Ground Water potential zone mapping using Analytical hierarchy process

(AHP): A Geoinformatics Approaches, A Part afore Kaushalya River

Basin, Yamunanagar, Haryana

Abstract:
In Dry area of Haryana, where water problem is the most common
problem, here Groundwater is the most reliable source of fresh water and other
purpose of used. Due to several criteria such as rapidly increased population,
urbanization in cities, and industrialization, the groundwater sources are under
severe threat. Also Climate change occurring a vital role in the quality and
quantity of groundwater resources. Climate variability severely affects the
parameters influencing the groundwater recharge and discharge. Recharge and
discharge are mostly depend on monsoon. Hence, it is necessary to observed and
identified the groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) which can be used to augment
the groundwater source. The present assignment is carried out for Kaushalya river
basin fall into Yamunanagar district where the groundwater serves as the main
source for domestic and agricultural purpose. The parameters such as Drainage
pattern and density, geological structure, lithology, land use and land cover,
Topographic landforms, Annual average rainfall, and the lineament density are
generated as different layers in the GIS background and are subjected to weighted
overlay analysis to obtain the potential zones of groundwater. The weights for the
various layers were generated using the multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
technique and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which allows the pairwise
comparison of criteria influencing the potential zone. Further, the GWPZ map has
been reclassified into five different classes, namely very high, high, moderate,
low, and very low. The results of the study revealed that the very high potential
zone occupies 1.08% (5.89km2), high 28.57% (155.28 km2), moderate 51.84%
(281.70 km2), low 15.27% (82.96 km2), and very low 3.24% (17.60 km2),
respectively. In addition, the results validated using well yield data and pre-
monsoon and post-monsoon water level data were collected from ground water
board, Haryana and found to have a good correlation with potential zone. Future
management plans including natural and artificial recharge practice can be
effectively made in these areas as reliable results were obtained with the
methodology adopted.
Introduction:
Water is boon for all living beings in the world. For any country like
India whose major part of the economy is governed by agriculture and agro-
economy, water plays a vital role in development in this region. Other than its use
in domestic and irrigation sector, we all know that Water obtained from surface
sources needs to be treated before use, but groundwater has significance for its
fresh quality. The occurrence of groundwater depends upon climatic, geological,
hydrological, ecological, and physiographical factors and the interaction among
them rather any occurrence by chance (Arkoprovo et al. 2012). From (Sitender
2010) the concern with groundwater is that its demand has kept increasing over
the years and is unlikely to cease in the future. With exponential growth in
population and industrialization, overexploitation of groundwater has been made
throughout the country, which has led to subsequent declination in the
groundwater level. As by 2009, the stage of groundwater development in India is
at 61% and net annual groundwater availability stands around 396 billion cubic
meters (Ministry of Water Resources 2009). Groundwater is the most conveyed
treasure and asset of earth and unlike other mineral assets it gets annual renewal
from precipitation (Lakshmi and Kumar 2018). In order to ensure an adequate
amount of recharge and to know the current status of groundwater potential of
any area, it is necessary to identify the potential zone of groundwater where
artificial recharge methods can be used to increase the quantity of recharge.
From (Gupta et al. 2018) explain that Groundwater potential zone can be
obtained using various methods namely statistical method, expert evaluation, and
deterministic method. The most common and reliable method of delineating the
potential zone is to use groundwater potential index method (Gebrie and
Getachew 2019; Rao 2017). In conservation as well as efficient implementation
of groundwater management plans, identification of groundwater potential zones
is extremely helpful (Arivalagan et al. 2014). Groundwater zone map can also be
used to decide a location for drilled and dug wells for domestic and irrigation
purposes (Ibrahim Bathis and Ahmed 2016). As the occurrence of groundwater
is a subsurface phenomenon, its indirect identification can be done by the analysis
of some directly observable terrain features (Dinesan et al. 2015). (Chaudhary et
al. (1996) has prepared Integrated Ground Water Resource map (IGWR) map of
Gurgaon district Haryana using remote sensing and GIS. ground water potential,
quality and depth to water level at any given location which would be very useful
in narrowing down the target areas for citing bore well locations. They concluded
that significant saving of time and cost could be done by using such maps before
tube well installations (IGWR). Groundwater potential zones in Baghmundi Block
of Purulia district, West Bengal using integrated approach of remote sensing and
Geographic Information System (GIS) (Nag, 2005). After integrating hydro
geomorphic map and lineament density map using Weighted Index Overlay
Method, the entire area was classified into following categories such as -Very
shallow weathered pediment, Moderately weathered pediment, Valley fills,
Erosional gullies, Lateritic Upland and Accumulation gullies. The groundwater
potential of various units was indicated from very to very good. Three different
methods, frequency ratio, weights of evidence, and logistic regression to prepare
groundwater spring potential maps of Sultan Mountains located in Konya, Turkey
(Ozdemir 2011). After integration of different thematic maps such as geology,
topography, geomorphology, hydrology, and land use/cover, groundwater
potential zones were identified. Also seventeen spring-related parameter layers
such as geology (lithology), fault density, distance to fault, relative permeability
of lithology, elevation, slope aspect, slope steepness, curvature, plan curvature,
profile curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, sediment
transport capacity index, drainage density, distance to drainage, land use/cover,
and precipitation of the entire study area were used to generate groundwater
spring potential maps. Finally the areas under the curve for frequency ratio,
weights of evidence and logistic regression methods were calculated as 0.903,
0.880, and 0.840, respectively. The study revealed that frequency ratio and
weights of evidence models are relatively good estimators, whereas logistic
regression is a relatively poor estimator of groundwater spring potential mapping
in the study area. Various studies were referred in order to select the parameters
that influence the groundwater potentiality (Murmu et al. 2019; Anbarasu et al.
2019; Gnanachandrasamy et al. 2018; Chaudhary and Kumar 2018; Das et al.
2019; Arulbalaji et al. 2019). Accordingly, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, slope, geology, land use and land cover, soil, rainfall, and
elevation are the prime factors considered to influence the process of potential
zone delineation. These parameters define the occurrence, geological formation,
and hydrological properties of the groundwater. These parameters were assigned
a suitable weight and rank based on various methods and summed up to obtain a
potential zone. These weights and rank assigned to the parameters were
determined using knowledge-based ranking (Sitender 2010), based on
favourability of the parameter (Savita et al. 2018; Dar et al. 2010), multi-criteria
decision-making analysis (Bagyaraj et al. 2013), and also multi-influencing factor
(Savita et al. 2018). GIS approach was used to integrate five thematic layers viz:
lithology, Landuse/Landcover, lineaments, drainage, and slope for understanding
the situation of water resources in Hualian River basin in the Huatung Valley. It
was found that about 1.2% of the study area had excellent potential groundwater
recharge. Good, moderate and lower potential groundwater recharge areas
covered 11.6, 11.7 and 29.9%, respectively; the area with poor potential
groundwater recharge covered an area of 45.6%. The study indicated that the
most effective groundwater recharge potential zones located in area (Yeh et al.
(2016). an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS to delineate
groundwater prospective zones in Narava basin, Visakhapatnam region. The
various thematic maps like geomorphology, geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope and land use/land cover (LULC) were integrated for detecting
groundwater potential zones. Using Weighted Index Overlay (WIO) technique
different zones of groundwater prospects (Narender et al. 2013). Yamunanagar is
one such region where rapid urbanization and industrialization in recent decades
resulted in a notable decline in the groundwater level. In order to safeguard the
valuable resource at risk, an attempt was made to use multicriteria decision
analysis (MCA)-based analytical hierarchy process (AHP) combined with
Geographic Information system (GIS) to delineate the potential zone for
Yamunanagar district.

Study Area:
Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana located in north-eastern part of Haryana
State and lies between 29o 55’: 30o 31’ north latitudes and 77o 00’: 77o 35’ east
longitudes. The district is bounded, in north by Himachal Pradesh, in the east by
Uttar Pradesh, in west by Ambala district, in south by Karnal and Kurukshetra
districts. Total geographical
area of the district is 1756
sq.km and comprises 4% of
total area of State. For this
assignment extract the small
part of Kaushalya river basin
area that fall on northern part of
the district the area extends
between 30008’N: 30025’N and
77018’E: 77036’E, with total
geographic area of 543.18 sq.
km (Figure 1). The assigned
study area Fall into Chachrauli,
Jagadhri tehsil of
Yamunanagar district. The
area is mainly drained by the
rivers Yamuna, Markanda and
its tributaries. Markanda is
tributary of river Ghaggar and
drains major part of the district.
The high land between
Markanda River and small
rivulets of River Yamuna
Figure 1: Location Map of the Study area
acts as basin boundary
between west flowing rivers of Indus system and east flowing rivers of Ganga
basin. River Yamuna drains eastern part of the district and acts as boundary
between Haryana and Uttar Pradesh State. The ground water is major sources of
irrigation in the district. Nearly 40% of area is irrigated by canal water.
Distributaries in the district are 21.45 Km long. Two major canals passing
through the district are Western Yamuna Canal and augmentation canal. Length
of unlined WJC is 63.64km whereas augmentation canal is 22.54 km long. Net
irrigated area is 1130Km2 whereas, gross irrigated area 1860Km2. Percentage of
gross area irrigated to total cropped area is 91.6%. The climate of Yamuna Nagar
district can be classified as subtropical monsoon, mild &dry winter, hot summer
and sub-humid which is mainly dry with hot summer and cold winter except
during monsoon season when moist air of oceanic origin penetrates into the
district. There are four seasons in a year. The hot weather season starts from mid-
March to last week of the June followed by the southwest monsoon which lasts
up to September. The transition period from September to November forms the
post monsoon season. The winter season starts late in November and remains up
to first week of March The normal annual rainfall of the district is 1107 mm,
which is unevenly distributed over the area in 43 days. The south west monsoon
sets in from last week of June and withdraws in end of September, contributed
about 81% of annual rainfall. July and August are the wettest months. Rest 19%
rainfall is received during non-monsoon period in the wake of western
disturbances and thunderstorms (Central Ground Water Board, Haryana).
Data Collection:
The present assignment was attempted by considered eight different
layers such as Soil taxonomy, Land Use/Land Cover, Lineament Density,
Drainage Density, Topography, Geology, Slope and Average Precipitation.
Those data were collected from different source and make them reliable to GIS
platform and make a database. Geology map was collected from GSI (Geological
Survey of India). DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is extracted from Alaska
Satellite Facility (ASF) high resolution terrain corrected dem was used by ALOS
PALSAR with spatial resolution of 12.5 meter, then processed the dem for
making Drainage density, Slope and topography. The soil map is obtained from
NBSS in 1:50,000 scale, and the rainfall data was collected from various sources
like to say Indian Meteorological Department, NASA Power and World Clim 2.0,
then interpolation method was applied for the mapping annual average rainfall.
All the thematic layers were geo rectified and projected to Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) zone 43 north for smooth handling of data in the GIS. Once the
database was created for all the eight layers, the weights assigned to each layer
was determined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Later, all the
weighted layers are converted in to raster and resampled into 10 × 10 m cell size
for the Raster-weighted overlay analysis. Ground water behaviour was
monitoring by using bore well data and pre-monsoon and post-monsoon
fluctuating of water collected from Ministry of Central Ground Water Board,
Haryana. In this study area, there are 5 bore well data was used to determine water
behaviour, which were monitored monthly; few wells are monitored four times a
year during pre and post monsoon data and were collected to validate the
developed model results.
Methodology:
The GWP zone mapping methodology containing eight spatial
layers was prepared by Arc GIS software. All the geo-rectified maps were
assigned weights computed by the analytical hierarchy process with reference
Saaty’s Pairwise comparison methods. The normalized weights for the layers
were obtained by satisfying the consistency index and consistency ratio value of
the constructed pairwise matrix. According to the matrix says that the result was
consistent if the CR (Consistency Ratio) was fall into less than 0.1. The layers
were subjected to weighted overlay analysis after assigning the determined
weights. The groundwater potential zone was classified in five classes based on
the index value calculated using (Equation 1). The GWP result were cross-
verified using bore well and groundwater fluctuation data for pre- and post-
monsoon. The methodology of the assignment was shown in (Figure 2).
GWPI= SrSw + LrLw+ LIrLIw+ DrDw+ TrTw+ GrGw+ SLrSLw+ RrRw (1)
Where GWPI is refer to the Ground Water Potential Index, S is Soil
Taxonomy of the area, L stands for Land use and Land Cover, LI is Lineament
Density, D refers that Drainage Density, T is Topography, G stands Geological
structure, SL is Slope of the area, R is Annual Average rainfall.
Verbal Judgement Numeric Value
Extremely More important 9
Extremely Less important 8
Very strongly More important 7
Very strongly Less important 6
Strongly More important 5
Strongly Less important 4
Moderately More important 3
Moderately Less important 2
Equally important 1
Table 1: Satty’s scale of relative importance

Soil LULC Lineament Drainage Elevation Geology Slope Rainfall

Soil 1 3 9 4 5 2 5 7
LULC 1/3 1 7 6 5 3 6 5
Lineament 1/9 1/7 1 1/4 3 1/5 4 2
Drainage 1/4 1/6 4 1 3 4 7 2
Elevation 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1 1/3 1/6 2
Geology 1/2 1/3 5 1/4 3 1 1/3 4
Slope 1/5 1/6 1/4 1/7 6 3 1 6
 Rainfall 1/7 1/5 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/6 1
Table 2 : AHP matrix for groundwater potential zone delineation

Constructing of geo-database

Remote Sensing Digital Elevation Annual average Geological Data Soil Map
Data (Sentinel Model Rainfall Data
2A)

Geology Map
Drainage and Lineaments
LULC Tributaries Slope Topography Soil Map
(June,
2020)
Drainage Lineament
Rainfall Map
Density Density

Ground Water Potential Zone Mapping

Remote Sensing & Geographic

Reclassify by Class Weight Bore well Data

Information System

Analytical Hierarchy Process (Saaty, 1980)

Ground water level
Fluctuation

Consistency Normalized Consistency

Index Matrix Ratio
Consistency Village wise Ground
Index Water Level Map

Weighted Linear Combination

Ground Water Potential Zone

Figure 2 : Overall Methodology of the study

Determination of Rank and Weights using AHP:
Sl No. Parameters Range Rating Rank
The Analytic Hierarchy Process 1 Soil Taxonomy Typic Ustifluvents 5
Udic Ustochrepts 3
(AHP), introduced by Thomas Satty (1980), is an Typic Ustochrepts 2
20
Typic Ustipsamments 4
effective tool for dealing with complex decision Typic Ustorthents 1
River 5
making, and may aid the decision maker to set
priorities and make the best decision. By reducing 2 Geology Cyclic Sequence of
Gray Sand, Silt, Clay
complex decisions to a series of pairwise and Gravels- Terrac
Alluvium- Newer
5

comparisons, and then synthesizing the results, the Alluvium- Holocene

Polycyclic Sequence
AHP helps to capture both subjective and objective of Sand, Silt, Clay
with Kakar- Ambala
1
aspects of a decision. In addition, the AHP Alluminu- Older
Alluvium -
incorporates a useful technique for checking the Quaternary
Clay, Sand and Gravel 10
consistency of the decision maker’s evaluations, with Boulders Fan
4
alluvium- Newer
thus reducing the bias in the decision making Allluvium Holocene
Gray Micaceous
process. The AHP considers a set of evaluation Sandstone/ Gravel
Beds/Shale/Clay-
criteria, and a set of alternative options among Middle Siwalik- 3
Siwalik group- Late
which the best decision is to be made. It is important Miocene to Early
Pleistocene
to note that, since some of the criteria could be Lineaments 3

contrasting, it is not true in general that the best 3 LULC Crop Land 3
Hilly Vegetation 1
option is the one which optimizes each single Plantation 3
Fallow Land 2
criterion, rather the one which achieves the most Sand Bar 5
suitable trade-off among the different criteria. This Water Body
Brick Lands
5
1
20

process involves the construction of a pairwise Built Up

Cannal
1
4
matrix where the weights of each parameter were River
Road
5
1
determined by considering the relative importance Waste Lands 1

of all the other parameters (Saaty 2008). Analysis. 4 Lineament 0 - 0.093

0.094 - 0.42
1
2
This method provides the decision-maker with a 0.43 - 1.3 3 5
1.4 - 4 4
wide range of choices. This method also allows 4.1 - 12 5

checking for the subjectivity of the determined 5 Drainage 0 - 0.00071 1

0.00072 - 0.0012 2
weights by examining its consistency ratio (Shekhar 0.0013 - 0.0017 3 15
0.0018 - 0.0022 4
and Pandey 2015). Reconstruction of the matrix 0.0023 - 0.0042 5

with different choices can be made if the condition 6 Elevation 220 - 260 5
270 - 290 4
is not satisfied (Chandio et al. 2013). For this 300 - 350 3 5
360 - 420 2
assignment the total criteria map was eight. First of 430 - 600 1

all, Saaty priority scale was range between 1-9 7 Slope 0 5

0.01 - 1.8 4
namely extremely important, strongly more 1.9 - 2.5 3 20

important, moderately to strongly important, equal 2.6 - 5

5.1 - 64
2
1
important (Table 1). A criteria matrix was built to 8 Rainfall 96.697 - 109.16 1
given the priority scale to the criteria (Table 2). 109.17 - 119.49
119.5 - 126.8
2
3 5
After computing the intensity judgement of the 126.81 - 133.74
133.75 - 142.11
4
5
criteria matrix compute the column addition, then Table 3 : List of parameters and APH
calculating the normalized matrix. Once judgments ratings and weights

have been entered, it is necessary to check that they

are consistent. AHP calculates a consistency ratio (CR) comparing the
consistency index (CI) of the matrix in question (the one with our judgments)
versus the consistency index of a random-like matrix (RI). A random matrix is
one where the judgments have been entered randomly and therefore it is expected
to be highly inconsistent. More specifically, RI is the average CI of 500 randomly
filled in matrices. Saaty (2012). In AHP, the consistency ratio is defined as CR
where CR = CI/RI. Saaty (2012) has shown that a consistency ratio (CR) of 0.10
or less is acceptable to continue the AHP analysis. If the consistency ratio is
greater than 0.10, it is necessary to revise the judgments to locate the cause of the
inconsistency and correct it. Calculating the C.R and C.I the equations are
following (Equation 2 & 3).
𝐶𝐼
C.R= (2)
𝐶𝑅
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑛
C.I = (3)
𝑛

Result and Discussion:

The groundwater potential zone, directly and somewhere as
indirectly depends on the above eight parameters considered for this assignment.
The influence of all above criteria are assigned into class rank and overall criteria
range. For reliability to compute the data for weighted overlay tool in Arc GIS,
we scale the data as class values to priority wise 1-5 and weighted rank 0-100
scale (Table 3)
Soil Taxonomy:
The topmost layer above
the earth which serves as the medium
for water percolation is soil. The rate
of infiltration depends on the
permeability and water holding
capacity of the soil. (Gupta et al. 2018).
The amount of water reaching the
water table depends on the extent of
the unconsolidated zone lying beneath
the soil. (Arivalagan et al. 2014). The
area mostly classified into four major
soil types such as Eurtrochrepts/
Udorthents -These are shallow and
loamy sands to fine sandy loams,
except in depressions, well-drained,
non-saline, non-alkali, non-calcareous,
mostly base saturated and are
classified as loamy skeletal typic,
lithyhic, eurtrochrepts/ udorthents. Figure 3 : Soil Taxonomy of the study area
These soils are found in the Siwalik range, the second one is Udipsamments/
udorthents -These are loamy sand to sandy loam deep, excessively or well-
drained, non-saline, non-alkali. These are placed under the associations of
transitional tract between Siwalik hills and alluvial plains, then Psammaquents
and Haplaquepts - These soils are found in Yamuna Plains, Haplaquep - These
soils are non-saline, alkalinity hazards are classified as typic ustochrepts but
water-logged soils with loam to clay loam texture showing the effect of glazing,
are classified as aeric/ typic Haplaquepts. Areas as aeridic soil moisture, moisture
have soils classified as camborthics and torropsamments (Ministry of central
ground water board, Haryana). The soil map was obtained from NBSS and LUP
soil classification map of 1:50000 RF scale and classified into six categories
namely Typic Ustifluvents (5), Udic Ustochrepts (3), Typic Ustochrepts (2),
Typic Ustipsammernts (4), and Typic Ustorthernts (1), and River beds (5) with
overall weight of 20. (Figure 3) shows Soil distribution of the area.

Land Use and Land Cover:

Information on soil moisture, permeability, amount of runoff, and
percolation are decided based on land use type of the study region. (Ibrahim-
Bathis and Ahmed 2016). The land use and land cover map describe the extent of
paved areas which is indirectly proportional amount of water available for
percolation. (Patil and Mohite
2014). Yamunanagar district is
a semi-urban area of Haryana
state, it was situated beside of
Yamuna River. LULC map
was classified using Sentinel
2A satellite data (June, 2020)
and habitation part of the area
was digitized from topo sheet.
On an average the region was
maximum occupied in to
agricultural land because the
area are belonging to agro-
economy, the classes area
Crop lands which was
dominant class of the area,
Hilly vegetation area
belonging to the upper part of
the area mostly covered the
Siwalik hilly region, many
portion of the area are cultivate
as plantation such as guava,
orange etc., Fallow land, Sand
bar, Brick line, Built up,
Canal, River, Water bodies, Figure 4 : LULC distribution map of the study area
Roads network, and Waste lands. Among all the classes’ agricultural lands and
built-up area are the lowest rank and river water are highest rank. Overall weight
is 20. (Figure 4) shown the LULC pattern of the study region.

Elevation and Slope:

Elevation and Slope both maps are obtained from the ALOS Pal-
SAR dem (2016) with spatial resolution of 12.5x12.5m. To study any region
topography is the most important factor specialized on GWP mapping. The
elevation profile of the region range between 215 meter to 597 meter, where 85%
area are fall into the lower elevation area, elevation range are reclassified into
five sub classes and an overall weight of 05. Like elevation slope is also a
favourable factor for controlling the recharge of ground water table. Steeper the
slope higher the runoff (Gupta et al. 2018). Infiltration rate are mostly depend on
slope, the slope of the region are range between 0 to 63.8 degree. Whereas most
of the area are in flat region and the upper hilly part is steeply slope area which
was less favourable for infiltration of ground water recharge. Slope of the area
are also reclassified into five classes namely flat, gentle, moderate, Steep and
extremely steep slope. Topography and Slope maps are shown in (Figure 5&6).

Figure 5: Topography of the study area Figure 6: Slope map of the study area
Drainage Density:
Drainage density refers to a measure of the length of stream channel per
unit area of drainage basin. Drainage density is considered to be an important
index; it is a measure of the texture of the network, and indicates the balance
between the erosive power of overland flow and the resistance of surface soils
and rocks. Also, a good estimate of gullies development can be determined in any
similar lithological formation using daily rainfall data in any period of time
starting from a known drainage network length. Gully erosion contributes to
various problems including: the extension of Bad Lands area, the loss of the
topsoil, the increase of the drainage network length, and the accelerated decrease
of the cropped lands (LOPEZ CADENAS DE LLANO, F. y MINTEGUI
AGUIRRE J.A. (1986) Hidrología de Superficie, Tomo I. Fundación Conde del
Valle del Salazar, pp.399-405). For GWP mapping Drainage density of the area
plays a vital role, the drainage density is generally inversely related to
permeability which was influences runoff and quantity of infiltration (Ibrahim-
Bathis and Ahmed
2016). The digital
elevation model
collected from Pal-
SAR 12.5x12.5 m
resolution was used to
calculate the stream
order and drainage
density map with
reference to Strahler.
By computing the
flow accumulation
and flow direction
from dem data in Arc
GIS software line
density in square
kilometre are
calculated. The
drainage density of
the study area varies
between 0 to 0.0041
sq. km. An area of
high drainage density
increases surface
runoff compared to a
low drainage density
area. Surface water
bodies such as river, Figure 7: Drainage Density of the study area
ponds and other water
content area act like a recharge zone. Factors such as geology, land use,
geomorphology, and topography affect the drainage density of a region (Siva et
al. 2017). in this region the Yamuna river and rivers tributaries are flow in Eastern
part of the basin area and all other river flows from Siwalik hills in the northern
part of the area, after classified the drainage density we have five classes of
distribution such as Very Low (107.62 km2), Low (107.82 km2), Medium (109.02
km2), High (110.29 km2) and Very High (109.05 km2). The map of drainage
density is shown in (Figure 7).

Geology:
The properties of different water-bearing geological formations play an
important role in the occurrence and movement of groundwater (Arkoprovo et al.
2012). The assigned area was divided as geomorphologically in five part in
physiographic view of the area the top most is Siwalik Hills which occupy the
upper part of the study area, the second is Dissected Rolling Plains, Interfluvial
plains, active and recent flood plain which was more active to recharge the ground
water, then the last one is Relict Plains. The Geological group of the area are also
divided into five
categories of bedding, the
entire classes area Cyclic
sequence of grey sand,
Silt, Clay and Gravels-
Terraces Alluvium-Newer
Alluvium- And Holocene,
it is the most influencing
layer to recharge the
ground water table and the
normalized value of the
class is 5(150.98 km2), the
second one is Clay, Sand
and Gravels with boulders
and fan alluvium newer
alluvium in Holocene era
with normalized scale of
4(160.82 km2), the third
one is Polycyclic sequence
of sand, silt and clay with
kakar and fall into Ambala
alluvium sequence older
alluvium in quaternary era
the normalized scale range
of this class is 2 (152.82
km2) Lineaments are the
one of the most
Figure 8: Geology map of the study area
influencing factor to
recharge the ground water table it fall into class 3 (2.93 km2) the last one is
structural hilly region mostly the part of Siwalik hilly region made with Grey
micaceous sandstone gravel beds with shale and clay, middle Siwalik and Siwalik
group late Miocene to early Pleistocene era with the class range of 1 (76.25 km2).
The geology map is shown in the (figure 8).

Lineament Density:
Lineaments are presence of joints, faults, and fractures which
provide a route for percolated
water and also an indirect
indicator of a potential zone
(Pinto et al. 2017). Lineaments
are structurally controlled
linear or curvilinear features,
which are identified from the
satellite imagery by their
relatively linear alignments.
Similar to drainage density
Lineament density was
obtained from Digital elevation
model Pol-SAR data of
12.5x12.5 m spatial resolution
in Arc GIS and PCI Geometica
software. Lineament density of
an area can directly related to
the groundwater potential since
the presence of lineaments
usually denotes a permeable
zone (Sitender 2010).
Lineament density of the study
area are range between 0 to
Figure 9: Lineament Density map of the study area
11 km2. The upper part of the
Siwalik Hills region is the most danceable lineaments such as joints and faults
which was more permeable to
recharge the potentiality of ground
water. Literally 5% of the area are
fall into this class of category,
lineament density is reclassified
into five class namely Very high,
High, Moderate, Low and Very
low with overall weight of 05. A
rose diagram map was Figure 10: Wind Rose diagram showing the length and direction of
prepared from the extracted lineaments in the study area
lineament by using ROCK WORK software. Basically, a rose diagram is
important to describe and understanding the direction and length of the
lineaments (Figure 10). Lineament density map was shown in (Figure 9).

Rainfall:
Rainfall is the major source of infiltrating ground water and fluctuation of
water table. For studying
any regional ground
water, rainfall plays a
important role. Intensity
and duration of rainfall
highly have significance
on infiltration and runoff
volume (Abuzied et al.
2015). The annual
average rainfall data was
obtained from different
source like World Clim
2.0 and NASA power and
also collected annual
average rainfall data from
IMD. The rainfall range
was 96 mm to 146 mm in
annual average. The upper
hilly part of the area are
more probability of
precipitation due to
condensation of water
vapour from the perennial
river. Rainfall map was
shown in (Figure 11). Figure 11: Annual Average Rainfall map of the study area

Development of ground water potential zone:

Computing the eight thematic criteria layer and give them a
proper weighted value obtained from AHP matrix the outcome is consistence to
GWP zonation map. The result obtained to categorized into five classes namely
very high, high, moderate, low and very low potential zone followed by the
(Equation 1). From the result the dominant area of the region is fall into flatter
and flooding plain region. Most of the area are highly permeable to recharge
ground water. Among the total geographic area moderate to high probability of
recharge of ground water are dominant in this region of interest approximately
54% area are fall into moderately probable (296.94 km2), which was the flat plain
and agricultural dominant region, the soil type of this region is very deep and well
drained with coarse loamy and plain subject to slightly flooding.
Geomorphologically the area is flatter plain with seepage action, and rainfall is
moderate to high. The high probability of ground water recharge is also
dominating the are fall into river plain area, among the total area 23.23% (126.23
km2) are fall into high probability of ground water recharge, soil type of the area
highly well drained with seepage action and frequently flooded,
geomorphologically the area is flood plain and permeable soil type. Very high
probability of ground water
recharge is quite small area
0.72% area are occupying the
very high probability of
ground water table the area
belonging the Yamuna river
flood bank side, with high
porosity and permeability soil
texture and high rainfall. On
the other hand, very low to
low dominating are the hilly
part of the region, mostly
Siwalik hill in the upper part
of the study area, here rainfall
is very high but due to hard
topography and soil type
surface runoff is higher in this
region so the water recharge
is very less in the part of
basin. (Table 4) show the
categories and area of GWP
zone and (Figure 12) shown
the GWP zone map of the
Figure 12: Ground Water Potential Zone map of the study area
study area.

sl no. category Area in Sq.KM Percentage

1 Very High 3.93 0.72
2 High 126.23 23.23
3 Moderate 296.94 54.64
4 Low 109.02 20.06
5 Very Low 7.33 1.35
Table 4: Area and Percentage of Potential zone
Village wise Distribution of GWP zonation:
The total village of the study area is 236. Village boundary of the area are
obtaining from (https://github.com/gggodhwani/indian_village_boundaries),
(Census of India, District Handbook, Yamunanagar) and borewell points data was
collected from (Ministry of Central Ground Water Board, Haryana). Apart of
them 49 villages are fall into the high potentiality of ground water, Malikpur,
Bhamnali, Udhamgarh, Mazafat those villages are highly water level. basically,
those villages are situated in the river bank of the area and high permeability of
soil texture mostly sandy loamy to loamy sand. 168 villages area are fall into
moderately permeable for recharge ground water table mostly fall into plain
region. Out of 236 villages 18 villages are fall into low potentiality of ground
water basically dry drought area and hilly area are fall into this region. Bore well
point data was collected from ground water board of Haryana to ensure the water
level fluctuation. (Figure 13) shown the village wise ground water potential zone
map of the study area.

Figure 13: Village wise distribution of water level map of the study area
Validation of Ground water potential Zone:
Ground water potential zone data obtained and cross verified by
using borewell data of
some part of the study
area, borewell data was
collected from Ministry
of central ground water
board, Haryana. After
collecting five borewell
data interpolation method
was applied to estimate
the ground water level in
(mbgl). Pre monsoon and
post monsoon water level
fluctuation data was
collected to correlate and
validate the result, the
water level range from 3.1
to 29 mbgl where high
water level data was
belong to the river side
area of Yamunanagar
river. and lowest water
level fall into the part of
dry area of Yamunanagar
district. (Figure 15) shows
the pre and post monsoon
Figure 14: Water Level map of the study area
water level fluctuation the
entire graph showing the water level is more in W4 and less in W5 basically pre
monsoon water level is much lower than post monsoon water level. So, from the
graph the water level fluctuation is highly depend on monsoon. (Figure 16) shown
the minimum and maximum and mean water level of the collected well points.

Figure 15: Pre and Post monsoon water level fluctuation Figure 16: Min and Max Water level of sample points
(Figure 14) shown the water level map by using the collecting borewell data from
ground water board, Haryana.
Conclusion:
Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are a powerful
and effective tool that enables us to interpret and elaborated the spatial data for
any spatial study. Mostly studying in geomorphology, geology and water
resources using remote sensing techniques, GIS is now playing a vital role. In
this assignment Integration with GIS technology and AHP Analytic Hierarchy
Process Saaty’s 1980 to obtain priority wise rank and weighted criteria. The
application of this integrated tool is to delineate Ground water potential zonation
map of Kaushalya river basin area of Yamunanagar district, Haryana. Dadupur
Cantt, Tapu Majri, Fatehagarh, Buria, Shahazadpur, in such villages are fall into
high potential categories of ground water, about 23% of the total area are fall into
this category. Bala Chaur, Bukri, Bhoghpur 2, Kanasli, in those villages are fall
into moderate categorised of ground water approximately most od the part 54%
of the total area are fall into this region. The geology, geomorphology,
topography, Drainage Density and Lineament Density area predominant factor
controlling ground water recharge in the study area.
Artificial recharge techniques area participatory approaches to implement
to recharge ground water in moderate to low potentiality area.

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