1996 2009 Kcse Chemistry 1

K.C.S.
E
CHEMISTRY
PAST PAPERS & MAKING SCHEME
PAPER 233/1, 233/2
Chemistry paper 233/1

K.C.S.E 1995 QUESTIONS
1. The electron arrangement ions X3- and Y2- are 2, 8, and 2, 8, 8 respectively.
(a) Write the electronic arrangement of the elements X and Y. (2 mks)
(b) Write the formula of the compound that would be formed between X and
Y.
2. When bromine gas reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide, the equilibrium
represented by the equation: Br2 (aq) +2OH-(aq) Br-(aq) + OBR- (aq) + H2O is
established.
What observations would be made if a few drops of sulphuric acid were added to the
equilibrium mixture? Explain.
3 Calculate the amount of calcium carbonate that would remain if 15.0g of calcium carbonate
were reacted with 0.2 moles of hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is CaCO3 (g) + 2HCl CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (C
= 12.0 = 1.60, Ca = 40.0)
4. In an experiment, soap solution was added to three separate samples of water. The
table below shows the volumes of soap solution required to form lather with 1000cm3
of each sample of water before and after boiling.
Sample I Sample II Sample III
Volume of soap before water is boiled (cm3) 27.0 3.0 10.6
Volume of soap after water is boiled 27.0 3.0 3.0
a) Which water sample is likely to be soft? Explain. (2mks)

c) Name the change in the volume of soap solution used in sample III (1mk)
5. a) Name one natural fibre.
b) Give one advantage of synthetic fibres over natural fibres. (1mk) 6.
The table below gives some properties of gases D and E.
Gas Density Effects of H2SO4(aq) Effects of NaOH(aq)
D Lighter than air Reacts to form a salt Dissolves without reacting
E Heavier than air Not affected Not affected.
a) Describe how you would obtain a sample of E from a mixture of gases D and E.
(2mks) b) Suggest a possible identity of gas D. Give a reason for your answer.
(1mk)
7. The curve below represents the variation of temperature with time when pure and impure
samples of a solid were heated separately.
Which curve sows the variation in temperature for the pure solid? Explain (2mks)
8. The diagram below represents a set – up that can be used to prepare and collect
oxygen.
a) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place (1mk)

b) What property of oxygen makes it possible for its collection as indicated by
the diagram (1mk)
c) Explain why it is important not to collect any gas for the first few.
Seconds of the experiment. (1mk)
9. Study the set – up below and answer the question that follows.
State and explain the observations that would be made when the circuit is
completed.
10. In an experiment, rods of metals P, Q and R were cleaned with sand paper and placed in a
beaker containing water. Another set of rods was also cleaned and placed in a beaker
containing dilute acid. After placing the rods in the two liquids
bubbles of gas were seen around some of the rods as shown in the diagrams
below.
a) Why is it necessary to clean the rods with sand paper before dipping them
into the liquids. (1mk)
b) Arrange the three metals in order of their reactivity starting with the most
reactive.
11. A Solution of chlorine in tetra chloromethane turns colourless when propene gas is bubble
though it.
a) What type of reaction takes place? (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the above reaction (1mk)
12. With reference to atomic number of one, explain why hydrogen can be placed in
either group I and VII of the periodic table. (2mks)
13. a) Explain why it is not advisable to use wood ash for cleaning aluminium
Utensils (2mks)
b) Duralumin is an alloy of aluminium. What is the advantage of using duralumin
in place of aluminium for manufacture of aeroplane parts. (1mk)
14. A compound has an empirical formula, C3H6O and a relative formula mass of 16. Determine
its molecular formula (H + 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 165.0) (2mk)
15. Explain how you would separate mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases given that their
boiling points are – 196oC and 183OC respectively (2mks)
16. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Alkane Formula Heat of combustion ( Hc) kJmol -1

Methane CH4 C2H6 890
Ethane C3H6 1560
Propane C4H10 2220
Butane
a) Predict the heat of combustion of butane and write it on the space
provided in the table above? (1mk)
b) What does the sign of Hc value indicate about combustion of alkenes?
(1mk)
The diagram below represents the extraction of sulphur by Frasch process 17.
a) Name the substance that passes through tube;

I
II
b) What is the purpose of hot compressed air in this process? (1mk)
18. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
Write an equation for each of the two reactions that take, place in the experiment
represented by the diagram above (2mks)
19. A mixture containing equal volumes of hydrogen and carbon dioxide was
introduced one end of a tube as shown below.
Which gas would be detected at appoint C in first? Explain (2mks)

20. The table below gives three experiments on the reaction of excess sulphuric acid and
0.5g of zinc done under different conditions. In each the volume of gas was recorded
at different time intervals.
Experiment Form of Zinc Sulphuric acid solution
I Power 0.8m
II Power 1.0m
III Granules 0.8m
On the axis below draw and label the three curves that could be obtained from
such results.
21. The table shows how solubility of some substances in water varies with temperature.
Substance Change of Solubility 20o C With temperature (g/100cm3 of water)
OoC 40oC 60oC
W 0.334 27.60 0.16 34.0 0.097 0.0058
X 35.70 36.0 40.0 45.5
Y 36.6 37.3
Which of the above substances is likely to be a gas? Explain (2mks)
22. Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper according to the equation;
3CU(s) + 8H + (aq) + 2N-3 3Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)
a) What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in?
i) 2N-3 ii) NO
b) With respect to nitrogen, explain whether the above reaction is an
oxidation or reduction process. (1mk)
23. Explain the following observation. A chloride dissolves in water to form an
electrolyte while the same chloride dissolves in methylbenzene to for a non –
electrolyte. (1mk)
24. State what would be observed when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the products
formed when a mixture of iron fillings and sulphur? (1mk)
25. Describe how the following reagents can be used to prepare lead sulphate solid
potassium sulphate, solid lead carbonate, dilute nitric acid and distilled water.
26. Explain why the enthalpy of neutralization of ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide is
different from that of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
(2mks)
27. Give a reason why calcium hydroxide solution is used to detect the presence of carbon
dioxide gas while sodium hydroxide in NOT?
28 a compound C4H10O_ is oxidized by excess acidified potassium permanganate to
form another compound C4H8O2. The same compound C4H10O reacts with potassium
to produce hydrogen gas.
a) Draw the structural formula and name the compound CaH10O (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the reaction between potassium and compound
C4H10O.
29. During the production of hydrogen iodide, hydrogen reacts with iodine according
to the equation: H2 (g) + I2 (g) 2HI (g); 52.0 kJ Explain
how the following would affect the yield of hydrogen iodide: a) Increase
in temperature
b) Increase in pressure. (2mks)
30. a) 100gm of radioactive 233 Pa was reduced to 12.5g after 81 days.
91
Determine the half-life of Pa. (2mks)
b) 233 Pa decays by beta emission. What is the mass number and
91
Atomic number of the element formed? (1mk)
CHEMISTRY K.C.S.E 1995 PAPER 233/2
QUESTIONS
1. The table below gives information on four elements by letters K, L, M and N.
Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements.
Element Electron arrangement Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius(nm)

K 2, 8, 2 0.136 0.065
L 2, 8, 7 0.099 0.181
M 2, 8, 8, 1 0.203 0.133
N 2, 8, 8, 2 0.174 0.099
a) Which two elements have two similar properties? Explain (2mks)

b) What is most likely formula of oxide of L? (1mk) C)
Which element is a non-metal? Explain (1 mk)
d) Which one of elements is the strongest reducing agent? Explain (2mks)
e) Explain why ionic radius of N is less than that of M (2mks)
f) Explain why the ionic radius of L is bigger than its atomic radius (2mks) 2 a) IN an
experiment hydrogen chloride gas was prepared and reacted with
aluminium turnings to form a solid q and gas R as shown in the diagram
below.
Concentrated
sulphuric acid
(i) Name: Liquid P

: Solid Q (1mk)
: Gas R (1mk)
(ii) Name another substance that could serve the same purpose as the
concentrated sulphuric acid. (1mk)
(iii) Explain the following observation. When blue litmus paper was dipped into
the water in the beaker at the end of the experiment it turned red.
Explain why solid Q collects farther away from the heated aluminium
(2mks)
(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place between ammonia gas
and hydrogen gas (1mk)
(ii) Calculate the mass of the product that would be formed when 2000cm3 of
hydrogen chloride gas reacts completely with excess ammonia gas (H=1,
O; N= 14.0, C1 = 35.5, one mole of gas occupied 24 litres at room
temperature and pressure.) (3mks)
3. In an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of methanol, CH2OH a student
used a set up like the one shown in the diagram below.
Volume of water =
500cm3
Final temperature of water= 27.00C
Initial temperature of water = 20.00C
Final mass of lamp + methanol = 22.11g
Initial mass of lamp+ methanol= 22.98g
Density of water = 1.0g cm3
a) Write an equation for the combustion of methanol

b) Calculate:
(i) The number of moles of methanol used in this experiment
(C = 12; O = 16; H = 1)
(ii) The heat of combustion per mole of methanol. (1mk)
(iii) The heat of combustion per mole of methanol (2mks)
c) Explain why the value of the molar heat of combustion for methanol obtained in
this experiment is different from the theoretical value.
d) On the axis below draw an energy level diagram for the combustion of
methanol.
4. a) The flow chart below outlines some of the process involved during
extraction of copper from copper pyrites. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
(i) Name gas K (1mk)

st
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the 1 roasting
furnace. (1mk)
(iii) Write the formula of the cation present in slag M (1mk)
(iv) Identify gas p (1mk)
(v) What name is given to the reaction that takes place in chamber N? Give a reason for
the answer. (1mk)
(b) The copper obtained from chamber N is not pure. Draw a labeled diagram to show
the set up you would use to refine the copper by electrolysis. (3mks)
(c) Given that the mass of copper obtained from above extraction was 210kg,
determine the percentage purity of the ore(copper pyrites) if 810kg of it was fed to
the 1st roasting furnace. (Cu = 63.5, Fe = 56.0, s=32.0) (3mks)
(d) Give two effects that this process could have on the environment (2mks)
5. The flow charts below show an analysis of a mixture R that contains two salts.
Study the analysis and answer the questions that follow.
(a) (i) What condition is necessary for the process in step I to take place?
(1mk)
(ii) Draw a labeled diagram for the set-up that could be used to
separate the mixture formed in step II (2mks)
(iii) Write ionic equation for the reaction between the cation in filtrate
X and aqueous ammonia. (1mk)
(iv) What observation would indicate the presence of NO2 (g) in step I
(v) State how water vapour, in step I could be identified. (1mk)
(b)
(i) What conclusion can be drawn from step iV only? Explain? (2mks)
(ii) Write the formula of an anion present in the residue U. Explain (2mks)
(iii) Suggest the identity of the cation present in solution z. (1mk)
(c) Name the two salts present in the mixture R. (2mks)

6. (a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude oil.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Constituent Boiling point (0C)
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel oil 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
Bitumen. Above 400
(i) Which one of the constituents or crude oil has molecules with the highest
number of carbon atoms? (2mks)
(ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel and
explain how the separation takes place. (2mks)
(iii) Explain why the constituent of crude oil and write its formula (1mk)
(iv) Name one gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and write its
formula. (1mk)
(b) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when Kerosene is
burnt? Explain (2mks) (c)
Give one use of bitumen (1mk)
7. (a) The diagram below shows a set-up that can be used to obtain nitrogen gas
in an experiment.
(i) Name liquid L (1mk)

(ii) What observation would be made in tube K after heating for some time?
(1mk)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in tube K. (1 mk) (iv)
If 320 cm3 of ammonia gas reacted completely with the copper?
Calculate:
I Volume of nitrogen gas produced. (1mk)
II the mass of copper oxide that reacted (3mks)
(Cu = 63.5, O=16.O, one mole of gas occupies 24 liters at room
temperature and pressure)
(v) At the end of experiment the PH of the water in the beaker was found to
be about
1) Explain (2mks)
(b) In another experiment a gas jar containing ammonia was inverted over a burning
splint. What observation would be made? (1mk)
(c) Why is it advisable to obtain nitrogen from air instead ammonia? (1mk)
KCSE 1996 CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/1
QUESTIONS
1. In an experiment to study the diffusion of gases, a student set up the apparatus shown in
diagram 1. After sometime the student noticed a change in the water level as shown in the
diagram
Give an explanation for the change in water level (2mks)
2. A fixed mass of a gas has a volume of 250cm3 at a temperature of 270C and 750mm Hg
pressure. Calculate the volume the gas would occupy at 420C (2mks)
3. Zinc metal and hydrochloric acid reacts according to the following equation
Zn(s) + 2HCI (aq) ZnCI2 (aq) + H2 (g)
1.96 g of zinc were reacted with 100cm3of 0.2M hydrochloric acid
(a) Determine the reagent that was in excess
(b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas was liberated S.T.P
(Zn= 65.4 Molar gas volume = 22.4 litres at S.T.P (1mk)
4. Ammonia can be converted to nitrogen monoxide as shown in the equation below
4NM3 (g) + 5O2 (g) 4NO (g) + 6H2O (I)
(a) Explain how an increase in temperature would affect the yield of nitrogen
monoxide (2mks)
b) On the energy level diagram above sketch, the energy level diagram that would be
obtained if the reaction is carried out in the presence of platinum catalyst. (1 mk)
5. a) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons draw diagram to represent the bonding
in:
(i) NH3 (ii) NH4+ (1mk)
b) State why an ammonia molecule (NH3) can combine with H+ to form NH4+
(Atomic numbers: N=7 and H=1) (1mk)
6. The table below shows some properties of substances E, F, G and H
Substance Action with water Melting point Thermal
conductivity
E Un reactive High Poor
F Reactive High Poor
G Unreactive High Good
H Unreactive Low Good
Select the substance that would be most suitable
a) For making a cooking pot (1mk)
b) As a thermal insulator (1 mk)
7. The reaction of propane with chlorine gas gave a compound of formula C3H7Cl.
a) What condition is necessary for the above reaction to take place? (1mk)
b) Draw two structural formulae of the compound C3H7Cl (2mks)
8. A sample of air contaminated with carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide was passed
through the apparatus shown in the diagram below.
Which contaminant was removed by passing the contaminated air through the apparatus
Explain . (2mks)
9. Explain how a sample of CH3CH2CH2OH, could be distinguished from a sample of
CH3COOH by means of a chemical reaction (2mks)
10. a compound whose structure is shown below is found in a detergent.
With reference to the structure, explain how the detergent removes grease during washing.
(2mks)
11. Complete the table below.
Species Number of neutrons Electrons
H
12. When magnesium metal is burnt in air, it reacts with both oxygen and nitrogen gases giving a
white ash. Write two equations for the reactions that take place. (2mks)
13. Methane reacts with oxygen as shown by the equations I and II below:
I CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
II 2CH4(g) + 302(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l)
Which one of the two reactions represents the complete combustion of methane? Explain
(2mks)
14. The decomposition of calcium carbonate can be represented by the equation:
CaCO3(s) ________ CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Explain how an increase in pressure would affect the equilibrium position (2mks)
15. The table below gives the atomic numbers of elements W, X, Y, and Z. The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element W X Y Z
Atomic Number 9 10 11 12
a) Which one of the elements is least reactive? Explain (1mk)

b) i) Which two elements would react most vigorously with each other? (1mk)
ii) Give the formula of the compound formed when the elements in b(i) react
(1mk)
16. On strong heating, sodium nitrate oxygen gas. In the spaces provided below, draw a labeled
diagram of a set-up that could be used for heating sodium nitrate and collecting
the oxygen gas liberated. (3mks)
17. Oxygen reacts with the elements phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine to from oxides oxide of
sulphur and its highest oxidation number. Complete the table for phosphorus and chlorine.
(Atomic numbers: P=15, S= 16 Cl = 17)
Element Oxide Highest oxidation number

P _______ _________
S SO3 46
Cl _______ _________
18. Explain why it is not advisable to use aqueous chloride solution as the salt bridge in the
electrochemical cell formed between half cells, Pb2-(aq)/pb(s) E0 = 0.13V and
CU2 + (aq) + (aq)/CU2+(aq)/Cu2(s) E0=0.34V (2mks)
19. Use the information below to answer the questions that follow:
Equation Enthalpy of formation
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) H2O (l) H1= -286 kjmol-1
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) H2= 394kjmol
2C(s) + 3H2 (g) ½ O2 + C2H5OH (i); H3=277kjmol-1
a) Define the term “enthalpy of formation of a compound (1mk)
b) Calculate the molar enthalpy of combustion, H3 of ethanol:
C2H5OH (l) + 302(g) 2CO2 (g) +3H2O (l) (2mks)
20. Complete the diagram below to show how α and β particles from a radioactive source can
be distinguished from each other. Label your diagram clearly (3mks)
21. Chlorine and iodine are elements in the same group in the periodic table. Chlorine gas is
yellow white aqueous, iodine; I2(aq) is brown.
a) What observation would be made if chlorine gas is bubbled through aqueous
sodium iodide? Explain using and ionic equation. (2mks)
b) Under certain conditions chlorine and iodine react to give iodine chloride, ICl3(s)-
What type of bonding would you expect to exist in iodine trichloride? Explain
(1mk) 22.
The diagram below represents a set-up that was used to react lithium with water study it
and answer the questions that follow:
a) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place; given that the atomic number
of lithium is 3. (1 mk)
b) Why would it not be advisable to use potassium in place of lithium in the above set-
up? (1mk)
23. Explain how you would obtain solid carbonate from a mixture of lead carbonate and
sodium carbonate powders. (3mks)
24. In an experiment, 2.4g of sulphur was obtained by reacting hydrogen sulphide and chorine
as shown by the equation below:
H2S (g) + Cl2 (g) S(s) + 2HCl (g)
(a) Which of the reactants acts as a reducing agent in the above reaction? Explain.
(1 mk)
(b) Given that the yield of sulphur in the above reaction is 75%, calculate the number
Of moles of H2S (g) used in the reaction (S=32.0) 25. A polymer has the
following structure:
-CH2 - CH-CH2-CH-CH2 –CH
CN CN CN
A sample of this polymer if found to have a molecular mass of 5194. Determine the number
of monomers on the polymer (H=1.0, C= 12.0, N = 14.0)
26. Study the chart below and a answer the questions that follow:
a) Identify i) The metal ions in solution K (1mks)

ii) The white precipitate L (1mk)
27. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow
a) Name i) Compound T (1mk) ii)

Gas U (1mk) b) Give a
chemical test that you could use to identify gas U (1mk)
28. A mixture of pentane and pentanoic acid was shaken with 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution
and let to separate as shown in the diagram below:
Name the main component in layer W.Give a reason for the answer (2mks)
29. Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when carbon monoxide gas is passed
over heated lead (II) oxide. (1mks)
K.C.S.E 1996 CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/2
QUESTIONS
1. Sodium thiosulphate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the following
equation.
S2O32- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) H2O (l) + SO2 + S(s)
In an experiment to study how the rate of reaction varies with concentration,
10cm3 of 0.4M sodium thiosulphate was mixed with 10cm3. Of 2M hydrochloric acid in a
flask. The flask was placed in a white paper marked with across X.The time taken for the
cross X become invisible when viewed from above was noted and recorded in the table
below. The experiment was repeated three times as the temperature using the volumes in
the table and the results recorded as shown in the table below.
Experiment Volume of 0.4M Volume of Volume of 2M Time (Sec)
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3) HCl(cm3)
1 10 0 10 16
2 7.5 2.5 10 23
3 5.0 5.0 10 32
4 2.5 7.5 10 72
a) i) On the grid below, plot a graph of the volume of thiosulphate (Vertical axis) against
time taken for the cross (X) to become invisible)
ii) From the graph determine how long it would take for the cross to become
invisible if the experiment was done. (3mks)
i) Using 6cm3 of the 0.4M thiosulphate (1mk) ii)
Using 6cm3 of 0.2M thiosulphate solution (1mk)
b) i) Using values for experiment I.Calculate
i) Moles of thiosulphate used (1mk)
ii) Moles of hydrochloric acid used (1mk) ii)
Explain which of the two reactants in experiment I controlled the rate of
the reaction? Explain (1mk)
c) Give two precautions which should be taken in experiment I controlled the rate of the
reaction? Explain (2mk)
2. a) The diagram below shows incomplete set – up of the laboratory and
preparation collection of chlorine gas. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.
i) Complete the set – up to show how dry chloride gas may be collected.
ii) The equation for the redox reaction that takes place is
MnO2(s) + 4 HCl (aq) MnCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + Cl2 (g)
Explain, using oxidation numbers, which species is reduced (2mks)
iii) What is the purpose of water in flask L? (1mk) b)
Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
When some hydrogen chlorides gas is allowed into water and the mixture stirred, the bulb
lights and gases X and Y are formed.
i) Name: Gas X
Gas Y
ii) Explain why the bulb does not light before the hydrogen chloride
gas is let into water. (2mks)
iii) Explain using equations why the volume of gas X is less than that of gas (2mks)
3. The extraction of a luminium from it s ore takes place in two stages, purification stage and
electrolysis stage. The diagram below shows the set – up for the electrolysis stage.
a) i) Name the ore from which aluminium extracted. (1mk)

ii) Name one impurity, which is removed at the purification stage.(1mk)
b) i) Label on the diagram each of the following
i) Anode
ii) Cathode iii)
Region containing the
electrolyte.
ii) The melting point aluminium oxide is 2054oC, but electrolysis is carried
out between 800 – 900oC.
i) Why is the electrolysis not carried out at 2054oC (1mk)
ii) What is done lower the temperatures? (1mk)
iii) The aluminium which is produced is tapped off as aliquid. What does
this
suggest about it smelting point? (1mk)
c) A typical electrolysis cell uses current of 40,000 amperes.Calulate the mass (in
kilograms) of aluminium produced in one hour) (3mks)
4. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass Melting point (oC)

Aluminium 13 27.0 40.0
Calcium 20 12.0 850
Carbon 1.0 3730
Hydrogen 24.3 -259
Magnesium 12 650
Neon 10 31.0 -249
Phosphorous 15 23 44.2 (white)
Sodium 590 (red)
a) Complete the table by filling in this missing atomic numbers and atomic mass.
(2mks) b) Write the electron arrangement for the following ions
(2mks)
Ca+
P3+
c) What is the melting point of hydrogen in degrees Kelvin? (1mk)
d) Which of the allotropes of phosphorous ha a higher density? Explain (2mks)
e) The mass numbers of three isotopes of magnesium are 24, 25 and 26.
What is the mass number of the most abundant isotope of magnesium? Explain
(2mks)
f) Give the formula of the compound formed between aluminium and carbon.(1mks)
g) Explain the difference in the melting points of magnesium and sodium.(2mks)
5. a) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Compound Melting point(oC) Boiling point (oC)

C2H4O2 16.6 118
C3H6 C3H8O -185 -47.7
C5H12 -127 97.2 36.3
C6H14 -130 68.7
-95.3
i) Which of the compounds is a solid at 10.0oC? Explain (1mk) ii)

Choose two compounds which are members of the same homologous series and
explain the difference in their melting points. (3mks)
iii) The compound C3H8O is an alcohol. How does its solubility in water differ from
the solubility of C5H12 in water? Explain. (2mks)
b) Complete combustion of one mole of a hydrocarbon produced four moles of
carbon dioxide and four moles of water only.
i) Write formula of the hydrocarbon (1mk)
ii) Write the equation for the combustion reaction: (1mk)
c) In a reaction, an alcohol J was converted to a hex- 1 – ene.
i) Give the structural formula of the alcohol J
ii) Name the reagent and conditions necessary for the reaction in c (i) above
d) Compound K reacts with sodium hydroxide as shown below? (1mk)
i) What type of reaction is represented by the equation above? (1mk) ii)
To what class of organic compounds does K belong? (1mk) 6. a)
Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place when salts are
exposed to air for sometime.
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet (1mk) ii) Magnesium chloride forms an
aqueous solution (1mk) iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. 10H2O (1mk)
b) Write the formula of the complex ion formed in each of the reactions described
below.
(i) Zinc metal dissolves in hot alkaline solution (1mk)
(ii) Copper hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution. (1 mk)
(c) A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2% Oxygen
23.0%, sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3 %. Its relative formula mass is 278.
(i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt.. (3mks)
(Fe=56, S=32; O = 16, H =1)
(ii) 6.95gm of the hydrates salt were dissolved in distilled water and the total volume
made to 250 cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration of the salt solution in moles
per litre.
7. (a) The graph below shows the solubility of sulphur dioxide gas at different
temperatures. Use the following in it to answer the questions that follow.
(i) From the graph determine:

I The lowest temperature at which 1,000cm3 of solution would contain 116g
of sulphur dioxide.
II The maximum mass of sulphur dioxide that would dissolve in 15 litres of
solution at 100C
(ii) Sodium hydroxide reacts with sulphur trioxide according to the following equation.
2NaOH(aq) +SO2(g) Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Using the information in the graph determine the volume of 2M sodium hydroxide
required to completely neutralize on one litre of saturated sulphur dioxide solution
230C. (S=32.0; O; O = 16.0) (3mks)
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Write equation for the reaction taking place at:

I The roasting furnace (1mk)
(b)
II The absorption tower (1mk)

III The diluter (1mk)
(ii) The reaction taking place in chamber K is
SO2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) SO3 (g)
I Explain why it is necessary to use excess air in chamber K
II Name another substance used in chamber K
(c) Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the reagents used in:

Step I……………… (1mk)
Step II……………… (1mk)
Step IV…………… (1mk)
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of CH = CH (1mk)

Explain one disadvantage of the continued use of items made from the compound
formed in step III (2mks)
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/1 K.C.S.E 1997 QUESTIONS.
1. The set – up below was used to study some properties of air.
State and explain two observations that would be made at the end of the experiment.
2. When extinguishing a fire caused by burning kerosene, carbon dioxide is used in
preference to water .Explain
3. Complete the table below by inserting the missing information in the space provided.
Name of polymer Name of monomer One use of the polymer
Vinyl chloride
(Chloroethane)
4. When dilute nitric acid was added to a sample of solid C, a colourless gas that formed a
white a white precipitate with limewater was produced. When another sample of solid
C was heated strongly in a dry test – tube, there was no observable change.
5. The structure shown below represent two cleansing
agents, A and B
R — COO — Na+ OSO3-Na+
Which cleansing agent would be more suitable for washing in water containing
magnesium sulphate?
Give a reason
6. Study the set – up below and answer the questions that follow.
Diagram
a) What observation would be made in the tube?

b) Indicate with across (x) on the diagram the likely position where the observation stated in (a)
above would be made.
NB. Not to touch the cotton wool.
7. M grammes of a radioactive isotope decayed to 5 grammes in 100 days.

The Half – lift off the isotope is 25 days.
a) What is meant by half – life?
b) Calculate the initial mass of M of the radioactive isotope.
8. The empirical formula of a hydrocarbon is C2H3.The hydrocarbon has a relative
molecular mass of 54..(H = 1.0, C = 12.0).
a) C2H3
b) Draw the structural formula of the hydrocarbon
c) To which homologous series does the hydrocarbon drawn in (b) above
belong?
9. Potassium sulphite solution was prepared and divided into two portions. The first
portion gave a white precipitate when reacted with barium nitrate. On addition of dilute
hydrochloric acid the white precipitate disappeared.
a) Write the formula of the compound which formed as the white precipitate.
b) Write the equation for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and the compound whose
formula is written in (a) above.
c) What observation would be made if one drop of potassium dichromate solution was added to
the second portion followed by dilute hydrochloric
acid?
10. 0.63g of lead powder were dissolved in excess nitric acid to form lead nitrate solution.
All the lead nitrate solution was reacted with sodium sulphate solution. a)Write an
ionic equation for the reaction between lead nitrate and sodium sulphate solutions.
b) Determine the mass of the lead salt formed in (a) above.
(Pb = 207, S = 32.0 = 16)
11. Explain why anhydrous magnesium chloride is fairly soluble in organic solvents while
anhydrous magnesium chloride is insoluble.
12. Name and draw the structure of the compound formed when methane reacts with
excess chlorine in the presence of U.V light.
13. Sulphur burns in air to form sulphur dioxide.A simple energy level diagram for
the reaction is given below. Study the diagram and answer the questions that
follow.
a) What do the following represent?

b) Write an expression, for H3 in terms of H1 and H2
14. In an experiment, chlorine gas was passed into moist hydrogen sulphide contained in a
boiling tube as shown in the diagram
a) What observation was made in the boiling tube?
b) Write an equation for the above reaction.
c) What precaution should be taken in carrying out this experiment? Give a reason.
15. Complete the diagram below to show how a sample of aqueous ammonia can be
prepared in the laboratory.
16. A gas occupies a volume of 400cm3 at 500k and 1 atmosphere pressure.

What will be the temperature of the gas when the volume and pressure of the gas
is 100cm3 and 0.5 atmospheres respectively.
17. In an equation below, identify the reagent that acts as abase. Give a reason.
2-(
H2O(aq) + H2O(l) H3O(aq) + HO aq)
18. Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Write the formula of the caution present in solution F.

b) What property of chlorine is shown in step I
c) Write an equation for the reaction which occurs in step III
19. 90cm3 of 0.01M calcium hydroxide were added to a sample of water containing 0.001
moles of calcium hydrogen carbonate.
a) Write an equation for the reaction which took place
b) Calculate the number of moles of calcium ions in 90cm3 of 0.01M calcium
hydroxide.
c) What would be observed if soap solution was added drop wise to a sample of the
water after the addition of calcium hydroxide? Give a reason.
20. When 0.6g of element J were completely burnt in oxygen and all the heat evolved was
used to heat 500cm3 of water, the temperature of the water rose from 23oC to 32OC.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element J given that the specific heat capacity of
water = 4.2JK-1g-1, density of water = 1.0g/cm3 and molar heat is combustion of J is
380Kjmol-1
21. A student set up the experiment below to collect gas K the glass wool was heated
before heating the Zinc powder.
Why was it necessary to heat the moist glass wool before heating zinc powder
22. In an experiment to separate a mixture of two organic liquids, liquid M (b.p 56oC)
And liquid (b.p. 118oC), a student set up the apparatus shown below.
a) Identify two mistakes in the set – up

b) What method would the student use to test the purity of the distillates obtained?
23. An element Y has the electronic configuration 2.8.5
a) Which period of the periodic table does the element belong?
b) Write a formula of the most stable anion formed when element Y ionizes
c) Explain the difference between the atomic radium of element Y and
its ionic radius.
24. Aqueous potassium sulphate was electrolysed using platinum electrodes in a cell.
a) Name the products formed at the cathode and anode.
Anode
b) How does the concentration of the electrolyte change during electrolysis.

c) Why would it not be advisable to electolyse aqueous potassium sulphate using potassium
metal electrodes.
25. The information below relates to element L, Q,R and T.The letters do not represent
the actual symbols of the elements. Arrange the elements in
2Q-(aq) +R2(aq) Q2(g) + 2r(aq)
2T-(aq) + Q2(g) 2Q-(aq) + T2(g)
L-(aq) + R2(g) no reaction
a) Give the formula of an oxide which reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid and hot
concentrated sodium hydroxide.
b) Give the formulae of the products formed when the oxide in (a) above reacts with excess hot
concentrated sodium hydroxide.
26. Using dots (.)and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons, draw diagrams to show
the bonding in CO2 and H3O+ (Atomic numbers; H = 1.0,C= 14.0, O = 8 ).
27. Calculate the mass of nitrogen dioxide gas that would occupy the same volume as
10g of hydrogen gas at same temperature and pressure.(H = 1.0, N = 14.0, o = 16.0)
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/2 K.C.S.E 1997
QUESTIONS
1. Use standard electric potentials for elements A, B,C, D and F given below to answer the
Eθ ( Volts)
A2+ (aq) + 2e A
(s) - 2.90
B2+(aq) + 2e B
(s) -2.38
C+ (aq) + 2e C
(g) - 0.00
D2+ (aq) + 2e D
(s) + 0.34
½ F2 (g) + e F- (aq) +2.87
(i) Which element is likely to be hydrogen? Give a reason for your answer (ii)
What is the Eθ value of the strongest reducing agent?
(iii) In the space provided draw a labeled diagram of the electrochemical cell
that would be obtained when half – cells of elements B and D are
combined
(iv) Calculate the Eθ value of the electrochemical cell constructed in (iii)
above
(b) During the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate using copper
electrodes, a current of 0.2 amperes was passed through the cell for 5
hours
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that took place at the anode
(ii) Determine the change in mass of the anode which occurred as a
result of the electrolysis process
(Cu= 63.5, 1 Faraday = 96,500 coulombs.
2. (a) Give the names of the following compounds

(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(ii) CH3CH2COOH
(iii) CH3C-O-CH2CH3
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow
Number of carbon Relative molecular

atoms per molecule mass of hydrocarbon
2 28
3 42
4 56
(i) Write the general formula of the hydrocarbon in the table
(ii) Predict the relative atomic mass of the hydrocarbon with 5 carbon atoms
(iii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon in (ii) above and draw
its structural formula (H = 1.0 C= 12.0)
(c) Study the scheme given above and answer the questions that follow
C2H COONa
Step IV
Heat
Step V
CH = CH Step 1 C2H0
Complete
combustion
Step II
CH2=CHCI
Step III
+ CH2- CHCI +n
(i) Name the reagents used in:

Step I ……………………. Step
II …………………….. Step III
……………………..
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of CH = CH
(iii) Explain one disadvantage of the continued use of items made from the
compound formed in step III
3. (a) Study the information below and answer the questions that follow:
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
Element Atomic Melting Point Formula of Melting Point

Number Element Chloride Chloride
G 11 98 GCI 801
H 12 650 HCI 2 715
J 14 1410 JCI4 -70
K 16 113 K2CI2 -80
L 20 851 LCI2 780
(i) Which elements are metals? Give a reason
(ii) Write the formula of the compound formed when element H reacts with
elements K
(iii) Explain why the melting point of J is higher than that of K
(iv) What is the oxidation state of J in its chloride (v) How does the:
I – Melting point of fluoride of G compare with that of its chloride?
II- Reactivity of H and L with water compare? Give an explanation
(2mks)
4. (a) The diagram below shows the extraction of sodium metal using the downs
cell. Study it answer the questions that follow
(i) Explain why in this process the sodium chloride is mixed with calcium
chloride.
(ii) Why is the anode made of graphite and not steel?
(iii) State two properties of sodium metal that make it possible for it to be collected as
shown in the diagram
(iv) What is the function of the steel gauze cylinder?
(v) Write ionic equations for the reactions which take place at:
I Cathode
II Anode
(vi) Give one industrial use of sodium metal
(b) Explain why the sodium metal is kept stored under kerosene
5. The reaction between and methanoic acid at 300 C proceeds according to the information
given below
Br2 (aq) + HCOOH (aq) H+ 2Br (aq) + 2H- (aq) + CO2 (g)
Concentration of Br2 (aq) Moldm-3 Time minutes

10.0 x 10-3 0
8.1 x 10-3 6.6 x 1
10-3 4.4 x 10-3 2
3.0 x 10-3 2.0 x 4
10-3
6
1.3 x 10-3
8
10
(a) On the grid below, plot a graph of concentration of Bromine (Vertical axis against
time)
(b) From the graph determine:
(i) The concentration of bromine at the end of 3 minutes
(ii) The rate of reaction at time ‘t’ where t = 1 ½ minutes
(c) Explain how the concentration of bromine affects the rate of reaction
(d) On the same axis sketch the curve that would be obtained if the reaction was carried
out at 200 C and label the curve as curve II. Give a reason for your answer.
6. (a) The diagram below represents a set up that was used to obtain dry nitrogen
from air.
Study it and answer the questions that follow
(i) Name solid Q

(ii) What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide?
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in tube P
Give the name of one impurity present in the nitrogen gas obtained
(iv) Give a reason why liquid nitrogen is used for storage of semen for
artificial insemination
(b) The set up below was used to prepare nitric acid
(i) Give the name of liquid R

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the glass retort
(iii) Explain the following
I. Nitric acid is stored in dark bottles
II. The reaction between copper metal with 50% nitric acid (one volume of
acid
added to an equal volume of water) in an open test tube gives brown
fumes.
(c) A factory uses nitric acid and ammonia gas as the only reactants for the
preparation of fertilizer. If the daily production of the fertilizer is 4800 kg
calculate the mass of ammonia gas used daily.
7. (a) In an experiment, dry hydrogen chloride gas was passed through heated zinc
turnings as shown in the diagram below. The gas produced was then passed
through heated lead (II) oxide.
(i) What is the function of water in the flask?

Write equations for the reactions that took place in the tubes
S
V
(ii) How would the total mass of tube V and its contents compare before
after the experiment? Explain
(b) Chloride can be prepared by using the following three agents; solid sodium
chloride, concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate (i) What
is the role of each of the following in the reaction?
I Concentrated sulphuric acid
II potassium permanganate
(ii) Name the bleaching agent formed when chlorine gas is passed through
cold
dilute sodium hydroxide solution
(iii) Name one other use of the compound formed in (ii) above other than
bleaching
(c) 1.9 gm of magnesium chloride was dissolved in distilled water. Silver
nitrate solution was added until in excess. Calculate the mass of silver
nitrate that was used for the complete reaction. Relative molecular mass of
magnesium chloride = 95, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Ag = 108.0
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/ 1 K.C.S.E 1998
QUESTIONS
2. An isotope of Uranium 234U, decays by emission of an alpha particle to thorium
92
a) Write the equation for the nuclear reaction undergone by isotope.
b) Explain why it is not safe to store radioactive substances in containers made
from aluminium sheets.
3. Study the information in the table and answer the question below the table.
Substance Solubility g /100g water

A 1.26 x 102
B 1.09 x 102
Describe how a solid sample of substance A could be obtained from a solid mixture of A
and B.
4. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using petrol containing tetraethyl lead in
motor vehicles.
5. Use the information below to answer the questions that follow:
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e zn(s) -0.76
Al3+ (aq) + 3e Al (s) -1.66
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e Fe(s) -0.44
a). Calculate the E value for the electrochemical cell represented bellow.
Al(s) Al3+ (aq) Fe2+ (ag) Fes(s)
a) Give a reason why aluminium metal would protect iron from rusting better than zinc metal.
6. The table below shows some properties of substances C,D and E. Study it and answer the
Substance M.P (0C) Solubility in water Electrical solid state Conductivity

mol stated.
E -39 Insoluble Good good

D 1610 Insoluble Poor poor
E 801 Soluble Poor good
Select substance
a) Within a giant molecular structure
b) That is not likely to be an element
7. On complete combustion of a sample of hydrocarbon, 3.52 gm of carbon dioxide and

1.44gm of water were formed. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(Relative molecular masses of hydrocarbon =56, carbon dioxide 44, water = 18 and
relative atomic masses H = 1.0 and c=12.0)
8. A sample of water drawn from a river passing through an agricultural district was divided
into two portions. The first portion gave a white precipitate when acidified barium
chloride was added. The second portion when warmed with aqueous sodium hydroxide
gave a colourless gas, which turned a moist red litmus paper blue.
(a) Identify the ions present in the river water.
(b) Suggest the possible sources of the ions identified in (a) above.
8. The equation below represents a redox reaction. Identify the reducing agent. Give a reason.
2FeCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) 2Fe Cl3(aq)
9. (a) What is meant by dynamic equilibrium?

(b) State and explain the observation that would be made if a few pellets of potassium
hydroxide are added to the equilibrium mixture.
10. An ion of phosphorous can be represented as 31 P3-
15
Draw a diagram to show the distribution of the electrons and the composition of the
nucleus of the ion of phosphorous.
11. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. In terms of structure and bonding explain the
following.
(a) Diamond is used in drilling through hard rocks
(b) Graphite is used as a lubricant
12. Distinguished between a strong and a weak acid. Give examples.
13. The set-up below was used to electrolyze aqueous copper (II) sulphate
a) Explain why the bulb light is brightly at the beginning of the experiment and
becomes dim after sometime.
b) Write the ionic equation of the reaction that took place.
14. Draw the structural formula of:
(a) Ethanol
(b) Propanoic
(c) Give the name of the organic compound formed when ethanol and propanoic acid
react in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.
15. The grid below shows part of a periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements
G
H I
F
a) Select the:
(i) element which has the largest atomic radius
(ii) Most reactive non-metal
b) Show on the grid the position of the element J which forms J2 ions with electronic
configuration 2, 8, 8.
16. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions below the table.
Bond Bond energy (kJmol-1)
C-H 414
Cl-Cl 244
C-Cl 326
H-Cl 431
Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction:
CH4 (g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
17. The diagram below represents a paper chromatogram for three brands of juices suspected to
contain banned food colorings.
K L M
X X X
Brand of juice
The results showed the presence of banned food colorings in L and M only. On the same
diagram:
a) Circle the spots which show the banned food colorings
b) Shoe solvent front.
18. Urea, (NH2)2CO is prepared by the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
In one process, 680 kg of ammonia were reacted with excess carbon dioxide.
Calculate the mass of urea that was formed. (H = 1.0, c+ 12.0, N =14.0, O = 16.0 and
relative molecular mass of ammonia = 17)
Calculate the mass of Urea that was formed
19. Describe how a solid sample of lead (II) Chloride can be prepared using the following
reagents, dilute nitric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid and lead carbonate.
20. The diagram below represents a charcoal burner. Study it and answer the questions that
follow
Write equations for the reactions taking place at I and I and II
21. The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer Give:
a) The name of the polymer.

b) One disadvantage of continued use of this polymer.
22. The scheme below shows some reaction sequence starting with solid N.
a) Identify solid N
b) Write the formula of the complex ion present in solution
23. A sealed glass tube containing air at s.t.p was immersed in water at 1000c. Assuming
that there was no increase in the volume of the glass tube due to the expansion of the
glass, calculate the pressure of the inside tube. (standard pressure = 760mmHg,)
24. A beekeeper found that when stung by a bee, application of a little solution of hydrogen
carbonate helped to relieve the irritation from the affected area. Explain.
25. The diagram below shows the physical state of matter. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.
Identify the processes R, V, w and U

(c) Name one substance which can undergo the process represented by S and T.
26. The table below gives the energy required to remove the outermost electron for some
group I elements.
Element I II III IV
Energy kJmol-1 494 418 519 376
Arrange the elements in order of their reactivity starting with the most reactive.
27. A hydrocarbon slowly decolorizes bromine gas in the presence of sunlight but does not
decolourise acidified potassium permanganate
Name and draw the structural formula of the fourth member of the series to which the
hydrocarbon belongs.
28. The column below was used do soften hard water
(i) Explain how the hard water was softened as it passed through the column (ii)
After some time the material in the column is not able to soften hard water
How can the material be activated?
(iii) Give one advantage of using hard water for domestic purposes.
29. What is the oxidation number of chlorine in CO4
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/2 K.C.S.E – 1998

QUESTIONS
1. (a). An ore is suspected to contain mainly iron. Describe a method that can be used to
confirm the presence of iron in the ore
(b) Excess carbon monoxide gas was passed over a heated sample of an oxide of iron as
shown in the diagram below. Study the diagram and the data below it to answer the
Mass of empty dish = 10.98g

Mass of empty dish 4 oxide of iron = 13.30g
Mass of empty dish 4 residue = 12.66g
(i) Determine the formula of the oxide of iron. (relative formula mass of oxide iron =
232, Fe = 56.0 , O = 16.0)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the dish
(c) Corrosive is a destructive process in which iron which is converted into hydrated iron (III)
oxide State:
(i) two conditions necessary for rusting to occur
(ii) One method used to protect iron from rusting
(d) Explain why it is not advisable to wash vehicles using seawater
2. (a) The following equations represents two different types of reactions

(i) nC4H8(g) (C4H8)n(s)
(ii) C2H6(g) + CI2(g) C2H5CI(I) + HCI(g)
State the type of reaction represented by:
(i)
(ii)
(b) The fermentation of glucose produces ethanol as shown in the equation below C2H12O6(aq)
2CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
(i) State how the concentration of ethanol produced could be increased
(ii) State and explain the observation that would be made when a piece of sodium
metal is added to a sample of ethanol contained in a beaker
(iii) Give two commercial uses of ethanol other in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks
(c) The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C6H14. The hydrocarbon can be converted into
two other hydrocarbons as shown by the equation below
(i) Name and draw the possible structural formula of X
Name
Structural formula
(ii) State and explain the observation that would be made if a few drops of bromide
water were added to a sample of X.
(iii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of C3H8
3. The flow chart below shows the industrial preparation of ammonia and the process used
in the manufacture of some ammonium compounds. Study and answer the questions that
follow
(a) Give the name of the
(i) Process in step 1
(ii) Reaction that takes place in step 5
(b) State one other source of hydrogen gas apart from natural gas
(c) Explain why it necessary to compress nitrogen and hydrogen in this process
(d) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step 6
(e) Name the catalyst and the reagents used in step 3
Catalyst
Reagent
(f) Name compound Z1
(g) Give one commercial use of compound Z2
4. The set – up below was used to prepare anhydrous chlorides of a number of elements in a
laboratory where no fine cupboard was available. The chlorides were t o be collected in
flask
The following table shows the melting and boiling points of the chlorides that were prepared.
(a) Explain why it is necessary to pass dry chlorine through the apparatus before heating
each element
(b) Give tow reasons why tubes II and III were filled with Soda lime (solid mixture of sodium
hydrogen and calcium hydrogen)
(c) Explain why it would not be possible to collect any sodium chloride in flask 1
(d) Name one other substance that can be used in tubes II and III
(e) Write an equation for the reaction that forms phosphorous (III) chloride
(f) Describe how you would separate a mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride
1. (a) The table below gives the solubilities of hydrated copper (II) sulphate in mol dm3 at
different temperatures
(i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of solubility of copper (II) sulphate (vertical
axis) against temperature.
(ii) From the graph, determine the mass of copper (II) sulphate deposited when solution
is cooled from 700 C to 400C.
(Molar mass of hydrated copper (II) sulphate = 250g)
(b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of sodium chloride, 5.0cm3 of a
saturate solution of sodium chloride weighing 5.35g were placed volumetric and
diluted to a total volume of 250cm3
25.0cm3 of the dilute solution chloride completely reacted with 24cm3 of 0.1M silver
nitrate solution.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCI(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Calculate:
(i) Moles of silver nitrate in 24cm3 of solution
(ii) Moles of sodium chloride in 25.0cm3 of sodium
(iii) Moles of sodium chloride in 250cm3 of solution
(iv) Mass of sodium chloride in 5.0cm3 of saturated sodium chloride
Solution (Na = 23.0, CI = 35.5)
(v) Mass of water in 5.0cm3 of saturated solution of sodium chloride
(vi) The solubility of sodium chloride in g/100 water
5. In order to determine the molar of neutralization of sodium hydroxide, 100cm3 of 1M
sodium hydroxide and 100cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid both at the same initial
temperature were mixed and stirred continuously with a thermometer. The thermometer
of the resulting solution was recorded after every 30 seconds until the highest temperature
of the solution was attained. Thereafter the temperature of the solution was recorded for a
further two minutes
(a) (i) Why was it necessary to stir the mixture of the two minutes
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which took place
(iii) The sketch below was obtained when the temperature of the mixture
were plotted against time. Study and answer the questions that follow.
I. What is the significance of point Y2?

II. Explain why there is a temperature change between points
Y1 and Y2
Y3 and Y4
(iv) In the initial temperature for both solutions was 24.50C and the
highest temperature attained by the mixture was 30.90C Calculate the:
I. heat change for the reaction
(specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2Jg -1K-1 and the density
of the solution = 1.0g/cm3
II. Molar heat of neutralization of sodium hydroxide
(v) Explain how the value of the molar heat of neutralization obtained in this
experiment would compare with the one that would be obtained if the experiment was
repeated using 100cm3 of 1 Methanoic acid instead of hydrochloric acid.
(b) On the grid provided below, draw an energy level diagram for the reaction
between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
6. Study the information given in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represents the actual symbols of the elements
Element Atomic number Boiling
point
S 3 1603
T 13 2743
U 16 718
V 18 87
W 19 1047
(a) Select the elements which belong to the same
(i) Group
(ii) Period
(b) Which element
(i) Is in gaseous state at room temperature? Explain
(Take room temperature to be 298K)
(ii) Does not form an oxide?
(c) Write the
(i) Formula of the nitrate of element
(ii) Equation for the reaction between elements S and U
(d) What type of bond would exists in the compound formed when U and T react?
Give a reason for your answer
(e) The aqueous sulphate of element W was electrolyzed using inert electrodes Name
the products formed at the:
(i) Cathode
(ii) Anode
QUESTIONS
1. Aluminium metal is a good conductor and is used for overhead cables. State any other
(1) Na2SO4(aq)
(a) Name:
two properties that make aluminium suitable for this use
(i) The reagent used in step I
(ii) Compound A
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction is step IV
3. State and explain the observation that would be made when a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid are added to a small sample of hydrated copper (II) sulphate
4. 4.76g of liquid ammonia and 4.76g of liquid nitrogen were each allowed warming up and
hanging into gas at warm temperature and pressure. Relative atomic masses: H=1.0 and
N=14.0. Using the data given above, explain which gas occupied the greater volume
5. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react as shown in the equation below
SO2(g) + NO2(g) → SO3 (g) + NO(g)
(i) Using the oxidation numbers of either sulphur or nitrogen, show that this is
a redox reaction
(ii) Identify the reducing agent
6. What type of bond is formed when lithium and Fluorine react? Explain
(Atomic numbers: Li = 3 and F = 9)
7. Write the formula of sulphide of an element C, whose atomic number is 5. (C is not the
actual symbol of the element)
8. The table below shows the solubility of a salt at various temperatures

Temperature (0C) Solubility g/ 100g
Wa
0 36
40 30
80 25
110 20
What would happen if a sample of a saturated solution of the salt at 400C is heated
to 800C. Explain
9. State the observation that would be made when a piece of sodium metal is placed in
samples of:
Pentane: __________
Pentanol: __________
10. D gm of potassium hydroxide were dissolved in distilled water to make 100cm3 of
solution. 50cm3 of the solution- required 50cm3 of 2 M nitric acid for complete
neutralization. Calculate the mass D, of potassium hydroxide (KOH)(aq) + HNO3(aq)
→KNO3 (aq) + H2O (I) Relative formula mass of KOH = 56)
11. In an attempt to prepare sulphur dioxide gas, dilute sulphuric acid was reacted with
barium sulphuric. The yield of sulphur dioxide was found to be negligible explain
12. The curve below represents the changes in the concentration of substance E and F
with time
In the reaction; E (g) F(g)
(i) Which curve represents the changes in concentration of substance F?

Give a reason
(ii) Give a reason for shapes of curves after time ‘t’ minutes
13. Use the cell representation below to answer the questions that follow
Cr(s) / Cr3+ (aq) //Fe2+ (aq) /Fe(s)
(a) Write the equation for the cell reaction
(b) If the E.M.F of the cell is 0.30 volts and the Eθ value for cr3+aq / Cr
(s)
14. (a) A few drops of freshly prepared iron (II) sulphate solution were added to potassium
nitrate solution in a test – tube. Concentrated sulphuric acid was then carefully added to
the mixture. State the observation that were made
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when solid potassium nitrate is strongly
heated
2KNO3 →2KNO2 (s) + O2
15. Use the information below to answer the question that follows
Ca (s) + ½ O2 (g) → CaO(s); ∆H = 635 kjmol-1
C(s) + O2 (g) →CO2(g); →∆H = -394kJmol-1
Ca (s) + C (s) + 3/2 O2 →CaCO3 (s) ; ∆H = -1207 kJ mol-1
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
CaO(s) + Co2 (g) →CaCO3(s)
16. Under certain conditions, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form methanol (CH3
OH) and oxygen as shown below
2CI2 (g) + 4H2O(I) →2CH3OH(I) + 3O2 (g) : ∆ H = + 1452 Kj
What would be the effect on the yield of methanol if the temperature of the reaction
mixture is increased? Explain
In an experiment a certain volume of air was passed from syringe to syringe over heated zinc
powder as shown in the diagram below
The experiment was repeated using excess magnesium powder. In which of two experiments
was the change in volume of the air greatest. (Give reasons)
17. Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follows
Element Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Heat of vaporization 3.16 10.2 15.0 22.0
Explain the trend in the molar heats of vaporization
18. The diagram below shows a set up for the laboratory preparation and collection of dry
chlorine gas
(a) Name
(i) Substance G
(ii) A suitable drying agent Conc.
(b) What property of chlorine makes it possible for it to be collected as shown in
the diagram?
19. The set up below was used to investigate some properties of two gases M and N
a) Name
(i) Substance G
(ii) A suitable drying agent conc.
b) What property of chlorine makes it possible for it to be collected as shown in the
diagram?
20. The set up below was used to investigate some properties of two gases M and N
When beaker A was filed with gas M, the level of water in the glass tube rose to point
II. When the experiment was repeated using gas N, the level of water dropped to point
III. Explain these observations.
21. State and explain one disadvantages of using hard water in boilers
22. Compound L reacts with hydrogen bromide gas to give another compound whose
structure is
H H H Br H
I I I I I
H - C - C -C -C - C - H
I I I I I
H H H H H
(a) Give the structural formula and name of compound L
(b) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place between ethane and
excess chlorine gas
23. When excess carbon monoxide gas was passed over heated lead (II) oxide in combustion
tube, lead (II) oxide was reduced
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, which took place
(b) What observation was made in the combustion tube when the reaction was complete?
(c) Name another gas, which could be used to reduce lead (II) oxide 24. One of the fuels
associated with crude oil is natural gas. Name the main constituent of natural gas and
write an equation for its complete combustion Name:
Equation:
25. When solid magnesium carbonate was added to a solution of hydrogen chloride in
methylbenzene, there was no apparent reaction. On addition of water to the resulting
mixture, there was vigorous effervescence. Explain these observations
26. The graph below shows the mass of a radioactive isotope plotted against time
(a) Using the graph, determine the half – life of the isotope
(b) Calculate the mass of the isotope present after 32 days
27. The table below shows the PH values of solutions I, II, III and IV.
Solution I II III IV
H
P 2 7 11 14
(a) which solution is likely to be that of calcium hydroxide?
(b) Select the solution in which a sample of aluminium oxide is likely to
dissolve. Give reason for your answer
28. Bromine reacts with ethane as shown below
C2H6 + Br →C2H5Br + HBr
(a) What condition is necessary for this reaction to occur?

(b) Identify the bonds which are broken and those that are formed
Bonds broken
Bonds formed
QUESTIONS
1. The table below gives the volume of the gas provided when different volumes of 2M
hydrochloric were reacted with 0.6g of magnesium powder at room temperature
Volume of 2M Volume of gas (cm3)

hydrochlori (cm3)
0 0
10 240
20 480
30 600
40 600
50 600
(a) Write an equation fro the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid
(b) On the grid provided plot a graph of the volume of gas produced
(vertical axis), against the volume of acid added (Note the reaction comes to
completion, the volume of the gas produced directly proportional to completion, the
acid added).
From the graph determine
(c) i) The volume for the gas produced if 12.5cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid had been used.
ii) The volume of 2M hydrochloric acid which when reacted completely with 0.6 of
magnesium powder.
e) Given that one mole of the gas occupied 24000cm3 at room temperature.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.

2. The set – up below was used during the electrolysis of aqueous magnesium sulphate
using inert electrodes.
i) name a suitable pair of electrodes for this experiment

ii) Identify the ions and cations in the solution iii) On the
diagram label the cathode iv) Write ionic equations for the reactions that
took place at the anode.
v) Explain the change that occurred to the concentration of magnesium sulphate
solution during the experience.
vi) During the electolysis a current of 2 amperes was passed through the solution
for 4 hours. Calculate the volume of the gas produced at the anode.(1 faraday
96500 coulombs and volume of a gas at room temperature is 24000cm3)
vii) One of the uses of electrolysis is electroplating What is meant by
electroplating?
Give tow reasons why electroplating is necessary.
3. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the symbols of the elements.
Element(C) Atomic number Melting point
L 11 97.8
M 13 660
N 14 1440
Q 17 401
R 19 63.7
a) Write the electrons arrangement for the atom formed by elements and M and Q
b) Select an element which is
i) The most reactive non – metal
ii) A poor conductor of electricity
c) In which period of the periodic table does elements R below.
d) Element R lodes its outermost electron more readily than I. Explain
e) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent outermost electrons show bonding in
the compound formed elements N and Q.
f) Explain why the melting point elements M is higher than that of element .
g) Describe how a solid mixture of sulphate of R and lead sulphate can be separated into
solid samples.
4. a) The flow chart below shows a sequence of reactions starting with.
Study and answer the questions that follow.
i) Name the reagent and state the condition for the reaction in step.
Reagent
Condition
ii) Give the names of the following
i) Solid S ii)
Solid V iii)
Solid T
iii) Give reasons for the colour change in step 2 ii) Write an ionic
equation for the reaction which takes place in step 3.
v) Name one other substance that could be used instead of sodium hydroxide in step
III.
b) In an experiment 3.36g of iron fillings were added to excess aqueous copper(II)
sulphate. Calculate the mass of copper that was deposited. Cu = 63.5, Fe = 56.0
5 a) When an organic compound Y is reacted with aqueous sodium carbonate, it produces carbon
dioxide reacts with propanol to form a sweet smelling compound Z whose formula is.
O
CH3 CH2 C - O - CH2 CH2 CH3
i) Name and draw the structural formula of compound Y.

ii) What is the name of the group of compounds to which Z belongs?
b) In an experiment excess ethanol was warmed with potassium dichromate for about twenty
minutes. State and explain the observation that was made at the end of the experiment.
c) The scheme below was used to prepare a cleaning agent.
Study and answer the questions that
follow.
i) What name is given to the type of cleaning agent prepared by the method
shown in the scheme?
ii) Name one chemical substance added in step II iii) What is the purpose of
adding the elements substance names in C(ii) above.
iv) Explain how an aqueous solution of the cleansing removes oil from utensils during
washing.
6. a) The diagram below shows a set –up used by as a student in an attempt to prepare
and collect oxygen gas.
i) Complete the diagram correcting the mistakes on it

ii) Identify solid W.
b) A piece of phosphorus was burnt in excess and the product obtained was
shaken with a small amount of hot water to make a solution.
i) Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air.
c) Explain why cooking pots made of aluminium do not corrode when exposed
to air.
d) The reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen to form trioxide in the
contact process in exothermic.
2So(aq) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Factory manufacturing sulphuric acid by contact process produces 350kg of sulphur trioxide per day
(conditions) for the reaction catalyst. 2 atmospheres pressure and temperatures between.
(400 – 500 oC)
i) What is meant by an exothermic reaction?
ii) How would the yield per day of sulphur trioxide be affected
Temperatures lower than 4000oC are used? Explain.
QUESTIONS
1. Explain the change in mass that occurs when the following substances are separately heated
in open crucibles
(a) Copper metal
(b) Copper (II) nitrate
2. The equation below represents a redox reaction
Mg (s) + 2HCI (aq) → MgCI2 (aq) + H2
a) Write down the equation for the reduction process
b) Which substance is oxidized
3. The simplified flow chart shows some of the steps in the manufacture of sodium carbonate
by the Solvay process
Carbon
L dioxide Ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride
Brine and sodium hydrogen
carbonate Step II
Step 1
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate
Step III
Sodium carbonate
(a) Identify substance L
(b) Name the process – taking place in step II
(c) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place in step III
4. When a current of 1.5 amperes was passed though a cell containing m3+ ions of a metal M
for 15 minutes, the mass of the cathode increased by 0.26g.
(1 Faraday = 96500 coulombs)
(a) Calculate the quantity of electricity used
(b) Determine the relative atomic mass of metal M
5. The information below relates to elements S,T,U and X. ( the letters do not represents the
actual symbols of the elements.
(i) T displaces X from an aqueous solution containing ions of X
(ii) Hydrogen gas reduces heated oxide of S but does not reduce the heated oxide of X
(iii) U liberates hydrogen gas from cold water but T does not
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between T and the ions of X.
Both T and X are in group II of the periodic Table)
(b) Arrange the elements in order of their increasing reactivity
6. Starting with copper metal, describe how a solid samples of copper (II) carbonate can be
prepared.
7. Give two reasons why helium is used in weather balloons
8. Study the solubility curves below and answer the questions that follows
What happens when a solution containing 40gm of potassium chlorate and 40gm of
potassium nitrate in 100gm of water at 900C is cooled to 400C? Explain
9. A hydrocarbon P was found to decolourise bromine water. On complete combustion of 2
moles of P, 6 moles of carbon dioxide and 6 moles of water were formed
(a) Write the structural formula of P
(b) Give the name of P
(c) Name one industrial source of P
10. Use the scheme below to answer the questions that follow
Carbon Dioxide
Solid H
H2O
Heat Solid J Ca (OH)2(aq)
(a) Identify the solid

H
J
(b) State one commercial use of solid J
11. 20.0cm3 of a solution containing 4 gm per litre of sodium hydroxide was neutralized
by 8.0cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in
moles per litre (Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0)
12. A student set up the apparatus shown below to prepare ammonia gas and react it with
copper (II) sulphate solution.
(a) Identify solution V

(b) State the observations which were made in the beaker
13. A radioactive isotope X2 decays by emitting two alpha (a) particles and one beta (β) to from
214 Bi
83
(a) What is the atomic number of X2?
(b) After 112 days, 1/16 of the mass of X2 remained. Determine the half life of X2
14. The table below shows the tests carried out on separate samples of water drawn from a
well and the results obtained
Tests Results
(i) Addition of excess aqueous
(ii) Addition of a few drops of dilute
sulp h acid
(iii) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid
followed by few drops of Barium
chlorid e
(a) Identify the cation and the anion present in the water
Cation
Anion
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which takes place in test (iii)
15. State any two differences between luminous and non – luminous flames
16. Compound Q is a solid with a giant ionic structure. In what form would the compound conduct
an electric current
17. Study the set- up below and answer the questions that follow
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, which take place in the combustion tube
(b) What property of gas Z allows it to be collected as shown in the diagram
18. A given volume of ozone, (O3) diffused from a certain apparatus in 96 seconds. Calculate
the time taken by an equal volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse under the same
conditions (O = 16.0, C = 12.0)
19. The curves below were obtained when two equal volumes of hydrogen peroxide of the
same concentration were allowed to decompose separately. In one case, manganese (IV)
oxide was added to the hydrogen peroxide
Which curve represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with manganese (IV) oxide?
Explain
20. Pentane and ethanol are miscible. Describe how water could be used to separate a mixture
of pentane and ethanol
21. Name another gas, which is used together with oxygen in welding
22. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electrical conductivity Ductility Action of water
A Good Good No reaction
B Good Poor No reaction
C Good Good Reacts
Select an element which
(a) Is likely to be sued in group II of the periodic table
(b) Could be used to make electric cables
(c) Likely to be graphite
23. When a solid sample of sulphur is heated in a test tube, it changes into a liquid, which
flows easily. On further heating, the liquid darkness and does not flow easily. Explain
these observations.
24. Hydrogen and fluorine react according to the equation below
H2 (g) + F2 (g) 2HF (g) ; ∆H = - 538kJ
(a) On the grid provide below, sketch the energy level diagram for the forward reaction
(b) Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of HF
25. Explain why it is not advisable to leave a Jiko with burning charcoal in a closed
room where one is sleeping.
26. In an experiment, ammonia chloride was heated in a test tube. A moist red litmus
paper placed at the mouth of the test tube first changed blue then red. Explain these
observations
27. State and explain the function of tartaric acid in baking powder
0 (a) The grid given below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the
questions that follow. (the letters do not represents the actual symbol of the elements)
(i) What name is given to the group of elements to which C and F belong?
(ii) Which letter represents the element that is the least reactive?
(iii) What type of bond is formed when B and E react? Explain
QUESTIONS
(iv) Write the formula of the compound formed when element D and oxygen gas react
(v) On the grid, indicate with a tick the position of element G which is in the third
grid, indicate with a tick the position of element G which is in the third period of
the periodic table and forms G3- ions
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow ( the letters do
not represent the actual symbol of the substances)
Substance Melting Point (0 Boiling Point Solubility in Density at room

C (0C wat e temperature
g/cm
H -117 78.5 Very soluble 0.8
J -78 -33 Very soluble 0.77 x 10-3
K -23 77 Insoluble 1.6
L -219 -183 Slightly soluble 1.33 x 10-3
(i) Which substance would dissolve in water and could be separated from the solution by
fractional distillation? Give a reason
(ii) Which substances is a liquid at room temperature and when mixed with water two layers
would be formed?
(iii) Which letter represents a substance that is gas at room temperature and which can be
collected:
I. Over water? Explain
II. By downward displacement of air? (Density of air is 1.29 x 10-3g/cm3 at room temperature.
1 (a) The diagram below represents a mercury cell that can be used in the industrial
manufacture of sodium hydroxide. Study it and answer the question that follow
(i) Name
I. the raw material introduced at 2
II. Another substance that can be used in the cell instead of graphite
(ii) Identify the by – product that comes out at I
(iii) Give
I. One use of sodium hydroxide
II. Two reasons why mercury is recycled
(b) A current of 100 amperes was passed through the cell of five ( 5) hours
(i) Write the equation for: The reaction that occurred at the mercury cathode
(ii) Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide that was produced
(Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0, 1 Faraday = 96500 Coulombs)
2 The flow chart below illustrate the industrial extraction of lead metal. Study it and answer
the questions that follow.
(a) (i) Name the ore that is commonly used in this process
(ii) Explain what takes place in the roasting furnace
(iii) Identify gas P
(iv) Write the equation for the main reaction that takes place in the smelting
Furnace
(v) What is the purpose of adding iron in the smelting furnace?
(vi) Give two environmental hazards likely to be associated with extraction of
Lead
(b) Explain why hard water flowing in lead pipes may be safer for drinking
than soft water flowing in the same pipes
(c) State one use of lead other than the making of lead pipes
4. (a) (i) In the space provided sketch a labeled diagram to show how hydrogen
chloride gas can be prepared and collected in the laboratory using sodium
Chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid ( the gas need not be dry)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place
(iii) Name one drying agent for hydrogen chloride
(vi) State and explain the observation that would be made when hydrogen
chloride gas is bubbled through a solution of lead (II) nitrate
(v) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used for removing oxide from metal surfaces (
picking). Explain why concentration nitric acid cannot be used for the purpose.
(b) A sample of hydrogen chloride gas was dissolved in water to make 250cm3 of
solution required 46 cm3 of 11.0M Sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in 25cm3 of solution
(ii) Determine the mass of hydrogen chloride that was dissolve to make 250cm3 of
solution (Cl = 35.5, H=1.0)
5. (a) Give the names of the following compounds
(i) CH3CH = CHCH2CH3
O
║
(ii) CH3CH2CH2C - OH
(b) Ethane and Ethene react with bromine according to the equation given below
(i) C2H6(g) + Br2(g) C2H5Br2(g) + HBr(g)
(ii) C2H4(g) + Br2(g) C2H4Br2(I)

Name the type of bromination reaction that takes place in: (i) and (ii)
(i) Write the equation for the combustion of butane

(ii) The pH of substances K was found to be less than 7. Explain this observations
(d) The polymerization of tetra flouroathene (C2H4) is similar to that of ethane

( C2H4)
(i) What is meant by the term polymerization?
(ii) Draw the structural formula of a portion of the polymer obtained from the
monomer C2H4
(e) State any two advantages that synthetic polymers have over natural polymers
6. (a) The following diagrams show the structures of two allotropes of carbon. Study them and
answer the questions that follow
(i) Name allotrope

M
N
(ii) Give one use of N
(iii) Which allotrope conducts electricity? Explain
(b) In an experiment, carbon dioxide gas as passed over heated charcoal and the gas produced
collected as shown in the diagram below
(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube
(ii) Name another substance that can be used instead of sodium hydroxide
(iii) Describe a sample chemical test that can be used to distinguish between carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide
(iv) Give one use of carbon monoxide
7 (a) A student was supplied with a colourless liquid suspected to be water
(i) Describe one chemical test that could have been used to show that the liquid was water (ii)
How could it have been shown that the liquid was pure water?
(b) The flow chart below shows the various stages of water treatment.
Study it and answer
the questions that follow
Water reservoir Filtration Unit 1 Process Y
Filtration
Addition of Sodium
Tap Water hypochlorite
(i) Which substances are likely to be removed in filtration unit I?
(ii) What is the name of the process Y?
(iii) What is the purpose?
I Process Y
II Addition of sodium hypochlorite
(c) It was confirmed that magnesium sulphate was present in the tap
water (i) What type of hardness was present in the water? (ii) Explain
how the hardness can be removed
QUESTIONS
1. Study the nuclear reaction given below and answer the questions that follow.
14
14 C
12 C 6
C 6
(a) 12 6 and 14 are isotopes. What does the term isotopes. What does the term
isotope mean?
C C
6 6
(b) Write an equation for the nuclear reaction in step II
14 14 0 or 14 14 0
C N e C N e
6 7 I 6 7 i
(c) Give one use of 14C
6
2. In an experiment, 0.8gm of magnesium of powder were reacted with excess dilute sulphuric
acid at 250C . The time for the reaction to come to completion was recorded.
The experiment was repeated at 400C. In which experiment was the time taken shorter?
Explain your answer.
3. The electronic structures for elements represented by letters A,B,C,D are

A=2 .8.6 B 2.8.2 C 2. 8. 1 D 2. 8. 8.
a) Select the element which forms:
(i) a double charged cation
(ii) A soluble carbonate
b) Which element has the shortest atomic radius?
4. Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
Solid E +Ca(OH)2 paste
Step IV warm
Ammonia gas
Step II pass into aluminium sulphate solution and filter
Solid F
a) Identify solid E.
b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in step II that produces solid F.
5. Give a reason why phosphorus is stored under water.

6. At 298K and 1 atmosphere, graphite changes into diamond according to the equation:
C (graphite) C(diamond); =2.9 kJmo-1
In the space provided, sketch a simple energy level diagram for the above change.
7. How would you obtain a sample of pure iodine from a mixture of iodine and lead sulphate?
8. 10gm of sodium hydrogen carbonate were dissolved in 20cm3 of water in a boiling tube.
Lemon juice was then added drop wise with shaking until there was no further observable
change.
a) Explain the observation, which was made in the boiling tube when the reaction was in
progress
b) What observation would have been made if the lemon juice had been added to copper
turnings in a boiling tube? Give reason?
9. Sample solutions of salt were labeled as I,II, III and IV. The actual solutions, not in that
order are lead nitrate, zinc sulphate potassium chloride and calcium chloride.
a) When aqueous sodium carbonate was added to each sample separately, a white
precipitate was formed in I, III and IV only. Identify solution II.
b) When excess sodium hydroxide was added to each sample separately, a white
precipitate was formed in solutions III and I only.
Identify solution I
10. A weighed sample of crystalline sodium carbonate (Na2CO3. H2O) was heated in a crucible
until there was no further change in mass.
Calculate the number of moles (n) of the water of crystallization
11. A certain matchstick head contains potassium chlorate and sulphure.

On striking the two substances react to produce sulphure dioxide and potassium chloride.
Explain the environmental effect of using such matches in large numbers.
12. Describe a simple laboratory experiment that can be sued to distinguish between sodium and
sulphide and sodium carbonate.
13. The information in the table below relates to elements in the same group of the periodic table.
Study it and answer the question that follows:
Element Atomic size
G1 0.19 0.23
G2 0.15
G3
Which element has the highest ionization energy? Give reason.
14. When the oxide of element H was heated with powdered carbon the mixture glowed and
carbon dioxide was formed. When the experiment was repeated using the oxide of element J,
there was no apparent reaction.
a) Suggest one method that can be used to extract element J from its oxide
b) Arrange the elements H, J and carbon in the order of their decreasing creactivity.
15. When a sample of concentrated sulphuric acid was left in an open beaker in a room for two
days, the volume was found to have increased slightly
a) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid was left in an open beaker in a room for
two days, the volume was found to have increased slightly.
b) State one use of concentrated sulphuric acid that depends on the property named
above.
16. The diagram below shows an iron bar, which supports a bridge. The Iron bar is
connected to a piece of magnesium metal.
Iron bar
Connecting wire
Soil
Magnesium metal
Explain why it is necessary to connect the piece of magnesium metal to the iron bar.
17. a) State one cause of temporary hardness in water.
b) How does distillation remove hardness from water?
18. In the presence of U.V light, ethane gas undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine.
(a) What is meant by the term?
Substitution reaction:
(b) Give the structural formula and the name of the organic product formed when
equal volumes of ethane and chlorine react together.
19. Explain why burning magnesium continues to burn a gas was bubbled
Magnesium metal
20. a)what observation would be made if hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled through a solution
of zinc nitrate?
b) write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a) above
Zn (NO3)2 (aq) + H2S (g) ZnS + 2 HNO3 (aq)
21. The apparatus shown below shown below was used to investigate the effect of carbon
monoxide on copper (II)oxide.
a) State the observation that was made in the combustion tube at the end of the
experiment.
b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube C)
Why is it necessary to burn the gas coming out of tube K?
22. Explain why hydrogen forms compounds in which its oxidation state is either + 1 or -1
(Atomic number of hydrogen is 1)
23. The table below shows the properties of substances K,L,M and N
Substances Reaction with oxygen at 25oC Melting point Conductivity Molten

Solid
K Uncreative Low Poor Good
L Reactive
M Uncreative High Good Good
N Uncreative Low Good Good
Select the substances which are likely to be:

a) Copper metal
b) Magnesium chloride
24. An element P has a relative atomic mass of 88. When a current of 0.5 amperes was passed
through the fused chloride of P for 32 minutes and 10 seconds, 0.44g of P were deposited at
the cathode. Determine the charge on an ion of P. (1 faraday = 96500 Coulombs).
25. The melting point of phosphorous dichloride is – 91oC. While that of magnesium chloride is
715oC.In terms of structure and bonding, explain the difference in their melting points.
26. The Ph of a sample of soil was found to be 5.0.An agricultural office recommended the
addition of calcium oxide in the soil. State two functions of the calcium oxide in the soil.
27. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the equation below: H2O2(l)
H2O(l) + ½ O2(g) ; H = - 98kJ
8.5 gm of hydrogen peroxide contained in 100cm3 of solution with water were completely
decomposed. Determine the rise in temperature due to the reaction. Specific density of
water = 1g/cm3 O =16, H = 1,).

QUESTIONS
1. In an experiment to study the rate for reaction between duralumin (an alloy of aluminium,
magnesium and copper) and hydrochloric acid, 0.5g of the alloy were reacted with excess 4M
hydrochloric acid. The data in the table below was recoded.
Use it to answer the questions that follow.
Time (minutes) Total volume of gas (cm3)
1 0
2 220
3 410
4 540
5 620
6 640
7 640
a) i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of total volume of gas produced (vertical axis)
again time. ii) From the graph, determine the volume of gas produced at the end of 2 ½
minutes. b) Determine the rate of reaction between the 3rd and 4th minute.
c) Give a reason why some solid remained at the end of the experiment
d) Given that 2.5cm3 of the total volume of the gas was from the reaction between magnesium
and aqueous hydrochloric acid, calculate the percentage mass of aluminium present in 0.5g of
the alloy.
(Al = 27.0 and Molar gas volume = 24,000cm3 at 298k)
e) State two properties of duralumin that make it more suitable than aluminium in aeroplane
construction.
2. a) In which homologous series do the following compounds belong
i) CH3CC
ii) CH3CH2COO
b) Raw rubber is heated with sulphur in the manufacture of natural rubber.
i) What is the name given to the process ii)
Why is the process necessary?
c) Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow.
i) Write an equation for the reaction between propane – 1
– 0 / and potassium metal.
ii) Name processes I and II
I
II
iii) Identify the products A and B iv)
Name one catalyst used in process II
v) Draw the structural formular of the repeating unit in the polymer C.
d) State two industrial uses of methane.
3. a) Study the standard electrode potentials do the half – cells given below and answer
the questions that follow.(The letters do nor represent the actual symbols of the elements.)
Eovolts
N+ aq + e- N(s); -2.92
J+(aq) + e- J(s); +0.52
K+ (aq) + e- ½ K2(g) 0.00
½ G2(g) + e- G(aq); +1.36
M2+ (aq) + 2e- M(s); -0.44

i) Identify the strongest oxidizing agent. Give a reason for your answer.
ii) Which two half – cells would produce the highest potential difference when combined?
iii) Explain whether the reaction represented below can take place.
2N+(aq) + M(s) 2N(s)+ M2+(aq)
b)
100cm3 of 2M sulphuric acid was electrolysed using the set – up represented by the
diagram below.
i) Write an equation for the reaction that produces

gas L.
ii) Describe how gas K can be identified iii)
Explain the difference in :
I The volume of the gases produced at the electrodes.
II Brightness of the bulb if 100cm3 of 2M ethanoic acid was
used in place of sulphuric acid.
4. a) Fraction distillation of liquid air usually produces nitrogen and oxygen as the
major products.
i) Name one substance that is used to remove carbon dioxide from the air
before it is changed into liquid.
ii) Describe how nitrogen gas is obtained from the liquid air.
(Boiling points nitrogen = - 196oC, oxygen = -183oC
b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
i) Name element M.
ii) Why is it necessary to use excess air in step 4?
iii) Identify gas Q.
iv) Write an equation for the reaction in step 7 v) Give one use of
ammonia nitrate.
c) State and explain the observations that would be made if a sampler of
sulphur is heated with concentrated nitric acid.
5. a) Give the name of reagent which when reacted with concentrated hydrochloric
acid produce chlorine gas.
b) A student out to prepare iron III chloride using the apparatus
shown in the diagram below.
i) Explain why:
I. It is necessary to pass chlorine gas through the apparatus before heating begins.
II Calcium oxide would be preferred to calcium chloride in the guard tube.
ii) What property of iron (III) chloride makes it possible to be collected as shown in the
diagram?
iii) Write an equation form one chemical reaction that took place in the guard tube.
iv) The total mass of iron (III) chloride formed was found to be 0.5g.
Calculate the volume of chlorine gas the reacted with iron.
(Fe - = 56.0,Cl = 35.5 and Molar gas volume at 298K is 24,000cm3
C) When hydrogen sulphide gas was passed through a solution of iron (III)
chloride, the following observation were made:
i) The colour of the solution changed from reddish – brown to green
and (ii) a yellow solid was deposit .Explain these observations.
d) State and explain the observations that would be made if a moist blue
litmus paper was placed in a gas jar full of chloride gas.
6. a) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements).
Ionisation Electronic configuration Energy Kj mol-1

Element
P 2.1 519
Q 2.8.1 494
R 2.8.8.1 418
i) What is the general name to the group in which elements P,Q and R
belong?
ii) What is meant by ionization energy? iii) Explain why elements
has the highest ionization energy.
iv) When a piece of element Q is placed on water. It melts and a hissing sound is
produced as it moves on the surface of the water.
v) Write an equation for the reaction between element Q and water.
b) Distinguish between a strong and a weak base. Give an example of each
c) Neutralization is one of the methods of preparing salts.
i) What is meant by neutralization?
ii) Describe how you would prepare crystals of sodium nitrate starting
with 200cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide.
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when a solid sample of
sodium nitrate is heated.
QUESTIONS
1) Name One property of neon that makes it possible to be used in electric lamps
2) Oxygen and sulphur belong to group (VI) of the periodic table. Explain why there is a big
difference their (melting points of oxygen is – 2160C while that of sulphur is 440C.
3) The oxides of elements A and B have the properties shown in the table below. (the letter do
not represent the actual symbols of elements)
A B
Gaseous at room temperature Solid at room temperature
Dissolves in water to form an acidic Dissolves in water to form an alkaline
solution solutio
Give one example of elements A and B
A
B
4) The following two tests were carried out on chlorine water contained in two test tubes
(c) A piece of blue flower was dropped into the first – tube. Explain why the flower
was bleached
(d) The second test- tube was corked and exposed to sunlight after a few days, it was
found to contain a gas that rekindled a glowing splint. Write an equation for the
reaction which produced the gas
5) (a) Write the electronic configuration of calcium ( atomic number 20 ) and beryllium
(atomic number 4)
(b) Why is calcium more reactive than beryllium
6) When potassium nitrate is heated, it produces potassium nitrate and gas C1

(a) Identify gas C
(b) Name the type of reaction undergone by the potassium nitrate
7) State and explain how the rate of reaction between zinc granules and steam can be
increased
8) The apparatus shown below was set to prepare and collect hydrogen sulphide
(a) Name solid C2

(b) Give a reason why warm water is used
(c) What observation would be made if hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into a
solution of lead II nitrate?
9) Use the reactions given below to answer the questions that follow. The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements D(s) + E2+ (aq) →D2+(aq) + E(s)
D (s) + 2F+(aq) → D2+(aq) + 2F(s)
E (s) + 2 F+ (aq) →E2+ (aq) + 2F(s)
G (s) + →E2+(aq) →G2+(aq) + E(s)
G (s) + D2+ (aq) →no reaction
(a) What name is given to the type of reaction given above?
(b) Arrange the elements D, E, F and G in the order of their reactivity starting with the
most reactive
(c) Complete the equation below G(s) + 2F+ (aq) →
10) The graph below represents a radioactive decay series for isotope H.
(a) Name the type of radiation emitted when isotope H changes to isotope J.
(b) Write an equation for the nuclear reaction that occur when isotope J changes to
isotope K
210 210
J k e
81 → 82 + -1
(e) Identify a pair of isotope of an element in the decay series
11) In an experiment, sulphur dioxide gas was bubbled into water followed by chlorine gas.
The resulting clear solution gave a white precipitate when mixed with a acidified barium
chloride solution. Explain these observations
12) Concentrated sulphuric acid was added to iron II sulphate acidified with sulphuric acid and
the mixture heated. The solution turned from pale green to yellow with evolution of brown
gas. Explain these observations.
13) Use the equations below to answer the questions that follow K(g) + Cl – (g) → KCl (s); ∆
H1 = - 701kJmol-1 KCl (s) →K+(aq) Cl ; ∆H2 = + 15kJmol-1 (a) What is the name of ∆H1?
(b) Calculate the heat change for the process K(g)+
+ Cl- (g) → K+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
14) Iron is extracted from its ore by the blast furnace process
(a) Name one ore from which iron is extracted
(b) One of the impurities in iron is removed in the form of calcium silicate. Write an
equation for the reaction in which calcium silicate is produced
15) When carbon dioxide gas was passed through aqueous calcium hydroxide a white
suspension was formed
(a) Write an equation for the reaction that took place
(b) State and explain the changes that would occur when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled
through the white suspension
16) With reference to iodine, distinguish between covalent bonds and Van Der Waals forces
17) The structures below represents a portion of a polymer
(a) Give the name of the polymer

(b) Give one industrial use of the polymer
18) Describe how a solid sample of Zin (II) carbonate can be prepared starting with zinc oxide
19) Bismuth chloride (BiCl3) reacts with water according to the equation given below
BiCl3 (aq) + H2O (l) BiOCl (s) + 2 HCl (aq)
(a) State what would happen when a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid are added to
the mixture at equilibrium
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above
20) The table below gives some information about the electrical conductivity and the likely
bonding in substances N,P and Q. Complete the table by inserting the missing information
the spaces numbered I, II and III
Substance Likely type of bonding Electrical solid Conductivity
present
N Metallic I………………… Conducts
P II……………………. Does not conduct Conducts
Q III …………………… Does not conduct Does not conduct
21) In an experiment 30cm3 of 0.1 M sulphuric acid were reacted with 30cm3 of 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide
(a) Write in equation of the reaction that took place
(b) State the observations that were made when both and red litmus
papers were dropped into the mixture
(c) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above
22) The diagram below is set – up for the laboratory preparation of oxygen gas
(a) Name solid R
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the flask
(c) Give one commercial use of oxygen
23) When excess lead nitrate solution was added to a solution containing sodium chloride, the
precipitate formed was found to weigh 5.56 g. Determine the amount of sodium chloride in
the solution ( Pb = 207, Cl = 35.5 Na = 23)
Pb (XO3(aq) + 2NaCl (aq) PbCI2 + NaNO3 (aq) (l)
24) (a) Give a reason why concentrated sulphuric acid is not used to dry ammonia gas (b) Name
one suitable drying agent for ammonia gas
25) But -2- ene undergoes hydrogenation according to the equation given below
CH3CH = CHCH3 (g) + H2 (g) →CH3CH2CH2CH3 (g)
(a) Name the product formed when but -2 – ene reacts with hydrogen gas
(b) State one industrial use of hydrogenation
26) The set – up below was used

to electroplate a
metallic spoon. Study it and
answer the questions that
follow
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurred at the cathode
(b) State and explain what happened to the anode
27) The following tests were carried out on three separate portions of a colourless solution S
Tests Observations
(i) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to the No observable change
first portion of solution
(ii) addition of aqueous sodium carbonate to A white precipitate was formed
the second portion of solution S
(iii) Addition of aqueous ammonia to the third oA white precipitate was formed which
p of a solution dissolved o
addition of excess aqueous ammonia
(a) From the information in test (i), name a cation, which is not present in solution S.
(b) Identify a cation, which is likely to be present in solution S
(c) Write an ionic equation for the reaction, which takes place in test (ii)
QUESTIONS
1. (a) what method can be used to separate a mixture of ethanol and propanol?
(b) (i) Explain how a solid mixture of sulphur and sodium chloride can be separated
Into solid sulphur and solid chloride
(c) The table below gives the solubilities of potassium bromide and potassium
sulphate at O0C and 400C
Substance Solubility g/100g water at

00C 400C
Potassium bromide 55 75
Potassium sulphate 10 12
When an aqueous mixture containing 60g of potassium and 7 g of potassium sulphate in 10g of water
at 800C was cooled to 00C some crystals were formed
(i) Identify the crystals
(ii) Determine the mass of the crystals formed
(iii) Name the method used to obtain the crystals
(iv) Suggest one industrial application of the method named in (iii) above
2. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions follow
Concentrated
sodium chloride
Electrolysis
Chlorine gas Hydrogen gas Substance A
Hydrogen Chloride gas
Substance B
Chloroethane
Process C
PVC
(a) Identify substance

(i) A
(ii) B
(b) Name process C
(c) Give one use of PVC
(d) Write an equation for the reaction in which chlorine gas is produced
(e) State and explain the observation that would be made if chlorine gas was bubbled into an
aqueous solution of sodium iodide
(f) In the preparation of a bleaching agent (Sodium hypochlorite), Excess chlorine gas was
bubbled into 15 litres of cold 2 m sodium hydroxide
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between chlorine gas and cold dilute sodium
Hydroxide
(ii) Calculate the:
Number of moles of sodium hydroxide used
Mass in kilograms of the sodium hypochlorite produced = 1. 1175
3. (a) Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reaction ( 2mks)

(b) Changes of state are either exothermic or endothermic
Name a change of state that is:
(i) Endothermic ( 1 mk)
(ii) Exothermic ( 1 mk)
(c) When pure water is heated at 1 atmospheric pressure at sea level, the temperature of the
water does not rise beyond 1000C. Even with continued heated. Explain this observation.
(d) Study the energy cycle diagram below and answer the questions that follow
(i) What does ∆H1 represent?

(ii) Show the relationship between ∆ H1, ∆H2 and ∆H3
(e) Butane and propane are constituents of a cooking gas. Which produces more energy per
mole on combustion? Explain
4. The table below gives standard electrode potentials for the metals represented by the Letters
D, E, F and G. study it and answer the questions that follow.
Metals Standard electrode potential (volts)
D -0.13
E -0.85
F +0.34 G - 0.76 (a) Which metal can be displaced from a
solution of its salts by all the other metals in the table? Give a
reason ( 2 mks)
(b) Metals F and G were connected to form a cell as shown in the diagram below
(i) Write the equation for the reactions that occur at electrodes
F
G
(ii) On the diagram, indicate with an arrow the direction in which electrons would flow
on the diagram above
(ii) What is the function of the salt bridge? ( 1 mk)
(c) An electric current was passed through a concentrated solution of copper (II) chloride as
shown in the diagram below
(i) Explain the observation that would be made on the electrolyte as the experiment
progresses ( 2 mks)
(ii) After sometime, test- tube H was found to contain a mixture of two gases. Explain this
observation ( 3 mks)
(iii) Which of the electrodes is the anode? Explain ( 2 mks)

5. (a) Candle wax is mainly a compound consisting of two elements.
Name the two elements ( 2 mks)
(b) The set- up below was used to investigate the burning of a candle study it and answers
the questions that follow
(i) What would happen to the burning candle if the pump was turned off? Give reasons
(ii) State and explain the changes in mass that are likely to occur in tube N by the end of the
experiment ( 3 mks)
(iii) Name two gases that come out through tube M ( 2 mks)
(iv) Name another substance that could be used in the place of calcium oxide in tube N
6. (a) Name one ore from which copper metal is extracted ( 1 mk)
(b) The chart below shows a sequence of reactions starting with copper.
(i) Identify
Gas P ( 1mk)
Reagent Q ( 1 mk)
Solid R ( 1 mk)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in step 5
(iii) State the observations made in steps 4 and 7 ( 2 mk)
Step 4
Step 7 ( 1mk)
(c) Bronze is an alloy of copper and another metal
(i) Name the other metal ( 1mk)
(ii) Give one use of Bronze ( 1mk)
6. (a) Write the structural formula of:

(i) Methanol
(ii)Methanoic acid ( 1mk)
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between methanoic acid and aqueous
sodium hydroxide ( 1mk)
(c) (i) Name the product formed when methanol reacts with methanoic acid
(ii) State one condition necessary for the reaction in (c) (i) above to take place
(d) (i) Describe one chemical test that can be used to distinguish between hexane and
hexane ( 2 mks)
(ii) State one use of hexane (1mk)
(iii) Hydrogen reacts with hexane to form hexane. Calculate the volume or hydrogen
gas required to convert 42g of hexane to hexane at S.T.P ( C=12.0, H=1.0, molar
gas volume at S.T.P is = 22.4 litres) ( 4 mks)
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233 / 1 K.C.S.E 2003
QUESTIONS
1. Some sodium chloride was found to be contaminated with copper (ll) oxide.
Describe how a sample of sodium chloride can be separated from the mixture
2. Study the information in the table and answer the questions that follow
Ion Electronic Ionic
arrangement radius
Na+ 2.8 0.095
K+ 2.8.8 0.133
2+
Mg 2.8 0.065
Explain why the ionic radius of ( 1mk)

K+ is greater than that of Na+
Mg2+ is smaller than that of Na+

3. Use the following equations to determine the heat evolved when aluminum metal is reacted
with iron (III) oxide ( 3 mks)
3 -1
2Al(s) + /2 O2(g) →Al2O3(s), ∆ H1 3.6736Kj Mol
2Fe(s) + 3/2O2 (g) → Fe2O3(s); ∆H2 = 836.81J mol-1
2AL(s) + 3/2 O2 →Al2O3, ∆H = -1673.6 Kjmol-1 Fe2 O3

→2Fe + 3/2 O2, ∆H = 836.8 KJ mol
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) →Al2O3 + 2Fe(s) ∆H = 836.8

4. (a) Sulphur exists in two crystalline forms
(b) Name one crystalline form of sulphur ( 1mk)
5. An atom of hydrogen can form two ions. Write two equations to show how a neutral atom of
hydrogen can form two ions. In each case show the sign of the energy change involved.
H →H+ + e ( ½ ) ∆H is +Ve ( ½ )
H + e → H- ( ½ ) ∆ H is –Ve ( ½ )
6. When excess dilute hydrochloric acid was added to sodium , 960cm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide
gas was produced. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphite that was used. (molar mass of
sodium = 126 g and molar gas volume= 24000cm3 ( 3mks)
7. In an experiment equal amounts
of magnesium powder were
placed into test – tube 1 and 2 as
shown below
Explain why the amount of hydrogen gas liberated in test – tube 2 is greater than in test-
tube 1 before the reaction is complete.
8. (a) what is meant by heat of vaporization ( 3 mks)

(b) The boiling points of ethanol, propanol and butanol are78 C, 97.20 and 1170C.
0
explain this trend ( 1 mk)

9. The set – up below represents the apparatus that may be used to separate a mixture of two
miscible liquids C and D whose boiling points are 800C and 1100C.
(a) name B
(b) What is the purpose of the thermometer ( 1mk)
(c) Which liquid was collected in the test tube? ( 1mk)
10. An oxide of element F has the formula F2O5 ( 1 mk)
(a) Determine the oxidation state of F
(b) In which group of the periodic- table is element F ( 1mk)
11. Yellow phosphorous reacts with chlorine gas to form a yellow liquid. The liquid fumes
when exposed to air. Explain these observations ( 2 mks)
12. When steam was passed over heated charcoal as shown in the diagram below, hydrogen
and carbon monoxide gases were formed
(a) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place ( 1 mk)
(b) Name two uses of carbon monoxide gas, which are also uses of hydrogen gas
( 2 mks)
13. Nitrogen (II) oxide and nitrogen (IV) oxide are some of the gases released from car
exhaust pipes. State how these gases affect the environment
14. A few crystals of potassium permanganate were carefully placed into water in a beaker at
one spot. The beaker was left undisturbed for two hours. State and explain the
observation that was made. (2mks)
15. Oleum (H2S2O7) is an intermediate product in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid
(a) How is oleum converted into sulphuric acid? (1 mk)
(b) Give one use of sulphuric acid ( 1mk)
16. Air was passed through several reagents as shown in the flow chart below
Escarping
gases
Concentrated Excess heated Excess heated

KOH solution copper Turnings Magnesium powder
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place in chamber with magnesium
powder
(b) Name one gas, which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder.
Give a reason for your answer. (2mks)
17. Ammonium nitrate was gently heated and the products collected as shown in the
diagram below.
Describe one chemical and one physical method that can be used to identify gas G.
18. The table below shows the tests carried out on a sample of water and the results
obtained.
Tests Results
I Addition of sodium hydroxide solution White precipitate which
dissolv excess
II Addition of excess aqueous ammonia Colourless solution obtained
III Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid White precipitate
and barium chloride
a) Identify the anion present in the water
b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in III
c) Write the formula of the complex ion formed in II
19. In the Haber process, the optimum yield of ammonia is obtained when a temperature of
4500C, a pressure of 200 atmospheres and an ion catalysts are used
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g); ∆H = -92kJ.
(a) How would the yield of ammonia be affected if the temperature was raised to
6000C? ( 2mks)
(b) Give one use of ammonia ( 1mk)
20. Brass is an alloy of zinc and copper. Give one use of brass ( 1mk)
21. An organic compound with the formula C4 H10 O reacts with potassium metal to give
hydrogen gas and white solid
(a) Write the structural formula of the compound
(b) To which homologous series does the compound belong?
(c) Write the equation for the reaction between the compound and potassium metal
( 1mk) 22.
The set – up below was used to prepare hydrogen chloride a gas and react it with iron powder.
At the end of the reaction, the iron powder turned into a light green solid.
a) Identity the light green solid.(1mk)
b) At the beginning of the experiment, the Ph of the solution in container L was about
14.. At the end, the pH was found to be 2. Explain(2mks)
23. a) State the observation made when excess pentane is reacted with bromine gas
b) Name the compound formed in (a) above.(1mk)
24. Explain why the reactivity of group (vii) elements decreases down the group
25. The graph below shows the behaviour of a fixed mass of a gas at constant
temperature.
a) What is the relationship between the volume and the pressure of the gas?
b) 3 litres of oxygen gas at one atmosphere pressure were compressed to two
atmospheres at constant temperature. Calculate the volume occupied by
the oxygen gas (2mks)
26. Ammonia gas was passed into water as shown below
a) What is the relationship between the blouse and the pressure of the gas?(1mk)
b) 3 litres of oxygen gas at one atmosphere pressure were compressed to two
atmospheres at constant temperature. Calculate the volume occupied by the
oxygen gas. (2mks)
27. During purification of copper by electrolysis, 1.48g of copper were deposited when
current was passed through aqueous copper(II) sulphate for 21/2 hours. Calculate (CU
= 63.5, 1 Faraday = 96,500C).

QUESTIONS
1. a) The chart below is an outline of part of the periodic table.
With the help of vertical and horizontal lines, indicate the direction of increasing metallic
nature of the elements. (2mks)
Which types of elements are represented in the shaded area? (1mk)
b) i) Element A is the same group of the periodic table as chlorine.
Write the formula of the compound formed when A reacts with
potassium metal.(1mk)
ii) What type of bonding exists in the compound formed in (b) (l) above?
Give a reason for your answers. (3mks)
c) Starting with aqueous magnesium sulphate, describe how you would obtain a sample of
magnesium oxide. (3mks)
d) Write two ionic equations to show that aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric (2mk)
2. a) The diagram below is a cross- section of a dry cell. Study it and answer
the questions that follow.
i) On the diagram, show with a (+) sign the positive terminal ii) Write
the equation for the reaction in which electrons are produced iii) The zinc can
is lined with ammonium chloride and zinc chloride paste. iv) Give one
advantage and one disadvantage of dry cells.
b) The set – up below was used to (electrolyse roller lead (II) ionide.
i) State the observation that was made at the anode during the electrolysis.
Give a reason for your answer.(2mk)
ii) A current of 0.5 A was passed for two hours. Calculate the mass of lead that was
deposited (pb = 1F = 9,500C) (3mks)
3. a) State two differences between chemical and nuclear reactions(2mks)
b) Below is a radioactive decay series starting from 21483 Bi and ending
106
at 82 pb. Study it and answer the question that follows.
i) Identify the particles emitted in steps I and III (2mks)

I
II
ii) Write the nuclear equation for the reaction which takes place in
step V(1mk)
The table below give the percentages of a radioactive isotope of Bismuth that
remains after decaying at different times.
Time (min) 0 6 12 22 38 62 100
Percentage of Bismuth 100 81 65 46 29 12 3
i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of the percentage of Bismuth remaining (Vertical
axis) against time.
ii) Using the graph, determine the:
I. Half – life of the Bismuth isotope
II. Original mass of the Bismuth isotope given that the mass that remained after 70
minutes was 0.16g (2mks)
d) Give one use of radioactive isotopes in medicine (1mk)
4. Excess marble chips (calcium carbonate ) was put in a beaker containing 100cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid. The beaker was then placed on a balance and the total loss in mass
recorded after every two minutes as shown in the table below.
Time(min) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Total loss in mass (g) 0 1.8 2.45 2.95 3.2 3.3
a) Why was there a loss in mass? (1mk)

b) Calculate the average rate of loss in mass between:
i) 0 and 2 minutes (1mk) ii) 6 and 8 minutes (1mk)
iii) Explain the difference in the average rates of
reaction in (b) (i) and (ii) above (2mks)
c) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place in the beaker
d) State three ways in which the rate of the reaction above could be increased(3mk)
e) The solution in the beaker was evaporated to dryness what would happen if the open beaker
and its contents were left in the laboratory overnight.(2mks)
f) Finally some water was added to the contents of the beaker.
When aqueous sodium sulphate was added to the contents of the beaker, a white precipitate
was formed. (1mk)
i) Identify the white precipitate
ii) State one use of the substance identified in (f) (i) above (1mk)
5. The basic raw material for extraction of aluminium is bauxite
a) Name the method that is used to extract aluminium from bauxite
b) Write the chemical formula of the major component of bauxite
c) i) Name two major impurities in bauxite (2mks) ii) Explain
how the impurities in bauxite are removed (3mks) d) Cryolite is used in the
extraction of aluminium from bauxite.
State its function (1mk)
f) Aluminium is a reactive metal yet utensils made of aluminium do not corrode
easily. Explian this observation (2mks)
6. The set – up below was used to prepare hydrogen gas
a) Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of hydrogen gas can be collected(3mks)
b) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place when hydrogen gas burns in
air.(1mk)
c) i)1.2 litres of hydrogen gas produced at room temperature and pressure when 3.27g of zinc
was used. Determine the relative atomic mass of zinc.(Molar gas volume is 24 litres) 4mks
d) State two industrial uses of hydrogen gas.
7. a) State how burning can be used to distinguish between ethane and ethyne.
Explain your answer.(3mks)
b) Draw the structural formula of the third member of the homologous series of
ethyne.
c) The flow chart below shows a series of reactions starting with ethanol.
NaOH (aq)
Ethanoic acid C
Process A
Soda lime heat
Ethanol Methane
Conc H2SO4 Gas B

Heat
High Pressure
Polymer
i) Name :
I. Process A
II. Substances B and C
B
C
ii) Write the equation for the combustion of ethanol (1mks) iii)
Explain why it is necessary to use high pressure to change gas B
into the polymer (1mk) iv)
State one use of methane (1mk)
K.C.S.E 2004 CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/1
QUESTIONS
1. When a candle was brunt completely. The total mass product was found to be greater than the
original mass of the candle. Explain
2. Ammonium nitrate was heated as shown in the set-up below (2 marks)
a) Identify gas a.
b) State explain precaution that must be taken before heating id dropped.
3. The table below the first ionization energies of elements B and C.
Element Ionisation energy KJ mol-1

B 494
C 736
What do these values suggest about the reactivity of B compared to that of C? Explain (2mks)
4. Dilute hydrochloric acid and

solid sodium sulphite were reacted as
shown in the set-up below
a) Name the gas produced in the flask (2mks)

b) Give two reasons why no gas was collected in the gas jar. (2mks) 5. Copper(II)
sulphate reacts with barium chloride according to the equation below.
CuSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) CuCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s) ; H = - 17.7kj mol -1
Calculate the temperature change when 900cm3 of m copper (II) sulphate were added to
600cm3 of 1M Barium (II) chloride.
6. Both diamond and graphite have giant atomic structures. Explain why diamond is hard while
graphite is soft. (3mks)
7. Nitrogen forms many compounds in which its oxidation state varies.
a) What is meant by oxidation state? (1mk)
b) What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg3M2 (1mk)
8. When wood is burnt, a grey powder called ash remains. The ash is stirred with water and
filtered, a colourless solution is obtained.
a) What is the main component of the colourless solution?(1mk)
b) Explain your answer in (a) above(2mks)
9. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follows.
Alcohol Heat of combustion on KJ mol-1

Methanol 715
Ethanol 1371
Propanol 2010
Butanol 2673
Give a reason why the difference in the molar heats of combustion between successive alcohols are
close. (3mks)
10. Explain why a high temperature is required for nitrogen of react with oxgen(1mk) 11. Study
the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
a) State the condition necessary for the reaction in step 2 to occur (1mk)
b) Name:
i) Gas D (1mk)
ii) One use of zinc (1mk)
12. Starting with aluminium sulphate, describe how a solid sample of aluminium hydroxide could
be prepared. (3mks)
13. a) What is the name given to the smallest repeating unit of a polymer.(1mk)
b) Draw the structure of the smallest repeating unit of a polyvinyl chloride (1mk) 14.
When X cm3 of a solution of 0.5m magnesium carbonate was 8.4g.
a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that took place(1mk)
b) Calculate the value of X. (C = 12.0, Mg 24.0; 016.0 (2mks)
15. In an experiment, a student put equal volumes of mixtures of ethanoic acid in water and
ethanoic acid in hexane in two test – tubes as shown below. In each test tube, equal amounts
of solid sodium hydrogen carbonate were added.
a) State the observation which was made in each test – tube(1mk)

Test tube 1
Test tube 2
b) Explain the observation in (a) above (2mks)
16. Four metal F,G,H and J were each separately added to cold water, and steam. The table below
is a summary of the observations made and the formulae of the hydroxides formed.
Metal Cold water Hot water Steam Formula of Hydroxide

F Reacts slowly Reacts fast Reacts very fast F(OH)2
G No reaction No reaction No reaction -
H Fast Reacts very Reacts explosively HOH
fast
J No reaction Reacts slowly Reacts fast J(OH)2
a) Which two elements are likely to be in the same group of the periodic table?
b) Arrange the metals in the order of their reactivity starting with the most reactive
(2mks)
17. Name the organic compound formed when CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH is reacted with
concentrate sulphuric acid at 170oC (1mk)
18. Carbon monoxide gas passed over heated Iron (III) as shown in the diagram below.
a) Give the observation made in tube P.(1mk)

b) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place in tube P. (1mk)
19. Astrip of metal Q was dipped into a solution of copper (II) sulphate and allowed to stand
overnight. Give that:
Cu2+ + 2e Cu(s) ; Eø = + 0.34v
Q2+(aq) + 2e Q(s) ; Eø = - 0.13v
a) State the observations which were made(2mks)
b) Give a reason for your answer in 19 (a) above.(1mk)
20. State two factors which determine the stability of an isotope. (2mks)
21. The react between a piece of magnesium ribbon with excess 2m hydrochloric acid was
investigated at 25oC by measuring the volume of hydrogen gas produced as the reaction
progressed. The sketch below represents the graph that was obtained.
a) Name one piece of apparatus that may be used to measure the

volume of hydrogen gas produced.
b) On the same diagram, sketch the curve that would be obtained if the experiment when
excess chlorine gas was bubbled into hot concentrated sodium hydroxide, the following
reaction occurred.
3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq) NaCO3(aq) + 5NaCl(aq) 3H2O(l)
In which product did chorine undergo oxidation? Explain(3mks)
23. 1cm3 of soap was added to two test – tubes each containing water obtained from different
sources. The lather produced in each test tube is represented as shown in the diagram below.
Explain why there is more lather intest – tube 2 than intest – tube 1.(3mks)
24. Carbon dioxide can be dissolved in water under pressure to make an acidic solution.
a) What is meant by an acidic solutions?(1mk)
b) aqueous lead (II) nitrate reacts with the acidic solution to form a precipitate.
Write anionic equation for the reaction.(1mk) 25.
Below is a sketch of a reaction profile.
a) On the diagram, show the heat of reaction, H.(1mk)

b) State and explain the type of reaction represented by the profile(2mks)
26. The diagram below represents the set – up that was used to study the effect of an electric
current on pure water and dilute sulphuric acid.
State and explain the observation made when each experiment was started.(3mks)
27. Apiece of chromatography paper was spotted with coloured inks obtained from pens
labeled 1 to 6. The diagram below shows the spots after the chromatogram was developed.
a) Which two pens contained in the same pigment?(1mks)

b) Which pens contained only one pigment(1mk)
c) According to the chromatogram, which pigments are present in the
ink of pen number 6.(1mk)
CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/2.
K.C.S.E 2004
1. a) The table below shows properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
mFormula Colour and state Solubility
El room temperature
e
Chlorine Cl2 Br2 i)………………… Soluble
Bromine l2 Brown liquid ii)………………
Iodine iii) ………………. Slight soluble
Complete the table by giving the missing information in (i),(ii) and (iii) (3mks)
b) Chlorine gas is prepared by reacting concentrated hydrochloric acids with manganese
(iv) oxide.
i) Write the equation for reaction between concentrated hydrochloric acid
and manganese (iv) oxide. (1mk)
ii) What is the role of manganese (Iv) oxide in this reaction (1mks)
c) i) Iron (II) chloride reacts with chlorine gas to form substance E.(1mk)
Identify substance E
ii) During the reaction in c(i) above,6.30g of iron chloride were converted to 8.06
of substance E. Calculate the volume of chlorine used.
(Cl = 35.5, Molar gas volume at room temperature = 24000cm3, Fe =56 (mks)
d) Draw and name the structure of the compound formed when excess chlorine gas is
reacted with ethane gas. (2marks)
e) Give the industrial use of chlorine (1 mk)
2. a) The set-up below was used to collect gas F, produced by the reaction between water
and calcium metal.
(i) Name gas f

(ii) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found to be a
weak base. Explain why the solution is a weak base. (2 marks)
(iii) Give one laboratory use of the solution formed in a beaker. (1 mark)
b) The scheme below shows some reactions starting with calcium oxide. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4 (2marks)

Step 2 ……….
Step 4 ……….
(ii) write an equation for the reaction in step 3. (1 mk)
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous calcium sulphate is obtained in
Step 5
3. a) The diagram below illustrates how sulphur/extracted by the Frisch process.
Label the pipe through which superheated water is pumped in (1mk)

b. The equation below shows the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphure trioxide in
the contact process.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g); H = - 196kJ
(i) Name one catalyst for this reaction (1 mark)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the yield of sulphur trioxide when:
I The temperature increased (2mks)
II The amount of oxygen is increased (2mks)
(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is converted to sulphuric acid in the
contact process. (2 marks)
(c) State two disadvantages of having sulphur dioxide in the environment (2mks)
(d) Ammonia sulphate is a fertilizer produced by passing ammonia gas into concentrated
sulphuric acid.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction (1mk)
(ii) Calculate the mass in Kg of sulphuric acid required to produce 25kg of the fertilizer (S=
32.0; O= 16.0; N = 1.0)
4. a) at 250C , 50g of potassium were added to 100gm of water to make a saturated
solution. What is meant by a saturated solution? (1 mk)
b) The table below gives the solubilities of potassium nitrate at different
temperatures.
Temperature 0C 12 20 28 36 44 52
Solubility g/100g C water 22 31 42 55 70 90
(i) Plot graph of the solubility of potassium nitrate (vertical axis) against temperature
(3 marks)
(ii) Using the graph:
I Determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at 150C
II Determine the mass of potassium nitrate that remained undissolved given that 80g
of potassium nitrate were added to 100cm3 of water and warmed to 400C.
c) Determine the molar concentration of potassium nitrate at 150C (3mks)
(Assume there is no change in density of water at this temperature)
(K = 39. 0; N= 14.0; O = 16.0)
5. The flow chart below shows some reactions starting with lead (II) nitrate. Study it and
answer the questions that follow.
Lead (II) carbonate
Step 6 Reagent K
Aqueous Lead (II) nitrate
Step 5 Water
Lead (II) nitrate
Step 1 Dry hydrogen gas
Nitrogen (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide Step 4 Products

- Gas Q Heat
Step 2 Water Step 3 Hot concentrated Sodium hydroxide

Gas Q
Acidic products S and R Colourless solution
(i) State the condition necessary in step 1.

(ii) Identify:
I Reagent K
II Gas q
III Acidic products S and R (iii) Write:
I The formula of the complex ion formed instep 3. (1mk)
II The equation of the reaction in step 4 (1 mk)
b) The use of materials made of lead in roofing and in water pipes is being discouraged
State:
(i) Two reasons why these materials have been used in the past. (2mks)
(ii) One reason why their use is being discouraged
c) (i) The reaction between lead (II) nitrate and concentrated sulphuric acid starts but
stops immediately. Explain (2mks)
6. a) Crude oil is a source of many compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.
(i) Name the processes used to separate the components of crude oil
(1mk) (ii) On what two physical properties of the above components does the
separation depend? (2mks)
b) Under certain conditions, hexane can be converted to two products.
The formula of one of the products is C3H3
(i) Write the formula of the other product (1mk) (ii)
Describe a simple chemical reaction to show the difference between the
two products formed in (b) above. (2mks)
c) Ethane, C2H2 is another compound found in crude oil.
One mole of ethane was reacted with one mole of hydrogen chloride gas and a
product p1 and was formed. P1 was then reacted with excess hydrogen gas to
form p2. Draw the structures p1 and p2.
d) The set-up below was used to prepare and collect ethane gas. Study it and answer the
(i) Name the substance T
(ii) Give the property of ethane that allows it to be collected as shown in the set up.
e) One of the reactions undergone by ethane is addition polymerization. Give the name
of the polymer and one disadvantage of the polymer it forms. (2 marks)
Name the polymer.
Disadvantage of the polymer
7. (a) Brine usually contains soluble calcium and magnesium salts. Explain how sodium
carbonate is used to purify brine. (2mks)
b) The diagram below represents a diaphragm cell used to electrolysed pure brine
(i) Write the equations for the reactions that take place at
I Cathode (1mk) II Anode (1mk) ii) Name:
I Product at U (1mk)
II Another material that can be used instead of titanium (1mk)
III The impurity present in the product at U
iii) State two functions of the diagram (2mks)
c) Give one industrial use of the product at U. (1 mk)
QUESTIONS
1. State one use of sodium hydrogen carbonate. (1 mark)
2. Calcium oxide can be used to dry ammonia gas. (2 mark)
a) Explain why calcium oxide is not used to dry hydrogen chloride gas (2 mark)
b) Name one drying agent for hydrogen chloride gas
3. The set-up below was used to demonstrate the effect of heat on hard water
a) Name substance A. (1 mark)

b) Explain why the heating of hard water produced substance A.
(2marks)
4. Using dots (.) and crosses(x) to represent electrons, show bonding in the compounds formed
when the following elements react: (si = 14, Na = 11 and Cl = 17) (1 mark) a) Sodium and
chlorine (1 mark)
b) Silicon and chlorine (1 mark)
5. Zinc oxide reacts with acids and alkalis
a) Write the equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and:
i) Dilute sulphuric acid (1mark)
ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (1 mark)
b) What property of zinc oxide is shown by the reaction in (a) above? (1 mark)
6. Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow. (The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element B C D E F
Atomic number 18 5 3 5 20
Mass number 40 10 7 11 40
a) Which two letters represent the same element? Give a reason. (2marks)
b) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element D (1 mark)
7. Give the name and draw the structural formula of the compound formed when one mole of
ethane reacts with one mole of chlorine gas.
8 Determine the oxidation state of sulphure in the following compounds: (2 marks)
a) H2S………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Na2S………………………………………………………………………………
9. A certain carbonate, GCO3, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation given
below:
GCO3(s) + 2HCL(aq) GCl2 (aq) + (CO2(g) + H2O(l)
If 1 g of the carbonate reacts completely with 20 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid ,calculate the
relative atomic mass of G
(C = 12.0 = 16.0)
10 The sketch completely
with substance H
is converted into J. study
it and answer the
question that follows.
Why do the two curves become horizontal after sometime?
11. The reaction between how concentrated sodium hydroxide and chlorine produces sodium
chlorate (V), sodium chloride and water
(a) Write the equation for the reaction
(b) Give one use of sodium chlorate (V)
12. In the industrial extraction of lead, the ore is first roasted in a furnace. The solid mixture
obtained is then fed into another furnace together with coke, limestone and scarp iron. State
the function of each of the following in this process: ( 3 mks)
(a) Coke
(b) Limestone
(c) Scrap iron
13. Methane reacts with oxygen according to the equation given below.
CH4 (g) + 202 (g) →CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l), ∆H = 890 KJ MOL-1
Calculate the volume of methane which would produce 111.25 kj when completely burnt.
(Molar volume of a gas = 24 litres.) (2 mks)
14. 100 g of a radioactive substance was reduced to 12.5 g in 15.6 years. Calculate the half –
life of the substance. (2 mks)
15. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why graphite is used as a lubricant. (2mks)
16. The table below gives some information about elements I,II,III and IV which are in the
same group of the periodic table. Use the information to answer the questions that follows.
Element First Ionisation energy Atomic Radius (nm)

(kjmol-1)
I 520 0.15
II 500 0.19
III 420 0.23
IV 400 0.25
State and explain the relationship between the variations in the first ionization energies
and the atomic radii. ( 3 mks)
17. (a) what condition is necessary for an equilibrium to be established? ( 1 mk)

(b) When calcium carbonate is heated, the equilibrium shown below is established
CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
How would the position of equilibrium be affected if a small amount of dilute potassium
hydroxide is added to the equilibrium mixture? Explain ( 2 mks)
18. In an experiment to investigate the conductivity of substances, a student used the set – up
shown below.
The Student noted that the bulb did not light (1mk)
(a) What had been omitted in the set- up?
(b) Explain why the bulb lights when the omission is corrected ( 2 mks)
19. The scheme below shows the energy changes that are involved between ice, water and
steam. Study it and answer the questions that follow
∆H1 ∆H2
H2O(s) HO(l) H2O(g)
∆H4 ∆H3
(b) What name is given to the energy change, ∆H4? ( 1mk)
(c) What is the sign of ∆H3? Give a reason ( 2 mks)
20. Equal volumes of 1M monobasic acids L and M were each reacted with excess
magnesium turnings. The table below shows the volumes of the gas produced after one
minute.
Acid Volume of gas (cm3)

L 40
M 100
Explain the differences in the volumes of the gas produced ( 2 mks)
21. The diagram below shows a set- up that was used to prepare and collect a sample of nitric
acid
a. Give a reason why it is possible to separate nitric acid from sulphuric acid in the set
– up ( 1 mk)
b. Name another substance that can be used instead of potassium nitrate
( 1 mk)
c. Give one use of nitric acid (1 mk)
(a) Identify N and P ( 2 mks)

N………………………………………………………………………………………
P ………………………………………………………………………………...........
(b) What name is given to the type of halogenations/ chlorination reaction in step 2?
23. The set – up below was used to obtain a sample of iron
Write two equations for the reactions which occur in the combustion tube ( 2mks)
24. In an experiment, a gas jar containing most sulphur dioxide was inverted over another
gas jar containing hydrogen sulphide gas
a. State and explain the observation that was made ( 2mks)
b. State the precaution that should be taken when carrying out this experiment (1mk)
25. When a few drops of aqueous ammonia were added to copper (II) nitrate solution, a light
tube precipitate was formed. On addition of more aqueous ammonia, a deep blue solution
was formed.
Identify the substance responsible for the:
a. Light blue precipitate ( 1mk)
b. Deep blue solution ( 1mk)
26. When a current of 0.82A was passed for 5 hours through an aqueous solution of metal Z,
2.65 g of the metal were deposited. Determine the charge on the ions of metal Z. ( 1
Faraday = 96500 Coulombs:
Relative atomic mass of Z = 52
27. Dry carbon monoxide gas reacts with heated lead (II0 oxide as shown in the equation
below
PbO(s) + CO(g) →Pb (s) + CO2 (g)
(a) Name the process undergone by the lead (II) oxide (1 mk)
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above ( 1mk)
(c) Name another gas that can be used to perform the same function as carbon monoxide gas
in the above reaction.
28. When a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in oxygen, 4.2g of carbon dioxide and 1.71 g of
water were formed. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon
(H= 1.0 ; C=12.0; 0 = 16.0) ( 3 mks) CHEMISTRY
PAPER 233/2 K.C.S.E 2005
QUESTIONS
1. (a) The diagram below shows spots of pure substance A,B, and C on a chromatography
paper. Spot D is that of a mixture
After development, A, B and C were found to have moved 8cm, 3cm and 6 cm respectively.
D has separated into two spots which had moved 6cm and 8 cm
(i) On the diagram
I Label the baseline ( origin) ( 1mk)
II Show the positions of all the spots after development ( 3 mks)
(ii) Identify the substances present in the mixture D ( 2mks)
(b) Describe how solid ammonium chloride can be separated fro a solid mixture of
ammonium chloride and anhydrous calcium chloride ( 2mks)
(c) The table shows liquids that are miscible and those that are immiscible
Liquid L3 L4
L1 Miscible Miscible
L2 Miscible Immiscible
Use the information given to answer the questions that follow
(i) Name the method that can be used to separate L1 and L3 from a mixture of two
( 1 mk)
(ii) Describe how a mixture of L2 and L4 can be separated ( 2mks)
2. (a) Name one raw material which sodium hydroxide is manufactured ( 1 mk)
(b) Sodium hydroxide pellets were accidentally mixed with sodium chloride 17.6 g of the
mixture were dissolved in water to make one litre of solution. 100 cm3 of the mixture
were dissolved in water to make one litre solution. 100cm3 of the solution was
neutralized by 40cm3 of 0.M sulphuric acid (i) Write an equation for the reaction that
took place (ii) Calculate the:
(i) Number of moles of the substance that reacted with sulphuric acid ( 2mks) (ii)
Number of moles of the substances that would react with sulphuric acid in the
one litre of solution ( 1mk)
(iii) Mass of the unreacted substances in one litre of solution ( 2 mks)
(H = 1,0 ; Na = 23.0 ; Cl= 35.5 ; 0= 16.0)
(c) The diagram below shows an incomplete set-up used to prepare and collect
ammonia gas
(i) Name solid M ( 1 mk)

(ii) Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of ammonia gas can be collected
( 3 mks)
(d) In an experiment, excess ammonia gas passed over heated copper (II) oxide on a
combustion tube.
(i) State the observation that was made in the combustion tube at the end of the
experiment ( 1 mk)
(ii) What property of ammonia is shown in the above reaction (1 mk)
(iii) Name one use of ammonia (1 mk)
3. (a) The table below shows the standard reduction potentials for four half- cells. Study
it and answer the questions that follow. (Letters are not the actual symbols of the elements)
Eθ (volts)
F2(aq) + 2e →2F (aq) ; + 0.54
2+
G (aq) + 2e →G(s) ; -0.44
2+
H (aq) + 2e →H(s) ; + 0.34
2j+(aq) + 2e →J2 ; 0.00
(i) Identify the strongest reducing agent ( 1 mk)
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place when solid G is added to a
solution containing H2+ ions ( 1 mk)
θ
(iii) Calculate the E value for the reaction in (ii) above ( 1mk)
(b) The diagram below shows the apparatus that can be used to electrolyze acidified
water to obtain hydrogen and oxygen gases. Study it and answer the questions that
follow
(i) Identify the electrode at which oxidation takes place ( 1 mk)

(ii) Give a reason why it is necessary to acidify the water ( 1mk)
(iii) Explain why hydrochloric acid is not used to acidify the water ( 2mks)
(c) During electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate, 144750 coulombs of electricity were
used.
Calculate the mass of copper metal that was obtained
Cu = 64 ; 1 Faraday = 96500 coulombs) ( 3 mks)
4. (a) An atom Q can be represented as
52
Q
24
What does the number 52 represent? ( 1mk)
(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the equations that follow
(Letters are not the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic Atomic Ionic

Arrangement of stable oRadius Radius
i (nm) (nm)
N 2.8.8 0.197 0.099
P 2.8.8 0.099 0.181
R 2.8 0.160 0.065
S 2.8 0.186 0.095
T 2 0.152 0.068
U 2.8 0.072 0.136
(i) Write the formula of the compound formed when N reacts with P. (atomic numbers
are N = 20; P = 17) ( 1 mk)
(ii) Identify the elements which belong to the third period of the periodic table.
Explain ( 2 mks)
(iii) Which of the element identified in b (ii) above comes first in the third period?
Explain ( 2 mks)
(iv) Select two elements which are non- metals ( 1 mk)
(c) The table below gives some properties of substances I, II, III, and IV. Study it and answer the
questions that follow
Substance Electrical conductivity M.P (0C) B.P (0C)

Solid Molten
I Does not conduct Conducts 801 1420
II Conducts Conducts 650 1107
III Does not conduct Does not conduct 1700 2200
IV Does not conduct Does not conduct 113 440
(i) What type of bonding exists in substances I and II ( 2mks)

I
II
(ii) Which substances is likely to be sulphur? Explain ( 2mks)
5. In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with steel wool. 2.4 g of the
clean magnesium ribbon was placed in a crucible and completely burnt in oxygen. After
cooling, the product weighed 4.0 g
(a) Explain why it was necessary to clean the magnesium ribbon ( 1mk)
(b) What observation was made in the crucible after burning ( 1 mk)
(c) Why was there an increase in mass? ( 1 mk)
(d) Write the equation for the reaction which took place in the crucible ( 1mk)
(e) The product in the crucible was shaken with water and filtered. Explain the observation
which was made when blue and red litmus papers were dropped into the filtrate.
( 3 mks)
6. (a) The list below shows the formulae of some organic compounds. Use it to answer the
V1 HC3CH2CH2OH
V2 CH3CH2CH3
O
V3 CH3CH2CH2C – OH
V4 CH3CH2CH = CH2
V5 CH3 CH2CH2CH3
(i) Select two compounds which

I are not hydrocarbons ( 1mk)
II Belong to the same homologous series ( 1 mk)
(ii) Identify the compound that is likely to undergo polymerization. Give a reason for
your answer. ( 2 mks)
a. The structures below represents two cleansing agents:

R – COO- Na+
R – OSO3- Na+
In the table below, give one advantage and one disadvantage of using each one of them
Advantage Disadvantage
R – COO- Na+
R - OSO3 – Na+
b. Under certain, ethanoic acid ( C2H4O2) and ethanol (C2H5OH) react to form a sweet
smelling compound.
(i) What is the general name of compound to which the sweet smelling
compound belong? ( 1mk)
(ii) Write the formula of the sweet smelling compound (1 mk)
(iii) Give one use of ethanoic acid other the formation of the sweet smelling
compounds (1 mk)
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction dilute ethanoic acid and solid potassium
carbonate ( 1mk)
c. Fibres are either synthetic or natural. Give one:
(i) Example of a natural fibre ( 1mk)
(ii) Advantage of synthetic fibres have over natural fibres ( 1mk)
7. (a) Below is a simplified diagram of the Downs Cell used for the manufacture of sodium.
(i) What material is the anode made of? Give a reason (2 mks)
(ii) What precaution is taken to prevent chlorine and sodium from re- combination? ( 1 mks)
(iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in which chlorine gas is formed ( 1mk) (b) In the
Downs process, (used for manufacture of sodium), a certain salt is added to lower the melting
0 0
point of sodium chloride from about 800 C to about 600 C.
(i) Name the salt that is added (1mk)
(ii) State why it is necessary to lower the temperature (1mk)
(c) Explain why aqueous sodium chloride is not suitable as an electrolyte for the manufacture of
sodium in the Downs process ( 2mk)
(d) Sodium metal reacts with air to form two oxide. Give the formulae of two oxides ( 1mk)
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 2006
QUESTIONS
1. (a) What is meant by isomerism? (1mark)
(b) Draw and name two isomers of butane. (2 marks)
2. The diagram below represent a set-up that was used to show that part of air is used during
burning.
a) Given that phosphorus used was was in excess, draw a diagram of the set-up at the end of the
experiment (when there was no further observable change). (1mk)
b) Suggest one modification that should be made on the apparatus if the percentage of the air
used is to be determined. (1mk)
3. 60cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous partition in 50 seconds. How long would it
take 60cm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the same partition under the
same conditions? (S= 32.0, 0 = 16.0) (3marks)
4. a) Complete the nuclear equation below.
(1mark)
b) 37 37
A…….B
18 17
(b) State one:

(i) Use of radioisotopes in agriculture (1mark)
(ii) Danger associated with exposure of human beings to radioisotopes
(1 mark)
5. The atomic numbers of elements C and D are 19 and 9 respectively. State and explain the
electrical conductivity of the compound CD in:
a) Solid state (1 ½ marks)
b) aqueous state. (1 ½ marks)
6. In an experiment to study the properties of concentrated sulphuric acid, a mixture of the acid
and wood charcoal was heated in a boiling tube.
a) write the equation of the reaction that took place in the boiling tube.(1mark)
b) Using oxidation numbers, show that reduction and oxidation reactions took place in the
boiling tube (2 mark)
7. A group of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons have a wide range of uses but they also
have harmful effects on the environment.
State one:
a) Use of chlorofluorocarbons (1 mark)
b) Harmful effect of chlorofluorocarbons on the environments. (1 mark)
8. when 94.5g of hydrated barium hydroxide, ba(OH)2. nH2O were heated to constant mass,
51.3g of anhydrous barium hydroxide were obtained. Determine the empirical formula of
the hydrated barium hydroxide. (3 marks)
9. at 200C, NO2 and N2 O4 gases exist in equilibrium as shown in the equation below
2 NO2(g) N2O4(g); H = -ve
Brown pale yellow
State and explain the observation that would be made when;
a) A syringe containing the mixture at 200C is immersed in ice-cold water
(1 ½ mks)
b) the volume of the gaseous mixture in a syringe is reduced. (1 ½ mks) 10 Name the
process which takes place when:
a) Solid carbon (IV) oxide (dry ice) changes directly into gas (1 mark)
b) A red litmus paper turns white when dropped into chlorine water. (1 mark)
c) Propane gas molecules are converted into a giant molecule (1 mark)
11. a) water from a town in Kenya is suspected to contain chloride ions but not sulphate ions.
Describe how the presence of the chloride ions in the water can be shown. (1 mk)
b) State one advantage of drinking hard water rather than soft water. (1 mk)
12. The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage abundance of the
isotopes L1 of element L.
13. The diagram below represents the set-up that was used to prepare and collect hydrogen
chloride gas in the laboratory.
a) State the purpose of concentrated sulphuric acid in the wash bottle. (1 mark)
b) Write an equation for the reaction between dry hydrogen chloride gas and heated
iron (1 mark)
c) Hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water to make hydrochloric acid. State one
use of hydrochloric acid.
14. Below is a list of oxides. MgO,
N2O, K2O, CaO, and Al2O3.
Select:
a) A neutral oxide (1 mk)
b) A highly water soluble basic oxide (1 mark)
c) An oxide which can react with both sodium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(1 mk)
15. Study the standard reduction
potential given and answer the
(The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
Eø (volts)
M2+(aq) + 2e → M(s) -0.76
N2+(aq) + 2e → N(s) -2.37
P+(aq) + e → P(s) +0.80
2+
Q (aq) +2e → Q(s): -0.14
a) The standard reduction potential for Fe 2+(aq) is -0.44 volts. Select the element
which would best protect iron from rusting. (1 mark)
2+
b) Calculate the E ø value for the cell represented as M(s) / M (aq) // p+(aq) /P(s).
(2mks)
16 When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of iron (III) chloride, a
yellow precipitate was deposited. (1mark)
a) The standard reduction potential for Fe2+ (aq) is -0.44 volts. Select the element
which would best protect iron from rusting. (1 mark) b)
Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1 mark)
c) What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen by hydrogen sulphide in this reaction?
(1mark)
17. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia
gas.
(a) What is the name of the catalyst used? (1 mk)
(b) Write the equation for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas. (1mk)
(c) Nitric acid is used to make ammonium nitrate, state two uses of ammonium nitrate. (1
mark)
18. Study the diagram below and answer the question that follows.
Describe one chemical test that can be carried out to identify substance s. (2 marks)
19. a) starting from solid magnesium hydroxide. (1mark)

b) Give one use of magnesium hydroxide. (1 mark)
20. a) Distinguish between a covalent bond and a co-ordinate bond ( 2 marks)
b) Draw a diagram to show bonding in an ammonium ion. (1mark)
21. (a) Explain why the metals magnesium and aluminium are good conductors of
electricity. (1 mark)
b) Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables while
magnesium is not (2mks)
22. The diagram below represents part of a set – up used to prepare and collect gas T.
a) Name two reagents that are reacted to produce both carbon (IV) oxide and carbon(II)
oxide.(1mk)
b) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place in the wash bottles.(1mk)
c) Give a reason why carbon(II) oxide is not easily detected.(1mk)

23. Explain why the boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of hexane.
(Relative molecular mass of ethanol is46 while that of hexane is 86)
24. a) Complete the table below to show the colour of the given indicator in
Indicator Colour in
Acid solution Basic solution
Methyl orange ……………. Yellow
Phenolpthalein Colourless ………………
H
b) How does the P value of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution compare with that of 0.1M
aqueous ammonia? Explain. (2mks)
25. Study the properties of substances V1 to V4 in the table below and answer the questions that
follow.
Substance Solubility in Solubility Melting Boiling
water Point(oC) point(oC)
V1 Insoluble Soluble -30 250
V2 Insoluble Insoluble 1535 3000
V3 Insoluble Soluble 16.8 44.8
V4 Insoluble Soluble 75 320
a) Which of the substances are liquids at 240C?
b) Describe how a mixture containing V2 and V4 can be separed (2mks)
26. The graph below shows a curve obtained when water at 20oC was heated for 15 minutes.
a) What happens to the water molecules between points W and x? (1mk)

b) In which part of the curve does a change of state occur? (1mk)
c) Explain why the temperature does not rise between points X and Y. (1mk)
27. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name reagent z.
b) Describe the process which takes place in step 2.(1mk)
c) Identify the white solid. (1mk)
28. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
a) What do H1 and H2 represent? (2mks)

b) Write an expression to show the relationship between H1, H2 and H3.(1mk) CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2 (233/2) 2006
QUESTIONS
1. a) What is an electrolyte? (1mk)

b) State how the following substances conduct electricity.
i) Molten calcium chloride (1mk)
ii) Graphite.
(1mks)
c) The diagram below shows a set up that was used to electrolyse aqueous
magnesium sulphate.
i) On the diagram above, using an arrow, show the direction

of flow of electrons. (1mk)
ii) Identify the syringe in which hydrogen gas would be
collected. Explain
(1mk)
d) Explain why the concentration of magnesium sulphate was found to have
increased at the end of the experiment. (2mks)
e) During the electrolysis, a current of 0.72A was passed through the electrolyte for
15 munites.Calculate the volume of gas produced at the anode.(1 Faraday = 96 500
coulombs; molar gas volume is 24000cm3 at room temperature). (4mks)
2. a) In an experiment to determine the molar heat of reaction when magnesium displaces
copper ,0.15g of magnesium powder were added to 25.0cm3 of 2.0M copper (II) chloride
solution. The temperature of copper (II) chloride solution was 25oC.While that of the mixture
was 43oC.
i) Other than increase in temperature, state and explain the observations which were made
during the reaction.(3mks)
ii) Calculate the heat change during the reaction (specific heat capacity of the solution =
4.2jg-1k-1and the density of the solution = 1g/cm3(2mks)
iii) Determine the molar heat of displacement of copper by magnesium.(Mg=24.0).
iv) Write the ionic equation for the reaction.(1mk)
v) Sketch an energy level diagram for the reaction.(2mks)
b) Use the reduction potentials given below to explain why a solution
containing copper ions should not be stored in a container made of zinc.
Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zn(s); Eø = -0.76v
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s); Eø = +0.34v (2mks)
3. a) Distinguish between isotopes and allotropes. (2mks)

b) The chart below is part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions
that follow.(The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
A B
C D E
i) Select the element in period three which has the shortest atomic radius.
Give a reason for you answer. (2mks)
ii) Element F has the electronic structure, 2.8.18.4 on the chart above,
indicate the position of element F. (1mks)
iii) State one use of the elements of which E is a member. (1mk) iv) Write
an equation to show the action of heat on the nitrate of element C.
(1mks)
c) When 3 litres of chlorine gas were completely reacted with element D,
11.875g of the product were formed.Dertermine the relative atomic mass of
element D.
(Atomic mass of chlorine = 35.5; molar gas volume = 24litres).(3mks) 4.
a) The diagram below shows some processes that take place during
the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction in which sulphur dioxide gas is
produced. (1mk)
(ii) Why is it necessary to keep the gases pure and dry ? (1mk)
(iii) Describe the process that takes place in chamber G. (1mk)
(iv) Name the gases that escape into the environment. (1mk)
(v) State and explain the harmful effect on the environment of one of the gases
named in (iv) above (1mk)
(vi) Give one reason why it is necessary to use a pressure of 2-3 atmoshperes and
not more. (1mk)
b) (i) Complete the table below to show the observations made when
concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the substances shown.
(2mks)
Substance Observation
Iron fillings
Crystals of white sugar
(ii) Give reasons for the observations made using:

I iron fillings (1mk)
II Crystals of white sugar. (1mk)
(c) Name one fertilizer made from sulphuric acid. (1mk)
(d) Suggest a reason why BaSO4(apigment made from sulphuric acid) would be
suitable in making paint for cars. (1mk)
5. a) What name is given to a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only? ( ½)
b) Hexane is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen.
(i) What method is used to obtain hexane from crude oil? (1mk)
(ii) State one use of hexane (1mk)
c) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify reagent L. (1mk)

(ii) Name the catalyst used in step 5. (1mk)
(iii) Draw the structural formula of gas J. (1mk)
(iv) What name is given to the process that takes place in step 5? (½mk)
d) (i) write the equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide
and
aqueous ethanoic acid. (1mk)
(ii) Explain why the reaction between 1g of sodium carbonate and 2M
hydrochloric acid is faster than the reaction between 1g of sodium
carbonate and 2M ethanoic acid. (1mks)
6. The extraction of iron from its ores takes place in the blast furnace. Study it and answer the
a) Name
(i) One of the substances in the slag (1mk)
(ii) Another iron ore material used in the blast furnance. (1mk)
(iii) One gas which is recycled. (1mk)
b) Describe the process which leacd to the formation of iron in the blast furnace
c) State the purpose of limestone in the blast furnace. (3mks)
d) Give a reason why the melting point of the iron obtained from the blast
furnace is 12000 C while tat of pure iron is 15350C (1mk)
e) State two uses of steel (2mks)
7. The table below shows the volumes of nitrogen dioxide gas produced when different volume
of IM nitric acid were each reacted with 2.07 g of lead at room temperature.
Volume of 1 M nitric acid (cm3) Volume of nitrogen dioxide gas (cm3)
5 60
15 180
25 300
35 420
45 480
55 480
a) Give a reason why nitric acid is not used to prepare hydrogen gas. (1mk)
b) Explain how the rate of the reaction between lead and nitric acid would be affected if the
temperature of the reaction mixture was raised. (2mks)
c) On the grid provided below, plot a graph of the volume of the gas produced (Vertical axis)
against volume of acid. (3 marks)
d) Using the graph, determine the volume of:
i) Nitrogen dioxide produced when 30cm3 of 1 M nitric acid were reacted with 2.07
g of lead (1mrk)
ii) 1M nitric acid which would react completely with 2.07g of lead. (1mk) e)
Using the answer in d(i) above, determine:
i) The volume of 1M nitric acid that would react completely with one mole of lead
(pb=207)
(2mks)
ii) The volume of nitrogen dioxide gas produced when one mole of lead reacts with
excess 1 M nitric room temperature. (1mk)
f) Calculate the number of moles of:
i) 1M nitric acid that reacted with one mole of lead (1mk)
ii) nitrogen dioxide produced when one mole of lead were reacted with excess nitric
acid. (Molar gas volume of 2400cm3) (1mk)
g) Using the answers obtained in f (i) and (ii) above, write the equation for the reaction between
lead and nitric acid given that one mole of lead nitrate and two moles of water
were also produced. (1mk)
CHEMISTRY
PAPER 1
THEORY
OCT./NOV. 2007
2 hours
1. The diagram below shows a “Jiko” when in use. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.
a) Identify the gas formed at region A. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………….
b) State and explain the observation made at region B. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………..
2. 15.0cm3 of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) was dissolved in water to make 500cm3 of solution.
Calculate the concentration of the solution in moles per litre.
(C=12.0;H=1.0;O=16.0; density of ethanoic acid is 1.05 g/cm3) (3mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Both chlorine and iodine are halogens.
a) What are halogens? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………
b) In terms of structure and bonding, explain why the boiling point of chlorine is lower
than that of iodine. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………
4. The diagram below shows a Bunsen burner when in use.
Name the regions labeled C and D. (2mks)
C …………………………………………………………………………..
D ………………………………………………………………………….
5. When a student was stung by a nettle plant, a teacher applied an aqueous solution of
ammonia to the affected area of the skin and the student was relieved of pain .Explain.
(2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. In an experiment, a few drops of concentrated nitric acid were added to aqueous iron(II)
sulphate in a test – tube. Excess sodium hydroxide solution was then added to the mixture.
a) State the observations that were made when:
i) Concentrated nitric acid was added to aqueous iron (II) sulphate(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………
ii) Excess sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………
b) Write and ionic equation for the reaction which occurred in (a) (ii) above.(1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. a) Use the information given below to draw a labeled diagram of an electrochemical
cell that can be constructed to measure the electromotive force between G and J.
G2+(aq) + 2e G(s) ; Eθ = - 0.74 V
J2+(aq)+ 2e J(s); Eθ = -0.14 V
b) Calculate the Eθ value for the cell constructed in (a) above. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
8. Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies of the
elements in period 3 of the periodic table from left to right. (2mks)
9. Study the flow chart below and answer the question that follows.
Solid
Excess L
Ag2o
1. Warm Heat
2. Filter White strongly
3. Cool Filtrate Solid
Solution
K
Brown gas
+ Gas M
Identify: (3mks)
a) Solution K
b) Solid L
c) Gas M
9. The thermo chemical equations for the formation of hydrogen peroxide under standard
conditions are:
H2(g) +O2(g) H2O2(g); ∆Hθf = -133kJmol-1 H2(g)
+O2(g) H20(l);∆Hθ=-188 kJmol -1
Write the thermo chemical equation for the molar heat of vaporization of hydrogen
peroxide. (2mks)
The set-up below was used to collect a dry sample of a gas. 10.
Give two reasons why the set-up cannot be used to collect carbon (IV) oxide gas. (2mks)
12. a) State the Charles law (1mk)
b) The volume of a sample of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 291 K and 1.0x105
Pascal’s was 3.5 x 10-2m3. Calculate the temperature at which the volume of the
gas would be 2.8 x 10-2m3 at 1.0 x 105 Pascal. (2mks)
13. a) name the process that takes place when:
(i) Crystals of zinc nitrate change into solution when exposed to air (1mk)
(ii) An alcohol reacts with an organic acid in the presence of a catalyst to form
a sweet smelling compound. (1mk)
b) Propane can be changed into methane and ethane as shown in the equation below;
CH3CH2CH3(g) High temperature CH4(g) + C2H4(g)

(1mk)
Name the process undergone by propane. (1mk)
14. a) Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. (2mks)
b) Describe how solid wastes containing radioactive substances should be disposed of.
(1mk)
15. a) Explain why permanent hardness in water cannot be removed by boiling.(2mks)
b) Name two methods that can be used to remove permanent hardness from water.
(1mk)
16 The table below shows the tests that were carried out on solid N and the observations made.
I Test Observations
II Dilute hydrochloric acid was A colourless solution was
adde d solid N. form
III To the colourless solution A white precipitate was
obtained test II, excess sodium formed l which dissolved to
hydroxide so was added. form a colo solution.
Write the formula of the anion in;
a) Solid N (1mk)
b) The colourless solution formed in test III (1mk)
17. The relative formula mass of a hydrocarbon is 58. Draw and name two possible
structures of the hydrocarbon (C=12.0; H=1.0) (3mks)
18. starting with sodium metal, describe how a sample of crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate
may be prepared. (3mks)
19 The flow chart below shows steps used in the extraction of zinc from one of its ores.
Zinc carbonate Crushing Powdered zinc
Step 1 Concentrated zinc
carbonate ore Step 2 carbonate ore
Step 3 Heat
Gas
Coke
Zinc metal Zinc oxide
Step 4
a) Name the process that is used in step 2 to concentrate the ore. (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step 3. (1 mark)
c) Name one use of zinc other than galvanizing. (1mk)
20. An alcohol has the following composition by mass: hydrogen 13.5%, oxygen 21.6% and
carbon 64.9%
a) Determine the empirical formula of the alcohol(C=12.0;
H=1.0’)=16.0).
(2mks)
21. a) When brine is electrolyzed using inert electrodes, chlorine gas is liberated at the anode
instead of oxygen. Explain this observation.
(2mks)
b) Name the product formed at the cathode. (1 mk)
22. 6.84g of aluminium sulphate were dissolve in 150cm3 of water. Calculate the molar
concentration of the sulphate ions in the solution. (Relative formula mass of aluminium
sulphate is 342)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
23. The table below shows the relative molecular masses and the boiling points of pentane
and propan-1-01
o
Relative molecular mass Boiling point( C)
Pentane 72 36
Propan-10-1 60 97
Explain why the boiling point of propane 1-1-01 is higher than that of pentane. (2mks) 24.
State and explain the observations made when excess ammonia gas reacts with chlorine
gas (3mks)
25. The diagram below shows a student’s set-up for the preparation and collection of hydrogen
gas.
(a) How would the final volume of hydrogen gas produced be affected if 80cm3 of 0,75
M hydrochloric acid was used? (1mk)
(b) Give a reason why helium is increasingly being preferred to hydrogen in weather
balloons.
26. The table below shows the number of valence electrons of the element P, Q and R.
Element P Q R
Number of valence electrons 3 5 2
(a) Explain why p and R would not be expected to form a compound. (1mk)
(b) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the carbonate of R (1mk)
(c) Write the formula for the most stable ion or q. (1mk) 27. The
diagram below formula for the most stable ion of Q. (1mk)
On the same axis, sketch the graph for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide when
manganese (IV) oxide is added. (2mks)
28. During the electrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate, a current of 5.0a was passed through the
electrolysis for 3 hours.
a) Write the equation for reaction which took place at the anode. (1mk)
b) Calculate the mass of silver deposited (Ag = 108; IF=96500C) (2mks)
29 The diagram below is a section of a model of the structure of element T.
a) State the type of bonding that exists in T.

(1mk)
b) In which group of the period table does element T belong? Give a reason.
(2mks)
30. Below is a sketch of a graph showing the change in viscosity? (Ease of flow) with
temperature when solid sulphur is heated.
Describe what happens to the sulphur molecules when sulphur is heated from 1500C to about
2000C.
CHEMISTRY
Paper 2
THEORY Oct/Nov. 2007
1. (a) State two factors that should be considered when choosing fuel for cooking (2mks)
(b) The diagram below represents a set – up that was used to determine the molar heat of
combustion of ethanol
During the experiment, the data given below was recorded
Volume of water 450cm3

Initial temperature of water 250 C
Final temperature of water 46.50C
Mass of ethanol + Lamp before burning 125.5g
Mass of ethanol + lamp after burning 124.0g
Calculate the:
(i) Heat evolved during the experiment (density of water = 1g/cm3
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1K-1 ( 3 mks)
(ii) Molar heat of combustion of ethanol (C = 12.0, O = 16.0, H=1.0) ( 2 mks)
(c) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol ( 1mk)
(d) The value of the molar heat of combustion of ethanol obtained in (b) (ii) above is lower than
the theoretical value. State two sources of error in the experiment. ( 2 mks)
2. (a) Give the systematic names of the following compounds
(i) CH2 = C – CH3
CH3 ( 1 mk)
(ii) CH3CH2CH2C ≡CH ( 1mk)
(b) State the observations made when Propan – I- ol reacts with:

(i) Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) Solution ( 1mk)
(ii) Sodium metal ( 1mk)
(c) Ethanol obtained from glucose can be converted to ethane as shown below
Step 1 Step II
6 C6H12O C2H5OH CH2 ≡ CH2
Name and describe the process that take place in steps I and II
Step I (1 ½ mks)
Step II ( 1 ½ mks)
(d) Compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C3H6O2. Compound A
liberates carbon (IV) oxide on addition of aqueous sodium carbonate while
compound B does not. Compound B has a sweet smell. Draw the possible structures
of:
(i) Compound A ( 1 mark)
(ii) Compound B ( 1 mk)
(e) Give two reasons why the disposal of polymers such as polychloroethane by
burning pollutes the environment. ( 2 mks)
3. The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting with copper study
it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) In step 1, excess 3M nitric acid was added to 0.5g of copper powder
(i) State two observations which were made when the reactions was in progress (2mks)
(ii) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used in step 1 ( 1mk)
(iii) I Write the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1 (1mk)
II Calculate the volume of 3M nitric that was needed to react completely

with 0.5g of copper powder. (Cu = 63.5) ( 3 mk)
(b) Give the names of the types of reactions that took place in steps 4 and 5 ( 1 mk)
Step 4
Step 5
(c) Apart from the good conductivity of electricity, state two other properties that make
it possible for copper to be extensively used in the electrical industry. 2mks)
4. (a) Methanol is manufactured from carbon (IV) oxide and hydrogen gas according to the
equation:
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)

The reaction is carried out in the presence of a chromium catalyst at 700K and 30kPa.
Under these conditions, equilibrium is reacted when 2% of the carbon (IV) oxide is
converted to methanol
(i) How does the rate of the forward reaction compare with that of the reverse
reaction when 2% of the carbon (IV) oxide is converted to methanol? ( 1 mk)
(ii) Explain how each of the following would affect the yield of methanol:
I Reduction (2mks)
II Using a more efficient catalyst (2mks)
(iii) If the reaction is carried out at 500K and 30kPa, the percentage of carbon (IV) oxide
converted to methanol is higher than 2%
I what is the sign of ∆H for the reaction? Give a reason (2mks)
II Explain why in practice the reaction is carried out at 700K but NOT at 500K
(1mk)
(b) Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:
2H2O2(aq) →2H2O(l) + O2 (g)
In an experiment, the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was found to
be 6.0 x 10-8 mol dm-3 S-1.
(i) Calculate the number of moles per dm3 of hydrogen peroxide that had
decomposed within the first 2 minutes (2mks)
(ii) In another experiment, the rate of decomposition was found to be 1.8 x 10-7 mol dm-
3 -1
S . The difference in two rates could have been caused by addition of a
catalyst. State, giving reasons, one other factor that may have caused the
difference in two rates of decomposition (2mks)
5. (a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of a sodium chloride crystal.
The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal is shown as ⊕
(i) On the diagram, mark the position of the other three sodium ions ( 2 mks)
(ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 8010C and 14130C
respectively.
Explain why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity at 250C, but does so at
temperatures between 8010 C and 14130C ( 2 mks) (b)
Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water ( 2mks) (c) The
structure of an ammonia ion is shown below:
Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by N → H ( 1 mark)
(d) Carbon exists in different crystalline forms. Some of these forms were recently
discovered in soot and are called fullerenes
(i) What name is given to different crystalline forms of the same element?
(1mk)
(ii) Fullerenes dissolve in methylbenzene while the other forms of carbon do not.
Given that soot is a mixture of fullerenes and other solid forms of carbon,
describe how crystals of fullerenes can be obtained from soot. ( 3mks) (iii)
The relative molecular mass of one of the fullerenes is 720. What is the
molecular formula of this fullerene? (C=12.00 ( 1 mk)
6. (a) The elements nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are essential for plant growth.
(i) Potassium in fertilizers may be in the form of potassium nitrate
Describe how a sample of a fertilizer may be tested to find out if it
contained nitrate ions. (2mks)
(ii) Calculate the mass of nitrogen present if a 25kg bag contained pure
ammonium phosphate, (NH4)2 HPO4. (N = 14.0, H=1.0, P = 31.0, O =
16.0
(2mks)
(b) The table below shows the solubility of ammonium phosphate in water at different
temperatures.
Temperature Solubility of ammonium phosphate in g/100g water
(C0)
10 63.0
20 69.0
30 75.0
40 82.0
50 89.0
60 97.0
(i) On the grid provided, draw the solubility curve of ammonium phosphate
(Temperature on x – axis) (3 mks)
(ii) Using the graph, determine the solubility of ammonium phosphate at 250C ( 1 mk)
(iii) 100g of a saturated solution of ammonium phosphate was prepared at 250C

I what is meant by a saturated solution? ( 1mk)
II Calculate the mass of ammonium phosphate which was used to prepare the saturated
solution ( 2 mks)
(c) The graph below shows how the PH value of soil in a farm changed over a period of time
(i) Describe how the pH of the soil can be determined (2mks)
(ii) State one factor that may have been responsible for the change in the soil pH in
the time interval AB ( 1 mk )
7. The diagram below shows the set up used in an experiment to prepare chlorine gas and
react it with aluminium foil. Study it and answer the question that follow
(a) In the experiment, concentrated hydrochloric acid and potassium manganate (VII) were used
to prepare chlorine gas. State two precautions that should be taken in
carrying out this experiment. (2mks)
(b) Write the formula of another compound that could be used instead of potassium manganate
(VII) ( 1 mk)
(c) Explain why it is necessary to allow the acid to drip slowly onto potassium manganate
(VII) before the aluminium foil is heated. ( 2 mks)
(d) State the property of the product formed in the combustion tube that makes it possible for it
to be collected in the receiver ( 1mk)
(e) When 1.08g of aluminum foil were heated in a stream of chlorine gas, the mass of the
product formed was 3.47 g Calculate the:
(i) Maximum mass of the product formed if chlorine was in excess;
(Al= 27; Cl = 35.5)
(ii) Percentage yield of the product formed ( 1 mk)
(f) Phosphorous trichloride is a liquid at room temperature. What modification should be

made to set up if it is to be used to prepare phosphorous trichloride? ( 1 mk)
CHEMISTRY THEORY PAPER 1
OCT/NOV. 2008
2 HOURS
1. A small crystal of potassium manganate (VII) was placed in a beaker water. The beaker was
left standing for two days without shaking. State and explain the observations that
were made. 2mks)
2. When a hydrated sample of calcium sulphate CaSO4 XH2O was heated until all the water was
lost, the following data recorded;
Mass of crucible = 30.296 g
Mass of crucible +hydrated salt = 33.111 g
Mass of crucible + anhydrous salt = 32.781 g
Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated salt (Relative formula mass of CaSO4
=136, H2O =18). (3mks)
3. Complete the following table by filling in the missing test and observations
(3mks)
No. Gas Test Observation
I Chlorine Put a moist red
litmus into the gas
II Sulphure (IV) oxide Paper turns green
III Butane Add a drop of e

bromin water
4. The structure of a detergent is
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
- -1
H- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C -C- C- -C- COO Na
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
a) Write the molecular formula of the detergent. (1mk)

b) What type of detergent is represented by the formula? (1mk)
c) When this type of detergent is used to wash linen in hard water, spots (marks) are left on the
linen. Write the formula of the substance responsible for the spots
(1mk)
5. Phosphoric acid is manufactured from calcium phosphate according to the following
equation.
Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2SOv(l) 2H3PO4(AQ) + 3 CaSO4(S)
Calculate the mass in (Kg) of phosphoric acid that would be obtained if 155 Kg of
calcium phosphate reacted completely with the acid
(Ca=40, P=31, S=32, O=16, H=1) (2mks)
6. The structure below represents a sweet smelling compound

O
CH3 CH2 CH2 C O CH2 CH 2 CH3.

Give the names of the two organic compounds that can be used to prepare this compound
in the laboratory. (2mks)
7. a) What are isotopes? (1mk)

b) Determine the number of neutrons in 18
O.
8
(1mk)
8. a) State the observation made at the end of the experiment when a mixture of
iron powder and sulphur is heated in a test tube. (1mk)
b) Write an equation for the reaction the product in (a) above and dilute hydrochloric
acid. (1mk)
c) When a mixture of iron powder and sulphur is heated, it glows more brightly than that
of iron fillings and sulphur. Explain this observation
(1mk)
9. Zinc reacts with both concentrated and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Write equations for two
reactions. (2mk)
10. When magnesium was burnt in air, a solid mixture was formed. On addition of water to the
mixture a gas which turned moist red litmus paper blue was evolved. Explain these
observations.
11. The table below gives atomic numbers of elements represented b the letters a, B, C and D.
Element A B C D
Atomic number 15 16 17 20
Use the information to answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the type of bonding that exists in the compound formed when A and D
react (1mk)
b) Select the letter which represents the best oxidizing agent. Give a reason for your
answer. (2mks)
12. In an experiment, a test-tube full of chlorine water was inverted in chlorine water as shown in
the diagram below and the set up left in sunlight for one day.
After one day, a gas was found to have collected in the test-tube a)
Identify the gas.
b) What will happen to the PH of the solution in the beaker after one day? Give an
explanation. (2mks)
13. In a laboratory experiment hydrogen gas was passed over heated copper (II) oxide as shown
the diagram below.
Describe a chemical test that can be used to identify the product e. (2mks)
14. Samples of urine from three participants F, G and H at an international sports meeting were
spotted onto a chromatography paper alongside two from illegal drugs A1 and A2.
A chromatogram was run using methanol. The figure
below shows the chromatogram.
a) Identify the athlete who had used an illegal drug. (1mk)

b) Which drug is more soluble in methanol? (1mk)
15. The table below gives the solubilities of substances J, K and L at different temperatures
Substance Solubility in grammes per 100 g water at

00C 200C 400C 600C
J 0.334 0.16 0.097 0.0058
K 27.60 34.0 40.0 45.5
L 35.70 36.0 40.0 37.3
Select the substance which, when dissolved in water, heat is given out. Give a reason
.(2mks)
16. Starting with copper metal, describe how a sample of crystals of copper (II) chloride may be
prepared in the laboratory. (3mks)
17. A compound whose general formula is M (OH)3 reacts as shown by the equation below.
M (OH) 3(s) + OH (aq) M (OH) 4(aq)
M (OH) 3(s) + 3H+ (aq) M3+ (aq) + 3H2O (i)
(a) What name is given to compounds which behave like M (OH) 3 in the two
Reactions (1 mk)
(b) Name two elements whose hydroxides behave like that of M (2 mks)
18. The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow, (the
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).
R S
N Q T U
P
a) Indicate on the grid the position of an element represented by letter V whose atomic
number is 14. (1mk)
b) Select a letter which reaction between Q and T. (1mk)
19. Select a letter which represents a mono atomic gas. (1mk)
Zn1+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76

Pb2+(aq) +2e- Pb(s) -0.13
Ag+ (aq) +e- Ag(s) +0.80
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) +0.30
a) Write the cell representation for the electrochemical cell that would give
the highest E (1mk)
b) State and explain the observations made when a copper rod is placed in a
beaker containing silver nitrate solution. (2mks)
20. a) State the Graham’s law diffusion. (1mk)

b) The molar masses of gases W and X are 16.0 and 44.0 respectively. If the rate of
diffusion of W through a porous material is 12cm3s-1 calculate the rate of
diffusion of X through the same material. (2mks)
21. The diagram below represents an experiment that was set up to investigate movement of ions
during electrolysis.
When the circuit was completed, it was noticed that a blue colour spread towards the right.
a) Explain this observation (2mks)
b) Write the equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode. (1mk)
22. The diagram below is part of a set up used in the laboratory preparation of a gas.
Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of the gas can be collected.
(3mks) 23.
In a closed system, aqueous iron (III) chloride reacts with sulphide gas as shown in the
equation below.
2FeCl3(aq) + H2S(g) 2FeCl2(aq) 2HCl(aq) + S(s)
State and explain the observation that would be made if dilute hydrochloric acid is
added to the system at equilibrium. (2mks)
24. a) A radioactive substance emits three different particles.

Give the symbol of the particle with the highest mass. (1mk)
b) (i) Find the values of Z1 and Z2 in the nuclear equation below
Z1 1 94 140 1
U + n Sr + xe +2 n
92 0 38 Z0 0 iii) What type of nuclear reaction is represented in represented in b (i) above?
(1mk)
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
Time (minutes)
Give the name of the:
a) Process taking place between t0 and t1. (1mk)
b) Energy change that occurs between t3 and t4
26. When solid B1 was heated, a gas which formed a white precipitate when passed through lime
water was produced. The residue was dissolved in dilute nitric (V) acid to form a colourless
solution B2. when dilute hydrochloric acid was added to solution B2 a white precipitate
which dissolved on warning was formed. a) Write the formula of the;
I Cation in solid B1 (1mk)
II anion in solid B1 (1mk)
b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between the resdue and dilute nitric (V) acid.
(1mk)
27. In an experiment to determine the percentage of magnesium hydroxide in an anti-acid, a
solution containing 0.50 g of the anti-acid was neutralized by 23.0 cm3 of 0.010m
hydrochloric acid (Relative formula mass of magnesium hydroxide =58)
a) Mass of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid; (2mks)
b) Percentage of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid (1mk)
28. During the extraction of aluminium from its ores; the ore is first purified to obtain
Molten
Alumina
alumina.
Alumina Step 1 Liquid Step 2

C1 Heat Alumina Process D1
Oxygen
a) Name
(i) Substance C1 (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………….. (ii)
Process D1 (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………
b) Give two reasons why aluminium is used extensively in the making of cooking
pans. (1mk)
29. A certain mass of a metal E1 reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid at 25oC. The
volume of hydrogen gas liberated was measured after every 30 seconds. The results were
presented as shown in the graph below.
a) Name one piece of apparatus that may have been used to measure the volume of gas
liberated. (1mk)
b) (i) On the same axis, sketch the curve that would be obtained if the experiment
was repeated at 350C. (1mk)
(ii) Explain the shape of your curve in b(i) above. (1mk)
30. Crude oil contains sulphur. What would be the effect to the environment of using fuel
containing sulphur? (1mk)
31. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
Calcium Step 1 Colourless Step 2 Substance
oxide Dilute solution Heat to dryness F1
Hydrochloric acid
Step 3 Excess Carbon (IV) oxide
Substance
G1
a) Give the name of the process that takes place in step 1. (1mk)
b) Give;
(i) The name of substance G1
(ii) One use of substance F1
CHEMISTRY PAPER 2 THEORY
OCT /NOV. 2008
233/2
2 HOURS
1. a) Biogas is a mixture of mainly carbon (IV) oxide and methane.
(i) Give a reason why biogas can be used as a fuel. (1mk)
(ii) Other than fractional distillation, describe a method that can be used to determine
the percentage of methane in biogas. (3mks)
b) A sample of biogas contains 35.2% by mass of methane. A biogas cylinder

contains 5.0 kg of the gas.
Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of methane in the cylinder. (Molar mass of methane=16)
(2mks)
(ii) Total volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced by the combustion of methane in the
cylinder (Molar gas Volume=24.0 dm-3+ at room temperature and pressure).
(2mks)
c) Carbon (Iv) oxide, methane, nitrogen (I) oxide and trichlorofluoromethane are
green-house gases.
(i) State one effect of an increased level of these gases to the environment.
(1mk)
(ii) Give one source from which each of the following gases is released to the
environment;
I Nitrogen (i) oxide (I mk)
II Trichlorofluoromethane. (1mk)
2 a) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the nitrate of:
(i) Potassium (1mk)

b) The table below gives information about elements A1A2A3, and A4
Element Atomic Atomic Ionic radius (nm)
Number Radius (nm)
A1 3 0.134 0.090 0.074 0.012
A2 5 0.143 0.050
A3 13 0.099 0.181
A4 17
(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A2? Give a reason
(2 mks)
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of:
I A1 is greater than that of A2;
II A4 is smaller than its ionic radius (2 mks)
(iii) Select the element which s in the same group as A3 (1 mk)
(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses(x) to represent outermost electrons. Draw a diagram to
show the bonding in the compound formed when A1 reacts with A4
(1 mk)
3. (a) Describe the process by which Nitrogen is obtained from air on a large scale.
(4 mks)
(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify gas J. (1 mk)

(ii) Using oxidation numbers, show that ammonia is the reducing agent in step (VI)
(2mks)
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in step (V). (1mk)
(iv) Give one use of ammonium nitrate. (1mk)
c) The table below shows the observations made when aqueous ammonia was added
to cations of elements F2F and G until in excess.
Cation of Addition of a few drops Addition of excess

o Aqueous ammonia. aqueou ammonia.
E White precipitate Insoluble

F No precipitate No precipitate
G White precipitate Dissolves
(i) Select the cation that is likely to be Zn2+ (1mk)

2+
(ii) Given that the formula of the cation of element E is E , write the ionic equation
for the reaction between E2+ (aq) and aqueous ammonia. (1mk)
4a) (i) State the Le chatelier’s principle. (1mk)

(ii) Carbon (II) oxide gas reacts with steam according to the equation;
CO(g) + H2O(g) H2(g)+ CO+2(g)
What would be the effect of increasing the pressure of the system at equilibrium?
Explain. (2mks)
b) The table below gives the volumes of oxygen gas produced at different times when hydrogen
peroxide decomposed in the presence of a catalyst.
Time(Sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
3
Volume of oxygen (cm ) 0 66 98 110 119 120 120
(i) Name the catalyst used for this reaction (1mk)

(ii) On the grid provided, draw the graph of volume of oxygen gas produced (vertical
axis) against time. (3mks)
(iii) Using the graph, determine the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide after
24 seconds. (2mks)
(iv) Give a reason why the total volume of oxygen gas produced after 50 seconds
remains constant. (1mk)
5. (a) Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes can be obtained from crude oil. Draw the
structure of the second member of the alkyne homologous series. (1mk)
(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow
(i) State the conditions for the reaction in step 1 to occur ( 1 mk) (ii)
Identify substance II ( 1 mk)
(iii) Give:
I. One advantage of the continued use of substance such as J (1 mk)
II The name of the process that takes place in step III (1 mk)
III The name and the formula of substance K (2mks)
Name:………………………………
Formula:……………………………
(iv) The relative molecular mass of J is 16,800. Calculate the number of monomers that
make up J.
(c) The table below give the formula of four compounds L,M,N and P
Compound Formula
L C2H6O
M C3H6
N C3H6O2
P C3H8
Giving a reason in each case, select the letter which represents a compound that:
(i) Decolorizes bromine in the absence of UV light ( 2 mks)
(ii) Gives effervescence when reacted with aqueous sodium carbonate
( 2 mks)
6. The diagram below represents a set up that can be used to electrolyze aqueous copper (II)
sulphate.
(a) (i) Describe how oxygen gas is produced during the electrolysis ( 2 mks)
(ii) Explain why copper electrodes are not suitable for this electrolysis
( 2 mks)
(b) Impure copper is purified by an electrolytic process
(i) Name one ore from which copper is obtained ( 1 mk)
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction that occur at the cathode during the
purification of copper ( 1 mk)
(iii) In an experiment to electroplate a copper spoon with silver, a current of 0.5 A was
passed for 18 minutes. Calculate the amount of silver deposited on the spoon (π =
96500 coulombs, Ag = 108) (3mks)
(iv) Give two reasons why some metals are electroplated (2mks)
7. (a) Define the standard enthalpy of formation of a substance ( 1 mk)

(b) Use the thermo chemical equations below to answer the questions that
follow.
1. C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) →2Co2(g) + 3H2o (i); ∆ H1 – 1560kjmol-1
2. C(graphite) + O2 (g) →Co2(g); ∆H2 = -394kJmol-1
3. H2(g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2o(g) ∆H3 = -286kJmol-1
(i) Name two types of heat changes represented by ∆H3 ( 2 mks)

(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction represented by equation 1
(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of ethane ( 2 mks)
(iv) When a sample of ethane was burnt, the heat produced raised the temperature of 500g
of water by 21. 5 K, (specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jg-1K).
Calculate the:
I. Heat change for the reaction ( 2 mks)
II. Mass of ethane was burnt. ( relative formula mass of ethane= 30)
( 2 mks)
CHEMISTRY 2009
PAPER 1
1. The ionization energies for three elements A. B and C are shown in the table
below:
Element A B C
Ionisation energy 519 418 494
(kJ/mole)
a) what is meant by ionization energy? (1 mk)
b) which element is the strongest reducing agent? Give a reason. (2 mks)
2. Hardness of water may be removed by either boiling or addition of chemicals
a) write an equation to show how boiling removes hardness of water. (1 mk)
b) name two chemicals that are used to remove hardness of water. (2 mks)
3. The atomic number of sulphur is 16.

Write the electron arrangement of sulphur in the following: (2 mks)
a) H2s;
b) SO23
4. An experiment was set up as shown in the diagram below:
a)
Identify substance D. (1 mk)
b) Describe how the other product of the burning candle could be prevented
from getting into the environment. (2
mks)
5. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why the melting point of oxygen is much
lower than that of sodium. (3 mks)
6. An isotope of element E has 34 neutrons and its mass number is 64. E forms a cation with 28
electrons. Write the formula of the cation with 28 electrons. Write the formula of the cation
indicating the mass and atomic numbers.
(1mk)
7. When aluminium oxide was electrolysed, 1800kg of aluminium metal were obtained.
a) Write equation for the formation of aluminium metal (1 mk)
b) Calculate the quantity of electricity in faradays used (Al=27) (2 mks)
8. Using dots (.) and crosses (x) , show bonding in:
a) The compound formed when nitrogen reacts with fluorine
(Atomic numbers F=9, N=7); (1mk)
b) Sodium oxide.
(Atomic numbers Na= 11, 0 = 8) (1 mk)
9. a) what is meant by molar heat of solution? (1 mk)

b) the lattice energy of sodium bromide and hydration energies of sodium and
bromide ions are: 733,406 and 335 kJmol -1 respectively.
i) Complete the energy cycle diagram below by inserting the values of
∇H1, ∇H2, and ∇H3 (1 ½
mks)
ii) Determine the molar heat of solution of solid sodium bromide. ( ½ mk)
10. Hydrogen and oxygen can be obtained by electrolysis of acidified water.
Using equations for the reactions at the electrodes, explain why the volume of
hydrogen obtained is twice that of oxygen. (2mks)

11. Starting with 50 cm3 of 2.8M sodium hydroxide, describe how a sample of pure
sodium sulphate crystals can be prepared. (3
mks)
12. The standard reduction potentials of two half –cells are:
Ag+(aq) + e AG(s) ; E = 0.80V
2H2O (l) + 2e H2 (g) + 2OH (aq); E1 = 0.83V
Draw a labelled diagram of an electro chemical cell that can be constructed using
the two half –cells (3
mks)
13. When 8.53 of sodium nitrate were heated in an open test-tube the mass of oxygen gas
produced was 0.83 g . Given the equation of the reaction as
2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
Calculate the percentage of sodium nitrate that was converted to sodium nitrite
(Na = 23.0 N = 14.0 O = 16.0) (3
mks)
14. a) Draw and name the structure of the compound formed when one mole of
ethyne reacts with one mole of hydrogen bromide. (2mks)
b) Draw the structures of the alkynes whose molecular formula is C4H6 (1 mk)
15.
a) student used the set up shown in the diagram below in order to study the
reactions of some metals with steam. The experiment was carried out for ten
minutes
a) What observation would be made if gas F is ignited? (1 mk)
b) When the experiment was repeated using iron powder instead of
magnesium ribbon very little gas F was obtained.
i) Give a reason for this observation (1 mk)
For more PAST KCSE PAPERS visit: www.kcse-online.info

16.
ii) What change in the conditions of the experiment should the
student have made in order to increase the volume of gas F
Produced?
(1mk)
The solubility curve of potassium nitrate is shown below.
a) Determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at 500C (1 mk)
b) Determine the molar concentration of saturated potassium nitrate at 500C
(K=39.0 0= 16.0 N= 14.0 and density of water 1 g/cm3). (2 mks)

17.
The structure of methanoic acid is

18.
What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in a molecule of methanoic
acid? Give reasons. (2 mks)
18. Bottles of sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sugar have lost their labels.
A student prepares and tests an aqueous solution of a sample from each bottle.
The results obtained are as shown in the table below.
Bottle PH Electrical Correct label
Conductivity
1 7 Conducts
2 7 Does not conduct
3 10 conducts
Complete the table by filling the correct label for each bottle. (3 mks)

19) The figure below represents the set up that was used to crack an alkane.
a) What was the purpose of the sand? (1 mk)
b) After some time, a colourless gas G collected in the test-tube. Describe a
chemical test and the observations that would be made in ordered to identify
the class of compounds to which gas G belongs.
(2 mks)
20. Classify the following processes as either chemical or physical. (3 mks)
Process Type of change
a) Heating copper (II) sulphate

crystals
b) Obtaining kerosene from crude
oil

c) Souring of milk
21. Give the name of the product formed when magnesium reacts with phosphorus.
(1
mk)
22. a student added very dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to four substances and recorded
the observations shown in the table below.
Test Substance Gas given off
1 Sodium Yes
2 Iron No
3 Carbon Yes
4 Copper No
For which tests are the observations wrong? Explain (3 mks)
23. Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow.

a) What observation would be made in step I? (1 mk)
b) Name another substance that could be used in step 2. (1 mk)
c) Give the name of substance H. (1 mk)
24. The boiling points of some compounds of hydrogen with some elements in groups
4 and 6 of the periodic table are given below.

Compound Boiling point Compound Boiling
point(0C)
(0C)
CH4 -1640 H2O 100.0
SIH4 -112.0 H2S -61.0
a) Which of the compounds CH4 and SIH4 has stronger intermolecular
forces? (1 mk)
b) Explain why the boiling points of H2O and H2S show different trends from
that of CH4 and SIH4 (2mks)
25. For each of the following reactions, state the observation and write the formula of
the

Compound responsible for the observation:
a) Bromine water is added to aqueous potassium iodide; (1 ½ mks)
b) Excess aqueous ammonia is added to copper (II) hydroxide (precipitate).
(1 ½ mks)
26. The graph below shows the relationship between pressure and the temperature of
gas in a fixed volume container.
Pressure
(Pa)
Temperature (0C)
a) State the relationship between pressure and temperature that can be deduced
from the graph. (1 mk)
b) Using kinetic theory, explain the relationship shown in the graph. (2 mks)

27. The following reaction is in equilibrium in a closed container
C(s) + H2O(g) . CO(g) + H2(g)
State giving reasons how an increase in pressure would affect the amount of
hydrogen. (2 mks)
28. The energy level diagram below shows the effect of a catalyst on the reaction
path.

a) What does point M represent? (1 mk) CHEMISTRY
PAPER 2
1. a) Two reagents that can be used to prepare chlorine gas are manganese (IV)
oxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
i) Write an equation for the reaction. (1 mk)
ii) Give the formula of another reagent that can be reacted with
concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce chlorine gas.
(1 mk)
iii) Describe how the chlorine gas could be dried in the laboratory (2mks)
b) In an experiment, dry chlorine gas was reacted with aluminium as shown
in
figure 1.

i) Name substance A. (1 mk)
ii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the
combustion tube.
(1mk)
iii) 0.84 g of aluminium reacted completely with chlorine gas.
Calculate the volume of chlorine gas used (Molar gas volume is
24dm3, al = 27).
(3
mks)
iv) Give two reasons why calcium oxide is used in the set up.
(2 mks)
2 a) Draw the structures of the following compounds: (2
mks)
i) 2- methylbut -2 ene;
ii) heptanoic acid
b) Describe a physical test that can be used to distinguish between methanol
and hexanol. (2

mks)
c) Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow.
i) Name:
(I) the type of reaction that occurs in step II; (1 mk)
(II) Substance B. (1 mk)
ii) Give the formula of substance C. (1 mk)

iii) Give the reagent and the conditions necessary for the reaction in
step (IV)
(3mks)
3 The set-up below (figure 2) was used to electrolyse a bromide of metal D DBr2.
i) Write equation for the reactions at the
I cathode (1 mk)
II anode (1mk)

ii) The electrodes used in the experiment were made of carbon and metal D.
which of the two electrodes was used as the anode? Give a reason. (2 mks)
iii) Give a reason why this experiment is carried out in a fume cupboard. (1 mk)
iv) When a current of 0.4 A was passed for 90 minutes, 2.3 1 g of metal D were
deposited.
I Describe how the amount of metal D deposited was determines.
(3 mks)
II Calculate the relative atomic mass of metal D. (I Faraday = 96500
coulombs) (3
mks)
4. a) the schematic diagram shows part of the Solvay process used for the
manufacture of sodium carbonate.

i) Explain how the sodium chloride required for this process is
obtained
from sea water. (2
mks)
ii) Two main reactions take place in UNIT I . The first one is the
formation of ammonium hydrogen carbonate.
I. Write an equation for this reaction (1 mk)

II. Write an equation for the second reaction (1 mk)
iii) State how the following are carried out: (2 mks)
I Process I
II) Process II
iv)In an experiment to determine the percentage purity of the sample of
sodium carbonate produced in the Solvay process, 2.15 g of the
sample reacted completely with 40.0cm3 of 0.5 M sulphuric acid.
I calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate that
reacted. (2 mks)
II Determine the percentage of socium carbonate in the
sample.
(Na= 23.0, C= 12.0, O = 16.0) (2 mks)
b) Name two industrial uses of sodium carbonate (2 mks)
have been identified and others labelled.

i) Give the
names of the processes
I H (1 mk)
II G (1 mk)
ii) Name one substance that can undergo process F when left in an open
container in the laboratory. (1 mk)
iii) The process J is called deposition. Using water as an example,
write an equation that represents the process of deposition. (1 mk)
b) Figure 4 shows the beating curve for water.

i) Give the names of the intermolecular forces of attraction in the
segments;
I MN (1mk)
II RS (1 mk)
ii) The heats of fusion and vaporization of water are 334.4 Jg-1 and
1159.4 Jg-1 respectively.
I Explain why there is a big difference between the
two.(2mks)
II How is the difference reflected in the curve?

(1 mk)

c) Coal, oil and natural gas are major sources of energy. They are known as
fossil fuels. Hydrogen is also a source of energy.
i) State and explain two reasons why hydrogen is a very attractive
fuel
compared to fossils. (3
mks)
ii) State one disadvantage of using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil
fuels.
6. a) Study the table below and complete it. (W-1 and X4+ are not the actual
symbols of the ions). (2
mks)
Iron Number of Number of Mass Electron

protons neutrons arrangement
Number
W …………….. 20 ……………. 2.8.8
X4+ 14 …………… 28 …………..
b) State the observation that would be made in the following tests to
distinguish between:

i) Sodium and copper burning pieces of each in air. (2 mks)
ii) Sodium and Magnesium by placing small pieces of each in
cold
water which contains two drops of phenolphalein. (2mks)
c) The atomic numbers of Na and Mg are 11 and 12 respectively.
Which
of the elements has a higher ionization energy? Explain. (2mks)
d) Naturally occurring uranium consists of three isotopes which are
radioactive.
Isotope 234 235 238
U U U
Abundance 0.01% 0.72% 99.27%
i) Which of these isotopes has the longest half-life?
Give a reason
(1 mk)
ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of uranium

(2mks)

iii) 235 Is alpha emitter. If the product of the decay of
this
92 nuclide is thorium (Th) . Write a nuclear equation for
the
process. (1mk)
7. Iron is obtained from haematite using a blast furnace shown if figure 5 below.
a) Four raw materials are required for the production of iron. Three of these
are
iron oxide, hot air and limestone
Give the name of the fourth raw material (1 mk)

b) Write an equation for the reaction in which carbon (IV) oxide is converted
into carbon (II) oxide. (1mk)
c) Explain why the temperature in the region marked Y is higher than that of
the
incoming hot air. (2 mks)
d) State one physical property of molten slag other than density that allows it
to
be separated from molten iron as shown in figure 5. (1mk)
e) One of the components of the waste gases is Nitrogen (IV) oxide
describe the adverse effects it has on the environment. (2mks)
f) Iron from the blast furnace contains about 5% carbon

i) Describe how the carbon content is reduced. (2mks)
ii) Why is it necessary to reduce the carbon content? (1 mk)

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K.C.S.

Chemistry paper 233/1

a) Which water sample is likely to be soft? Explain. (2mks)

a) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place (1mk)

Alkane Formula Heat of combustion ( Hc) kJmol -1

a) Name the substance that passes through tube;

Which gas would be detected at appoint C in first? Explain (2mks)

Element Electron arrangement Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius(nm)

a) Which two elements have two similar properties? Explain (2mks)

(i) Name: Liquid P

a) Write an equation for the combustion of methanol

(i) Name gas K (1mk)

(c) Name the two salts present in the mixture R. (2mks)

(i) Name liquid L (1mk)

Give an explanation for the change in water level (2mks)

a) Which one of the elements is least reactive? Explain (1mk)

Element Oxide Highest oxidation number

a) Identify i) The metal ions in solution K (1mks)

a) Name i) Compound T (1mk) ii)

a) i) Name the ore from which aluminium extracted. (1mk)

Element Atomic number Relative atomic mass Melting point (oC)

Compound Melting point(oC) Boiling point (oC)

i) Which of the compounds is a solid at 10.0oC? Explain (1mk) ii)

(i) From the graph determine:

Write equation for the reaction taking place at:

II The absorption tower (1mk)

(i) Name the reagents used in:

(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of CH = CH (1mk)

Name of polymer Name of monomer One use of the polymer

a) What observation would be made in the tube?

7. M grammes of a radioactive isotope decayed to 5 grammes in 100 days.

a) What do the following represent?

16. A gas occupies a volume of 400cm3 at 500k and 1 atmosphere pressure.

a) Write the formula of the caution present in solution F.

a) Identify two mistakes in the set – up

b) How does the concentration of the electrolyte change during electrolysis.

½ F2 (g) + e F- (aq) +2.87

2. (a) Give the names of the following compounds

Number of carbon Relative molecular

(i) Name the reagents used in:

Element Atomic Melting Point Formula of Melting Point

Concentration of Br2 (aq) Moldm-3 Time minutes

(i) Name solid Q

(i) Give the name of liquid R

(i) What is the function of water in the flask?

Substance Solubility g /100g water

Al(s) Al3+ (aq) Fe2+ (ag) Fes(s)

Substance M.P (0C) Solubility in water Electrical solid state Conductivity

E -39 Insoluble Good good

7. On complete combustion of a sample of hydrocarbon, 3.52 gm of carbon dioxide and

9. (a) What is meant by dynamic equilibrium?

Write equations for the reactions taking place at I and I and II

21. The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer Give:

a) The name of the polymer.

Identify the processes R, V, w and U

CHEMISTRY PAPER 233/2 K.C.S.E – 1998

Mass of empty dish = 10.98g

2. (a) The following equations represents two different types of reactions

I. What is the significance of point Y2?