Leadership Role in Educational Institutions

Dr. Radhika Kapur

Abstract

The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an understanding of leadership

roles in educational institutions. In educational institutions, the principles, heads and directors
are the ones, who are in leadership positions. It is the job of the leaders to guide and direct the
individuals in an appropriate manner towards the implementation of their tasks and functions,
provide solutions to various types of problems and challenges, make effective decisions and
create amiable environmental conditions, which would facilitate the achievement of academic
goals and objectives. Furthermore, it is vital for the leaders to possess a supportive attitude
and make provision of equal rights and opportunities to all the members of the educational
institutions. Within the classroom settings, instructors are required to assume leadership roles
and effectively guide and instruct the students. It is important on the part of the leaders to
generate awareness in terms of various aspects, up-grade their competencies and abilities and
bring about improvements within the course of time. The leaders are vested with the authority
of bringing about changes and they need to ensure, they prove to be advantageous to the
members. The main concepts that have been taken into account in this research paper include,
significance of leadership roles in educational institutions, leadership roles, dimensions of
successful leadership, leadership activities, and traditional leadership theories.

Keywords: Educational Institutions, Leaders, Leadership Activities, Leadership

Roles, Leadership Theories

In educational institutions, leadership role is regarded as indispensable. The job of the

leaders is primarily meant to guide and lead the individuals in the right direction. In this way,
they will be able to carry out their job duties satisfactorily as well as, overcome problems and
challenges that may arise within the course of implementation of their job duties. The heads,
directors and principals are the ones, who are vested with the authority to play leadership
roles. The educators are also required to be effective leaders in guiding students towards the
right direction and helping them to achieve academic goals. The students need to ensure that
apart from making provision of academic concepts to the students, they also make provision
of opportunities to them to hone their leadership skills. Development of leadership skills
among students is also regarded as one of the important goals of the educational process.
Educational institutions have an important role to play as leaders in their community,
supporting learning beyond the boundaries (Educational Leadership, 2017).

Leaderships are related to combining and blending of six areas, which are depicted in
the actions of the leaders. The leaders need to balance them appropriately, as developments
take place within educational institutions. The main areas that are taken into account in
leadership are, establishing goals and expectations, strategic resourcing, planning, co-
ordinating and evaluating teaching and curriculum, promoting and participating in teaching-
learning processes and development and ensuring the formation of an orderly and disciplined
environment. The leaders need to focus upon the development of professional relationships,
their work and their learning on the core business of teaching and learning and the greater the
influence on student outcomes. Leadership is regarded as the prime factor in making
improvements in school effectiveness. Leadership facilitates the achievement of desired goals
and objectives and making improvements in the system of education (Educational
Leadership, 2017).

Significance of Leadership Roles in Educational Institutions

Transformational leadership is an effective leadership for school administrators. It

renders a significant contribution in transforming the individuals into future leaders by
making provision of control to them over their behaviours and personality traits. In order to
assume leadership roles, it is essential for the individuals to generate awareness and augment
their competencies, so they can perform their job duties in a well-organized manner. Within
the educational institutions, it is vital for leaders to form a culture that would lead to
emergence of leadership skills not only among the heads and educators, but also among
students. It is essential for educators to make provision of knowledge and information that
would enable them to implement leadership skills in an operative manner. Culture building is
focused upon in educative leadership (Tng, 2009).

Within educational institutions, the individuals, who are engaged in teaching positions
are required to hone their educational skills and abilities. They need to be well-equipped with
the subjects and concepts, which they need to impart to the students. In addition to generating
awareness in terms of subjects and academic concepts, they are required to put into operation
certain factors. These are, aligning tasks with objectives and strategies; building commitment,
optimism, trust and co-operation; developing and empowering subordinates; encouraging and
facilitating collective learning; interpreting the occurrence of complexities; making provision
of appropriate solutions; organizing and co-ordinating activities and functions; promoting
social justice and morality; securing the necessary resources and support and strengthening
collective identity. The leaders need to make provision of guidance and information to their
subordinates to make efficient use of resources. The leaders need to ensure that within the
classroom, teaching-learning materials, infrastructure and technologies are maintained well
(Tng, 2009).

In educational institutions, when the educators are paying attention towards honing
their leadership competencies, there are six main elements, which they need to pay attention
to. These are, preparing students for the better future, achieving authenticity in teaching,
learning and in practicing assessments, facilitating communities of learning, coping with
impediments within the course of leading to effective development of the system of
education, translating ideas into sustainable actions and nurturing success of culture (Tng,
2009). In higher educational institutions, professors are vested with the authority and
responsibility of even making provision of opportunities to students to hone their teaching
and leadership skills. Usually, the students, pursuing masters or doctoral programs are
provided with the opportunities to even give lectures in the absence of professors. Hence, in
this manner, the students are able to develop their skills in terms of teaching, leadership,
monitoring and supervision.

Leadership Roles

The leaders particularly in higher educational institutions, where the students are
adults need to recognize their roles. It is comprehensively acknowledged that adults are more
responsible and recognise their job duties well. They assign priorities and ensure they carry
out all tasks and activities and devote sufficient amount of time towards them. In the
implementation of leadership roles, there are certain aspects, which need to be taken into
consideration. These are, in adult education, the leaders put in sufficient amount of time and
work diligently and resourcefully. Within the course of pursuance of academic programs, it is
vital for students to conduct research on a regular basis and update knowledge and
information. The activities and functions of the leaders are dominated by the issues and
events of the system of which they are a part. Leaders need to ensure that within the course of
performance of job duties, they do not experience any barriers. Hence, it is vital for them to
put into operation, the measures and approaches to overcome barriers.
 Leaders possess strong viewpoints and perspectives regarding the attainment of the
purpose of the system. They possess strong feelings in terms of achievement of desired goals
and objectives (Sergiovanni, 1982). In order to carry out one’s job duties satisfactorily, it is
essential to generate information in terms of various aspects that would render an important
contribution in upgrading the structure of educational institutions and the overall system of
education. When the leaders are carrying out their roles, they need to ensure they not only
make use of their educational qualifications, skills and abilities to promote well-being of the
educational institutions and facilitate the achievement of academic goals and objectives, but
also their efforts and undertakings need to bring about community welfare. In order to
acquire efficient understanding of how leaders are rendering an important contribution
towards leading to progression of the community and nation, it is essential to understand
leadership roles. The leadership roles are classified into three main categories. These are,
interpersonal, informational and decisional (Chapter -1. Leadership Concept and Theories,
n.d.).

Interpersonal Roles

In interpersonal roles, the leaders need to take into consideration, three kinds of roles,
these are, figurehead, leader and liaison. In all these roles, they are required to deal with other
individuals. The heads and educators first need to serve as figureheads. In their roles as
figureheads, they are required to act as true mentors, which may participate effectively in
leading and guiding the students in the right direction. They not only help their students or
subordinates to achieve goals and objectives, but also guide them in inculcating the traits of
diligence, resourcefulness and conscientiousness and emerging into effective citizens of the
country. The interpersonal roles of the leaders are focused on providing knowledge and
information to the individuals in an appropriate manner and ensuring they develop interest
and motivation towards the implementation of their job duties.

In the interpersonal role of liaison, the leaders ensure they facilitate co-operation and
association between individuals. For instance, when individuals get engaged in a conflicting
situation or a disagreement and approach their leaders, it is the job of the leaders to settle the
dispute peacefully and enable the individuals to form good terms and relationships with each
other. It is of utmost significance for students to form good terms and relationships and work
in collaboration and integration with each other to produce the desired academic
performance. In the role of a liaison, the leader acts as a link or a co-ordinator between
people, groups and organizations.

Informational Roles

In informational roles, the leaders carry out three kinds of roles. These are, roles of
monitor, disseminator and spokesperson. In the implementation of these roles, they are
required to get involved in the processing of information. When the individuals are carrying
out these roles, they are placed at the strategic point to gather and disseminate information.
As a monitor, the leader is seeking information that may be valuable and worthwhile to the
organization. He questions the other individuals, primarily the ones, whom he is monitoring.
The primary job duties of the monitor is to ensure that discipline is maintained and
individuals are performing their job duties in an appropriate manner.

As the disseminator of information, the relevant information is transferred to others

within the working environment. As the term implies, disseminating of information means
distributing information. When the leaders are aware of important information, it is their job
to ensure that it is adequately transmitted to others. Making provision of timely information
to others is regarded as an important aspect in leading to proper functioning of the
educational institutions. The third informational role of the spokesperson focuses upon
communication. As a spokesperson, the leaders are required to communicate effectively with
the other individuals, make provision of adequate information and guide and lead them in the
right direction.

Decisional Roles

The decisional roles that have been identified are four. These are, entrepreneur,
disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. The entrepreneur roles of the leaders
focus upon putting into operation, modern and innovation methods and approaches that may
lead to effective outcomes. As entrepreneurs, they need to upgrade their improvisation skills
and abilities. The role of the leaders as disturbance handlers focuses upon handling
disturbances and problems that may occur within the course of implementation of job duties
and functioning of the educational institutions. In some cases, students or other members of
the educational institutions may get involved in the conflicting situations or disagreements.
Therefore, it is the job of the leaders to ensure, they get resolved peacefully and members of
the educational institutions and fellow students establish good terms and relationships with
each other.
 The role of the leaders as resource allocator focuses upon the fact that there are
availability of adequate materials, equipment and technologies, which may render an
effective contribution in facilitating learning among individuals and enabling them to achieve
the desired goals and objectives. In order to facilitate the teaching-learning processes, it is
necessary to ensure adequate materials and resources are available. As negotiators, the
leaders ensure that the overall atmosphere within the working environment remains pleasant
and amiable. They need to possess effective communication skills and ensure members work
in co-ordination with each other.

Dimensions of Successful Leadership

The dimensions of successful leadership have been stated as follows: (Day, &
Sammons, 2016).

Defining the Vision, Values and Direction – When the individuals are in position of
leaders, they need to have a strong and clear vision and set values for their educational
institutions. They are required to formulate goals and objectives, which may enable them to
determine their tasks as well as guide and lead others in the right direction. The vision and
values influence their actions as well as the actions of others. The leaders are able to develop
a clear sense of direction and purpose of the educational institutions. These are shared on a
comprehensive scale and are clearly understood and supported by all members of the
educational institutions, including, heads, educators, staff members and students. Defining of
vision, values and direction also enabled the individuals to promote new developments,
policies and programs.

Improving Conditions for Teaching and Learning – The main task of educational
institutions is to bring about improvements in the conditions for teaching and learning, as
these are the primary objectives. The leaders are required to identify the need for improving
conditions for teaching and learning. The improvements in the conditions need to take place
in such a manner that would lead to maximisation of quality of learning and augmenting
learning and performance of students. The leaders participate effectively in the formation of
strategies and approaches to improve buildings and facilities of educational institutions. It is
the job duty of the leaders to ensure that the overall environmental conditions are pleasant
and amiable. In addition, there should be availability of appropriate teaching-learning
materials, equipment and technologies.
 Assignment of Roles and Responsibilities – The leaders cannot carry out various tasks
and activities in seclusion. They need to establish good terms and relationships with other
members and work in co-ordination and integration. Individuals are assigned roles and
responsibilities in accordance to their educational qualifications, competencies and aptitude.
It is the job of the leaders to assign roles and responsibilities to individuals. The leaders are
required to assess the capabilities and proficiencies of the individuals. They need to be aware
of various personality traits of the individuals and know which individuals would be suitable
for what kinds of job duties. Therefore, it is apparent that assignment of roles and
responsibilities should be in accordance to the educational qualifications, skills and aptitude
of the individuals.

Redesigning and Enriching the Curriculum and Instructional Systems – The

curriculum and instructional systems are regarded to be of utmost significance in leading to
progression of the system of education. The leaders need to ensure they conduct research and
analysis and render an effective contribution in redesigning and enriching the curriculum and
instructional systems. The curriculum and instructional systems need to be in accordance to
the grade levels of students, academic subjects and goals. Adult learners usually get enrolled
in educational institutions to augment their knowledge and competencies in terms of certain
aspects. Hence, leaders need to ensure that pursuing a training program should prove to be
beneficial to them. The adult learners are able to acquire sufficient knowledge that would
prove to be beneficial to them in sustaining their living conditions.

Improving Teaching and Learning Processes – Research has indicated that

individuals experience problems and challenges within the course of pursuance of academic
programs, and achieving academic goals. In other words, they are unable to acquire an
efficient understanding of the academic concepts and make use of them in improving their
overall quality of lives. Hence, it is the important job duty of the leaders to ensure that
improvements are made in the teaching and learning processes from time to time. The use of
technologies and modern, scientific and innovative methods would render an effective
contribution in bringing about improvements in the teaching and learning processes. It is vital
for the leaders and other members of the educational institutions to be well-equipped with the
usage of technologies. When they are not well-equipped with the usage of computers, they
even join training courses to hone their computer skills.
 Upgrading of Quality of Educators – The educators need to hone their leadership
skills, so they can effectively guide and lead students in the right direction towards the
achievement of academic goals. The heads or the principles, who are the primary leaders are
required to generate awareness and guide the educators appropriately, so they can perform
their job duties in a well-organised manner. In order to upgrade quality of the educators, there
are number of aspects, which need to be taken into consideration. These are, use of teaching-
learning methods and instructional strategies, communication skills, decision making skills,
time management skills, conflict resolution skills, abilities to cope with problems and
challenges and enhancing professionalism. The educators need to form constructive
viewpoints in terms of their job duties and contribute to their best abilities towards the
achievement of personal and professional goals.

Building of Relationships Inside and Outside of the Educational Institutions – The

leaders need to generate awareness among individuals that they need to build effective
relationships inside and outside the educational institutions. Within educational institutions,
all individuals should be provided with equal rights and opportunities. Within the classroom
settings, the educators should communicate efficiently with the students and allow them to
express their viewpoints. Making provision of equal rights and opportunities to the
individuals and allowing them to express their viewpoints are regarded as important aspects
in building of good relationships among individuals inside the educational institutions.
Building effective relationships with individuals outside the educational institutions is
essential for achieving long-term success. Leaders are meant to develop positive relationships
with the community leaders and form connections. In this manner, they can augment
information and seek assistance in improving the functioning of the educational institutions.

Selecting and Developing Smart Tools – In the implementation of teaching and

learning processes, in carrying out of administrative, clerical and technical functions,
individuals are required to make use of technologies, tools and equipment. It is the job of the
leaders to ensure that smart tools are selected and developed in an appropriate manner. When
making selection of and development of smart tools, it needs to be ensured, they are based on
valid theories and are well-designed. When personnel are not completely aware in terms of
how to make effective use of smart tools, they are required to get enrolled in training and
development programs. In educational institutions, there are organization of workshops,
seminars and training programs to make provision of adequate knowledge and information to
the individuals, so they are able to enhance their knowledge in terms of making use of smart
tools.

Participating in Providing Effective Solutions to Problems – In educational

institutions, members experience problems regarding various aspects. These are,
inappropriate infrastructural facilities, civic amenities, and equipment, lack of technologies,
deficiency in teaching-learning methods and instructional strategies, dissatisfaction regarding
pay and incentives and inadequate working environmental conditions. On the other hand,
students may experience problems, when there are inappropriate teaching-learning methods
and instructors are not well-versed and are unable to assist them, particularly in providing
solutions to their problems. Therefore, it is the job of the leaders to ensure, individuals are
provided with the opportunities that would enable them to carry out their tasks and functions
in a well-organized manner. The leaders need to act as mentors and provide solutions to
grievances of other individuals. In providing effective solutions to problems, one needs to
make alternatives available and help the individuals in making selection of the most suitable
one.

Ensuring an Orderly and Supportive Environment – Within the environmental

conditions of the educational institutions, apart from making provision of adequate
infrastructure, facilities, civic amenities, technology, tools, teaching-learning materials and
equipment, it is necessary for the leaders to formulate measures and programs to create an
orderly and supportive environment. In the creation of orderly and supportive environment, it
is vital to make provision of equal rights and opportunities and not discriminate against each
other. The individuals need to communicate with each other with respect and courtesy and
make provision of equal rights and opportunities. Orderly and supportive environment can be
created by putting into operation, ones competencies upon ones job duties, ensuring
consistent discipline routines and implementing peaceful conflict resolution methods.

Leadership Activities

The leadership activities have been stated as follows: (Chapter -1. Leadership Concept
and Theories, n.d.).

Symbol of the Group – When it is stated the leader is the symbol of the group, they
render an effective contribution in making provision of some kind of cognitive focus and
establishing group as a distinct identity. In some cases, the leaders are also regarded as
mentors and father figures, who serves as the focus of the positive emotional feelings of
individual members and the object of identification and transference. The symbol of the
group also highlight the fact that leaders act as representative of the group or organization.
When they are implementing activities as symbols of the group, they are required to ensure
they make provision of accurate information. In addition, they need to take into account the
aspects of honesty, righteousness and truthfulness.

Arbitrating – The arbitrators are the individuals, who are neither on the side of any of
the parties and make decisions taking into consideration various factors. They are impartial,
neutral and non-judgmental. The primary function of arbitrating is to ensure that decisions are
made for promoting well-being of the individuals and educational institutions. Arbitrating is
one of the important leadership activities that leaders normally get engaged into, particularly
when there are occurrence of problems and individuals get engaged into a dispute. An
effective leader will resolve the dispute by arbitrating on the decision on the course of action
to be taken. Hence, as arbitrators, they make decisions, which both parties are required to
follow.

Suggesting – Normally the educators, students and staff members of the educational
institutions may come across problems, which enable them to seek ideas and suggestions
from others. Suggesting is regarded as a powerful instrument among leaders, as it is their
primary job duty to provide suitable ideas and suggestions to individuals. In order to carry out
ones tasks and functions in educational institutions in an appropriate manner, suggestions are
usually taken from leaders. Hence suggesting is regarded as an important leadership activity.
In some cases, they may give their suggestions instantly. Whereas, in others, they may
conduct an analysis of various alternatives available and then give their suggestions.
Suggestions need to be helpful and beneficial.

Determining Objectives – Determining objectives is referred to setting of goals and

objectives for the individuals. It is the job duty of the heads or principals to generate
awareness among educators and other members of the educational institutions to determine
the objectives. The individuals carry out their job duties with the main purpose of achieving
the desired goals and objectives. Within the classroom settings, when the educators are
imparting knowledge and information to the students in terms of lesson plans, then too the
educators and learners have an objective. The primary objective of the educators is to ensure
that students are able to acquire an efficient understanding of the lesson plans. Whereas, the
primary objective of the students is to make sure they understand the concepts well, score
good grades and achieve their academic goals and objectives in a well-organized manner.
Hence, determining objectives is also one of the important leadership activities.

Creating an Amiable Environment – It is the job of the leaders to create an amiable

environment. In amiable environment, the members of the educational institutions are
required to form good terms and relationships with each other and work as one family. They
need to ensure they communicate with each other effectively and treat each other with respect
and courtesy. The individuals are different from each other in terms of learning abilities,
categories, backgrounds and behavioural traits. Therefore, it is vital that they are provided
with equal rights and opportunities and there should not be any kind of discriminatory
treatment. All the members need to work in co-ordination with each other to create an
amiable environment.

Providing Security – Research has indicated that in educational institutions at all

levels, students as well as the other members have been subjected to various types of violent
and criminal acts. The occurrence of criminal acts, such as, verbal abuse, physical abuse and
sexual harassment have enabled the individuals to feel vulnerable and apprehensive. Women
and girls are the ones, who have been subjected to these acts more as compared to their male
counterparts. In order to bring about developments in the overall system of education, it is the
job of the leaders to ensure that members feel safe. There are formulation of measures and
programs to ensure safe and secure environment is maintained. Security can be provided by
the leaders by developing positive thinking and remaining calm even at the time of
adversities.

Appreciating – When the individuals perform well, it is the job of the leaders to
appreciate them. When students and other members are appreciated by their superiors and
leaders, they develop positive viewpoints and constructivism towards their work. One of the
important benefits of appreciating is, the individuals feel that they should keep up the good
work, so they are able to please their leaders and maintain good terms and relationships with
them. When the leaders possess this viewpoint that they need to appreciate the good work of
the individuals, they are developing inspiration and stimulating the mind-sets of individuals
towards work. The leadership activity of appreciating also generates positive feelings among
the mind-sets of the individuals towards their leaders.
 Motivating – It is important to develop motivation in order to carry out ones job duties
satisfactorily and achieve the desired goals and objectives. In educational institutions, some
individuals work more productively, when the leaders make them feel that their work is
meaningful. On the other hand, within the classroom settings, students differ from each other
in terms of knowledge, competencies and abilities. Some students develop interest and
enthusiasm towards their studies to a major extent. They come prepared to the class, even
before the introduction of the new lesson. On the other hand, some students do not show
interest in studies and experience setbacks within the course of achievement of academic
goals. Therefore, the leadership activity of motivating is important in encouraging the
students towards enhancing their academic performance and in the achievement of desired
goals and objectives.

Possessing Responsibility – The leaders are the ones, who possess the responsibility
to carry out the tasks and activities regarding themselves and other individuals in an
appropriate manner. When the individuals in a group of four are working on a project, then
too there is a group leader, who is vested with the responsibility of ensuring there are
availability of adequate resources and tasks can get carried out in a well-organized manner.
The group leader has to provide all the information to the supervisor. When the tasks get
implemented satisfactorily, the group leader as well as other members gain appreciation. On
the other hand, when they encounter set-backs and are unable to achieve the desired aims,
then too group leaders are answerable to their supervisors. Therefore, possessing
responsibility is one of the important leadership activities.

Possessing Ideological Viewpoints – The leader as an ideologist serves as the source

of beliefs, values and standards of behaviour for the individual members of the group. It is
essential for the leaders to put into operation certain beliefs, values and standards of
behaviour within the course of performance of their job duties. For instance, when the
educators are giving a speech to the students in terms of promoting empowerment
opportunities among women, it is important for them to ensure, they provide factual
information and facilitate understanding among students that they need to treat women and
girls with respect and courtesy. The inculcation of values and beliefs among students is
regarded to be of utmost significance to enable them to emerge into productive citizens of the
country. Hence, leaders are performing the role of the ideologist, when they impart the traits
of morality, ethics, norms and values to the individuals.
 Traditional Leadership Theories

The traditional leadership theories have been stated as follows: (Tng, 2009).

Trait Approach – Leadership research initiated around 1940s with trait studies on the
attributes of natural leaders focusing on their personalities, motives, values and skills. But the
studies could not discover the universal traits for the success of leadership. It was found that
leaders have implemented some of the managerial functions of the benefit and well-being of
other individuals.

Behavioural Approach – Lack of success with the trait approach led to examination of
leadership behaviour from the 1950s, which produced various two-dimensional models.
Different researchers gave the dimensions various names, including consideration and
initiating structure, concern for individuals, concern for production as well as employee-
centric and job-centric behaviours, and leading to a task relationship dichotomy for
leadership behaviour. This dichotomy corresponded to two behavioural sets. These are,
administrative roles, including, planning, co-ordinating and organizing and human ones, such
as consideration for subordinates, conflict resolution in a peaceful manner and so forth.

Contingency Approach – The contingency approach around the 1970s, recognized the
dependency of leadership effectiveness on organizational situations. This approach put
emphasis upon the contextual factors, influencing the leadership processes, such as,
characteristics of environment, subordinates and tasks. Specific situational variables include
situational control, combination of task structure, leader-member relations and position power
of the leaders to evaluate the performance of the subordinates. The other situational variables
are amount of relevant information processed, importance of decision making and
acceptability of decisions. In other words, how they would be productive. Traditional
leadership research put emphasis on seeking universal qualities of leaders before examining
situational factors, and moderating leadership effectiveness.

Conclusion

In educational institutions, in order to lead to their operative growth and development,

to achieve the educational goals and objectives and bring about up-gradation in the overall
system of education, it is essential for the individuals to hone their leadership skills. It is the
main job duty of the leaders to ensure, they make provision of appropriate information and
guidance to the individuals to lead them in the right direction. They need to provide them
with adequate support and assistance to carry out their tasks and activities satisfactorily. The
leadership roles are classified into three main categories, interpersonal, informational and
decisional. The dimensions of leadership are, defining the vision, values and direction,
improving conditions for teaching and learning, assignment of roles and responsibilities,
redesigning and enriching the curriculum and instructional systems, improving teaching and
learning processes, upgrading of quality of educators, building of relationships inside and
outside of the educational institutions, selecting and developing smart tools, participating in
providing effective solutions to problems and ensuring an orderly and supportive
environment.

The leadership activities are, symbol of the group, arbitrating, suggesting, determining
objectives, creating an amiable environment, providing security, appreciating, motivating,
possessing responsibility, and possessing ideological viewpoints. The traditional leadership
theories are, trait approach, behavioural approach and contingency approach. It is apparent
that in order to carry out their tasks and activities in an appropriate manner, the leaders need
to augment their knowledge in terms of modern and innovative methods. Particularly with
advancements taking place and with the advent of modernization and globalization, it is
essential to upgrade one’s knowledge and competencies particularly in terms of usage of
modern, scientific and innovative methods.
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