police function over the Philippine territorial waters and rivers.

2. Intelligence Group –serves as the intelligence and counter-intelligence operating unit of the PNP.

3. Police Security and Protection Group –provides security for government official, visiting dignitaries and private
individual authorize to be given protection.

4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group – this unit undertakes the monitoring, investigation and prosecution
of all crimes involving economic sabotage, and other crimes of such magnitude and extent as to indicate their
commission by highly placed or professional criminal syndicate and organization.

It shall likewise investigate all major cases involving violations of the Revised Penal Code and operate
against organized crime groups, unless the president assigns the case exclusive to the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI).

5. Special Action Force –functions as the mobile strike force or reaction unit to augment regional, provincial,
municipal or city police forces for civil disturbance control, counter-insurgency, hostage taking rescue operations,
and other special operations.

6. Civil Security Group –provides administrative services and general supervision over the organization, business
operation and activities of all organized private detectives. Watchman, security guard agencies and company
guard forces.

This unit shall likewise supervise the licensing and registration of firearms and explosives. The approval of
applicants for licenses to operate private security agencies as well as the issuance of license to security guards
and the licensing of firearms and explosives shall be decentralized to the PNP regional offices.

7. Aviation Security Group – In coordination with the Airport authorities, it secures all the country’s airport against
offensive and terrorist acts that threaten civil aviation, exercise operational control and supervision over all
agencies involved in airport security operation and enforces all laws and regulations relative to air travel protection
and safety.

8. Highway Patrol Group – formerly known as the Traffic Management Group. It is tasked with the enforcement of
the provisions of Republic Act 6539 otherwise known as the “Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972”.

9. Crime Laboratory Group – provides scientific and technical investigative aid and support to the PNP and other
government investigative agencies.
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It also provides crime laboratory examination, evaluation and identification of physical evidences involved
in crimes with primary emphasis on their medical, chemical, biological and physical nature.

10. Police Community Relations Group –implements PNP’s police community relations programs and provides
assistance to the regional, provincial, district and city/municipal offices in their respective police community
relations activities. This unit also accredits volunteer NGO’s supportive of PNP programs and relatedly assists,
trains, organizes, directs and supervises such NGO’s.

11. Anti-Kidnapping Group – the PNP has dissolved the Police Anti-Crime and Emergency Response Force
(PACER) and replaced it with a new anti-kidnapping group.

12. Anti-Cybercrime Group – this newly created PNP National Operational Support Unit was activated on March 20,
2013. It is the primary unit responsible for the implementation of pertinent laws on cybercrimes and anti-cybercrime
campaigns of the PNP and the national government. It focuses on cybercrime offenses, computer-related offenses,
and other content-related offenses such as cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial communication,
and other related offenses.

POLICE REGIONAL OFFICES

At the regional level, the PNP is composed of seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices.

Each Police Regional Office (PRO) is headed by a Regional Director with the rank of Chief Superintendent, except
in the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) where the NCR Director has the rank of Police Director.

The Regional Offices is composed of PRO 1 to PRO 13, NCRPO, CAR and ARMM

THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION POLICE OFFICE (NCRPO)

The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is one of the Police Regional Offices of the PNP. The NCRPO
is headed by an NCR Director with the rank of Police Director. The NCRPO is divided into five (5) District Offices, each
headed by a District Director with the rank of Chief Superintendent.

The five (5) district offices of the NCRPO are the following:

1. Manila Police District (MPD) - formerly known as Western Police District. Located in the City of Manila. It is
popularly known as the Manila’s Finest.

2. Eastern Police District (EPD) – covers Marikina, Pasig, San Juan and Mandaluyong,

3. Northern Police District (NPD) – has jurisdiction over the cities of Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela.

4. Central Police District (CPD) – formerly known as Quezon City Police District. Located in Quezon City.

5. Southern Police District (SPD) – covers the cities of Pasay, Makati, Paranaque, Las Pinas, Muntinlupa, Taguig
and Pateros.

PROVINCIAL POLICE OFFICES

- for every region, there are provincial offices, each headed by a Provincial Director
- in large provinces, police districts may be established to be headed by a District Director
- at the city or municipal levels or stations, each is headed by a Chief of Police

THE CITY OR MUNICIPAL POLICE STATIONS

At the city or municipal level, there is a PNP station, each headed by a Chief of Police.

MANNING LEVELS (POLICE-TO-POPULATION RATIO)

1:500 – nationwide average
1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio

PNP RANK CLASSIFICATION AND ITS COUNTERPART IN THE MILITARY

DIRECTOR GENERAL GENERAL

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL LIEUTENANT GENERAL
DIRECTOR MAJOR GENERAL
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT BRIGADIER GENERAL
SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT COLONEL
SUPERINTENDENT LIEUTENANT COLONEL
CHIEF INSPECTOR MAJOR
SENIOR INSPECTOR CAPTAIN
INSPECTOR LIEUTENANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 4 MASTER SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 3 TECHNICAL SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 2 STAFF SERGEANT
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 1 SERGEANT
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POLICE OFFICER 3 CORPORAL

POLICE OFFICER 2 PRIVATE 1ST CLASS
POLICE OFFICER 1 PRIVATE

POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PNCO)

- PO1 to SPO4

POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PCO)

- INSPECTOR TO DIRECTOR GENERAL

KEY POSITIONS and their CORRESPONDING RANKS IN THE PNP

CHIEF – highest position in the PNP, with the rank of DIRECTOR GENERAL

DEPUTY CHIEF FOR ADMINISTRATION – the second-in command, with the rank of DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

DEPUTY CHIEF FOR OPERATIONS – the third-in-command, with the rank of DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

NCR DIRECTOR – with the rank of DIRECTOR

REGIONAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT

PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR - with the rank of SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT

NCR DISTRICT DIRECTOR - with the rank of CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT

CHIEF OF POLICE
Manning Levels (police-to-population ratio)

The average manning level of the PNP nationwide shall be approximately in accordance with a police-to-population
ratio of one (1) policeman for every five hundred (500) persons (1:500).

The minimum police-to-population ratio shall not be less than one (1) policeman for every one thousand (1,000)
persons (1:1000).

STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PNP

- police officers are employees of the national government and shall draw their salaries from the national
budget
- they shall have the same salary grade level as that of public school teachers police officers assigned in Metro
Manila, chartered cities and first class municipalities may be paid financial incentives by the local government
unit concerned subject to availability of funds

GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE PNP (RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551 and RA 9708)
a) A citizen of the Philippines;
b) A person of good moral conduct;
c) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the purpose of determining physical and mental health;
d) Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning;
e) Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by the Commission;
- Must have passed the board examination given by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) or the
NAPOLCOM Police Entrance Examination

f) Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian
position in the Government;
g) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude;
h) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 m) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven
(1.57 m) for female;
i) Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs) from the standard weight corresponding to his or her
height, age and sex; and
j) For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of age

Pursuant to RA 9708, “…PNP members who are already in the service upon the effectivity of Republic Act
No. 8551 shall be given five (5) years to obtain the minimum educational qualification preferably in law
enforcement related courses, to be reckoned from the date of the effectivity of this amendatory Act: Provided,
furthermore, That for concerned PNP members rendering more than fifteen (15) years of service and who have
exhibited exemplary performance as determined by the Commission, shall no longer be required to comply with the
aforementioned minimum educational requirement.”

EXAMINATION AND ELIGIBILITY

The National Police Commission shall administer the entrance and promotional examinations for police officers
on the basis of the standards set by the Commission (as amended by RA 8551).

POLICE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – taken by applicants of the PNP

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POLICE PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS – taken by in-service police officers as part of the mandatory requirements for
promotion

POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION

SENIOR POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION
INSPECTOR EXAMINATION
SUPERINTENDENT EXAMINATION

NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-003

The appropriate eligibilities for PO1 are those acquired from the following:
1. NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination
2. R.A. No. 6506 (Licensed Criminologist)
3. R.A. No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations of baccalaureate degree)
4. P.D. 907 (Granting Civil Service Eligibility to College Honor Graduates)
5. Civil Service Professional

NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-016 (Promotional Examinations)

-Members of the Bar and Licensed Criminologists whose profession are germane to law enforcement and police
functions are no longer required to take promotional examinations up to the rank of Superintendent.

APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PNP PERSONNEL

PO1 TO SPO4 – appointed by the Regional Director for regional personnel or by the
Chief, PNP for the national headquarters
INSP TO SUPT – appointed by the Chief, PNP
SR SUPT TO DDG – appointed by the President upon recommendation of the Chief, PNP, subject to confirmation by the
Commission on Appointments
DIRECTOR GENERAL – appointed by the President from among the senior officers down to the rank of CSupt, subject to
the confirmation of the Commission on Appointments

KINDS OF APPOINTMENT

1. PERMANENT – when an applicant possesses the upgraded general qualifications for appointment in the PNP.
2. TEMPORARY – Any PNP personnel who is admitted due to the waiver of the educational or weight requirements.
Any member who will fail to satisfy any of the waived requirements with the specified time periods shall be
dismissed from the service.

Pursuant to NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007-009, a newly recruited PO1 shall be appointed in temporary
status in twelve (12) months pending compliance with the Field Training Program (FTP) involving actual experience and
assignment in patrol, traffic and investigation.

APPOINTMENT UNDER A WAIVER PROGRAM (NAPOLCOM MC No. 2013-004)

1). Conditions on waivers for initial appointment to the PNP

a. The age, height and weight for initial appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the number of qualified
applicants falls below the approved national/regional quota.

b. Waiver of the age requirement may be granted provided that the applicant shall not be less than twenty (20) nor
more than thirty five (35) years of age. For purposes of this paragraph, one is considered to be not over thirty five
(35) years old if he or she has not yet reached his or her thirty six (36 th) birthday on the date of the issuance of his
or her appointment.

c. Waiver of the height requirement may be granted to a male applicant who is at least 1 meter and 57 cm (1.57m)
and to a female applicant who is at least 1 meter and 52cm (1.52m). Provided, that the minimum height
requirement for applicants who belong to indigenous group duly certified by the National Commission on Muslim
Filipinos (NCMF) or the National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP) shall be 1.52m for male and 1.45m for
female. Provided further, that the Commission shall require said applicants to submit appropriate proof of their
membership in a certain indigenous group.

d. An applicant who is granted a weight waiver shall be given reasonable time not exceeding six (6) months within
which to comply with the said requirement.

e. The grant of waiver is not a guarantee for appointment into the police service.

f. The PNP Screening Committee shall, through the Chief of the PNP, request the Commission to consider the
appointment of those applicants with a certification under oath that the qualified applicants, at the time the
applicant is being considered, fall below the office/unit quota concerned.

Factors to be Considered in the Grant of Waivers

a. Possession of special skills in evidence gathering and safekeeping, cyber crime investigation, detection and
prevention, crime scene investigation, martial arts, marksmanship and similar special skills;

b. Special talents in the field of sports, music or arts and culture;

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c. Extensive experience or training in forensic science and other legal, medical and technical services; and

d. Outstanding academic records and extracurricular activities of applicant during his/her school days, good family
background in law enforcement or socio-civic activities, recognized social standing in the community, awards and
commendations received, which should indicate to the Commission En Banc that the applicant can become a good
member of the Philippine National Police

Selection Criteria under the waiver program

1. Applicants who possess the least disqualifications shall take precedence over those who possess more
disqualifications.
2. The requirement shall be waived in the following order:
1. Age
2. Height
3. Weight

NOTE: Use the acronym AHW (age, height and weight)

LATERAL ENTRY OF OFFICERS INTO THE PNP
1). In general, all original appointments of commissioned officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank of inspector, to
include all those with highly technical qualifications applying for the PNP technical services (R.A. 6975).
a). Senior Inspector
1). Chaplain;
2). Member of the Bar;
3). Doctor of Medicine
b). Inspector
1). Dentist
2) Optometrists
3) Nurses
4) Engineers
5) Graduates of forensic science
6) Graduates of Philippine National Police Academy
Licensed criminologists may be appointed to the rank of inspector to fill up any vacancy after promotions from the
ranks are completed.

New policy on LATERAL ENTRY (NAPOLOCM M.C 2008-006)

a). A person with highly technical qualifications such as:
1). Dentist
2). Optometrist
3). Nurse
4) Engineer
5). Graduate of Forensic Science
6). Doctor of Medicine
7). Member of the Philippine Bar
8). Chaplain
9). Information Technologist
10). Pilot
11). Psychologist
b). Graduate of PNPA
c). Licensed Criminologist

Top priority consideration for lateral entry into the rank of Police Inspector shall be given to top ten (10) placers of
the different Licensure Examinations. However, incumbent PNP members who land in the top ten shall be given first
preference over the civilian provided that the qualifications are satisfied.
The maximum age of PNP members applicants through lateral entry shall be forty six (46) years old at the time of
appointment. Age waivers shall not be allowed.

THE PNP PROMOTION SYSTEM

Promotion is defined as the upward movement from one classification or rank to another carrying higher benefits
and more responsibility. It is the upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to a position of leadership.

KINDS OF PROMOTION
1. Regular Promotion
2. Special/ Meritorious/Spot Promotion
3. Promotion by virtue of position

A. Regular Promotion - promotion granted to police officers meeting the mandatory requirements for promotion.

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR PROMOTION

1. Educational attainment (NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 2011-196 dated July 6, 2011)
For Police Sr. Supt. to Director General
a. Masters in Public Safety Administration (MPSA)
b. Allied Master’s Degree

For Chief Inspector to Superintendent

a. Bachelor’s Degree preferably Master’s Degree
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For POI to Sr. Inspector

a. Bachelor’s Degree

2. Completion of appropriate training/schooling, such as:

Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) / General Staff Course (GSC)
Officers Advance Course (OAC)
Officers Basic Course (OBC)
Officers Candidate Course (OCC)
Senior Leadership Course (SLC)
Junior Leadership Course (JLC)
Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC)

3. Time-in Grade – the number of years required for a police officer to hold a certain rank before he can be promoted to
the next higher rank. The time-in grade in the PNP is maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM Resolution # 2013-501):

2 years – from Sr Supt to Chief Supt.

3 years – from Supt to Sr Supt
3 years – Chief Insp to Supt
3 years – Sr Insp to Chief Insp
3 years – Insp to Sr Insp
3 years – SPO4 to Insp
2 years – SPO3 to SPO4
2 years – SPO2 to SPO3
2 years – SPO1 to SPO2
3 years – PO3 to SPO1
2 year – PO2 to PO3
2 years – PO1 to PO2

4. Appropriate eligibility – the required promotional examinations

a. Police Officer Promotional Examination
b. Senior Police Officer Promotional Examination
c. Police Inspector Promotional Examination
d. Police Superintendent Promotional Examination

Except for the Chief, PNP, no PNP member who has less than one (1) year of service before reaching the
compulsory retirement age shall be promoted to a higher rank or appointed to any other position.
Pursuant to RA 9708, “…In addition, the institution of a criminal action or complaint against a police officer
shall not be a bar to promotion: Provided, however, That upon finding of probable cause, notwithstanding any challenge
that may be raised against that finding thereafter, the concerned police officer shall be ineligible for promotion: Provided,
further, That if the case remains unresolved after two (2) years from the aforementioned determination of probable
cause, he or she shall be considered for promotion. In the event he or she is held guilty of the crime by final judgment,
said promotion shall be recalled without prejudice to the imposition of the appropriate penalties under applicable laws, rules
and regulations:
-Provided, furthermore, That if the complaint filed against the police officer is for a crime including, but not limited
to, a violation of human rights, punishable by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, and the court has determined
that the evidence of guilt is strong, said police officer shall be completely ineligible for promotion during the pendency
of the said criminal case.”

B. Special Promotion – promotion granted to police officers who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and
gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call of duty.
Conspicuous courage
 is a courage that is clearly distinguished above others in the performance of one’s duty.

ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS COURAGE AND GALLANTRY (NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007-003 and PNP
Memorandum Circular No. 2009-019)

1. A deed of personal bravery and self sacrifice above and beyond the call of duty, so conspicuous as to distinguish the act
clearly over and above his/her comrades in the performance of more than ordinary hazardous service, such as; but not
limited to the following circumstances:
a. Overwhelming number of enemies  and firepower capability as against the strength of PNP operatives and
their firepower capability;
b. Infiltration and penetration of the safehouses and hideouts of organized crime syndicates like kidnapping,
illegal drugs, carnapping, hijacking and terrorism;
c. Shoot-out in robbery/hold-up incidents inside public places such as: malls, government offices, business
establishments and PUVs;
d. Conduct of rescue/disaster operations that resulted in the saving of lives and properties.
2. An act of heroism exhibited in the face of an armed enemy or in the conduct of rescue/disaster operations resulting in
the loss of life (posthumous promotions).

Posthumous Award – in case an individual who distinguish himself dies before the granting of the awards.

C. PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION (Section 32, R.A. 8551)

Any PNP personnel designated to any key position whose rank is lower than that which is required for such
position shall, after six (6) months of occupying the same, be entitled to a rank adjustment corresponding to the position.
 14

Provided, that the personnel shall not be reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until after two (2) years
from the date of such rank adjustment.

ATTRITION (RA 8551)

- Refers to the retirement or separation from police service of PNP uniformed personnel pursuant to any of the
means mentioned in Section 24 to 29 of RA 8551 and other means as provided in NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No.
2008-005.)

MODES OF ATTRITION

a. Attrition by attainment of Maximum Tenure in Position.

Maximum Tenure in Position refers to the maximum cumulative period for a PNP member to hold a
particular position level.
Position Maximum Tenure
Chief Four (4) years
Deputy Chief Four (4) years
Director of the Staff Services Four (4) years
Regional Directors Six (6) years
Provincial/City Directors Nine (9) years

b) Attrition by Relief – A PNP uniformed personnel who has been relieved for just cause and has not been given an
assignment within two (2) years after such relief shall be retired or separated.

c) Attrition by demotion in position or rank – Any PNP personnel, civilian or uniformed, who are relieved and assigned
to a position lower than what is established for his or her grade in the PNP staffing pattern and who shall not be assigned
to a position commensurate to his or her grade within EIGHTEEN (18) MONTHS after such demotion shall be retired or
separated.

d) Attrition by non-promotion – Any PNP personnel who has not been promoted for a continuous period of TEN (10)
YEARS shall be retired or separated

e) Attrition by other means - Any PNP member of officer with at least five (5) years of accumulated active service shall
be separated based on any of the following:
1. inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two (2) successive annual rating periods;

Poor performance refers to the poor rating in the promulgated PNP Performance Evaluation Rating System.

2. Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative annual rating periods;
3. Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police functions and duties.
4. Failure to pass the required entrance examinations twice and/or finish the required career course except for
justifiable reasons;
5. refusal to take periodic PNP Physical Fitness Test without justifiable reason.

Physical Fitness Test refers to the method of evaluating the physical condition of PNP members in terms of stamina,
strength, speed and agility.

6. failure to take PNP Physical Fitness Test for four (4) consecutive periodic tests due to health reasons;
7. failure to pass PNP Physical Fitness Test for Two (2) consecutive periodic tests or four (4) cumulative  periodic
tests; or
8. non-compliance with the minimum qualification standards for the permanency or original appointment.

RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION UNDER THE ATTRITION SYSTEM

Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP pursuant to different ways mentioned, shall be retired if he or she
has rendered at least twenty (20) years of service and separated if he or she has rendered less than twenty (20) years
of service, unless the personnel is disqualified by law to receive such benefits.

RETIREMENT
 the separation of the police personnel from the service by reason of reaching the age of retirement provided by
law, or upon completion of certain number of years in active service.
 A PNP uniformed personnel shall retire to the next higher rank for purposes of retirement pay.

KINDS OF RETIREMENT
1. Compulsory– for officer and non-officer, upon the attainment of age Fifty-Six (56). Provided, in case of any officer with
the rank of CSUPT, Director or Deputy Director General, the Commission may allow his retention in the service for an
unextendible of one (1) year.

2. Optional – upon accumulation of at least Twenty (20) years of satisfactory active service.

RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Monthly retirement pay shall be FIFTY PERCENT (50%) of the base pay in case of twenty years of active service,
increasing by TWO AND ONE-HALF PERCENT (2.5%) for every year of active service rendered beyond twenty
years.
 15

CREATION OF WOMEN’S DESK

- -provided by RA 8551
- -women’s desk in all police stations shall administer and attend to cases involving crimes against chastity, sexual
harassment, abuses committed against women and children and other similar offenses.
- -the PNP shall reserve TEN PERCENT (10%) of its annual recruitment, training and education quota for women.
- -policewomen shall enjoy the same opportunities in terms of assignment, promotion and other benefits and
privileges extended to all police officers.

POWERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OVER THE PNP UNITS.

Governors and Mayors are deputized as representatives of the NAPOLCOM in their respective territorial
jurisdiction.

1. Provincial Governor
- power to choose the PNP Provincial Director from a list of 3 eligibles recommended by the PNP Regional
Director.
- oversee the implementation of the provincial public safety plan.

2. City and Municipal Mayors

- has the power to choose his CHIEF OF POLICE from a list of five (5) eligibles recommended by the provincial
police director.
- -he has the authority to recommend to the provincial director the transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP members
outside of their respective city or town
- Authority to recommend from a list of eligibles, the appointment of new members of the PNP to be assigned in
respective cities.
- exercise operational supervision and control over PNP units in their jurisdiction, except during the 30 days period
immediately preceding and the 30 days following any national, local and barangay elections.
- During the election period, local police forces shall be under the supervision and control of the COMELEC.
.
Operational Supervision and control
- means the power to direct, superintend, and oversee the day to day functions of police investigation of crime, crime
prevention activities and traffic control.
- shall also include the power to direct the employment and deployment of units or elements of the PNP, through
the station commander, to ensure public safety and effective maintenance of peace and order within the locality.

Employment -refers to utilization of units or elements of the PNP for purposes of protection of lives and properties,
enforcement of laws, maintenance of peace and order, prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal offenders and bringing the
offenders to justice and ensuring public safety, particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots, lawlessness, violence,
rebellious and seditious conspiracy, insurgency, subversion or other related activities.

Deployment - shall mean the orderly and organized physical movement of elements or units of the PNP within the
province, city or municipality for purposes of employment

SUSPENSION OR WITHDRAWAL OF DEPUTATION

- Unless reversed by the President, the NAPOLCOM may, after consultation with the provincial governor and
congressman concerned, suspend or withdraw the deputation of any local executives for any of the following grounds:
1. Frequent unauthorized absences
2. Abuse of authority
3. Providing material support to criminal elements
4. Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which negate the effectiveness of the peace and
order campaign.

ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY MACHINERIES

A. Citizen Complaints -pertains to any complaint initiated by a private citizen or his duly authorized representative on
account of an injury, damage or disturbance sustained due to an irregular or illegal act committed by a member of the PNP

DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES:
1) CHIEF OF POLICE - where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits,
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days

2) CITY/MUNICIPAL MAYORS - where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits,
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period not less than Sixteen but not exceeding
Thirty (30) Days.

3) PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB) -where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges,
restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding Thirty
(30) Days, or by Dismissal.

B. INTERNAL DISCIPLINE – On dealing with minor offense involving internal discipline found to have committed by any
PNP members, the duly designated supervisors shall, after due notice and hearings, exercise disciplinary powers as
follows:
 16

1) CHIEF OF POLICE - may impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified
limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any combination of the foregoing for a period not
exceeding Fifteen (15) Days.

2) PROVINCIAL DIRECTORS - may impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to
specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; or any combination of the foregoing for a
period not exceeding Thirty (30) Days.

3)REGIONAL DIRECTORS - may impose the administrative punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to
specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or suspension; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing
for a period not exceeding Sixty (60) Days.

4)CHIEF OF THE PNP - shall have the power to impose the disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service;
suspension or forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing for a period not exceeding One
Hundred Eighty (180) Days.

MINOR OFFENSE - shall refer to an act or omission not involving moral turpitude but affecting the internal discipline of the
PNP, and shall include but not be limited to:
-simple misconduct or negligence
-insubordination
-frequent absences or tardiness
-habitual drunkenness
-gambling prohibited by law

INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE (IAS) - created by RA 8551

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE IAS:

- pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP personnel and units;
- investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of an open investigation;
- -conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing administrative charges;
- -submit a periodic report on the assessment, analysis, and evaluation of the character and behavior of PNP
personnel and units to the Chief PNP and the Commission;
- -file appropriate criminal cases against PNP members before the court as evidence warrants and assists in the
prosecution of the case;
- -provide assistance to the Office of the Ombudsman in cases involving the personnel of the PNP;

The IAS shall also conduct, motu proprio (on its own initiative), automatic investigation of the following cases:
- -incidents where a police personnel discharges a firearm;
- -incidents where death, serious physical injury, or any violation of human rights occurred in the conduct of a police
operation;
- -incidents where evidence was compromised, tampered with, obliterated, or lost while in the custody of police
personnel;
- -incidents where a suspect in the custody of the police was seriously injured; and
- -incidents where the established rules of engagement have been violated.

ORGANIZATION OF IAS
- -headed by the INSPECTOR GENERAL who is a CIVILIAN and appointed by the President upon the
recommendation of the Director General (Chief, PNP)
- -the Inspector General shall be assisted by a Deputy Inspector General
- -there shall be national, regional and provincial offices
- -the national office shall be headed by the Inspector General, the regional offices by a Director, and the provincial
offices by a Superintendent

ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS TO IAS

- -entry shall be voluntary
- -PNP personnel with at least five (5) years experience in law enforcement
- -with no derogatory service record
- -members of the bar may enter the service laterally

PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB)

- a body created pursuant to RA 6975.
- one of the disciplinary authorities of the PNP authorized to handle and investigate citizen’s complaint.
- the central receiving entity for any citizen’s complaint against the PNP members.
- shall be created by the sangguniang panlungssod/bayan in every city and municipality as may be necessary.
- there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred (500) city or municipal police personnel.
- membership in the PLEB is a civic duty.

COMPOSITION OF PLEB
PLEB is composed of five (5) members who shall be as follows:
- -any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan.
- -any barangay chairman of the locality concerned.
- -three other members to be chosen by the local peace and order council from among the members of the
community.
 17

- -for the three other members, the following conditions must be met:
- one must be a woman
- one must be a lawyer, or a college graduate, or the principal of an elementary school in the locality
- -the CHAIRMAN of the PLEB shall be elected from among its members
- -the term of office of the members of the PLEB is THREE (3) YEARS

DISCIPLINARY APPELATE BOARDS

- formal administrative disciplinary appellate machinery of the National Police Commission.
- tasked to hear cases on appeal from the different disciplinary authorities in the PNP

National Appellate Board

- shall decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by the PNP Chief and the
National Internal Affairs Service
-shall be composed of the four (4) regular commissioners and shall be chaired by the
executive officer

Regional Appellate Board

-shall decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by the Regional Director,
Provincial Director, Chief of Police, the city or municipal mayor and the PLEB
-there shall be at least one (1) regional appellate board per administrative region

ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES
1. Withholding of privileges
2. Restriction to specified limits
3. Restrictive custody
4. Forfeiture of salary
5. Suspension
6. Any combination of the penalties above (1 to 5)
7. One (1) rank demotion
8. Dismissal from the service

POLICE PLANNING
- the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained; involves the determination
of a course of action to take in performing a particular function or activity.
- a management function concerned with visualizing future situation, making estimates concerning them, identifying
issues, needs and potential danger points, analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means of reaching desired
goals according to a certain schedule, estimating the necessary funds and resources to do the work and initiating action in
time to prepare what may be needed to cope with changing conditions and contingent events.

RESPONSIBILITY IN PLANNING

Broad External Policy Planning is the responsibility of the legislative branch of the government.

Internal Policy Planning is the responsibility of the Chief, PNP and other chiefs of the different units or
headquarters within their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives or mission of the police organization.
TYPES OF PLANS

PROCEDURAL PLAN OR POLICY PLANS

- deal with procedures that have been outlined and officially adopted by all members of the unit under specified
circumstances
- guidelines for actions to be taken.
- include all STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)

POLICY
- -general plan of action that serves as a guide in the operation of the organization or unit
- -codes of procedures
 
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP’s)
1. S.O.P # 1 – Police Beat Patrol Procedures
2. SOP # 2 – Bantay-Kalye
3. SOP # 3 – Siyasat
4. SOP # 4 – REACT 166
5. SOP # 5 – LIGTAS (anti-kidnapping)
6. SOP # 6 – Anti-Carnapping
7. SOP # 7 – Anti-Terrorism
8. SOP # 8 – Joint Anti-Bank Robbery Action Committee (JABRAC)
9. SOP # 9 – Anti-Hijacking or Highway Robbery
10. SOP # 10 – PAGLALANSAG or PAG-AAYOS (against Partisan Armed Groups of Loose Fire)
11. SOP # 11 – Manhunt Bravo (wanted persons)
12. SOP # 12 – Anti-Illegal Gambling
13. SOP # 13 – Anti-Squatting
14. SOP # 14 – JERICHO
15. SOP # 15 – NENA (Anti-Prostitution)
16. SOP # 16 – Anti-Pornography
 18

17. SOP # 17 – Guidelines in the Conduct of Arrest, Search and Seizure

18. SOP # 18 – Schematic Diagram of SANDIGAN Master Plan
19. SOP # 19 – Anti-Illegal Logging
20. SOP # 20 – Anti-Illegal Fishing
21. SOP # 21 – Anti-Illegal Drugs

EXAMPLES OF PROCEDURAL PLANS/POLICY PLANS

FIELD PROCEDURES
- procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as guide to officers and men in the
field, such as: procedures that relate to reporting, to raids, arrests, stopping suspicious persons, receiving
complaints, investigation, etc
 
HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES
- include the procedures to be followed in the headquarters, usually reflected in the duty manual.

SPECIAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

- procedures intended for specific operations to ensure uniformity of action

OPERATIONAL PLANS
- often called work plan
- the work program of the field units
- describe specific actions to be taken
- the work to be done is estimated, manpower and equipment is allocated, proper objectives are defined and
methods of accomplishment are developed
- statistical analysis is widely used
 
OPERATIONAL PLANS (OPLANS)
1. OPLAN JUMBO – ASG Strategic Plan against Terrorism
2. OPLAN SALIKOP – CIDG Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups
3. OPLAN DISIPLINA – TMG regarding vehicles and motorists
4. OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN – operation security measures and sea borne security patrols

TACTICAL PLANS
- plans that concern methods of action to be taken at a designated location and under specific circumstances
- generally emergency type plans that can be put into effect on the sudden occurrence of a condition requiring their
use
- planning for emergencies of a specific nature at known locations
- developed for specific situations as they arise
- examples are: planning for major accidents; calamities or disasters; special events; hostage-taking
situations, etc

ADMINISTRATIVE or MANAGEMENT PLANS

- those plans that relate to staffing, equipping, supplying and organizing
- include the structuring of functions, authority and responsibilities, the allocation of resources, personnel
management, budgeting and other concerns administrative in nature
- examples are: assignment and training of personnel; recruitment; equipment and supply procedures, etc

EXTRA-DEPARTMENTAL PLANS
- those which require actions or assistance from persons or agencies outside of the department
- involve coordination with other agencies
- examples are: exchange of information on wanted persons, known drug syndicates, known organized
crime groups, stolen vehicles, etc

PNP MASTER PLANS

1. SANDIGAN-MILENYO – Anti-Criminality Master Plan
2. SANDUGO – PNP Internal Security Operations Master Plan
3. SANGBANAT – PNP’s Master Plan on Campaign against Illegal Drugs
4. SANG-INGAT – The PNP’s Master Plan on Security Coverage in the 3rd Millennium
5. SAKLOLO – PNP Disaster Management Master Plan
6. SANGYAMAN – PNP’s Master Plan to help Protect and Preserve our Environment,
Cultural Properties and Natural Resources

Steps in Planning/ The Planning Process

1. Identifying the Problem,
2. Frame of Reference
3. Clarifying the Problems
4. Collecting All Pertinent Facts
5. Analyzing the Facts
6. Developing Alternative Facts
7. Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternatives
8. Selling the Plan
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9. Arranging for the Execution of the Plan

10. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan

LEA 2: INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION OF SECURITY
- Generally, the meaning of security is a kind of state where people, institution, authority or groups feel fully secured of
feeling, free from any threat or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his/her life, liberty, property or activity. It could
be in physical, psychological, social or economical form.
- It is a state or quality of being secured, freedom from fear or danger, assurance, certainty.
- It is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals.
- Protection against any type of crime to safeguard life and assets by various methods and device.

THREE MAJOR AREAS OF SECURITY

1. Physical Security
2. Personnel Security
3. Document and Information Security

TYPES OF SECURITY
1. PHYSICAL SECURITY – a system of barriers placed between the potential intruder and the objects/matter to be
protected. It is the broadest branch of security, which is concerned with physical measures adopted to prevent
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials and documents and to safeguard them against espionage,
sabotage, damage and theft.

SECURITY HAZARD – An act or condition which results in a situation conducive to a breach of the protection system and
the subsequent loss or compromise, or damage to personnel, property or facilities.

KINDS OF HAZARDS
1. Man –Made Hazards – an acts or conditions affecting the safe of operation of the facility caused by human action,
accidental or intentional. It includes sabotage, espionage, pilferage and theft.
2. Natural Hazard – cause by natural phenomena which cause damage, disturbance and problems of normal functioning
activities, including security. It includes flood, lighting, storms and volcanic eruptions.

THE EXTENT OF DEGREE OF RISK TO SECURITY WILL BE DEFENDANT ON THE FOLLOWING:

1. RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF OPERATIONS – is the importance of the firm which reference to the national economy
and security.
2. RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – The susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss, or disruption of
operation due to various hazard.

BARRIER – can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal access to
an installation.

THREE LINES OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE

1. First Line of Defense
>Perimeter fences/barriers
>Guards at the gate
2. Second Line of Defense
>Doors, Floors, walls, roofs
>Windows – below 18 feet must be installed by grill.
3. Third Line of Defense
> Cabinets, locks, safes, vaults, interior file rooms

Perimeter barrier/fences – a medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict or
impede access thereto.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL BARRIER:

1. NATURAL BARRIER – include mountains, rivers, seas, desserts or terrain difficult to traverse. To be fully effective,
these barriers must be under surveillance of guards.
2.STRUCTURAL OR MAN-MADE BARRIER – structural constructions made by man like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grill
or other physical means to deter or impede penetration.
3. Human Barrier – Security guards and employees of the establishment.
4. Animal Barrier – animals are used in partially providing a guarding system like dogs and greese.
5. Energy Barrier – It is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to entry by the
potential intruder.

TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIER

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1. SOLID FENCE – Constructed in such a way that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that it
denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the scheduled movements of
the security personnel. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation and it
creates shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.

WALL – Masonry wall should have the same as the chain linked and surrounded by the barbed wire as top guard.

2. FULL VIEW FENCE – It is constructed in such a way that visuals access is permitted through the fence. Its advantage
is, that it allows the security personnel to keep the surrounding of the installation under observation. On the other hand, it
allows the intruder to become familiar with the movements of the security personnel.

TYPES OF FULL VIEW FENCE

1. CHAIN LINK FENCE
- Should be constructed minimum
height of 7 feet excluding top guard;
- 9 gauges or heavier;
- Mesh openings of not larger 2 inches per side;
- Twisted;
- Securely fastened to rigid material or reinforced concrete;
- Reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving;
- On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting soil or sand.

2. BARBED WIRE FENCE – is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along
the strand(s). It is used to construct inexpensive fences.

SPECIFICATIONS OF BARBED WIRE FENCE

>Standard barbed wire is twisted double strand, 12 gauge wires, with 4 point barb spaced on equal distant part;
>Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet high, excluding the top guard;
>Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to post not more than 6 feet apart;
>The distance between strands will not exceed 6 inches and at least one wire will be interlock and midway
between posts.

3. Concertina Wire or Dannert Wire – is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be
expanded like a concertina. Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet diameter.

ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE BARRIERS

1. Top Guard- an addition overhang or barbed wire place on vertical perimeter fences facing upward and outward with a
45 degree angle with three to four strands of barbed wires space six inches apart. This will increase the protective height
and prevent easy access.
2. Entry Stations – provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out of the doors, and manned by guards
on a full time basis.
3. Towers – a house like structures above the perimeter barrier. Height of tower increases the range of observation during
day and night with artificial illumination.
4. Clear Zones – unobstructed area maintain on both sides of the perimeter barrier. It affords better observation and
patrol movement. It should be cleared of anything that may provide concealment or assistance to a person seeking an
authorized entry.

PROTECTION IN DEPTH – In large open areas or ground, where fencing or walling is impracticable and expensive,
warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is protection.

Signs and Notices – erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry.

SECURITY LIGHTING – provides sufficient illumination to areas during hours of darkness.

TYPES OF SECURITY LIGHTING

1. Stationary Luminary – most common type consisting of fixed series of luminaries. It is commonly used on entry gates
of employees and vehicles.
>Glare Protection Type – The intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or the guard remain
in comparative darkness.
>Controlled lighting – The lighting is focused on certain objects than the background.

2. Standby Lighting – similar to continuous lighting but can be turned on manually or by special device or other automatic
means, when there is a suspicion of entry.
3. Emergency Lighting – stand by lighting which can be utilized in the event of electrical failure.

TYPES OF LIGHT LAMPS

1. Incandescent Lamps – These are common light bulbs that are found in every home. They have the advantage of
providing instant illumination when the switch is thrown and most commonly used protective lighting system
2. Gaseous –Discharge Lamp- The use of these in protective lighting is limited since it require a period of two to five
minutes to light when they are cold and even longer period to light, when hot, after power interruption.
- It is very economical to use but for industrial security, it is not acceptable due to long time of lighting.
>Mercury Vapor Lamps – It gives a blue green color light due to the presence of mercury vapor.
>Sodium Vapor Lamp – lamps emits yellow light. It is an efficient bulb and due to its color, this light lamps are
used in areas where insect predominate. Amber color does not attract insects at night.
 21

3. Quarts Lamp – It is a lamp that emits very bright white light and instant on almost as rapidly as the incandescent lamp.
They are frequently used at very high wattage and they are excellent for use along the perimeter barrier.
TYPES OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
1. Floodlights – project light in a concentrated beam. Best used in boundaries, building or fences. It is also known as
reflectorized or spotlight.
2. Searchlight – Highly focused incandescent lamps.
3. Fresnel lights – Wide beam unit, primarily to extend the illumination in long horizontal strips. It projects a narrow
horizontal beam which is approximately 180 degrees in the vertical plane.
4. Street lights – Produced diffused light rather than direction beam. They are widely used in parking areas.

PROTECTIVE ALARMS – is an aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to the security when intruder actuate certain
devices in a protected area.

Basically, alarm system is designed to alert security personnel of a attempted or consummated intrusion into an
area, building or compound. Each type of alarm is activated in the event that an intruder tampers with the circuitry, a beam
or radiated waves. Alarm is also for fire, smoke, or other emergencies and presence of hazards.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM

1. Central Station System – A type of alarm where the central station is located outside of the installation. It is a system in
which the alarm signal is relayed to remote panel located at the facilities of private owned protection Service Company
manned by its personnel. Several separate compounds tie their alarm system to a central station so that in case of need,
the central station calls for assistance to the police, fire department, hospital or with other government assisting units.
2. Proprietary System – Similar to the central station type excepts that the proprietary console is located inside the
subscribers installation who owns or bases the system.
3. Auxiliary System – An installation owned system which is a direct extension of the local enforcement agency and/or fire
department by special arrangements.
4. Local Alarm System – a local alarm in which a siren or bell is sounded with no predictable response. This system is
used in residence or small establishment which cannot afford a respond system.
- Consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
5. Dial Alarm System – This system is set to dial a predetermined number. When the alarm is activated, the number
selected might be the police station or others. When the phone is answered, a recording voice will state that an intrusion is
in progress.

TYPES OF BANK ALARM

1. Foot rail Activator – They are place on the floor in such a position that tellers may activate the alarm by placing the
front of their foot to foot rail to activate the alarm.
2. Knee or Thigh Buttons – It is installed inside the teller station so that they can be activated by knee or thigh pressure.
3. Foot Botton – Like the foot rail, it permits alarm activation in relatively safety, while both hands remain clear in view of
the robbers.
4. Double Squeeze Button – It requires pressure on both side of the device , thus the probability of accidental alarm is
reduced.

PROTECTIVE LOCKS

LOCK – defined as mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry to a building or room.

PADLOCK – a portable and detachable lock having a pivoted or sliding hasp which possess through a staple ring, or the
like and is made fast or secured.

General Groups of Locks

1. Warded Lock - is a type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the
correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to
rotate freely inside the lock.
2. Pin Tumbler Lock – is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the
correct key.
3. Lever Tumble Lock – lock used in safe deposit box and is for all purposes. It is also used in desk, lockers and cabinets
and are generally less secure than pin tumbler lock.
4. Disc Tumbler Lock – is a lock composed of slotted rotating detainer discs. A specially cut key rotates these discs like
the tumblers of a safe to align the slots, allowing the sidebar to drop into the slots, thus opening the lock .
-Disc tumbler lock is commonly designed for automobile industry and general use in car door today.

Type of Locks
1. Key – Operated Lock – It uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers which prevent the lock from
operating unless they are properly aligned. The key is the device used to align these internal barriers so that the lock may
be operated.
2. COMBINATION LOCK – a lock that requires manipulation of parts according to a predetermined combination code of
numbers. Most of this lock has three dials but some locks have four dials for greater security.
3. CARD OPERATED LOCK/CODED LOCK – type of lock that can be opened by inserting a coded card in a slot in the
lock, or by pushing the correct button on the surface of the lock.
4. ELECTRONIC LOCK – type of lock that can be closed and opened remotely by electronic means.
 22

BIOMETRICS – A machine that can be used for identification of humans by their characteristics or traits. It is used as a
form of identification and access control. It is equipped with recording device that can identify the person operating the lock
and the time it was operated.

KEY CONTROL – defined as the management of keys in a plant or business organization to prevent unauthorized
individual access to the keys.

Change Key – a key to a single lock

Sub-Master Key – a key that can open all locks within a particular area or grouping.
Master Key – a special key capable of opening a series of locks. It is capable of opening less number of locks than grand
master key.
Grand Master Key – a key that can open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.

PETERMAN – A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers, and penetrators of restricted areas or rooms.

FALSE KEY – Genuine key stolen from the owner

Personnel Identification and Movement Control

1. Pass/Badge System – A pass or badge system is issued by security to personnel to be admitted in the installation. The
purpose is to ensure that only persons who have the right and authority will be given the necessary access to the area. The
pass system is for general use and not for the restricted areas, like exclusive, limited or controlled areas.

Types of Pass System

1. Single Pass System – authorization to enter specific areas issued to an employees who keeps it in the possession until
his authorization is change or until terminates.
2. Pass Exchange System – Exchange of the one color coded pass at the entrance to the controlled areas which is
issued to an employee who keeps it in his possession until his authorization.
3. Multiple Pass System – multiple copies of passes are issued to an individual. The individual exchange his badge for
another color or markings at the entrance. Once inside, if he needs to enter to a restricted areas, he exchanges it for
another color.

Restricted Area – It refers to an area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for reasons of security. It is established
to provide security for installation or facilities and to promote efficiency of security operations and economy in the use of
the security personnel

Types of Restricted Areas

1. Limited Area – It is a restricted area in which lesser degree of control is required than in an exclusion area, but which
the security interest would be compromised by uncontrolled movement.
2. Exclusion Area – It refers to a restricted area which contains security interest to Top Secret importance and requires
the highest degree of protection. The area should be under surveillance at all times

Security Clearance – It is a certification by a responsible authority that the person described is cleared to access to
classified matters at appropriate levels.
Interim Clearance – Effectivity is two years
Final Clearance – Effectivity is five years.

Protective Cabinets
1. Safe – metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or installation. It can be
classified as both robbery and burglary resistance depending upon the use and need.
Safe Specifications
1. At least 750lbs. Below 750 must be anchored to building structure.
2.1 inch thick steel.
3. Door should be 1 ½ thick steel
2. Vault – heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually part of the building structure used to keep and
protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments. It is bigger than safe but smaller than File Room.
Vault Specifications
>Doors should be 6 inches thick made of steel
>Walls, ceilings and floor should be 12 inches thick
>Floors should be elevated by 4 inches
>Not more than 5,000 cubic feet in size
> Vault door must be fire resistance up to 4 to 6 hours.
3. File Room – A cubicle in a building constructed to little lighter than a vault but bigger size. It can accommodate limited
people to work on the records inside
File Room Specifications
>Should be 12 feet high
>Interior cubage should be not more than 10,000 cubic feet
>Water tight door, fire proof for 1 hour.

HUMAN BARRIER
Security guard – is any natural person who offers or renders personal service to watch or guard residential or business
premises or both, government and/or their premises for hire and compensation.

WHO MAY ORGANIZE AND MAINTAIN PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY AND PRIVATE DETECTIVE AGENCY
 Any Filipino citizen or corporation, association, partnership, one hundred percent of which is owned and controlled
by Filipino citizen.
 23

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE Republic Act 5487, as amended
 The Private Security Agency Law, approved on June 13, 1969.

2003 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 5487, as amended,

PNPSOSIA – Philippine National Police Supervisory Office for Security Investigation Agency – office under the Civil
Security Group which is charged with the supervision, direction and control of all security agencies in the Republic.

BASIC REQUIREMENT OF AN OPERATOR OR MANAGER OF SECURITY AGENCY

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Not be less than twenty five (25) years of age;
3. College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive service or retired from the AFP or PNP;
4. Has taken a course/seminar on Industrial Security Management and/or must have adequate training or experience in
security business,
4. Good moral character;
5. Having no previous record of conviction of crime or offense involving moral turpitude.

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY GUARD OR WATCHMAN

1. Filipino citizen;
2. High School graduate;
3. Physically and mentally fit;
4. At least eighteen (18) years of age but not more than fifty (50) years old;
5. Has undergone Pre-Licensing course or its equivalent.

Veterans and retired military/police personnel honorably discharge including graduates of ROTC advance (or its
equivalent in the PNP) are exempted from the required Basic-Licensing Training.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR SECURITY OFFICER

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Holder of a Baccalaureate Degree;
3. Physically and mentally fit;
4. Has graduated from a Security Officer Training Course or its equivalent

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY CONSULTANT

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of Masters degree either in Criminology, Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security Administration, or Law
4. Must have at least ten (10) years experience in the operation and management of security business.

PRIVATE DETECTIVE
Any person who does detective work for hire, reward or commission, other than members of the AFP, BJMP, PNP
or any other law enforcement agencies.

QUALIFICATIONS OF A PRIVATE DETECTIVE

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of baccalaureate degree, preferably Bachelor of Laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology;
4. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course offered by the PNP or NBI or any police training school, or a detective
training in any authorized/recognized training center;
5. Advance ROTC/CMT graduate or its equivalent

MORAL TURPITUDE – It is an act of baseness , vileness or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes to
his fellowmen, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between a man and
man. Conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of justice, honesty and good morals. Examples . Rape,
Forgery, Robbery

TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE

1. Company Guard Force – security force maintained and operated by any private company/corporation utilizing any of its
employees to watch secure and guard its establishment.
2. Security Agency service – security guard belonging to privately licensed agency (contractual basis);
3. Government Guard Forces –security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than military or
police.
Validity of Security Guard License – Three (3) years

POSSESSION OF FIREARMS
1. One (1) firearm for every two (2) security guards;
2. Private security agency/private detective agency/company security force/government security force shall not be allowed
to possess firearms in excess of five hundred (500) units.
3. Shotguns not higher than 12 gauge
4. Weapons with bores not bigger than cal .22 to include pistols and revolvers with bores bigger than cal .38

Exemptions: in areas where there is an upsurge of lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief PNP,
Regional Office or their authorized representative, they may be allowed to acquire, possess and use high powered
firearms.
 24

 Private Security Agency with Temporary License to Operate – for one hundred guards, an initial of at least
thirty licensed firearms.
 For with Regular License to Operate - for 200 hundred security guards, at least 70 pieces of licensed firearms.

NUMBERS OF SECURITY PERSONNEL TO BE MAINTAINED TO SECURE REGULAR LICENSE TO OPERATE

1. Private Security Agency – minimum of two hundred (200) licensed private security personnel and a maximum of one
thousand (1,000).
2. Company Guard Force/Private Detective Agency – minimum of thirty (30) and a maximum of One thousand (1,000)

LIMITATION IN THE CARRYING OF FIREARMS

1. No firearm shall be borne nor be in the possession of any private security personnel except when in actual performance
of duty, in the prescribed uniform, in the place and time so specified in the Duty Detail Order (DDO).
2. Shall be carried only within the compound of the establishment where he is assigned to guard.
3. While escorting big amount of cash or valuable outside of its jurisdiction or area of operation, private security agency
shall issue an appropriate Duty Detail Order to the security personnel concerned

Duty Detail Order (DDO) – is a written order/schedule issued by a superior officer usually the private security
agency/branch manager or operations officer assigning the performance of private security/detective services duties. DDO
for the purpose of post duties not requiring transport of firearms outside of the physical compound or property of a client or
client establishment shall be issued for not more than a thirty (30) days duration

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAINING AND ITS DURATION

1. Basic Security Guard Course (Pre-Licensing Course) – 150 hours;
2. Re-Training Course- 48 hours;
3. Security Officers Training Course – 300 hours
4. Basic Security Supervisory Course – 48 hours

LICENSE AND FEES

New applicants to operate shall be required to obtain a minimum capitalization of P1 Million with minimum bank
deposit of P500,000.00 in order to start its business operation. All Private Security Agencies must be registered at the
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC).

SURETY BOND
Agency with 1 -199 guards – P50,000.00
Agency with 200-499 guards – P100,000.00
Agency with 500-799 guards – P150,000.00
Agency with 800-1000 guards – P200,000.00

This bond shall answer for any valid and legal claims against the agency filed by aggrieved party.

 All Licenses to Operate have a validity of Two (2) years;

 All applications for renewal of License to operate (LTO) shall be filed at least sixty (60) days before the expiry date
of LTO;
 No application shall be approved unless a certification is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of
firearms of the agency are updated/renewed for at least one (1) year forthcoming during the validity of the renewed
LTO.
 PSA with 200-1000 guards – regular license to operate good for 2 years.
 New PSA – a temporary license to operate good for 1 year.
 PSA with temporary license to operate having posted 100 guards or more but less than 200 guards shall, upon
expiration of such license be issued extension period to operate good for 6 months. However, upon the expiration
of such 6 months extension, no additional extension shall be granted unless the PSA concern shall submit a
certification for the posting of at least additional 50 guards thereby making a total of 150 guards or more.
 PSA with extended temporary license, shall upon expiration of such license, but still fail to comply with the 200
guards requirement, be granted additional extension of another 6 months period to comply for the issuance of a
regular license to operate. Failure to comply shall serve as a basis for the issuance of a cease operation order
 License PSA with less than 100 guards shall not be renewed after 1 year of operation.
 PSA with cancelled/revoked license shall cease to operate, and with 7 days after having been duly notified of such
cease operation order, shall immediately deposit all its firearms with PNP Firearms and Explosives Division PNP-
FED).

Approval, Cancellation, Suspension of LTO

Chief PNP
-Approval of New Regular LTO
-Cancellation of Regular LTO
-Re-instatement of Regular LTO
-Suspension of Regular LTO

Director Civil Security Group

- Renewal of Regular LTO
- Approval of Temporary LTO
- Reversion of Regular to Temporary LTO
- Cancellation of Temporary LTO
- Suspension of Temporary LTO
 25

STOCKING OF AMMUNITION
1. Stocks of ammunition in the agency shall not exceed fifty (50) rounds of ammunition per unit of duly licensed firearms.
2. Individual issue to each security guard shall be limited to twenty five (25) rounds for every security guard.

REVOCATION OF LICENSE TO POSSESS FIREARM

1. Failure to submit any issued firearm for verification as required;
2. Carrying firearms by security personnel without appropriate Duty Detail Order;
3. When the firearm serial number has been duplicated on another firearm or using one firearms license for more than one
firearm other than those stipulated in the license;
4. Carrying of firearms outside of the place stated in the permit or in places prohibited under the law;
5. When the firearm was reported lost.

Note: Security Agency operator/manager/owner can put its own staffing pattern provided it is consistent with the provisions
of IRR of RA 5487.

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF SECURITY GUARD

1. Alertness – being watchful in spotting violator, a person, a vehicle or an incident;
2. Judgment – sound and good judgment to arrive at wise and timely decisions;
3. Confidence – faith in oneself and his abilities;
4. Physical Fitness – always in a condition to render effective service even under the most strenuous conditions;
5. Tactfulness – ability to deal with others successfully without offending;
6. Self Control – ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF A SECURITY GUARD

1. Enforce company rules and regulations;
2. Operate and enforce the personnel identification system;
3. Patrol and observe designated areas, perimeter, structures, installation;
4. Take into custody a person attempting or giving unauthorized access in restricted, limited and controlled areas
5. Check rooms, buildings, storage rooms of security interest and after working hours, check proper locking of doors and
gates.
6. Perform escort duties when required;
7. Respond to alarm signals or other indications suspicious activities and emergencies;
8. Safeguard equipment and material against sabotage, unauthorized access, loss, theft or damage;
9. At quickly in situations affecting the security of installation and personnel, to fire accidents, internal disorder, attempts to
commit criminal acts;
10. Control and regulate vehicle and personnel traffic within the compound as well as parking of vehicle;
11. Other duties that is necessary in the security guard function;

GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION OF SECURITY GUARD LICENSE

1. Assisting or protecting criminals during on or off duty status;
2. Providing confidential information to unauthorized person;
3. Posted security guard found drunk or drinking intoxicating liquor; and
4. Other similar acts

THEFT AND PILFERAGE

Theft – committed by any person, who with intent to gain but without violence, against, or intimidation of persons nor force
upon things shall take personal property of another without the latter consent.

THE CASUAL AND SYSTEMATIC PILFERER

1. Casual Pilferer – One who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has a little fear of
detection.
2. Systematic Pilferer – One who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies for
economic gain.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY – is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which prevent or
delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining information through the communication system. This includes:
a. Transmission Security – component of communications security which results from all measures designed to
protect transmission from interception.
b. Cryptographic Security – results from the provisions of technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
c. Physical Security – providing safeguards to equipment and material from access by unauthorized persons.

THREATS IN COMMUNICATION SECURITY

1. Wiretapping - is the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means.
2. Bugging – means to secretly listen to or record a conversation using a hidden electronic device.
3. Eavesdropping (unauthorized listening)- is the unauthorized real-time interception of a private communication, such as
a phone call, instant message, videoconference or fax transmission.  

DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY – Security involving the protection of documents and information from loss,
access by unauthorized persons
> prescribes the policies and establishes the standard basic procedures governing the classification and security of
official matter.

CLASSIFY – refers to the act of assigning to information or material one of the four security classification categories after
determination has been made that the information requires the security protection as provided for in the regulation;
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SECURITY CLEARANCE – Is an administrative determination that an individual is eligible from a security standpoint for
access to classified matter of a specific category;
COMPARTMENTATION – Refers to the grant of access to classified matter only to properly cleared persons when such
classified information is required in the performance of their official duties, and restricting it to specific physical confine
when feasible.

NEED TO KNOW – term given to the requirement that the dissemination of classified matters be limited strictly to those
persons whose official duties require knowledge thereof.

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968 (Security of Classified Matter in government offices)
1. TOP SECRET – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally grave
damage to the nation, politically, economically or militarily;
2. SECRET- any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause
serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental activity.
3. CONFIDENTIAL – any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would be prejudicial to the
interest or prestige of the nation or governmental activity or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted
injury.
4. RESTRICTED – any information and material which requires special protection other than those determined to be
Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret matters.

THREAT TO PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION

Competitive Intelligence – systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about competitor’s activities and
general business trends to further company’s goals.

Types of Competitive Intelligence

1. White – information available from company publication, public records or commercial reporting sources;
2. Gray – not readily available but which is usually can be obtained without acquiring any civil/criminal liability in the
process.
3. Black – obtained through clearly unethical or illegal means.

TYPES OF DOCUMENTS
Class I – Vital Document – This is an irreplaceable records , reproduction of which does not have the same value as the
original;
Class II – Important Document- This is a record, reproduction of which cause considerable expense and labor, or
considerable delay.
Class III – Useful Document – This is a record, the loss of which may cause inconvenience but could be readily replaced
and may not present insurmountable obstacle to the prompt restoration of the business;
Class IV- Non essential Document – This record may include daily files, routine in nature, lost of which will not affect the
organization.

PERSONNEL SECURITY
 refers to the procedure followed, inquiries conducted, and criteria applied to determine the work suitability of a
particular applicant or the retention of a particular employee.

PURPOSE OF PERSONNEL SECURITY

1. To ensure that hired employees are best suited to assist the organization in achieving its mission and vision;
2. To assist in providing the necessary security to the employees while they carry out their functions.

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION (PSI)

 It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals, and loyalty of an individual in order to
determine a person’s suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.

TYPES OF PSI
1. National Agency Check (NAC) – It consists of Local Agency Check supplemented by investigation of the records and
files of the following agencies: PNP, ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and other agencies.
2. Local Agency Check (LAC) – Refers to the investigation of the records and files of agency in the area of principal
residence of the individual being investigated like clearances from Mayor, Police, Prosecutor and Courts.

BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION (BI)

 It is an inquiry which aims to verify applicant’s information written at the applicants form, to ascertain his/her past
employment experiences and to obtain other information pertinent to the decision to employ.
 A check made on an individual usually seeking employment through subjects records in the police, educational
institutions, place of residence, and former employers.

Kinds of Background Investigation

1. Complete background Investigation (CBI) – a type of BI which is more comprehensive, particularly all the
circumstance of his personal life.
2. Partial Background Investigation (PBI) – Investigation of the background of the individual but limited only to some
circumstances of his personal life.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF BI

1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the Philippine government and its duly constitutional authorities;
2. Integrity – uprightness in character, soundness of moral principle, freedom from moral delinquencies.
3. Discretion – the ability or tendency to act or to decide with prudence, the habit of wise judgment;
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4. Morals – distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a person;
5. Character – the sum of traits that have been impresses by nature, education and habit upon the individual;
6. Reputation – opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what a person is reported to be whereas
character is what a person is.

SECURITY SURVEY – A fact finding probe to determine a plant’s adequacy in all aspects of security, with the
corresponding recommendations.
- Refers to checklist, audits, or inventories of security conditions.
- Security Surveys are often called ‘RISK ANALYSIS SURVEYS’ or ‘RISK ASESSMENT SURVEYS

Security Inspection
It is the process of conducting physical examination to determine compliance with establishment security policies
and procedures as a result of security survey.

SECURITY EDUCATION
It is defined as the exposure and teaching of employees on security and its relevance to their work. Security
education is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should cover all employees,
regardless of rank or position.

PERSONAL SECURITY – Protection of personnel especially ranking official from any harm, kidnap, and others act. VIP
security is type of personnel security;
POLICE SECURITY PROTECTION GROUP (PSPG) - is mandated by law to provide protective security to
government officials, foreign dignitaries, and private individuals authorized to be given protection and also provide physical
security to vital installations, and assist the Presidential Security Group (PSG) in securing the President and the members
of the First Family.
PROTECTIVE CUSTODY – state or quality of being secured or freed from danger. It may also includes the various
means or device designed to guard a persons and property against a broad range of security hazard.
THREAT – is an indication of something impending and usually undesirable or unpleasant, with an intention to
inflict evil, injury or damage on another, usually as retribution or punishment for something done or left undone. It is an
expression of an intention to inflict loss or harm on another by illegal means, and especially by involving coercion or duress
over the person or his welfare.
THREAT ASSESSMENT – the process of investigation/validating the truthfulness of the existence of threat to an
individual.
EMERGENCY SITUATION – condition or state that danger has already occurred which resulted to loss of
life/liberty and/or there is imminent danger or threat to life and property where delay will endanger or may cause the loss of
life/property.
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LEA 3: POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS WITH POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD

POLITEIA = Greek word, origin of the word “POLICE”.
= The Romans changed it to POLITIA and the French to POLICE and applied it to those persons who actually
enforce the law.

PATROUILLER = origin of the word “PATROL”, meaning rough by, to travel on foot.

OVERVIEW OF PATROL
1. Patrol is the only unit working round the clock.
2. Patrol is the working horse of the Police Department.
3. Patrol is the Backbone of Police Department.
4. Patrol is the Operational Heart of Police Organization in crime prevention.
5. Patrol is the Show Window of Police Department
6. Patrol is the center or focal point of all police activities.
7. Patrol is very vital to police organization because society cannot exist without people who will help maintain law and
order.

POLICE PERSONNEL DISTRIBUTION

Patrol force – an organization within an organization. It serves as the nucleus or focal point of the department. Functions
are distributed as follows:
1. Patrol Function = 50%
2. Criminal Investigation = 15%
3. Traffic Functions = 10%
4. Vice and Juvenile Related Functions = 10%
5. Administrative Functions = 10%
6. Auxiliary Functions = 5%

Manning Level of Patrol Force

The patrol unit must have the most number of personnel.
Rule of the Thumb – regarding manning level of any police department must be observed.
R.A. 6975 – standard manning level is 1:500, however, in extreme conditions, this may be stretched to maximum of 1:100.

FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCES

1. Police Hazard = situations or conditions that may induce incidents calling for some kind of police action.
= includes any person, place, thing, situation, condition possessing a high potential for criminal attack or for
creation of any other type of problem necessitating a demand for immediate police service.

KINDS OF POLICE HAZARDS

a. Persons = such as criminals, alcoholics, addicts, gamblers, prostitutes, drug peddlers, juvenile delinquents,
insane persons
b. Property = includes piers, warehouse, unoccupied dwellings, gambling joints, banks, pawnshops, drug dens,
gambling dens
c. Places = terminals, demonstrations, parks, bars, parades, conventions, political meetings, lodging houses,
schools, athletic events

FACTORS THAT CREATE HAZARDS

a. Deficient Visibility = resulting from inadequate illumination or obstruction of views
b. Insecurity of Premises = created by the absence of suitable locks, bars and gratings
c. Presence of Conditions of Things = poorly designed roadways, defects or obstruction in public spaces and
presence of combustibles

d. Presence of People = crowd offers opportunities for theft, loss of persons or things, fights and panics
e. Lack of regulation

2. Chronological Distribution = involves consideration of the nature and causes of crimes. Patrol officers should know
how crimes are committed, when and who commits them.

Crime Clock = signifies what time crime is often or frequently committed

Crime Map = location or place or crime prone areas wherein crime is frequently or often committed.
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3. Geographical Distribution = involves weighing categories of incidents and accounting the number of identifiable
hazards and street mileage.
4. Walking Beats = it involved determining man hours needed to cover the streets and alleys to inspect the police hazards
predominating the AOR.
5. Motor Patrol Distribution = involves determining the need to shift motor patrol units hour-by-hour at the area according
to where and when crime mostly likely to occur.

POST ASSIGNMENT
1. Regular Post = assigning members to regular/usual post which usually based on seniority.
2. Post Rotation = is the process of assigning members of patrol force from post to post

PREPARATIONS FOR PATROL OPERATIONS

1. General Preparation = attitude is the first and foremost preparation of patrol officer since he will be dealing with
different persons in the society. His value system must be in harmony with the objective of law enforcement and sense
of fair play.
2. Pre-Patrol Preparation – the police officer should be armed with knowledge and equipment. This can be done thru
fall-in formation in the headquarters, precincts or police blocks devoted to giving of assignments.
3. Vehicle Inspection – involves inspection of patrol vehicle to be used before going out on patrol
4. In-Field Preparation – this is made by having debriefing conference with the officer who is being relieved and who
has just spent the previous tour of duty.
5. District Orientation Tour – this involves familiarization of assigned area for patrolling upon arrival in the field.

STREET KNOWLEDGE
This refers to thorough geographical knowledge of the patrol area or an understanding of the character, fears,
concerns, problems and attitudes of the local residents

TERRITORIAL UNITS IN PATROL

1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty
2. Route – a length of street or streets designated for patrol purposes
3. Beat – area assigned for foot patrol purposes
4. Sector – area containing two or more beats, routes or posts

TYPES OF PATROL
1. Foot Patrol – it is the most expensive type of patrol in terms of human resources and most departments had reduced
their foot patrols to a minimum because of this. However, it does have certain advantages that warrant its continued use if
even on a limited basis.
Usually, foot patrol is used to secure two types of geographical units:
a. Post
b. Beat

Types of Foot Patrol

1. Fixed Foot Patrol – usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events.
2. Mobile Foot Patrol – used where there is considerable foot movement such as business and shopping center,
family dwellings and the like.
a. Line Beat Patrol – used in securing certain portion of the road.
b. Random Foot Patrol – used in checking residential buildings, business establishments, dark alley,
parking lots

Foot Patrol Procedures and Techniques

1. Don’t establish a set of patterns of patrol.
2. When checking doors for forced entry, use flashlight on or around the lock to see if there are noticeable jimmy
marks.
3. When an open door is found, NEVER ENTER ALONE.
4. At least once a night use the fire escapes to check the roof in the downtown area for possible ‘cut through”
burglaries as they are sometimes referred to.
5. Be alert for boxes that are being pilled up behind building, or ropes that are hanging down the sides of building, or
ladders that might have been used to gain access to a roof.
6. At nighttime, the foot patrol officer should occasionally step into alleys or store entrance, and get out of the light as
much as possible.
7. When patrolling at night, always approach each building with caution, always assume that a felon may be lurking
inside.
8. Know the personalities in the area, particularly wanted person, establishments which usually fall prey to armed
robbery and burglary.
9. Walk close to the curb during day time and close to the building during night time. The objective of patrolling during
night time is to be see by as few people as possible and to catch the criminals in the act.
10. Foot patrol must walk his best during all type of weather.
11. A foot patrol officer should never smoke while in uniform on the street, nor should chew gum.
12. The foot patrol officer should make a conscious effort to make friends on the beat.
13. Use all five senses while walking the beat.

Advantages of the Foot Patrol

1. The foot patrolman can provide immediate traffic control when it is needed.
2. More person-to-person contact can be made with the public.
3. The officer can actually get to know the physical layout of his beat better.
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4. He can also get to know the people in his beat better, and can develop criminal informants easier.
5. A foot officer can sneak up on situation, where a patrol car is easily noticed when it approaches.
6. By the use of a two-way radio, the officer can maintain communications with the department and the mobile unit.

Disadvantages of Foot Patrol

1. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage
2. Low response time to telephone complaints
3. It involves large numbers of personnel.

2. Automobile Patrol – is the most economical type of patrol and offers tactical ability when used in numbers. It is
considered as the most extensively used and most effective means of transportation for police patrol.

Features of State-of-the-Art Patrol Car

1. Vehicle-Mounted TV – high resolution video camera with wide angle lens
2. Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) – computer that allow officers in patrol cars to access files from NHQ and other Law
Enforcement agencies
3. High-Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan (HELP) – a heavy duty light that can provide 2 million candle power of light.

Automobile Patrol Techniques and Procedures

1. Check the police car thoroughly before leaving the garage.
2. Do not establish route patterns in patrolling.
3. Do not develop the habit of using the main roads, most criminal activity occurs at the back streets.
4. Do not spent too much time in drive-inns or coffee spots.
5. Always take note the plate number of suspicious vehicles.
6. Avoid driving too fast on general patrol except during emergencies in pursuing criminals. Maintain a cruising speed of
20-25kph.
7. Make it a habit to never leave the keys in the police car, even if it is just for a minute.
8. Since we are creators of habits, a police officer must make a habit to use the seat belt at all times.
9. Frequently get out of the car to be visible and accessible to the public.
10. Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or signboard to trap traffic violators, this may erode community confidence
11. Park the patrol car in legal manner unless, in case of emergency.
12. Patrol the district so that patrol car will be seen by the greatest number of people, frequently turning the corners and
covering the side streets as well as the main thoroughfares.
13. Whatever patrol pattern is used, do it in irregular and unpredictable manner.
14. When conducting solo patrol, frequent contact should be made with other units in the field.
15. When patrolling with a partner, divide the observation area inside the vehicle
a. Driving Officer – must cover 100% of his vision in front.
b. Passenger Officer – cover a field of view twice more than the driving officer. Take into consideration the safe
operation of patrol vehicle.
c. Driver and passenger officer must be alert for possible informants

CALLS ENCOUNTERED BY AUTOMOBILE PATROL

1. Routine Call – a call where mobile car is required to observed the traffic laws and does not normally used flashing lights
and siren while on its way to the scene of the crime
2. Urgent Call – the responding patrol car has to observed the traffic laws without need of using flashing lights and siren
but proceed directly to its destination without stopping enroute unless incident of far more serious occurs
3. Emergency Call – requires the use of flashing lights and siren except when there is an attempt to surprise the criminals
in the act.

Advantages of the Automobile Patrol

1. Where speed and mobility are needed such as in a large area that must be covered by few officers, the speed of
the automobile allow them to service the whole area and do so efficiently.
2. It is one of the best means of Preventive Enforcement.
3. It offers the officer protection.
4. It permits the officer to carry extra equipment.
5. The patrol car allows the police officer to have a partner when needed, and to transport one or several prisoners.
6. In the case of station wagons, which are becoming popular as patrol vehicles, they can be used to carry police
dogs on patrol and emergency ambulance during disaster.
7. Patrol cars can be used as barricades in roadblocks, and they offer a high degree of safety during high-speed
pursuits.

Disadvantages of Automobile Patrol

1. It diminishes personal contact with the public and sources of information
2. It hampers apprehension and surveillance operations

One Man Versus the Two Man Automobile Patrol

One Man Patrol Car
1. Having twice as many police cars on the street doubles the preventive enforcement.
2. When the officer is alone he devotes full attention to his driving and the beat rather than to the conversation with
his partner.
3. A one man alone developed self-reliance.
4. Personality clashes are reduced.
Two Man Patrol Car
1. A two-man patrol car provides the officer with a greater safety factor by doubling the firepower and the physical
protection.
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2. The mistakes that one-man make may be caught by his partner, and vice versa.
3. One officer does not have to drive a full eight hours, and he is therefore more rested and can do a better job.
4. Two pair of eyes is better than one.
5. One man can operate the radio while the other drives.
6. On the quiet night, the driver can have someone to talk to and help keep him awake.

3. Motorcycle Patrol – the two-wheeled motorcycle is quite adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades, escort duty and
congested areas because of its high mobility. Motorcycle Patrol is usually fielded in areas where banks and pawnshops
are concentrated.
It has the disadvantages of being used only in fair weather, of causing a greater number of accidents which are usually
quite serious, and in the long run costing the department almost as much as a patrol vehicle despite the apparent low first
cost.

4. Bicycle Patrol – it is considered as the simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation in patrol operation. Its
versatility makes it indispensable for covering crowded areas unreachable by automobile and motorcycle.

Advantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. It has the combine advantage of mobility and stealth
2. Inexpensive to operate
3. It can cover areas not accessible by motorcycle or patrol cars.
4. Effectively used by plainclothes officers on surveillance.
5. It is quiet in patrolling without alerting the criminal, thus the element of surprise is attained.
6. Found effective in combating theft, burglary, vandalism in residential areas, parks and shopping malls which difficult
to be covered by foot patrol.
7. Expedite the delivery of police assistance in congested areas.
8. Biking is a good form of exercise to maintain fine physique and good health.

Disadvantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. Transport of apprehended criminals is difficult.
2. There is limited chances of bringing equipment needed by patrol officers in patrolling.

5. Horse Patrol – Next to walking patrol, the horse patrol is one of the oldest types of patrol. It is useful in areas wherein
automobile or motorcycle is suitable for patrolling.
The following are some of the more common uses of the Horse patrol:
a. Park Patrol
b. Beach Patrol
c. Parade and Crowd Control

 Mounted officers can see three blocks away than on foot patrol

6. Marine or Boat Patrol – this is specialized type of patrol which is used in large bodies of water for the purpose of
controlling smuggling.
The recorded history of our earliest civilization indicates the use of tariffs. Where there are tariffs there is
smuggling, and the control of smuggling in any community near water necessitates the use of water patrol.

7. Air Patrol – a type of patrol using Helicopter or Fixed-Wing Aircraft. This is considered as the most economical type of
patrol in terms of human resources.

Advantages of Fixed-Air Wing Aircraft Patrol

1. Patrolling of long stretches of highway of inaccessible land.
2. Excellent of traffic control in long stretches of highways, for search and surveillance and other special missions.

Disadvantages of Fixed-Air Wing Aircraft Patrol

1. It has very little flexibility in congested areas.
2. Needs wide span of flat land for lift and landing.
3. Very expensive to procure and maintain.

Advantages of Helicopter Patrol

1. Improves response time to emergency calls foe service.
2. Increase apprehension of offenders.
3. Increase prevention of crime.
4. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through air borne information.
5. Increase ability in conducting roof searches for suspected felons.
6. Easier location of both lost and escaped persons.
7. More efficient rescue operations and emergency ambulance service.
8. A better system of floodlighting areas at night.
9. Information can be broadcast to large areas through airborne loudspeakers.
10. Able to travel at low speed, to hover if necessary, and to land in small patch of flat land.
11. Added security to patrol officers through “backup” offered by aerial patrol.
12.Possible use in fire fighting.
Disadvantages of helicopter Patrol
1. Bad weather will ground the helicopter.
2. Smog and light or intermittent clouds might affect vision.
3. This type of service requires special skills and training.
4. There is a danger from high wire, trees, and similar object.
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5. There can be difficulty of landing in urban areas.

7. Special facilities are required for housing and repairs.
8. Refueling problems.

8. Plain Clothes Patrol – this is particularly effective for “saturation drive coverage” of high crime areas. This allows police
officers to infiltrate the crime areas without alarming the criminals following the element of surprise.

9. Canine (K-9) Patrol or Dog Patrol – dog was first used by Egyptians in patrolling.
“A single K-9 team can complete building searches seven times faster than four officers working together.”
“Dog team can find hidden suspects 93 percent of the time, while human officers can only find hidden suspects 53
percent.”
“Dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human.”

BREEDS OF DOGS BEST SUITED FOR POLICE WORK

1. German Shepherd – high scoring dog, most frequently used for police work.
2. Black Labrador Retrievers
3. Giant Schnauzers
4. Rootweilers
5. Doberman Pinschers
6. Bouvers
7. Newfoundlands
8. Airedale Terriers
9. Alaskan Malamutes

Bloodhounds – is a large dog formerly used for tracking. It has sagging jaw, dropping ears and keen sense of smell.

Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System (WOLVES) – it is the system of attaching miniature camera
and transmitter to a search dog which makes the dog the eyes and ears of his handler.

10. Television Patrol – it is basically used for traffic control which originates in West Germany.
Television cameras are mounted in a weatherproof housing. They were equipped with Zoom lenses and were
remotely controlled by the operator at the control board who can adjust each camera to a panoramic view of 270
degrees. It makes possible to pick up the license of fleeing automobiles.

The Traditional Foot Patrol Pattern

1. Clockwise Patrol Pattern
The officer walk from one beat to another making sure that he stays on the left side and at the center or middle
portion of any street between adjoining beats. For every beat, the officer calls the station until the clockwise patter is
completed. Ideal for rectangular of square beat.
Usually conducted during the first hour of duty.

2. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern

The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of an area to be patrolled. Usually done during the
last hour of the tour of duty to ensure that nothing unusual happened in the AOR.

3. Zigzag or Free Wheeling Pattern

Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random but with definite target location where
he knows his presence is necessary.
It starts at one corner of the patrol area and work your way diagonally across it to the opposite corner

4. Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern

It is considered as Hazard Oriented Patrol.
In straightway pattern, it involves patrolling the length of the street, therefore, movement of officer is easy to
observe. On the other hand, criss-cross is almost similar with zigzag.
“In any patrol pattern, the relieving patrol officer shall make his first hourly call before starting his patrol duty.”
5. Cloverleaf (Cloverleaf Pattern) – a highway intersection designed to route traffic without interference, by means of
a system of curving ramps from one level to another, in the form of a 4-leaf clover

PATROL TACTICS AND STRATEGIES

I. The Psychology of Omnipresence
A crime prevention activity whereby of the police which is accomplished by making their presence known in such a
way that even if they are no longer present in a certain location, would be criminals still have the impression that they
are still around and would therefore refrain from committing crime
Psychology of omnipresence as an initial police strategy is to establish the aura of police presence in the
community through uniformed foot patrol and mobile (marked and equipped) patrol cars.
Patrol officer cannot detect the thinking or desire of the criminal, yet he can destroy the opportunity to commit a
crime by his presence, thus, it best for crime prevention.

Strategic Objectives:
a. High visibility police presence
b. Feeling of security for law abiding
c. Feeling of fear for would be criminal
d. Feeling of confidence for the public that police are constantly available

II. Proactive and Reactive Patrol

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1. Proactive Patrol – it is the deployment of patrol officers in their area with prescribe objectives and verifiable task for
the day.
- More economical alternative patrol system, it addresses crime at its very root before it can be developed into
felonious act.
2. Reactive Patrol – it involves going around the area of responsibility waiting for something to happen and to react
accordingly if something does happen

III. Crime Prevention and Crime Suppression

1. Crime Prevention – it involves recognition of crime risk and initiation of positive action to remove or reduce risk
- its objective is to eliminate or reduce the desire to commit crime
2. Crime Suppression – is the actual prevention of the commission of crime

IV. High and Low Visibility

Police Visibility – not just presence of patrol officer but actual presence which involves: 1) Physical Presence 2)
Patrolling Scheme 3) Response Time – is the running time of the dispatched patrol car from his position where the
assignment was received and the arrival at the scene (the ideal time is 5minutes)

*Critical Time – it is the time between the call of concerned individual to the police regarding crime incident and the arrival
at the scene of patrol officer.

1. High Visibility – it is accomplished by deploying uniformed patrol officers and marked patrol cars in the AOR with
the objective of increasing the “aura of police omnipresence”.

2. Low Visibility – a strategy wherein patrol officers are in civilian clothes or in unmarked patrol cars with the primary
purpose of increasing the apprehension of criminal engage in street crimes and deterrence of criminal activity as a
result of greater probability of apprehension.

V. Directed, Interactive and Aggressive Patrol

1. Directed Patrol Strategy – patrol activities designed by patrol officers are based on analysis of specific community
problems. The emphasis is on participative decision making and sophisticated methods of crime analysis.
2. Interactive Patrol Strategy – the emphasis in on police-citizen interaction wherein the community input is sought in
resolving patrol problems
3. Aggressive Patrol Strategy – the emphasis is on positive, target oriented activities which includes physical security
inspection. This is effective if the information regarding identifiable crime trends is based on crime analysis.

VI. Stop and Frisk

It involves stopping of person on the street whose behavior is suspicious, questioning them and frisking them for
concealed weapons. This heightens the effect of high visibility.

VII. Street Interview/Interrogation

It is an aspect of stop and frisk strategy where individuals of doubtful character are being questioned.

VIII. Decoy
Decoy means trap, bait or induce. This strategy involves disguise or deception which is specifically used in high
crimes areas by highly trained specialist rather that regular patrol officer.

Spot Check/Accosting
It is the brief stopping of an individual, whether on foot or in a vehicle, based on reasonable suspicion/probable
cause, for the purpose of determining the individual’s identity and resolving the officer’s suspicion concerning criminal
activity.

Reasonable Suspicion – acts that, within totality of the circumstances, lead an officer to reasonably suspect, or to have
probable cause to believe, that criminal activity has been, is being, or is about to be committed.

Pat-down Search
It is a “frisk” or external feeling of the outer garments of an individual for weapons only.

Police Checkpoint
It is a location where the search, which is duly authorized by the PNP, is conducted to deter/prevent the
commission of crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate purposes.
Composition
a. Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably an officer with the rank
of at least Police Inspector;
b. Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint;
c. Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in charge of communicating with the motorists subject for checkpoint;
d. Investigation Sub-team - in charge of investigation and documentation of possible incidents in the checkpoint to
include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report (TVR);
e. Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary;
f. Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security in the checkpoint area; and
g. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle.

Hasty Checkpoint
It is an immediate response to block the escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is also established
when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit operations. It is set up by police personnel conducting mobile
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patrol on board a marked police vehicle, or those conducting ISO and foot patrol operations within the vicinity/periphery of
the national or provincial highways.

Hot Pursuit (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) - (also termed in the US as fresh pursuit) shall mean an immediate, recent
chase or follow-up without material interval for the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted by virtue of a warrant,
or one suspected to have committed a recent offense while fleeing from one police jurisdictional boundary to another that
will normally require prior official inter-unit coordination but which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment, comply due to
the urgency of the situation.

High Risk Stop – is the actual stopping or accosting of armed and dangerous person or persons, aboard a vehicle or on
foot, including the power to use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.

High Risk Arrest – is the actual restraint of armed persons following a high-risk stop.

Pre-Determined Area – is the specific or projected spot where the armed and dangerous person or persons would pass or
likely to pass and so tactically located as to gain calculated advantage against said person or persons.

Stopping Zone - is the strategic predetermined area strongly sealed off, barricaded and occupied by tactical forces in a
lawful display of authority to maintain law and order or in defensive response to an event of criminal nature or of such
gravity that occurred or likely to occur calling for a high risk stop or arrest.

Dragnet Operation - is a police operation purposely to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime
scene to prevent their escape.

Public Assembly
It means any rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession or any other form of mass or concerted action held
in a public place for the purpose of presenting a lawful cause; or expressing an opinion to the general public on any
particular issue; or protesting or influencing any state of affairs whether political, economic or social; or petitioning the
government for redress of grievances.

Public Place – shall include any highway, boulevard, avenue, road, street, bridge or other thoroughfare, park, plaza,
square, and/or any open space of public ownership where the people are allowed access.
Freedom Park – shall mean the venue or place established or designated by local government units within their respective
jurisdictions where a public assembly could be held without securing any permit for such purpose from the local
government unit concerned.
Maximum Tolerance – means the highest degree of restraint that the police, military and other peace keeping authorities
shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.

INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS)

- PNP’s answer to the requirement of police visibility.
- PATROL means – Policemen Assigned To Reinforce Order in the Locality
- best way of immersing policemen in various activities
- provides a symbiotic relationship between the police and the community which would eventually draw active
support and cooperation of the populace.

THREE COMPONENTS OF IPS

1. Fixed Components – these are different stations, precincts, police visibility points, traffic posts and headquarters
a. Station Desk – serves as the 3 C’s of police force: Communication; Coordinating; Center/Command Post
Situation/Locator Map – capable of providing visual IPS situation which shows the AOR, Real Time Current
Situation and Real Time Status of the IPS
b. PCP – headed by PCO with a rank of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a minimum of 30 personnel
including the Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty.

2. Patrol Components – include line beat, mobile patrol, motorcycle, bicycle, air patrol and detective repressive patrol
a. Police Beats – consist of identifiable boundaries within the AOR where an officer can conduct patrol. Police
Beats identification:
PBs for NCR
- Identifiable by a 5 digit number. 1st digit refers to the numerical assigned to the district
- 2nd refers to the number assigned to each of the city/municipality within the district
- 3rd digit refers to the number assigned to particular PCP
- 4th and 5th digits refer to the numbers assigned to particular beat

PBs for Regional Officers

- Identifiable by a 7 digit number
- First 2 digits refer to the number of the region
- 3rd digit refer to the number assigned to a particular province within the region
- 4th digit refers to the PCPs
- 5th and 6th refer to the beat

b. Mobile Patrol – similar with mobile patrol discussed

c. Detective Beat System – contiguous area where a team of police investigators is assigned with a specific task of
conducting follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals and other requests with the end in view of full
compliance and/or filing of case
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DETECTIVE BEAT SYSTEM (DBS) – one of the concrete responses of PNP in reinventing the field of investigation.
- it is concerned with crime solution and detectives are charged with total investigation responsibility

POLICE BEAT – is concerned with crime prevention

- the patrol officers usually respond to crime incidents for arrest, protection of crime scene until detectives arrive to
investigate.

COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING SYSTEM

In Japan, they have operationalized and even institutionalized it through the Koban or Police Box System.

In Singapore, they are wielding it through the Neighborhood Police Post.

In the United States about 60 % of the police departments are implementing it through Community
Oriented Policing/Problem Oriented Policing COP/POP.

In Canada and several countries in Europe and other parts of the world, they are into it also.
 36

LEA 4: POLICE INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE

 In Military Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and
interpretation of all available information which may have immediate or potential significance to the development
and execution of plan, policies and programs of the user.
 
 In Police Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of criminals and other law violators for the purpose
of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crimes.

HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Numbers 13:17-32, Old Testament (Holy Bible) = Moses sent twelve (12) scouts to the land of Canaan where he directed
them to spy the land, the people and their location and the nature of their living.

Rahab – known as the “Harlot of Jericho” who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel. Made a covenant with the
agents and duped their pursuers.

Delilah – an impromptu philistine agent. Used her sex to gain information that lead to the location of the largest effective
forces of the enemy.

Sun tzu – a Chinese philosopher takes a more practical view in intelligence history. According to him, what is called
foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, nor from gods. It must be obtained from men who knew the enemy situation.
Sun –tzu wrote a book entitled “the Art of War” which is the favorite book of the late Communist leader Mao Tse Tung.

Alexander the Great – when Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, there were rumors of disaffection growing
among his allies and mercenaries. He sought the truth and got it by simplest expedient. He devised the first letter sorting
and opening to obtain information. (modern day mail censorship for prisoners)

General Romano Sertorius – (Quintus Sertorius of Rome) The Roman commander in Spain who possessed a white fawn
and allowed it to become widely known that he derived both secrets and guidance from its fawn. His allies also believed
that he can communicate with animals.

Akbar – known as the “Great Mogul” master of Hindustan who employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of
bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it.

Genghis Khan – known as the “Great Mongol”. A leader of the so-called “Mongol Conquererors” who used effective
propaganda machine by spreading rumors of mongol terror. The Leaders usually disguise as Merchants

The Renaissance Period

Sir Francis Walsingham – protector of Queen Elizabeth I. he utilizes students as his agents. He gave the England its first
National Secret Service. Regarded as the First Great Spymaster.
He employed spies on the staff of the Spanish army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish army as to
their strength and weaknesses.

Armand Jean du Plessis (Richelieu) – became a Cardinal and Chief or prime minister of King Louis XIII. Cardinal
Richelieu became the most powerful in France.
 
Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military intelligence organization.

Napoleon Bonaparte – “one spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field”. Organized two bureaus:
1. The bureau of intelligence – consolidate all incoming information regarding the enemy to obtain information.
2. The topographical bureau – maintains a large map, which covers the latest information regarding both enemy and
friendly forces.

Frederick the Great – known as the father of organized military espionage. He divided his agents into four classes:
1. Common spies – recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small sum or to accommodate a military officer.
2. Double spies – the law enforcers and unreliable renegades of value. Chiefly in spreading false information to the
enemy.
3. Spies of consequences – couriers and noblemen, invariable requiring a substantial bribes or bait.
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4. Forced Spies – Persons who are forced to undertake espionage against his will

Hannibal – considered one of the brilliant military strategies in history. He had developed an effective intelligence system
for 15 years in Rome, and he usually roam around the city often disguised as a beggar to gather first-hand information.

Julius Caesar – during his time, his staff of each legion includes ten “speculators” who served as an information collecting
agency. The speculators were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in a military organization.

George Washington – served as the Grand Master in intelligence who mobilized the free masons of the colonies at the
outbreak of the American war of independence.

Karl Schulmeister – Renowned as "Napoleon's Eye". He was credited for establishing counter intelligence conducted
against spies. He is a master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital information pertaining to the personality and
identify of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th Century.

Alfred Redl – brilliant intelligence agent although a homosexual. Become chief of the Austro Hungarian Secret Service,
but in fact a double agent of Russia. In 1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced to commit suicide.
His treason lead to the death of 500,000 agents and soldiers combine in 13 years of espionage service.

Wilhelm Johann Karl Eduard Steiber – Known as the Prussia's "King of Sleuthhounds" as minister of police he studied
the use of propaganda and censorship as well as utilizing statistical intelligence accounting. Steiber's thorough
organization and ruthless, his sinister innovations and cold, calculating manipulation of human weakness made him the
spymaster who most shape the course of the 20th century espionage.
 
William "Wild Bill" Donovan –Headed the Office of Strategic Service (OSS), the immediate forerunner of the Central
Intelligence Agency, a lawyer and millionaire Republican, Donovan enjoyed Roosevelt's trust, friendship, and most crucial
of all direct access to the inner sanctums of the White House. His jovial outgoing personality and his upper class social
background played a considerable part in setting overall tone and style of "THE COMPANY"

Herbert Yardley – Head of MI-8, The forerunner of the Top Secret National Security Administration a.k.a Black Chamber,
a Cryptanalytic Organization.

Battle of Midway – In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by the Americans was
due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto – April 1943, the Cryptoanalyst of the U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence intercepted a
top secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral. En route ha was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles of
Baungainville.

King Edward I – King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Witch and Ward. By Royal
proclamation, the profession “State Informer” was created in 1734 enjoining all informers to expose criminal activities and
be compensated.

Joseph Fouche – The French statesman (1759-1820) served as minister of police under Napoleon and was influential in
the return of Louis XVIII to the throne in 1815.
He rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence director in French history. He founded the system
spying against spy which later know as counter-espionage

JOSEPH PETROSINO – member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of the Italian Squad.
Through extensive intelligence network, he is credited to smash the Black Society.

Frey Tomas de Toquemada – Master Planner. Conducted espionage during the 15 th century under the inquisition wherein
purging and ecclesiastical cleansing was undertaken to fortify and solidify the church

Sir Samuel Luke

Chief Scout of Oliver Cromwell who was able to dethrone King Charles I in British Civil War of 1640's. Sir Samuel
Luke was said to be industrious in snooping on the enemy.
 
Sir Arthur Wellesly – Duke of Wellington, who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. Regarded as the "Greatest
Military Spymaster at All Time". He live by the motto; "All the business of war is to find out what you don’t know by what
you do." He always studied the enemy in depth, finding out not only where the opposing army was and how strong it was,
but the character of it's commander, the spirit and training of its troops, their battle experience, and how they were supplied
with arms and rations. He also studied and mapped the roads, rivers and topography of the war theatre.

V2 Rackets – OSS agents working in conjunction with the British Intelligence, through penetration and technical
intelligence discovered Pneumundo, which was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi Germany.

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – The agency was created under the US National Security Act of 1947 a.k.a.
Public Law 110 established by the late President Truman in January 1946.The CIA is under the National Security Council.
The First Director of the Agency was Rear Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter. It is called THE COMPANY.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of
Justice. It becomes what is known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1942.
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The Committee for State Security – Russia – The intelligence agency known as the KGB – Komitet Gosudarstvennoy
Bezopasnosti (KGB)

The British Secret Service (BSS – MI5/MI6) – established in 1909 as an internal departments under the control of Secret
Service Bureau. It is now known as Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)

The Mossad – (Ha-mosad le modiin u-letafquidim meyuhadim) – The agency’s motto is found in “Proverbs XI, 14” Where
no counsel is, the people fall, but in the multitude of counselors there is safety. Mossad has two branches namely:
1. Aman – Military Intelligence (Israels Defense Forces)
2. Shabak – General Security Service (Internal Security
Shabak is from the word “shin bet” that means a defender who shall not be seen. Reuven Shiloah was the First Director
of MOSSAD.

NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY (PHILIPPINES) – the intelligence agency in the Philippines
under the Office of the National Security Adviser

INFORMATION
Refers to all evaluated materials of every description including those derived from observation, reports, rumors,
imagery, and other sources from which intelligence is produced.

Two General Classifications of Sources of Information:

1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming from open sources.
 Enemy Activities
 POW
 Captured Documents
 Map
 Weather Forecast, Studies, Reports
 Agencies

2. Close Sources – 1% of information from close sources.

Close/Covert Method
a. Surveillance
b. Casing
c. Elicitation
d. Surreptitious Entry
e. Employment of Technical Means
f. Bugging and Tapping Devices
g. Tactical Interrogation
h. Observation and Description

PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INTELLIGENCE

Informant Net – a controlled group of people who work through the direction of the agent handler
Informant – persons who give information to the police voluntarily
Informer – persons who give information for reward or price

TYPES OF INFORMANTS
1. Confidential Informant – an informant who gives information to the police pertaining to the underworld about organized
criminals with the understanding that his identity will be protected.
2. Anonymous Informant – those who gives information through telephone with the hope that the informant cannot be
identified.
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a witness to a certain act. 
4. Special Informant – those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded a special
treatment by the operatives (ex. Teachers, businessman)

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

Intelligence Cycle – the process through which intelligence is obtained, produced and made available to users.

PHASE I – Planning the Collection Effort – it involves the determination of the requirements of intelligence operation

1. Determination of Requirements
a. Enemy capabilities, including time, place, strength, or other details
b. Enemy vulnerabilities, including nature, extent, performance and other details
c. Enemy order of battle and factors
d. Terrain, including natural and artificial obstacles
e. Weather
f. Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent headquarters

2. Determination of the Essential Elements of Information

Essential Element of Information – an item of information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy
which the commander feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.

3. Establishment of Priorities
Priorities – reflect the criticality of the need for the particular information. No formula exists which can automatically
determine priorities. Such determination is a matter of judgment.
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PHASE II – Collection of Information

a. Determine collecting agency
b. Send orders or request
c. Supervise collection efforts
d. Use tools or technique in collection
e. Ensure timely collection

Factors in Choosing Collection Agents

1. Capability – agent’s placement or access to the target
2. Multiplicity – more agents
3. Balance – the number of agents needed in the operation

PHASE III – Processing the Collected Information

1. Recording – is the reduction of information into writing or some other form of graphical representation and the arranging
of this information into groups related items.
2. Evaluation – is the determination of the pertinence of the information to the operation, reliability of the source of or
agency and the accuracy of the information.

Evaluation to Determine
a. Pertinence – does it holds some value to current operation
is it needed immediately
b. Reliability – judging the source of information or agency
c. Credibility – truth of information

Judging Credibility
a. It is possible for the reported fact or event to have taken place?
b. Is the report consistent within itself?
c. Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information from different sources or agencies?
d. If the report does not agree with information from other sources which one is more likely to be true?

3. Interpretation – it is the determination of the meaning and significance of the information relative to the information and
intelligence already known and drawing deductions about probable meaning of the evaluated information.
a. Assessment – shifting and isolating those elements that have significance in the light of the mission or objective
b. Integration – combining the elements isolated in analysis and known information to form a logical picture or
theory
c. Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the theory developed, tested and considered valid in
determination of efffort and meaning of the information

EVALUATION RATING
Reliability of Information Accuracy of Information Sources of Information

A – Completely Reliable 1 – Confirmed By Other T-Direct observation by a commander of a unit

Sources
B – Usually Reliable 2 – Probably True U-Report by a penetration or resident agent
C - Fairly Reliable 3 – Possibly True V-Report by an AFP trooper or PNP personnel in
encounter or operation
D – Not Usually Reliable 4 – Doubtfully True W-Interrogation of a captured enemy agent or
foreigner
E – Unreliable 5 – Improbable X-Observation by a government or civilian
employee or official
F – Reliability Cannot Be 6 – Truth Cannot Be Judged Y-Observation by a member of populace
Judged Z-Documentary

PHASE IV – Dissemination and Use of Information

1. Timeliness – intelligence must reach the users on time to be of value.
2. Propriety – the message must be clear, concise and complete and must be in the proper form for the receiver to be
readily understandable

TOOLS FOR RECORDING INTELLIGENCE

1. Intelligence Journal – permanent official chronological record of the operations of the intelligence section, unit or
agency. Includes all incoming and outgoing messages
2. Intelligence Workbook – a device that provides a means of systematic arrangement of information by type or subject
for particular topic are group together
3. Situation Map – graphic representation of the current enemy situationm

Functional Classifications of Police Intelligence

1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and
prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives and properties.
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Fields of Police Intelligence

1. Strategic Intelligence – knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and vulnerabilities of a foreign nation, which is required
by the National Planners for the formulation of an adequate National Defense in peace and forms the basis for, projected
military operations in time of war.

Components of Strategic Intelligence

a. Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and Foreign affairs and relation of government operations;
1. Basic Principles of the Government
2. Government Structures
3. Public Order and Safety
4. Subversion
5. Intelligence and Security Organization
b. Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and utilization of Natural and Human resources to the industrial potential
of the Nations.
c. Transportation and Telecommunication Intelligence – concerned with the operations and facilities not only the
Military but also the Civilians.
d. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups of people.
1. Population and Manpower
2. Characteristics of the People
3. Public Opinion – attitudes of the majority of the people towards matters of public policy.
4. Education – based on literacy rate
e. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual personalities who have actual possession of power.
f. Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the Nation.
1. Position of the Armed Forces – constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual role.
2. Organization and structure and territorial disposition
3. Military Manpower Recruitment
4. Order of Battle
g. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as well as man made features of the physical environment of man
considered from the point in view of military operations.
1. Location – military and economic importance
2. Size – measurement of which a nation can exchange space or time during war.
3. Shape
4. Weather and Climate
h. Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of the research and development as it affects the economic and
military potential of a nation.

2. Line Intelligence (Tactical and Combat) – is the intelligence required by the commander to provide for planning and
conduct of tactical operation.

- Knowledge of the People, Weather, Enemy, and Terrain (PWET) – used in planning and conducting tactical and
administrative operation in a counter insurgency.

What are the Intelligence Information to be Determined in Line Intelligence?

 People
a. living condition of the people
b. sources of income
c. education of the people
d. government livelihood of the people
e. extent of enemy influence to the people

 Weather
a. visibility
b. cloudy
c. temperature
d. precipitation(rain)
e. wind

 Enemy
a. location of the enemy
b. strength of the enemy
c. disposition
d. tactical capability
e. enemy vulnerability

 Terrain
a. relief and drainage system
b. vegetation
c. surface material
d. man made features

3. Counterintelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile
foreign activities and the protection of information against espionage, subversion and sabotage.

Two General Types of Counterintelligence

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1. Passive Measures – are those measures, which seek to conceal information from the enemy.
2. Active Measures – are those measures, which seek actively to block the enemies’ effort to gain information or engage
in espionage, subversion, and sabotage.

Counterintelligence Investigation
 is an activity which constitutes the value of the counterintelligence workload, worldwide and includes specific
investigation of individual and incidence, which for the most part are conducted in an overt but discreet manner.

Three Categories of Counterintelligence Measures

1. Denial Measures – secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage and concealment, communication security,
military censorship, counter reconnaissance effort
2. Detection Measures – secuiry tag or pass card, challenge or password, reconnaissance
3. Deception Measures – ruse – use of escape and evasion, dummy position, fabricated information

COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

Cover – the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true nature of its acts and/or existence from
the observer
Cover Story – a biographic account, true or fictitious that will portray the personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario
to cover up the operation.

TYPES OF COVER
1. Natural Cover – using actual or true background
2. Artificial Cover – cover using biographical data adopted for such purpose
3. Cover Within a Cover – use of secondary cover in case of compromise for justification of existence
4. Multiple Cover – any cover wished

FUNCTIONS OF COVER
1. Offensive – gives access to the target and facilitates the achievement of clandestine objective
2. Defensive – serves to prevent detection

UNDERCOVER OPERATION – an investigative technique in which the agent conceal his official identity to obtain
information from the target organization

TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT

1. Dwelling – one in which the agent establishes residence in or near the dwelling which houses the subject
2. Work Assignment – places the undercover agent in a type of employment where he can observe the activities of the
target
3. Social Assignment – requires to frequent places of entertainment and amusement known to be habitually visited by the
target
4. Multiple Assignment – agent is given the task of covering two or more of the above specific assignments
simultaneously
5. Personal Contact Assignment or Rope Job – agent is required to develop friendship and trust with the target for
purposes of obtaining information or evidence

CONTROL
 is the authority to direct the agent to carry out task or requirement on behalf of the clandestine organization in an
acceptable manner and security

TWO CATEGORIES OF CONTROL

1. Positive Control – characterized by professionalism and rapport like agent motivation or psychological control
2. Negative Control – characterized by threat which includes:
a. Disciplinary Action – includes verbal reprimand for poor performance or insecure actions of withholding certain
rewards, reduction of agents, salary or threat of terminating professional relationship
b. Escrow Account – control of agent by putting his salary in a bank to be withdrawn only after a fulfillment of a
condition
c. Blackmail

PROCURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGENT

1. Agent in Place – agent who has been recruited by an intelligence service within a highly sensitive target, who is just
beginning a career or have been long or insider
2. Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been captured, turned around as an agent of his captor
3. Expandable agent – agent whom false information is leaked to the enemy
4. Penetration Agent – agent who reached the enemy gets information and manage to get back alive
5. Agent of Influence – agent who uses influence to gain information
6. Agent of Provocation – agent who provoke the enemy to get information

SURVEILLANCE
It is a form of clandestine investigation which consists of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical
observation in order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to an investigation

Important Terms
Surveillant
 person conducting the surveillance
Subject
 a party under observation or surveillance
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Stakeout
 the surveillant remains in one or fixed position or locale. Also called Plant or Fixed Surveillanmce
Convoy
 a countermeasure to detect or elude surveillance
Decoy
 a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy whenever surveillance is burned out
Drop
 any convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police undercover man meet his action agent for debriefing
or reporting purposes
Contact
 any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under observation and identifies the observer
Mustard Plaster
 the subject is followed so closely that surveillant and subject are almost in lock step.. It is tantamount to protective
custody
Tailgaiting
 open surveillance in which the subeject’s vehicle is closely followed
Tailing or Shadowing
 surveillance of person
Casing or Reconnaissance
 surveillance of place
Roping
 surveillance of events, activities or other things

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

According to Intensity
1. Covert or Discreet – a type of surveillance operation in which the subject is not aware that he is being observed in
order to obtain information.
2. Overt, Open or Rough – a surveillance operation with little or no attempt of concealment. The subject is most
likely aware that he is followed. This type is usually applied for purposes of protecting the subject.
3. Close or Tight – in this type the subject is unaware that he is being followed and the aim is not to lose the subject
even at the risk of being detected.

According to Method of Operation

1. Stake-out or Stationary – the surveillant is in fixed position which involves watching a fixed establishment,
warehouse or clandestine laboratory.
2. Tailing or Shadowing – this involves following the subject from place to place to maintain continuous observation.
3. Technical Surveillance – this type involves the utilization of electronic gadgets, equipments or systems.

CASING OR RECONNAISANCE
Casing is the term used in the police organization while reconnaissance is the term used in the military. It is the
visual inspection of an area, installation or building to determine its suitability for operational activities.

TWO TYPES OF CASING

1. Exterior Casing – observation of the whole area, building or installation, possible exits and approaches and the type
vicinity
2. Interior – close observation of the layout of the building. Includes item that can be observed a building which are of
intelligence value

Methods of Casing
1. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method and will produce the most information
2. Map Reconnaissance – it may not be sufficient but may produce a certain amount of information
3. Research – sometimes additional info can be gathered through research
4. Prior Information – information from records of file
5. Hearsay – info usually gain by operating personnel

METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE

a. One man –extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable keep subject in view at all times.
b. Two man – two agents are employed to follow the subject.
c. ABC method – reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security agents detection.
d. Progressive/Leap frog method – poor chances of obtaining good results, agents are stations at a fixed point
assuming that subject followed the same general route each day.
e. Combined foot-auto surveillance – employment of surveillants on foot and agents in an automobile.

How to detect foot surveillance?

A subject who is suspicious of being under surveillance may resort to trickery in order to verify his suspicion.
When a subject resort to such trickery, it is good policy to change agents, for the suspect may have ‘spotted’ one or more
of his surveillants.
a. stopping abruptly and look back
b. casually looking around
c. reversing course/retracing steps
d. boarding bus and alighting just before they start
e. riding short distance on bus
f. circling the block on a taxi
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g. entering a building and leaving immediately via another exit

h. stopping abruptly after turning a corner
i. using convoys
j. watching reflection in shop windows
k. walking slowly and rapidly at alternate intervals
l. dropping a piece of papers to see if anyone retrieves it
m. stopping to tie a shoe string, meanwhile looking around for surveillants
n. arranging with a friend in a shop, stores or other places to watch for surveillants.

How to elude foot surveillance?

Common method to elude foot surveillance in which surveillants must be prepared and guard against are the
following:
a. jumping off a bus, trains just as the doors are about to close
b. leaving a building through the rear or side exits
c. losing one self in crowds
d. entering theaters and leaving immediately through an exit
e. pointing out one surveillant to a police to a generally require the agent to explain his action
f. using decoys
g. taking the last taxi at a stand
h. changing clothing

AUTOMOBILE SURVEILLANCE
The methods of auto surveillance to be used depends upon the numbers and type of surveillance vehicles
available, the volume of vehicular traffic in the area, the importance of concealing the surveillance from the subject, and the
subject’s estimated ability to detect and elude surveillance. At all times each vehicle should be occupied by at least two
agents; one to concentrate on driving, and the other to observe, take notes, operate radio equipment, or to dismount and
continue the surveillance on foot.

How to detect automobile surveillance

As in the case of foot surveillance, a subject who believes he is being followed may resort to trickery in order to
verify his suspicions. Some of the common tricks employed:
a. Alternate fast and slow driving
b. Driving into dead-end streets
c. Frequency parking
d. Committing flagrant traffic on one way streets, and running through red lights
e. Stopping suddenly around curves or corners
f. Pulling into driveways
g. Speeding up a hill, then coasting slowly down

How to elude automobile surveillance

a. Committing traffic violations
b. Using double entrances to driveways; in one and out the other
c. Curbing through parking lots
d. Driving through congested areas
e. Deserting the vehicle behind curves or corners, but permitting the drivers to drive on as a decoy.

ELICITATION
 A system in which information of value is obtained through the process of direct communication in which one or
more of the parties is unaware of the specific purpose of the conversation.

ORDER OF BATTLE INTELLIGENCE (ORBAT)

 is the identification of strength, command structure and disposition of the personnel, units and equipment of any
threat force.

CRYPTOGRAPHY
 the art and science of code and ciphers. It is done through the use of telephone scrambler or technically speaking,
Speech Inverter where speech frequencies are divided to produce a scrambling speech when intercepted.

Cryptographer – person skilled in converting messages from clear to unintelligible forms by the use of codes and ciphers.
Also known as Coder, Encrypter or Code Clerk.

Crypto-Analyst
 one who break intercepted codes

Coding
 changing of message from plain clear text to unintelligible form. Also known as Encrypting.

Decoding
 transforming of coded message into plain text. Also known as Decrypting.
 44

LEA 5: POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORDS MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT

Management pertains to the utilization of available resources in an organization to achieve its organizational
objectives. It also refers to the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in order to
achieve a desired goal. It is concerned in placing the right people on the right job and in maintaining a satisfied work force.

ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT

1. Authority – is the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions within an
organizational hierarchy. A particular position within an organization carries the same regardless of who occupies
that position.

SOURCES OF MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

1. Law
2. Tradition
3. Delegation 

2. Responsibility – means that the management shall be held accountable for whatever result that may arise in the
exercise of authority. Thus, responsibility limits the exercise of one’s authority.

Command Responsibility
 is the doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with management and leadership
functions.

ADMINISTRATION
- is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency. It connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision making and maintenance
of the internal status quo.

MANAGEMENT OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

1. PLANNING - refers to the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained.

2. ORGANIZING - involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as well as the resource of an
organization to achieve pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization.

3. DIRECTING - involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various activities in an
organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization.

4. STAFFING - the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the right men for the right job. It involves
good selection and processing of reliable and well-trained personnel.

5. CONTROLLING - involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work performance and comparing it with
planned goals or objectives of the organization, and making the necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished
as planned.

6. REPORTING - the making of detailed account of activities, work progress, investigations and unusual in order to keep
everyone informed or what is going on.

7. BUDGETING - the forecasting in detail of the results of an officially recognized program of operations based on the
highest reasonable expectations of operating efficiency.

FUNCTIONS OF POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

1. Police Personnel Planning – study of the labor supply of jobs which are composed of the demands for employees in an
organization to determine future personnel requirements which either increase or decrease.

2. Police Recruitment – is the process of encouraging police applicant form outside an organization to seek employment
in an organization. It consists of developing a recruitment plan, recruitment strategy and maintaining a list of qualified
applicants.
 45

3. Police Screening/Selection – the process of determining the most qualified police applicant for a given position in the
police organization.

4. Police Placement – the process of making police officers adjusted and knowledgeable in a new job and/or working
environment.

5. Police Training and Development – refers to any method used to improve the attitude, knowledge and skill or behavior
pattern of an employee for adequate performance of a given job. 

6. Police Appraisal – process of measuring the performance of people in achieving goals and objectives. Also known as
Performance Evaluation System

7. Police Compensation – constitute the largest single expenditure for most organizations

RECRUITMENT
- the process of attracting candidates who have minimum qualifications to be eligible for selection procedure. It
is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the
organization.

SELECTION
- the process of screening out or eliminating undesirable applicants who do not meet the organization’s criteria.

In the Philippine National Police, the recruitment and selection of applicants who will be appointed to the police
service is the responsibility of the Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM). DPRM is tasked in the
management of PNP uniformed and non-uniformed personnel as individuals, manpower procurement and control and in
the records management of the organization.

POLICE RECORDS MANAGEMENT

THE CONCEPT OF RECORDS MANAGEMENT

Records are the memory of the company or the organization. They are vital and considered the working tools in
decision-making for both administration and operation of business. No organization will exist without its records, because it
provides not only the history of the organization but also contains information necessary for future actions and decisions on
which the progress of the company or organization depends.

The PNP-DPRM by virtue of R.A. 6975 ensures the proper management and care of police records.

Record refers to the information whether in its original form or otherwise including documents, signatures, seals,
texts, images, sounds, speeches or data compiled, recorded or stored, as the case may be:
1. in written form on any material;
2. on film, negative, tape or other medium so as to be capable of being reproduced; or
3. any means of recording device or process, computer or other electronic device or process.

Record Management
- refers to the managerial activities involved with respect to the record creation, record maintenance, and use,
transmission, retention, and record disposition in order to achieve adequate and proper documentation of policies and
transactions of government for its efficient, effective and economical operation.

Cardinal Principles of Records Management

1. A record that is misplaced or misfiled is as good as lost.
2. No record that is subject to a pending audit should be destroyed, regardless of the published destruction schedule.
3. Active records are to be kept in offices during their useful life. Inactive records are to be transferred to some type of
archives or destroyed according to the record retention schedule.
4. Records should be grouped according to the retention value and functions.
5. Information is not tangible (not real or true) until it is represented as data or recorded in a document.

Avoiding of losing/misplacing of records:

1. Only authorized personnel should have access to the files or records.
2. Maintain a record book for borrowers.
3. File all records properly.
4. Store records in a safe place.
5. Conduct periodic inspection and inventory.
6. Report immediately to your superior any missing or lost records.

RECORDS CYCLE
- also known as “birth-through-death cycle”
- the life span of records from creation to final disposition:

1. Birth or Creation – the period during which the record is created or comes into existence.

2. Records Maintenance and Use refers to the period when the records serve its purpose:  
a. Active Life – during which the record is maintained, used and controlled
 46

b. Inactive Life – the time when the record is very rarely or no longer referred to and must be transferred to a
cheaper place. These records have already served their purpose but must be kept for legal requirement or
other compelling reasons.

3. Classification – records are classified for filing purposes.  

4. Storage – refers to the filing of records according to classification.
5. Retrieval – the act of taking out of record from the storage for reference purposes.
6. Purging or Retention – the act of determining if the record is for retention or ready for disposal.
7. Transfer – the process of moving the record from one storage to another.  
8. Archival Storage or Records Disposition – the systematic transfer of non-current records from the office to any
storage area or archives for long term storage, the identification of preservation of permanent records and the
destruction of valueless records.

CLASSIFICATION OF RECORDS
A. According to Period of Retention:
1. Permanent Record – to be kept for not less than ten (10) years
2. Semi-Permanent – to be kept for five (5) years
3. Temporary – no specified period but usually less than (5) years.

B. According to Importance or Essentiality:

1. Vital Records – are records that are irreplaceable, but can be reproduced.
2. Important Records – records that can be reproduced after considerable delay.
3. Useful Records – records that would cause inconvenience if lost but could be readily replaced.
4. Non-essential Records – records that are previously determined by retention schedule to be illegible for
destruction.

C. According to Phases of its Life Cycle

1. Current Phase (Current or Active Records) - records that are regularly used and maintained.
2. Semi-current Phase (Semi-current Records) - records that are still used but only infrequently.
3. Non-current Phase (Non-current or Inactive Records) - records that are no longer used.

TYPES OF POLICE RECORDS

1. Case Records – it is the heart of any police records system. It serves as the basis for an analysis of offenses and the
methods by which they are committed.

a. Complaint Sheet – it is the foundation record of the police department. It reflects all information regarding complaints
and reports received by the police from citizens and other agencies or actions taken by the police.

b. Investigative Report – it contains the findings and actions taken by the investigating officer based on the inquiries
made and by obtaining the available facts of the incident.

1. Initial or Advance Report – is an advance information on a new or fresh case. It is written and submitted
immediately after having conducted the initial investigation of the case.

2. Progress or Follow-up Report – it is the result of the follow-up investigation of a new or fresh case. It is written
and submitted every time or whenever any development or progress is accomplished in the follow-up investigation.

3. Final or Closing Report – is a complete written narration of facts based on an exhausted investigation of the
case. It is the result of evaluated, summation, analysis of all facts and circumstances of the case. This is written
and submitted whenever the case is solved and closed. A case is solved and closed when the offender was
arrested; evidence against him was completely gathered to warrant prosecution and witness located to testify in
the trial.

4. Technical Report – a report on the laboratory examination of the physical evidence gathered in order to
supplement the findings of the investigator.  

5. Accident Report – an investigation report regarding an accident which includes vehicular accident and damage to
property.  

6. Wanted Persons Report – a report on persons who are wanted by the police.  

7. Daily Record of Events – a record needed to keep all members of the police force informed concerning police
operations, assignments, and administrative functions.

2. Arrest and Booking Records – these records maintain the arrest and jail booking report which is required for all
persons arrested.
a. Arrest Report – it contains the information regarding the full name of the offender, charges and
circumstances of arrest.
b. Booking Report – it contains the list of the prisoners in custody which indicates the status and disposition
thereof.
c. Prisoner’s Property Receipt - contains all the information regarding the property taken from the prisoner
and accomplish in duplicate.
 47

3. Identification Records – third major division of police records. It provides identification criminals which includes names,
physical characteristics and in some cases photograph.
a. Fingerprint Record – heart of any identification system.
1. Civilian Fingerprint
2. Alien Fingerprint
b. Criminal Specialty/Modus Operandi (MO) File – contains photographic record of the modus operandi of
criminals

4. Administrative Records – essential in administering personnel matters and designed to aid in assignment, promotion,
and disciplinary action of personnel.
1. Personnel Records
2. Correspondence File
3. Memoranda, Orders, Policy Files
4. Assignment Record

5. Miscellaneous Records – these are records which are not related to the recorded complaints and investigation reports
but are essential to the daily police activities.

FILING SYSTEM

1. Alphabetical – all materials are filed in dictionary order. It is the most widely used form of filing.

2. Encyclopedic Order – the subjects are grouped into major headings; individual folders are filed in alphabetical order
behind each heading.

3. Chronological Order – folders are arranged by sequential date order. It is useful for records that are created and
monitored on a daily basis.

4. Geographical – files are arranged alphabetically by geographical name of the place.

5. Numerical – assigning of numerical value or number into a specific file which can be managed through the following
system:
a. Serial Number
b. Digit Filing

6. Centralized Filing – places all record series in one central location in an office. Most useful when the majority of
individuals within an office require access to majority of files

7. Decentralized Filing – it physically locates record series in different places within an office. Most useful when only one
individual requires access to a specific record series.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE PERSONNEL RECORDS MANAGEMENT

 As provided in the PNP Personnel Records Management Manual of 2008, the PNP shall establish a centralized
records management system and create, maintain, protect and preserve records both in physical and electronic
form.

RECORDS MANAGEMENT DIVISION (RMD)

 The Records Management Division (RMD) was established to oversee the records management functions of the
DPRM. The RMD shall develop, coordinate and implement PNP-wide programs, policies and procedures for
creation, usage, maintenance, storage and disposition of personnel records. The RMD is headed by a division
chief with a rank of Police Senior Superintendent and assisted by an assistant division chief with a rank of
Superintendent.

RECORDS CREATION
 Records creation refers to the act of exchanging written ideas between two (2) sources. At this point, the life of the
record begins. However, due to the fast pace at which the records of PNP personnel are created, and the cost
involved in maintaining them, a control system is necessary.

THE PNP PERSONNEL FILE (PPF)

 The PNP Personnel File which is also known as 201 File is a folder containing a set of personal records and
information pertaining to an individual member of the PNP, which serves as basis in availing of service record,
leave record, PNP ID, legal beneficiaries, authentication of photocopies, etc.

The color of the folder for the PPFs shall be as follows:

a. Red, for Police Commissioned Officers (PCO);
b. Blue, for Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCO)
c. Green, for Non-Uniformed Personnel (NUP)

RECORDS MAINTENANCE
 Records maintenance refers to the activities involving proper handling of records, arranging them into usable filing
sequence, using the most efficient type of filing equipment.

RECORDS DISPOSITION
 Records Disposition is the systematic transfer on non-current records from an office to any records storage area,
the identification and preservation of permanent records and the outright destruction of valueless records.
 48

 No PNP personnel or units/offices shall dispose of, destroy or authorize the disposal or destruction of records or
PPFs which are in the custody or under its control except with the prior written authority of the Executive Director,
National Archives of the Philippines (Section 18, R.A. 9470).
 Any PNP personnel who, willfully or negligently, damages a police record or disposes of or destroys a police record
shall be deemed to have committed an offense.

RECORDS SECURITY AND PROTECTION

 refers to the preventive and preventive and protective measures and actions undertaken in order to safeguard
records/documents in all government agencies from unauthorized and indiscriminate disclosure, damage,
destruction and loss, whether records are filed in current of non-current storage area.

PROTECTION OF RECORDS
1. Duplication – records shall be created with additional copies or duplicates depending on the needs and
circumstances.
2. Dispersal – records shall be distributed without additional copies or duplicates.
3. Vaulting – vital records shall be stored in a vault.
4. Evacuation – original and older records considered to be vital shall be transferred to a secure location.

RECORDS PROTECTION LEVEL

1. Vital – or “top protection priority”, consists of all essential records considered as mission critical and irreplaceable.
2. Important – or “second protection priority”, consists of all documents still considered as essential but could be
replaced or recreated.
3. Useful – or “lowest protection priority”, consists of all other documents considered to be non-essential to normal
operations but inconvenient when lost.
 49

LEA 6: POLICE COMPARATIVE SYSTEM

POLICE
= refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives and
properties and ensure public safety.
= a public official with an extraordinary power to make an arrest and performing direct police functions.

COMPARATIVE
= is the degree of likeness and unlikeness of two police models

SYSTEM
= is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed towards goals and which are
influenced by the environment within which they function

GLOBALIZATION
= The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global
economy.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement

= law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people….unaccountable flow of migration and open
markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes – great challenge to law enforcement.

Threats to Law Enforcement

 increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing
 conflict between nations
 Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal
point
= also known as “Anglo-American Justice”

2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
= also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”

3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.

= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia

4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities.
This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.

2. Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the community or the
people. This theory prevails in England and United States.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Old Police Service = states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the number of arrest made. 
2. Modern Police Service = states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the absence of crime.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said
to have originated

Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer
 50

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

 A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were required to
guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
 About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon System.  Ten families in a
town (tun) equaled a tithing.  Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman.  Since 10 tithings
amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve.  Both the tithingman and reeve were
elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

B. Hue and Cry

 A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to
shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually
dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was
derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

2. Norman Period of Policing System

This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of France). When he
invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept of crime
being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
 Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military
divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her
actions.
 Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It
became the source of the word Constable.
 The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel
through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial power s.

C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
 Offenses were classified as against the king and individuals
 Policeman becomes public servant.
 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s
arrest.”
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the
facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”

D. Frankpledge System
 A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of England, which at the
time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were defined
 
A.Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

B. Statute of 1295
 The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London
during sundown.

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

 Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and
imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village
ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487)

 A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and
judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great
abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
 51

4. Keepers of the Peace  

A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of knights to
keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving
the cities and towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on
duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the
King to sign the same with the following features:
 No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers.
 No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners

Bow Street Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother John Fielding task to catch
thieves and robbers
= identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
= made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables
and watchmen

1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for
preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense that
they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime.

LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822

METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE (MPF) = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel under the Metropolitan Police Act of
1829
= the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London Police
and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

IMPORTANT DATES
1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with
controversial use of force.
1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow
Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.

SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION OF MPF

1. The Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) was the police authority responsible for supervising the Metropolitan Police
Service, the police force for Greater London. It consisted of 23 members: 12 London Assembly members, appointed by the
Mayor of London in accordance with the political balance on the Assembly, four magistrates and seven independents. The
MPA was set up in 2000 as a functional body of the Greater London Authority, by the Greater London Authority Act 1999.
Previously control of the Metropolitan Police had vested entirely in the Home Secretary.
2. The MPA was disbanded on 16th January 2012 when the functions of the MPA were transferred to the Mayor's Office
for Policing and Crime (MOPC)

MPF Age criteria

As of 1 October 2006, the age criteria (at the time of application) is as follows:
 18–62½ years old = Police community support officers
 18–57 years old = Special constables
 18–57 years old = New constables and experienced officers
 Police staff = 16 years, except where the role involves shift work where the minimum age will be 18 years.
 Volunteers = 18+

UNITED STATES POLICE SYSTEM

TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments.

Types of Local Police

a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of eviction notices and other
court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated
municipality.
 52

2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement. Also Tasked of
regulating traffic and maintaining order and safety on state and federal highways.

3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of federal law except when the
enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or
altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his
family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigates all violations of federal law relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) = investigates all violations of immigration and
naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,

b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of violations of income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of internal revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs
and navigation laws.
4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when they are not
officially on duty

Two Basic Forms of Private Police

a. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security = services of an independent security company

Selected U.S. Police Agencies

 New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States
 New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States
 Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
 Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in the United States
 Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
 Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins
Wells
 Department of Homeland Security = a federal law enforcement agency in the United States which handles U.S.
Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, United States Secret Service, United
States Coast Guard and Transportation Security Administration

CANADA POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force” = is the
national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world being a national, federal, provincial
and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the
Dominion Police (1868).

AUSTRALIA POLICE SYSTEM

Australian Federal Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in the fight
against 21st century crime.

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
 Japanese Colonial Government = the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

OUTLINE OF PRESENT POLICE ORGANIZATION

A. National Level
1. National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) = an administrative board under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister. It
is composed of Chairman and five members, serving five year term, who are appointed by the Prime Minister.
The Chairman is the State Minister, who convenes the commission and presides over its matters, but is not a
member.

The NPSC controls the National Police Agency (NPA) with respect to:
a. police training
b. communications
c. criminal statistics
d. equipment
e. other police administration and
f. matters of police operations affecting national public safety.

The NPSC has the power to appoint or dismiss the Commissioner-General of the National Police Agency with the
approval of the Prime Minister.
Appointments and dismissals of Chiefs of Prefectural Police Headquarters are also made by the NPSC with the
consent of the Prefectural Public Safety Commission.
 53

For the Chief (Superintendent-General) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the further approval of the
Prime Minister and the consent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Public Safety Commission are required.

2. National Police Agency (NPA) = established under the control of the National Public Safety Commission, headed by
a Commissioner-General. It is made up of Commissioner-General’s Secretariat and five Bureaus:
a. Community Safety Bureau
b. Criminal Investigation Bureau
c. Traffic Bureau
d. Security Bureau
e. Info-Communications Bureau

Attached Agency of the NPA:

a. National Police Academy = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research
b. National Research Institute of the Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial Palace

NPA Regional Bureaus = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with the
prefectural police.
There are seven (7) Regional Police Bureaus established as local police officers of the NPA whose jurisdiction
extends to all districts except in the areas of Tokyo Prefecture and Hokkaido.

B. Prefecture Level (Local)

1. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = established under the jurisdiction of the respective Prefectural
Governors, it controls the Prefectural Police in its respective jurisdiction.
The PPSC may, when necessary, submit recommendations to the NPSC with respect the dismissal of or
disciplinary action against the Chief of a Prefectural Police Headquarters.

2. Prefectural Police = jurisdiction is generally confined in their respective prefectures.

There are 47 Prefectural Police Departments in Japan. The largest is the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department,
and the next is the Osaka Police Headquarters.

Superintendent-General = head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

Rank Structure and Corresponding Position of NPA

 Commissioner-General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan): The Chief of National Police Agency
 Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan): The Chief of Metropolitan Police Department
 Superintendent Supervisor (eishi-kan): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The
Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters,
 Chief Superintendent (Keishi-chō): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
 Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei): The Chief of Police Station.
 Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station.
 Police Inspector or Captain (Keibu)
 Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho)
 Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō)
 Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō): Honorary rank.
 Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa)

MALAYSIA POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP)
Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM)
= police force of Malaysia.
= headquarters is located at Bukit Aman,  Kuala Lumpur
= The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified and
governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm, Fair And Prudent

RMP Organizations
1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and administration
affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for the
rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department = has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP
3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes (murder, robbery,
rape etc) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc).
= This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)

Branches of Criminal Investigation Division

D1 – Administrative Division
D2 – Criminal Record Registration
D3 – Internal Affairs
D4 – Statistics
D5 – Prosecution and Law Divisions
D6 – Technical Assistance Division
 54

D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies

D8 – Investigation Division / Planning
D9 – Special Investigation Division
D10 – Forensic Laboratory Division
D11 – Sexual Investigation Division
D12 – National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division

4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by
enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.

5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and Search And Rescue (SAR)
operations

6. The Police Field Force (PFF) = organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also
known as the Jungle Squad
= established in 1948

7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations

8. Marine Combat Unit (MCU) or Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) = was established in 2006 and it was fully operational
by the end of 2007
= first name was Unit Selam Tempur due to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside the
coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time to
time despite various efforts done to overcome the problem
= members received training from U.S

*9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) or Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan = its role is riot suppression, crowd control,
disaster relief & rescue, as well as special operations assistance
= organized in 1955

10. C4-i Implementations System (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-Integrated) =
based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
= this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.

11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin)  = tasked with maintaining law and order and
coordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas

12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP) = is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a
vital role in maintaining national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air

13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security

14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic

15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and
prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc

16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to serve in remote areas
and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed
in crowd control because of their mobile mass and height advantage

INDONESIA POLICE SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) = is the official police force of Indonesia
= organized 1946
= also known as Polri

Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the headquaters of Indonesian National Police located in KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta,
Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
2. Kepolisian Daerah or Polda = provincial police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city or regency police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police

SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
= paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and vital facilities

2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot training

3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace

4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations

5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea

 55

6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism

7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

Singapore Police Force (SPF) = is the main agency task with maintaining law and order in the city-state. It is formerly
known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13) roughly modeled after
the military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena.

Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819.

Training in SPF
Police Academy = provides basic training to both new and serving officers of the SPF
6 Months = is the duration of training for Constables
10 Months = duration of training for Officer Cadet Trainees

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police (RTP) = is the primary law enforcement agency of Thailand. Formerly known as Thailand National
Police Department (TNPD)
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of the
Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the
Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police

10 Geographical Regions of RTP

1. Metropolitan Police Bureau
2. Provincial Police Region 1 = central region
3. Provincial Police Region 2 = eastern region
4. Provincial Police Region 3= lower northeastern region
5. Provincial Police Region 4 = upper northeastern region
6. Provincial Police Region 5 = upper northern region
7. Provincial Police Region 6 = lower northern region
8. Provincial Police Region 7 = western region
9. Provincial Police Region 8 = upper southern region
10. Provincial Police Region 9 = lower southern region

Different Bureaus of RTP

1. Border Patrol Police = maintenance of the public peace and security along the border areas
2. Central Investigation Bureau = responsible for major criminal cases, specially offenses committed in breach of national
security and integrity
3. Immigration Bureau = responsible for immigration proceedings of all country checkpoints, alien registration control,
prevention and suppression of trafficking of women and children
4. Narcotics Suppression Bureau = in charge of drug prevention and suppression in Thailand
5. Office of the Royal Court Security Police = provides security for His Majesty the King and the Queen, the Heir, and
His Majesty’s representatives
6. Special Branch = police intelligence unit, responsible for acquiring and managing intelligence concerning national
security.
7. Office of Human Resources = responsible for personnel management within the RTP
8. Police Education Bureau = provides training to RTP

Recruitment and Training

Applicants with high school education receive training provided by Police Education Bureau and become
rank-and-file police officers.
Applicants who are college graduate are trained inside the Police Cadet Academy and become sub-
inspectors. They undergo 4 year course in the academy.
No entry is allowed beyond sub-inspector rank from outside the agency

Age:
Male 14-18 years old for a High School Applicant.

Male or Female 18-35 year old for college graduate applicant.

MYANMAR POLICE SYSTEM

Myanmar Police Force = formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar's seven states and seven
divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in the respective capital cities.

State and Division of Police Forces

There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces
commanded by Police Colonels. Their jurisdictions are divided according to the Civil Administration.

Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components.

1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
 56

4. Police Stations

The District Police Forces are classified into two classes depending on the area, population and development,
namely A and B Class.
a. Class A District Police Forces = commanders are Police Lieutenant Colonels
b. Class B District Police Forces = commanders are Police Majors.
c. Township Police Forces = commanders are Police Majors
d. Police Station Officers = commanders are Police Lieutenants.

Special Departments
There are four Special Departments, in which the first two Departments are headed by the Police Brigadier
Generals and the remaining two are by Police Colonels.
1. Special Intelligence Department (Special Branch)
2. Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
3. Railways Police Department
4. City Development Police Department
5. Myanmar Traffic Police

Others Major Departments

1. Aviation Police Department
2. Coastal and River Patrol Police Department
3. Highway Patrol Police Department
4. Tourist Police Department

TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and
Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally takes around 6
months to complete.

CAMBODIA POLICE SYSTEM

Cambodian National Police = is the primary law enforcement agency in Cambodia
The Cambodian National Police is divided into four autonomous units, headed collectively by the First Deputy
Director of National Police, and five central departments, each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director:

Four Autonomous Units ((headed by First Deputy Director)

1. Interpol unit
2. Headquarters unit
3. Intervention unit
4. Drug Enforcement unit

Five Central Departments (each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director)
1. Border department
2. Public Order department
3. Judicial department
4. Security department
5. Central Department of Means (support office)

Border Department
The border police department is divided into three sub-departments:
1. Land border
2. Marine border
3. Logistics and technical
Public Order Department
1. Social Security
2. Defense
3. Administration
4. Public order
Judicial Department
The judicial police force is divided into three sub-departments:
1. Criminal police
2. Economic police
3. Scientific and technical
Security Department
The security police department is divided into four sub-departments:
1. General information
2. Anti-terrorism police
3. Body-guards
4. Foreigners
Central Department of Means
1. Personnel
2. Training
3. Logistics and material
 57

HONG KONG POLICE SYSTEM

Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) = is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the
world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
In 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of the
Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of sovereignty, the
Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational matters including crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the direction and coordination of force management
including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:

1. Hong Kong Island
2. Kowloon East
3. Kowloon West
4. New Territories North
5. New Territories South
6. Marine Region

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

1. Operations & Support
2. Crime & Security
3. Personnel & Training
4. Management Services
5. Finance, Administration and Planning

Operations Wing
The Operations Wing consists of three sections: Operations Bureau, the Police Tactical Unit and the Explosive
Ordnance Disposal Bureau.

Operations Bureau:
a. Regional Command and Control Centre provides the means for exercising control over resources both at regional and
district levels. It also acts as an information centre for the passage of information to the Headquarters CCC and other
agencies.
b. Emergency Unit comprises the ordinary uniformed policemen. The unit is primarily tasked with regular patrol beats as
well as providing quick responses to emergency situations such as 999 calls

Police Tactical Unit

a. Special Duties Unit (SDU)
b. Emergency Unit
c. Airport Security Unit (ATU)
d. Counter Terrorism Response Unit (CTRU) created in 2009 as a means to deal with terror threats in Hong Kong. The
unit initially trained with the NYPD Hercules Team.

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau is a special standalone unit within the Operations and Support Wing. Its main
responsibilities are bomb disposal work both on land and underwater. It also trains officers on explosives related matters
and inspects storage of ammunition and explosives.

Anti-Illegal Immigration Control Centre is responsible for collecting intelligence and monitoring operations in respect to
illegal immigrants from the Mainland and Vietnam

Administration Formation implements policies laid down by the Regional Commander and is responsible for the Region's
general administration. Its responsibilities include community relations, staff relations, and magistrates.
Crime Formation investigates serious and inter-district crimes. In addition, it collects, collates and evaluates intelligence
on criminals and criminal activity within the Region.

Traffic Branch Headquarters covers traffic control, enforcement of traffic legislation and regulations, investigation of
traffic accidents, promotion of road safety, and implementing Force and Regional traffic policies.

Crime Wing
1. Organized Crime and Triad Bureau (OCTB) investigates major organized and serious crime involving all types of
activities such as theft/smuggling of vehicles, human trafficking, firearms, vice, debt collection, syndicated gambling
and extortion.

2. Criminal Intelligence Bureau (CIB) is the Force's central co-ordinating body for intelligence on crime and criminality
which, after analysis and assessment, is disseminated to crime investigation units as required.

3. Commercial Crime Bureau (CCB) investigates serious commercial and business fraud,computer-related crimes, the
forgery of monetary instruments, identity documents andpayment cards, and the counterfeiting of currency and coins. 

4. Narcotics Bureau (NB) investigates serious drug cases such as importation and manufacture of illicit drugs, and
gathers intelligence in relation to major drug activities. 
 58

5. Support Group is made up of units which provide a technical and professional service to support criminal investigation,
including Criminal Records Bureau, Identification Bureau, Forensic Firearms Examination Bureau and Child
Protection Policy Unit. The group also fulfils a liaison responsibility for the Forensic PathologyService and the Forensic
Science Division.

Hong Kong Police College = is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police except internal
security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training.
Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation training,
police driver training and weapon tactics training. The information technology training, command training, local and
overseas management training, some specialist courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by
the Police College.

Service Quality Wing = is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force customers both
external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and Inspections and
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II)

Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II)

= includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all
complaints made both externally and internally against members of the force.

Recruitment and Training

 Inspector = holder of a Bachelor degree from a Hong Kong university
 Constable = Level 2 or equivalent (Note 1) or above in five subjects in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary
Education Examination (HKDSEE) (Note 2), or equivalent; or Level 2 (Note 3) / Grade E or above in five subjects
in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) (Note 2), or equivalent
 For Inspector, 36 weeks of basic training which covers leadership, staff management, police procedures, laws,
footdrill, physical training, weapon handling etc.
 For Constable, 27 weeks of basic training which includes police procedures, laws, footdrill, physical training,
weapon handling and first aid, etc.

Physique
 Male candidate, should be at least 163cm tall and weigh 50kg.
 Female candidate, must be at least 152cm tall and weigh 42kg.

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

Kinds of Police System in China
1. Chinese People's Armed Police Force (commonly known as People's Armed Police <PAP>) = is a paramilitary
force primarily responsible for civilian policing and fire rescue duties in the People's Republic of China

2. State Security Police = safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under
the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.

3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction units.
This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.

4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments and some
also executing death sentences.

5. Quasi-Parapolice = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some unpopular actions such as
collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.

3 Important Ministry of China

1. Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as Ministry
of Public Security and the Ministry of State Security.

2. Ministry of Public Security= is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China which
oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the NAPOLCOM in the Philippines).

3. Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though
it is also involved in domestic security matters.

Other Important Government Agencies

1. Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.

2. Central Military Commission = appoints police in China

3. People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.

4. Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the rank promotion for police officer.

Recruitment and Training

Under the Police Law of 1995, an applicant must be over 18 years old and must be high school graduate.
Once recruited, new recruits are required to undergo 1 year probationary period in which they received training
in police academics. Only those who performed satisfactorily and passed and end-term exams will be formally hired
as police officer.
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TAIWAN (Republic of China)

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY = is the unified police force of Taiwan
= under the supervision of MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
= under effective civilian control

ORG. OF NATIONA POLICE AGENCY IN TAIWAN

1. Administration Police = are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of
household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.

2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic
accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.

3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent plans
and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.

4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent and detect crimes.

5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways,
airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

UNITED NATIONS

United Nations
 officially came into existence on October 24, 1945
 coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration
was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics)

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF UN
The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic,
Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

Branches of United Nations

1. UN general Assembly = is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the United Nations.
Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full
spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. is headed by a president elected from the member states and 21
vice-presidents, and meets from September to December

= makes final decision on admission to UN upon recommendation of Security Council

Functions of General Assembly

a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council
e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter

Term of Office

The President and the 21 Vice-Presidents so elected will assume their functions only at the beginning of the
session for which they are elected and shall hold office until the close of that session [Rule based directly on a
provision of the Charter (Art. 21, second sentence)].

2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all the branches.
The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English
alphabetical order of the Member States names

FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may involve the
deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces

Five Permanent Members of Security Council with Veto Power

1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States

*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly

3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. Universal court for international law. Decides
disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and issues legal opinions
 60

Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms. It renders judgment with relative
majority.

4. Secretariat = Administrative organ of the UN. Supports the other UN bodies administratively, e.g., in the organization of
conferences, writing reports and studies, and the preparation of the budget-plan.
Its chairperson – the UN Secretary General – is elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and
is the most important representative of the UN.

5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3 year term.

Martin Sajdik became President of the Economic and Social Council on 14 January 2014.

Efforts are Towards the Following:

a. Higher standards of living
b. Condition of economic and social progress and development
c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

6. Trusteeship Council = task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed under the Trusteeship System.
It is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council-China, France, Russian Federation, United
Kingdom and United States. 
Its goal is to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust Territories and their progressive development
towards self-government or independence. 

UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international persons. Technically, it is
a Treaty.

TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by international law, whether
embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular designation.

INTERPOL

International Criminal Police Organization (I.C.P.O.) or Interpol = is the police forces organization that primarily
manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially located in
Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present it is transferred to Lyon France.

= is the world’s largest international police organization, with 190 member countries. It exists to help create a safer
world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.

= It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services
whose mission is to prevent or combat internal crime.

= the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission or communication line for the
exchange of information, data and request for assistance between and among the member countries.

= It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect minorities against the dominant groups;
and (3) Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion.

= INTERPOL today has a global membership of 190 countries. Each country maintains a National Central Bureau
(NCB), staffed by national law enforcement officers.

Africa = 54 National Central Bureaus

America = 44 National Central Bureaus
Asia and South Pacific = 49 National Central Bureaus
Europe = 51 National Central Bureaus

INTERPOL’ s Structure
1. General Assembly
2. Executive Committee
3. General Secretariat
4. National Central Bureaus
5. Advisers
6. The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.

INTERPOL’ s Structure
1. General Assembly = is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and comprises delegates
appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working
methods, finances, activities and programmes.

2. Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and comprises the president,
three vice –presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and
immediately before the General Assembly.
 61

3. General Secretariat (based in Lyon, France) = operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary
General. It Works with Officials of more than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages:
1. Spanish
2. Arabic
3. French
4. English
It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely: Argentina, Cameron, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, El
Salvador, Thailand, and Zimbabwe.

4. National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed
by National law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional
offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and
apprehension of fugitives.

5. Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.

6. Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) = this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization’s
regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL’S files.

INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General Assembly and the Executive Committee, which is headed by the
President.

The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four (4) years.

Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the Interpol.

Johann Schober = the first president of the Interpol.

Ronald K. Noble = Current Secretary General. First elected on 3 November 2000 by INTERPOL’s General
Assembly, Mr Noble became the youngest secretary general at the age of 44 in INTERPOL’s history. He was elected
for the second time in 2005. And was re-elected by an overwhelming majority to serve a third five-year term in 2010.

Mireille Ballestrazzi = current President; elected at the INTERPOL General Assembly held in Rome in November 2012.
She will serve as President until 2016. First woman President of the INTERPOL.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to
extradition.

2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest
in a criminal investigation.

3. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to
identify themselves.

4. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat to
public safety.

5. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and
danger to persons or property.

6. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.

7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods
used by criminals.

8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is issued for individuals and entities that are
subject to UN sanctions.

INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 = global police communications system to exchange crucial data quickly and
securely is a cornerstone of effective international law enforcement.

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police

INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to fight international crime, police need
access to information which can assist investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL manages several databases,
accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries through its I-24/7.

3. Operational Police Support Services

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a. 24-Hour Support
The Command and Co-ordination Centre (CCC) operates round the clock in all of INTERPOL’s four official
languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first point of contact for any member country
faced with a crisis situation.

b. Crisis Response and Major Events

In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster Victim Identification teams
composed of officers from the General Secretariat and member countries can be dispatched to the scene within hours of
an event.

c. International Alert System

An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is the notice system, of which the Red
Notice for wanted persons is the most well known. In addition to the six color-coded notices (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice issued for groups or individuals who are the targets
of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.

d. Analyzing Crime Data

Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement community as a valuable tool, helping to
provide timely warning of threats and operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to investigations by
assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries with research and analysis on crime trends
and with training courses in criminal analysis techniques.

Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis

a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it has immediate benefit
b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision making in setting priorities to
deal with criminal issues

4. Police Training and Development

As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues to evolve as a priority for
INTERPOL and member countries.

The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against transnational
crime:
1. Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
2. Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
3. European multilateral cooperation via Europol.

ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE(ASEANAPOL)

1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei 4. Myanmar
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam
3. Laos

IMPORTANT DATES
 1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new member
 1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL
 2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a new member
 2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a permanent ASEANAPOL
Secretariat
= Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL
 2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
 2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ORANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL
conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT = is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the
ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services 
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs

*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed.  Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat. 
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.
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Prepared by:

Bryan T. Yang, M.S. Justice