Oracle Database 11g : Administration Workshop I - D50102GC11

Contents

Preface

I Introduction
Course Objectives I-2
Suggested Schedule I-3
Oracle Products and Services I-4
Oracle Database 11g: “g” Stands for Grid I-5
Course Examples: HR Sample Schema I-7

1 Exploring the Oracle Database Architecture

Objectives 1-2
Oracle Database 1-3
Connecting to a Server 1-4
Oracle Database Architecture: Overview 1-6
Connecting to the Database 1-7
Interacting with an Oracle Database 1-8
Oracle Database Server Structures 1-10
Oracle Database Memory Structures 1-11
Database Buffer Cache 1-13
Redo Log Buffer 1-14
Shared Pool 1-15
Allocation and Reuse of Memory in the Shared Pool 1-17
Large Pool 1-19
Java Pool and Streams Pool 1-20
Process Architecture 1-21
Process Structures 1-22
Database Writer Process (DBWn) 1-24
LogWriter Process (LGWR) 1-26
Checkpoint Process (CKPT) 1-28
System Monitor Process (SMON) 1-29
Process Monitor Process (PMON) 1-30
Recoverer Process 1-31
Archiver Processes (ARCn) 1-32
Other Processes 1-33
Server Process and Database Buffer Cache 1-35

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Database Storage Architecture 1-36

Logical and Physical Database Structures 1-38
Tablespaces and Data Files 1-40
SYSTEM and SYSAUX Tablespaces 1-41
Segments, Extents, and Blocks 1-42
Database Architecture: Summary of Structural Components 1-43
Summary 1-44
Practice 1: Overview 1-45

2 Preparing the Database Environment

Objectives 2-2
Tasks of an Oracle Database Administrator 2-3
Tools for Administering an Oracle Database 2-4
Installation: System Requirements 2-6
Checking the System Requirements 2-7
Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 2-8
Optimal Flexible Architecture: Naming Scheme 2-9
Setting Environment Variables 2-11
Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) 2-13
Installing the Oracle Software 2-14
Advanced Installation Options 2-17
Installation Option: Silent Mode 2-18
Summary 2-19
Practice 2 Overview: Preparing the Database Environment 2-20

3 Creating an Oracle Database

Objectives 3-2
Planning the Database 3-3
Databases: Examples 3-4
Configuring the Listener 3-5
Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 3-8
Using the DBCA to Create a Database 3-9
Password Management 3-17
Creating a Database Design Template 3-18
Using the DBCA to Delete a Database 3-19
Using the DBCA for Additional Tasks 3-21
Summary 3-22
Practice 3 Overview: Using the DBCA 3-23

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4 Managing the Oracle Instance

Objectives 4-2
Management Framework 4-3
Starting and Stopping Database Control 4-4
Oracle Enterprise Manager 4-5
Database Home Page 4-7
Other Oracle Tools 4-8
Using SQL*Plus 4-9
Calling SQL*Plus from a Shell Script 4-10
Calling a SQL Script from SQL*Plus 4-11
Initialization Parameter Files 4-12
Simplified Initialization Parameters 4-14
Initialization Parameters: Examples 4-15
Using SQL*Plus to View Parameters 4-19
Changing Initialization Parameter Values 4-21
Changing Parameter Values: Examples 4-23
Database Startup and Shutdown 4-24
Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance 4-25
Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: NOMOUNT 4-26
Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: MOUNT 4-27
Starting Up an Oracle Database Instance: OPEN 4-28
Startup Options: Examples 4-29
Shutting Down an Oracle Database Instance 4-30
Shutdown Modes 4-31
Shutdown Options 4-32
Shutdown Options: Examples 4-33
Shutdown Options 4-34
Using SQL*Plus to Start Up and Shut Down 4-35
Blackout Administration 4-36
Viewing the Alert Log 4-38
Viewing the Alert History 4-40
Using Trace Files 4-41
Dynamic Performance Views 4-43
Dynamic Performance Views: Usage Examples 4-44
Dynamic Performance Views: Considerations 4-45
Data Dictionary: Overview 4-46
Data Dictionary Views 4-47

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Data Dictionary: Usage Examples 4-49

Summary 4-50
Practice 4 Overview: Managing the Oracle Instance 4-51

5 Configuring the Oracle Network Environment

Objectives 5-2
Oracle Net Services 5-3
Oracle Net Listener 5-4
Establishing Net Connections 5-5
Establishing a Connection 5-6
User Sessions 5-7
Tools for Configuring and Managing the Oracle Network 5-8
Listener Control Utility 5-10
Listener Control Utility Syntax 5-11
Listener Home Page 5-13
Net Services Administration Page 5-14
Creating a Listener 5-15
Adding Listener Addresses 5-16
Database Service Registration 5-17
Naming Methods 5-19
Easy Connect 5-20
Local Naming 5-21
Directory Naming 5-22
External Naming Method 5-23
Configuring Service Aliases 5-24
Advanced Connection Options 5-25
Testing Oracle Net Connectivity 5-27
User Sessions: Dedicated Server 5-28
User Sessions: Shared Servers 5-29
SGA and PGA 5-30
Shared Server: Connection Pooling 5-31
When Not to Use a Shared Server 5-32
Configuring Communication Between Databases 5-33
Connecting to Another Database 5-34
Summary 5-35
Practice 5 Overview: Working with Oracle Network Components 5-36

6 Managing Database Storage Structures

Objectives 6-2
Storage Structures 6-3
How Table Data Is Stored 6-4

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Database Block: Contents 6-5

Tablespaces and Data Files 6-6
Space Management in Tablespaces 6-7
Exploring the Storage Structure 6-8
Creating a New Tablespace 6-9
Storage for Locally Managed Tablespaces 6-11
Tablespaces in the Preconfigured Database 6-13
Altering a Tablespace 6-15
Actions with Tablespaces 6-17
Dropping Tablespaces 6-19
Viewing Tablespace Information 6-20
Viewing Tablespace Contents 6-21
Oracle Managed Files (OMF) 6-22
Enlarging the Database 6-23
Automatic Storage Management 6-24
ASM: Key Features and Benefits 6-25
ASM: Concepts 6-26
Summary 6-27
Practice 6 Overview: Managing Database Storage Structures 6-28

7 Administering User Security

Objectives 7-2
Database User Accounts 7-3
Predefined Accounts: SYS and SYSTEM 7-5
Creating a User 7-6
Authenticating Users 7-7
Administrator Authentication 7-9
Unlocking a User Account and Resetting the Password 7-10
Privileges 7-11
System Privileges 7-12
Object Privileges 7-14
Revoking System Privileges with ADMIN OPTION 7-15
Revoking Object Privileges with GRANT OPTION 7-16
Benefits of Roles 7-17
Assigning Privileges to Roles and Assigning Roles to Users 7-18
Predefined Roles 7-19
Creating a Role 7-20
Secure Roles 7-21
Assigning Roles to Users 7-22
Profiles and Users 7-23
Implementing Password Security Features 7-25

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Creating a Password Profile 7-27

Supplied Password Verification Function: VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G 7-28
Assigning Quotas to Users 7-29
Summary 7-31
Practice 7 Overview: Administering Users 7-32

8 Managing Schema Objects

Objectives 8-2
What Is a Schema? 8-3
Accessing Schema Objects 8-5
Naming Database Objects 8-6
Specifying Data Types in Tables 8-8
Creating and Modifying Tables 8-11
Understanding Data Integrity 8-13
Defining Constraints 8-15
Constraint Violations 8-16
Constraint States 8-17
Constraint Checking 8-19
Creating Constraints with SQL: Examples 8-21
Viewing the Columns in a Table 8-23
Viewing the Contents of a Table 8-24
Actions with Tables 8-25
Dropping a Table 8-26
Truncating a Table 8-27
Indexes 8-28
Types of Indexes 8-29
B-Tree Index 8-30
Bitmap Indexes 8-32
Index Options 8-34
Creating Indexes 8-36
Views 8-37
Creating Views 8-38
Sequences 8-39
Creating a Sequence 8-40
Using a Sequence 8-42
Temporary Tables 8-43
Temporary Tables: Considerations 8-44
Summary 8-45
Practice 8 Overview: Administering Schema Objects 8-46

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9 Managing Data and Concurrency

Objectives 9-2
Manipulating Data by Using SQL 9-3
INSERT Command 9-4
UPDATE Command 9-5
DELETE Command 9-6
MERGE Command 9-7
COMMIT and ROLLBACK Commands 9-9
PL/SQL 9-10
Administering PL/SQL Objects 9-11
PL/SQL Objects 9-12
Functions 9-13
Procedures 9-14
Packages 9-15
Package Specification and Body 9-16
Built-in Packages 9-17
Triggers 9-18
Triggering Events 9-19
Locks 9-20
Locking Mechanism 9-21
Data Concurrency 9-22
DML Locks 9-24
Enqueue Mechanism 9-25
Lock Conflicts 9-26
Possible Causes of Lock Conflicts 9-27
Detecting Lock Conflicts 9-28
Resolving Lock Conflicts 9-29
Resolving Lock Conflicts with SQL 9-30
Deadlocks 9-31
Summary 9-32
Practice 9 Overview: Managing Data and Concurrency 9-33

10 Managing Undo Data

Objectives 10-2
Data Manipulation 10-3
Undo Data 10-4
Transactions and Undo Data 10-6
Storing Undo Information 10-7
Undo Data Versus Redo Data 10-8
Managing Undo 10-9

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Configuring Undo Retention 10-10

Guaranteeing Undo Retention 10-12
Changing an Undo Tablespace to a Fixed Size 10-13
General Undo Information 10-14
Using the Undo Advisor 10-15
Viewing System Activity 10-16
Summary 10-17
Practice 10 Overview: Managing Undo Segments 10-18

11 Implementing Oracle Database Security

Objectives 11-2
Industry Security Requirements 11-3
Separation of Responsibilities 11-5
Database Security 11-6
Principle of Least Privilege 11-8
Applying the Principle of Least Privilege 11-9
Protect Privileged Accounts 11-11
Monitoring for Compliance 11-12
Standard Database Auditing 11-13
Configuring the Audit Trail 11-14
Default Auditing 11-15
Uniform Audit Trails 11-16
Specifying Audit Options 11-17
Enterprise Manager Audit Page 11-18
Using and Maintaining Audit Information 11-19
Value-Based Auditing 11-20
Fine-Grained Auditing 11-22
FGA Policy 11-23
Audited DML Statement: Considerations 11-25
FGA Guidelines 11-26
SYSDBA Auditing 11-27
Maintaining the Audit Trail 11-28
Security Updates 11-29
Applying Security Patches 11-30
Summary 11-31
Practice 11 Overview: Implementing Oracle Database Security 11-32

12 Database Maintenance
Objectives 12-2
Database Maintenance 12-3
Terminology 12-4

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Oracle Optimizer: Overview 12-5

Optimizer Statistics 12-6
Using the Manage Optimizer Statistics Page 12-7
Gathering Optimizer Statistics Manually 12-8
Preferences for Gathering Statistics 12-10
Statistic Levels 12-12
Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) 12-13
AWR Infrastructure 12-14
AWR Baselines 12-15
Enterprise Manager and the AWR 12-16
Managing the AWR 12-17
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) 12-18
ADDM Findings 12-19
ADDM Recommendations 12-20
Advisory Framework 12-21
Enterprise Manager and Advisors 12-23
DBMS_ADVISOR Package 12-24
Automated Maintenance Tasks 12-25
Automated Maintenance Tasks Configuration 12-27
Server-Generated Alerts 12-28
Setting Thresholds 12-29
Creating and Testing an Alert 12-30
Alerts Notification 12-31
Reacting to Alerts 12-33
Alert Types and Clearing Alerts 12-34
Summary 12-35
Practice 12 Overview: Proactive Maintenance 12-36

13 Performance Management
Objectives 13-2
Performance Monitoring 13-3
Enterprise Manager Performance Page 13-4
Drilling Down to a Particular Wait Category 13-5
Performance Page: Throughput 13-6
Performance Monitoring: Top Sessions 13-7
Performance Monitoring: Top Services 13-8
Managing Memory Components 13-9
Enabling Automatic Memory Management (AMM) 13-10
Enabling Automatic Shared Memory Management (ASMM) 13-11
Automatic Shared Memory Advisor 13-12
Setting Shared Memory Components Manually 13-13

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Using Memory Advisors 13-14

Dynamic Performance Statistics 13-16
Troubleshooting and Tuning Views 13-18
Invalid and Unusable Objects 13-19
Summary 13-21
Practice 13 Overview: Monitoring and Improving Performance 13-22

14 Backup and Recovery Concepts

Objectives 14-2
Part of Your Job 14-3
Categories of Failure 14-4
Statement Failure 14-5
User Process Failure 14-6
Network Failure 14-7
User Error 14-8
Flashback Technology 14-9
Instance Failure 14-10
Understanding Instance Recovery: Checkpoint (CKPT) Process 14-11
Understanding Instance Recovery: Redo Log Files and LogWriter 14-12
Understanding Instance Recovery 14-13
Phases of Instance Recovery 14-14
Tuning Instance Recovery 14-15
Using the MTTR Advisor 14-16
Media Failure 14-17
Configuring for Recoverability 14-18
Configuring the Flash Recovery Area 14-19
Multiplexing Control Files 14-20
Redo Log Files 14-22
Multiplexing the Redo Log 14-23
Archive Log Files 14-24
Archiver (ARCn) Process 14-25
Archive Log File: Naming and Destinations 14-26
Enabling ARCHIVELOG Mode 14-28
Summary 14-29
Practice 14 Overview: Configuring for Recoverability 14-30

15 Performing Database Backups

Objectives 15-2
Backup Solutions: Overview 15-3
Oracle Secure Backup 15-4
User-Managed Backup 15-5

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Terminology 15-6
Recovery Manager (RMAN) 15-8
Configuring Backup Settings 15-9
Scheduling Backups: Strategy 15-11
Scheduling Backups: Options 15-12
Scheduling Backups: Settings 15-13
Scheduling Backups: Schedule 15-14
Scheduling Backups: Review 15-15
Backing Up the Control File to a Trace File 15-16
Managing Backups 15-17
Viewing Backup Reports 15-18
Monitoring the Flash Recovery Area 15-19
Using the RMAN Command Line 15-20
Summary 15-21
Practice 15 Overview: Creating Database Backups 15-22

16 Performing Database Recovery

Objectives 16-2
Opening a Database 16-3
Keeping a Database Open 16-5
Data Recovery Advisor 16-6
Loss of a Control File 16-8
Loss of a Redo Log File 16-9
Loss of a Data File in NOARCHIVELOG Mode 16-10
Loss of a Noncritical Data File in ARCHIVELOG Mode 16-11
Loss of a System-Critical Data File in ARCHIVELOG Mode 16-12
Data Failure: Examples 16-13
Data Recovery Advisor 16-14
Assessing Data Failures 16-15
Data Failures 16-16
Listing Data Failures 16-17
Advising on Repair 16-18
Executing Repairs 16-19
Data Recovery Advisor Views 16-20
Summary 16-21
Practice 16 Overview: Performing Database Recovery 16-22

17 Moving Data
Objectives 17-2
Moving Data: General Architecture 17-3
Directory Objects: Overview 17-4

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Creating Directory Objects 17-5

SQL*Loader: Overview 17-6
Loading Data with SQL*Loader 17-8
SQL*Loader Control File 17-9
Loading Methods 17-11
External Table Population 17-13
Using External Tables 17-14
External Table Population with ORACLE_DATAPUMP 17-15
External Table Population with ORACLE_LOADER 17-16
Oracle Data Pump: Overview 17-17
Oracle Data Pump: Benefits 17-18
Data Pump Export and Import: Overview 17-20
Data Pump Utility: Interfaces and Modes 17-21
Fine-Grained Object Selection. 17-22
Advanced Feature: Sampling 17-23
Export Options: Files 17-24
Data Pump File Locations 17-25
Data Pump File Naming and Size 17-27
Scheduling and Running a Job 17-28
Data Pump Import 17-29
Data Pump Import: Transformations 17-30
Data Pump: Performance Considerations 17-32
Performance Initialization Parameters 17-33
Data Pump Access Path: Considerations 17-34
Using Enterprise Manager to Monitor Data Pump Jobs 17-35
Data Dictionary 17-36
Summary 17-37
Practice 17 Overview: Moving Data 17-38

18 Enhancing Database Capabilities

Objectives 18-2
Using the Support Workbench 18-3
Viewing Critical Error Alerts in Enterprise Manager 18-4
Viewing Problem Details 18-5
Viewing Incident Details: Dump Files 18-6
Viewing Incident Details: Checker Findings 18-7
Creating a Service Request 18-8
Packaging and Uploading Diagnostic Data to Oracle Support 18-9
Tracking the Service Request and Implementing Repairs 18-10
Closing Incidents and Problems 18-12
Incident Packaging Configuration 18-13

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Working with Oracle Support 18-14

MetaLink Integration 18-15
Using MetaLink 18-16
Researching an Issue 18-18
Logging Service Requests 18-20
Managing Patches 18-22
Applying a Patch Release 18-23
Using the Patch Advisor 18-24
Using the Patch Wizard 18-25
Applying a Patch 18-26
Staging a Patch 18-27
Summary 18-28
Practice 18 Overview: Using EM Tools for Alerts and Patches 18-29

Appendix A: Practices and Solutions

Appendix B: Basic Linux and vi Commands

Appendix C: SQL Statement Syntax

Appendix D: Acronyms and Terms

Appendix E: Next Steps: Continuing Your Education

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