PROJECT REPORT

ON
“RAIN WATER HARVESTING “
SUBMITTED TO
ASHOKRAO MANE POLYTECHNIC
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
MR.PAWARA ANIKET TERSING
MISS.SAMUDRE PRITI BAJIRAO
MR.RAUT ADITYA KRUSHNAT
MR.SHAIKH ARMAN JAMAL
MR.POWAR PRATHAMESH NETAJI
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Mr.D.B.MAHADESHWAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ASHOKRAO MANE POLYTECHNIC,VATHAR TURF
VADGAON (2020-21)
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ASHOKRAO MANE POLYTECHNIC VATHAR

TURF VADGAON
DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled

“ RAIN WATER HARVESTING”

Submitted by
MR..PAWARA ANIKET TERSING
MISS.SAMUDRE PRITI BAJIRAO
MR.RAUT ADITYA KRUSHNAT
MR.SHAIKH ARMAN JAMAL
MR.POWAR PRATHAMESH NETAJI
Is a bonafied work carrid out by the above mentioned student
under the guidance of Mr.D.B.Mahadeshwar and it has been
completed successfully
Mr.D.B. MAHADESHWAR
(Project guide) (External examiner)

Prof.V.S.KULKARNI Prof..Y.R.GURAV
Head of Department Principle
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Name of the institute: Ashokrao mane polytechnic,VatharTarf Vadgaon

2.Name of the Course: Diploma in civil engineering

3.Name of the Student: Mr.Raut Aditya Krushnat

(Enrolment no-1909900386)

4.Name of Guide : Mr.D.B.Mahadeshwar

Civil Engineering Department

Ashokrao Mane Polytechnic Vathar Turf Vadgaon

5.Name of project: RAIN WATER HARVESTING

ABSTRACT
We take opportunity to present this on “RAINWATER HARVESTING’’ and put before
reader some useful information regarding our project.

We have made some sincere attempts and taken every care to present this matter precise and
compact from .The language being as simple as possible.

We are sure that the information contain in this volume would certainly prove useful for
better insight in and dimensions of this project in its true perspective.

The task of completion of this project though being difficult was made quite simple,
interesting and successful due to deep involvement and complete dedication of our group members.

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CONCEPT

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CONCEPT
Rainwater harvesting is an important environment friendly approach-dubbed as a Green
practice which has double benefit in both keeping the groundwater table undisturbed and charging
the aquifer. Rainwater harvesting is a simple technique of catching and holding rainwater where its
falls. Either, we can store it in tanks or we can use it to recharge ground water depending upon the
situation.

In the rainy season the water is stored in terms of tanks, and when the rainy season ends the
stored water is utilized for the various purposes like drinking, flushing, gardening etc. also the extra
water utilize by contour trenches, nala building ,recharge pits.

The increasing urbanization lead to concentrated population density at places resulting into
uneven drawing of ground water. Rainwater harvesting, besides being eco-friendly, is an economic
practice as well. The cost of digging a catchment area even can be saved of roof- top collection of
rainwater the fresh water canals or rain-fed natural ponds too can be used for harvesting.

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COMPONENTS OF A RAINWATER HARVESTING

SYSTEM

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COMPONENTS OF A RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEM
A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages – transporting
rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge. The common
components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages are illustrated here.

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1. CATCHMENTS

The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the
rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a
building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement concrete
(RCC), galvanised iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.

2. COARSE MESH

Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris. Normally used spacing of coarse
mesh in RWH decreases from 25 mm to 4mm.

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3. GUTTERS

Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the
storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using:

Locally available material such as plain galvanised iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded to
required shapes.
Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting those pipes into
two equal semi-circular channels.
Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.

The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during the highest intensity rain. It is
advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent oversize.

Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off when loaded with water. The way
in which gutters are fixed depends on the construction of the house; it is possible to fix iron or
timber brackets into the walls, but for houses having wider eaves, some method of attachment to the
rafters is necessary.

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4. CONDUITS

Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to
the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized
iron (GI), materials that are commonly available.

The following table gives an idea about the diameter of pipe required for draining out
rainwater based on rainfall intensity and roof area.

5. FIRST-FLUSHING

A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is flushed
out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a
relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface.

6. FILTER

The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter
unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove
debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge structure. Charcoal can be
added for additional filtration.

Particulate matter on the basis of size can fall in two different categories:

Inhalable coarse particle: The diameter size of the particles range from 2.5 to 10 micron.
Fine particles: usually found in haze and smoke and the size can rage up to 2.5 micron.

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TYPES OF FILTERS

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Types of filters

i) Charcoal water filter

A simple charcoal
filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all of
which are easily available.

(ii) Sand filters:-

Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand filters are easy and
inexpensive to construct.

These filters can be employed for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity
(suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms.

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In a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse
sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and
boulders.

iii) Dewas filters:-

Most residents in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, have wells in their houses. Formerly, all that
those wells would do was extract groundwater. But then, the District Administration of Dewas
initiated a groundwater recharge scheme. The rooftop water was collected and allowed to pass
through a filter system called the Dewas fillter, designed by Mohan Rao, District collector of
Dewas, and engineers of the rural engineering services. The water thus filtered is put into the
service tube well.

The filter consists of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe 140 mm in diameter and 1.2m long.
There are three chambers. The first purification chamber has pebbles varying between 2-6 mm, the
second chamber has slightly larger pebbles, between 6 and 12 mm and the third chamber has the
largest - 12-20 mm pebbles. There is a mesh at the outflow side through which clean water flows
out after passing through the three chambers. The cost of this filter unit is Rs.600.

Filter for large rooftops:-

When rainwater is harvested in a large rooftop area, the filtering system should
accommodate the excess flow. A system is designed with three concentric circular chambers in
which the outer chamber is filled with sand, the middle one with coarse aggregate and the inner-
most layer with pebbles.

This way the area of filtration is increased for sand, in relation to coarse aggregate and
pebbles. Rainwater reaches the centre core and is collected in the sump where it is treated with few
tablets of chlorine and is made ready for consumption.

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iii) Horizontal roughing filter and slow sand filter

The introduction of horizontal roughing filter and slow sand filter (HRF/SSF) to treat
surface water has made safe drinking water available in coastal pockets of Orissa. The major
components of this filter are described below.

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1) Filter Channel:
One square meter in cross-section and eight m in length, laid across the tank embankment,
the filter channel consists of three uniform compartments, the first packed with broken bricks, the
second with coarse sand, followed by fine sand in the third compartment. The HRF usually consists
of filter material like gravel and coarse sand that successively decreases in size from 25 mm to 4
mm. The bulk of solids in the incoming water is separated by this coarse filter media or HRF. At
every outlet and inlet point of the channel, fine graded mesh is implanted to prevent entry of finer
materials into the sump. The length of a channel varies according to the nature of the site selected
for the sump.

2) Sump:
A storage provision to collect filtered water from the tank through the filter channel
for storage and collection.

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3) Rain PC
Aqua Sure, a consortium of three specialist Netherlands-based companies, has developed a
system for the conversion of rainwater to drinking water in the form of a Rainwater Purification
Centre (Rain PC).

Rain PC is developed by scaling down the multi-staged water treatment method (MST),
which involves screening, flocculation sedimentation and filtration and incorporating existing
technologies like upward flow fine filtration, absorption and ion exchange. Coming in a small
compact 26 kg unit, the Rain PC offers an affordable solution by converting rainwater into drinking
water.

Rain PC is made of ultra violet resistant poly-ethylene housing and cover, stainless steel
rods and bolts, a nickel-brass valve and an adapter for maintaining constant volume. Xenotex -A
and activated carbon cartridges along with ultra membrane filtration or micro-membrane filtration
modules incorporated in the RainPC has the capacity to deal with E-coli and the potential of
meeting the Dutch as well as World Health Organisations (WHO) water regulation standards. The
components can also be transported individually to be assembled at the site. Three product types are
available based on their microbial contaminant removal capacity. This technology is ideally suited
for virtually any situation and is a blessing particularly for those who have little or no access to
regular safe drinking water.

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The salient features of Rain PC are:

Simple straight-forward installation

Easy to operate and maintain
Needs no power and operates at low gravity pressure (0.1 bars upward).
The system is capable of providing a constant flow of about 40 litres of rainwater per hour,
enough for a family of five for drinking, cooking and bathing purposes.
The Xenotex-A and activated carbon cartridge processes up to 20,000 litres and can be
regenerated up to 10 times.
Cost per 1000 litres is as low as140 to 210

4) Rainwater harvester:
EA Water Pvt. Ltd has launched a unique Rainwater Harvester, which filters runoff water
from roads, which generally contains oil and grease. This system has been installed in the
Gymkhana club, Sector-15, Faridabad, and Haryana. Rajit Malohtra, project in charge, of this
company explained that the water harvesting system installed at the club has a sand filter, which
filters silt from runoff harvested from roof, lawns and parking area. The cost of the filter is around
Rs 60,000.

For more details, contact

EA water PVT limited,

504 Empire Appartments,

Mehrauli-Gurgaon road,

Sultanpur,

New Delhi -110 030

Website: www.eawater.com

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FILTERS DEVELOPED BY WISY

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Filters Developed By WISY

Private companies such as WISY, based in Kefenrod in Germany, are playing an important
role in promoting rainwater use by developing pumps and filter devices to improve water quality.
WISY has developed a simple filter system, which can be attached to a standard household
downpipe. Under conditions in Germany (assuming a mean annual rainfall of 650mm/year), this can
divert and filter 90 per cent of the runoff from a roof area of up to 200 square metre.

(a) A filter collector diverts 90 percent of rainwater to a storage tank through a 0.17 mm
stainless steel mesh filter.

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(b) A larger vortex fine filter can cope with run-off from roof areas of up to 500 square
meters.

A floating fine suction filter for ensuring that the water pumped from the tank is extracted
from the cleanest part of the tank and is free of particulates has also been developed.

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7. Storage facility
There are various options available for the construction of these tanks with respect to the
shape, size and the material of construction.

Shape:

Cylindrical, rectangular and square

Material of construction:

Reinforced cement concrete, (RCC), Ferro cement (thin layer cement motor), masonry,
plastic (polyethylene) or metal (galvanised iron) sheets are commonly used.

Position of tank:

Depending on space availability these tanks could be constructed above ground, partly
underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures like cleaning and disinfection are
required to ensure the quality of water stored in the container.

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RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS AND ITS

FEATURES

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RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS AND ITS

FEATURES
Rainwater harvesting is a process of judiciously collecting rainwater from rooftop or
catchment area (land surfaces) engineered techniques and either storing it or recharging the ground
water sources before it is lost as runoff. The basic principle of rainwater harvesting system is to
channel rainwater from a catchment surface, convey through a distribution system (gutters,
downspouts and pipes) , filter it and then store it into storage tank; or the collected rainwater is
carefully diverted into earth for groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting system technique
required regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic.

Features of rainwater harvesting are

 Reduce urban flooding.
 Ease in constructing system in less time
 Economical cheaper in construction compared to other source,i.e.dams, diversion,etc.
 Rainwater harvesting is the ideal situation for those areas where there is inadequate ground
water supply or surface resources.

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METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

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Methods of rainwater harvesting

Broadly, there are two techniques of rainwater harvesting

A. Rooftop harvesting
B. Ground water recharge

A) Rooftop harvesting
In most of the buildings the roof is mead of reinforced cement Concrete (R.C.C.), Mangalore
tiles, Asbestos /galvanized iron/zinc sheets etc. The rooftop being built with significantly hard
material, large quantities of rainwater falling on them will runoff. Water from rain on rooftop can be
put to domestic use by collecting, filtering and storing it.

Rooftop harvesting process

a) Catchment / collecting:-

The surface that receives rainfall directly is called as catchment.

It can be sloping or flat roof.

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b) Channelling

Rainwater from rooftop is carried through down take pipes or drains to filter systems before
letting into storage tank. Water pipes should be UV resistance (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of required
capacity. The size of pipe and number of pipe for a building system depend on area of the roof and
the intensity of rainfall at any given place.

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B) Ground Water Recharge

The collection of rainwater from rooftop or ground level catchments and letting the
water to percolate into the ground by creating minor modifications using open space
available in and around residences, playground, open field, roads, etc. is called as ground
water recharge.
There are various methods of ground water recharging such as recharge pit, recharge
through abandoned dug well / open well, recharge trench, recharge shaft, recharge trench
with bore, etc. Few methods have been explained below:

a) Through Recharge Pit

This method is suitable where permeable strata are available at shallow depth. It is
adopted for buildings having roof area up to 100 m 2 Recharge pit of any shape is constructed
generally 1-2m wide and 2-3m deep. The pit is a filled with boundaries, gravel and sand for
filtration of rainwater. Water entering into rainwater harvesting structure should be silt free.
Top layer of sand in the filter should be cleaned periodically for better ingress of rainwater
into the subsoil.

b) Recharge through Abandoned Dug well/Open well

In this method, a dry/unused dug well can be used as a recharge structure. It is

suitable for buildings having rooftop area more than 100 m 2 recharge water is guided
through a pipe of 100 mm to the bottom of the well as in the figure below. Well cleaning and
desilting imperative before using it. Recharge water guided should be silt free, otherwise
filter should be provided. Well should be cleaned periodically and chlorinated to control
bacteriological contaminated.

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c) Through Recharge Trench

This method is used where permeable strata is available at shallow depth. It is suitable for
buildings having rooftop area between 200 and 300 m2 In this method, trench of 0.5 - 1.0 m wide, 1
- 1.5 m deep and of adequate length depending upon rooftop area and soil/ subsoil characteristics
should be constructed and filled with boulders, gravel and sand as shown in figure below. Cleaning
of a filter media should be done periodically.

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DESIGN OF STORAGE TANK CAPACITY IS

DEPENDENT ON MANY FACTORS

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Design of storage tank capacity is dependent on many factors

such as

 Number in the household/occupiers/users– The greater the number of persons, more will be
requirement of water.
 Average annual rainfall.
 Type and size of catchment – Dependent upon the type of roofing material, the runoff
coefficient varies which affects the effective yield from a catchment area. The size of
catchment also has a bearing on tank size.
 Matching the capacity of tank to the area roof.
 Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of cost, resources and construction
methods.
 Per capita requirement – varies from household to household, based on standard of living.
The requirement also varies with season. In summer the requirement is more as compare to
winter. similarlly, the per capita requirement is more in urban areas.
 Rainfall pattern – It has significant impact on capacity of storage tank. If the rainfall is
uniform is uniformly spread. Throughout the year, the requirement of storage capacity will
be less. But if the rainfall is concentrated to a limited period in a year, the storage tank of
higher capacity will be required.

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USES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDIA

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Uses of rainwater harvesting in INDIA

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building
to avoid groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched in 2001 and has been
implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural
areas create awareness about harvesting rainwater TN Govt. site. It gave excellent results
within five years, and slowly every state took it as a role model. Since its implementation,
Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly
improved.

Chennai

Is a metropolitan population 1, 30, 00,000 approx. according to 2018 census as a city lacks a
perennial water source catering the water requirements of the population has remained an
arduous task.
Ground water resource in Chennai is replenished by rain water and the city’s average
rainfall is 1,276 mm. Chennai receives about 985 million litres per day (mld) from various
sources against the required amount of 1,200 mld. The demand is expected to rise to 2,100
mld by 2031. Chennai was never a rain starved city but was water starved one from 1998 to
2003. There was a complete lack of awareness among both society and the state about the
need to sustain the ground water source through rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge.

Karnataka:

In Bangalore, adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for every owner or the occupier
of a building having the site area measuring 60 ft. (18.3 m) × 40 ft. (12.2 m) and above and
for newly constructed building measuring 30 ft. (9.1 m) × 40 ft. (12.2 m) and above
dimensions. In this regard, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated and
constructed “Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park” in the name of Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2
acres (4,900 m2) of land situated at Jayanagar, Bangalore. In this park, 26 different type of
rainwater harvesting models are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips.

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Rajasthan:

Rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practised by the people of the Thar Desert.
Many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan have now been revived. Water
harvesting systems are widely used in other areas of Rajasthan, as well, for example the
chauka system from the Jaipur district.

Maharashtra

At present, in Pune, rainwater harvesting is compulsory for any new housing society to be
registered.

On 14ThFeb 2002, water supply and sanitation department of Govt. Maharashtra has issued a
G.R approving rainwater harvesting has means of improving water supplies.The G.R details
various techniques of rainwater harvesting, their costing and availability of funds.In
furtherance municipal corporation of greater Mumbai has issued a circular insisting
provisions for rainwater harvesting while developing plots having area more than 1000
m2has I.O.D conditions from 1st Oct 2002. The design of rainwater harvesting system shall
be prepared by approved consultant in the field and shall be satisfactionof the corporation.
Further the all centrally air conditioned building shall have their own waste water treatment
plant and treated waste shall be used for cooling purpose.

In Mumbai, Maharashtra, rainwater harvesting is being considered as a good solution to

solve the water crisis.The Mumbai City council is planning to make rainwater harvesting
mandatory for large societies.

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REFERNCE WEBSITE

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Reference website

www.maharain.gov.in
www.rainwaterharvesting.org
www.wisy.de
www.google.com
www.youtube.com

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