03 Load Flow Solution
03 Load Flow Solution
03 Load Flow Solution
EEE304 2
10/21/2015
Bus Admittance Matrix or Ybus
Ykc
Since I ij (Vi V j )Yk Vi
2
Ykc
Yii Yiifrom other lines
Yk
2
1 1 Rk jX k Rk jX k
Note Yk 2
Z k Rk jX k Rk jX k Rk X k2
Two Bus System Example
(V1 V2 ) Yc 1
I1 V1 12 j16
Z 2 0.03 j 0.04
I1 12 j15.9 12 j16 V1
I 12 j16 12 j15.9 V
2 2
Using the Ybus
If the voltages are known then we can solve for
the current injections:
Ybus V I
If the current injections are known then we can
solve for the voltages:
1
Ybus I V Zbus I
where Z bus is the bus impedance matrix
Solving for Bus Currents
For example, in previous case assume
1.0
V
0.8 j 0.2
Then
12 j15.9 12 j16 1.0 5.60 j 0.70
12 j16 12 j15.9 0.8 j 0.2 5.58 j 0.88
Therefore the power injected at bus 1 is
S1 V1I1* 1.0 (5.60 j 0.70) 5.60 j 0.70
*
S 2 V2 I 2 (0.8 j 0.2) (5.58 j 0.88) 4.64 j 0.41
Solving for Bus Voltages
For example, in previous case assume
5.0
I
4.8
Then
1
12 j15.9 12 j16 5.0 0.0738 j 0.902
12 j16 12 j15.9 4.8 0.0738 j1.098
Therefore the power injected is
S1 V1I1* (0.0738 j 0.902) 5 0.37 j 4.51
S 2 V2 I 2* (0.0738 j1.098) (4.8) 0.35 j 5.27
Power Flow Analysis
S*i n n
Vi*
YikVk YiiVi YikVk
k 1 k 1,k i
1 S*i n
Vi * YikVk
Yii V k 1,k i
i
Gauss Two Bus Power Flow Example
1 S*i n
Vi(v 1) ( v )* YikVk(v )
Yii V k 1, k i
i
hi (V1( v ) ,V2( v ) ,...,Vn( v ) )
But after we've determined Vi(v 1) we have a better
estimate of its voltage , so it makes sense to use this
new value. This approach is known as the
Gauss-Seidel iteration.
Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Immediately use the new voltage estimates:
V2( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v ) ,V3(v ) ,,Vn(v ) )
V3( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v1) ,V3(v ) ,,Vn( v ) )
V4( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v1) ,V3(v 1) ,V4( v ) ,Vn( v ) )
Vn( v 1) h2 (V1 ,V2( v1) ,V3(v 1) ,V4( v1) ,Vn( v ) )
The Gauss-Seidel works better than the Gauss, and
is actually easier to implement. It is used instead
of Gauss.
Three Types of Power Flow Buses
fi ( x)
Vi V j (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik ) ( j i )
j
Two Bus Newton-Raphson Example
For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and SBase = 100 MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j
0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR
(0)
V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 2.0
f(x ) 2 1.0
V2 (10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0
(0) 10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 10 0
J (x ) 0 10
10 V2 sin 2 10cos 2 20 V2
1
(1) 0 10 0 2.0 0.2
Solve x 1.0
1
0 10 0.9
Two Bus Example, Next Iterations
(1) 0.9 (10sin( 0.2)) 2.0 0.212
f(x ) 2
0.9( 10cos( 0.2)) 0.9 10 1.0 0.279
(1) 8.82 1.986
J (x )
1.788 8.199
1
(2) 0.2 8.82 1.986 0.212 0.233
x
0.9 1.788 8.199 0.279 0.8586
(2) 0.0145 (3) 0.236
f(x ) x
0.0190 0.8554
(3) 0.0000906
f(x ) Done! V2 0.8554 13.52
0.0001175
Two Bus Solved Values
Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus 2 are
known we can calculate all the other system values,
such as the line flows and the generator reactive
power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR
200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR
Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
(0) 0
Set v 0, guess x
0.25
Calculate
(0)
V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 2
f(x ) 2 0.875
V2 ( 10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0
(0) 10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 2.5 0
J (x ) 0 5
10 V2 sin 2 10 cos 2 20 V2
Low Voltage Solution, cont'd
1
(1) 0 2.5 0 2 0.8
Solve x
0.25 0 5 0.875 0.075
(2) 1.462 (2) 1.42 (3) 0.921
f (x ) x x
0.534 0.2336 0.220
Low voltage solution
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR
200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR
PV Buses
0.941 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -7.469 Deg
170.0 MW 200 MW
68.2 MVR 100 MVR
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j
Three 1.000 pu
30 MW
63 MVR
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MVA
Line 3
345 kV
50 mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
400 MVA 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
Line 2
Line 1
345 kV
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi
2
280 Mvar 800 MW
Single-line diagram
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
V PG QG PL QL QGmax QGmin
Bus Type per degrees per per per per per per
unit unit unit unit unit unit unit
Table 1. 1 Swing 1.0 0 0 0
Bus input
data 2 Load 0 0 8.0 2.8
3 Constant 1.05 5.2 0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
voltage
4 Load 0 0 0 0
5 Load 0 0 0 0
Maximum
R’ X’ G’ B’ MVA
Table 2. Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Line input data Bus
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
Maximum
R X Gc Bm Maximum TAP
per per per per MVA Setting
Table 3. Bus-to- unit unit unit unit per unit per unit
Transformer Bus
input data
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0 —
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0 —
2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 V2, 2
Table 4. Input data Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
and unknowns
3 V3 = 1.05 Q3, 3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 V4, 4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 V5, 5
Ybus Details
Elements of Ybus connected to bus 2
Y21 Y23 0
1 1
Y24 ' '
0.89276 j 9.91964 per unit
R24 jX 24 0.009 j 0.1
1 1
Y25 ' '
1.78552 j19.83932 per unit
R25 jX 25 0.0045 j 0.05
' '
1 1 B24 B25
Y22 ' '
' '
j j
R24 jX 24 R25 jX 25 2 2
1.72 0.88
(0.89276 j 9.91964) (1.78552 j19.83932) j j
2 2
2.67828 j 28.4590 28.5847 84.624 per unit
And the Hand Calculation Details!
A A
One Five Four Three
MVA MVA
395 MW A
520 MW
MVA
1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA
-2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg
0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg
800 MW
280 Mvar
Generation Changes and The Slack Bus
Advantages
– fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
– large region of convergence
Disadvantages
– each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
– more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis