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    Roots of Non-Linear Equations: (A) Method of Tabulation. (B) Bisection Method

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    Ahmed Bashir
    This document discusses methods for finding the real roots of nonlinear equations, beginning with an introduction to algebraic and transcendental equations. It then describes the method of tabulation to obtain an initial estimate of a root's location based on analyzing the sign of the function at interval endpoints. The main method discussed is bisection, which iteratively halves intervals to converge on a root by leveraging the intermediate value theorem. Two examples apply bisection to find roots of exponential-sine and exponential equations. Exercises at the end solve for roots of a polynomial and sine equations.

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    Roots of Non-Linear Equations: (A) Method of Tabulation. (B) Bisection Method

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Bashir
    27 views5 pages
    This document discusses methods for finding the real roots of nonlinear equations, beginning with an introduction to algebraic and transcendental equations. It then describes the method of tabulation to obtain an initial estimate of a root's location based on analyzing the sign of the function at interval endpoints. The main method discussed is bisection, which iteratively halves intervals to converge on a root by leveraging the intermediate value theorem. Two examples apply bisection to find roots of exponential-sine and exponential equations. Exercises at the end solve for roots of a polynomial and sine equations.

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    Bisection Method

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    This document discusses methods for finding the real roots of nonlinear equations, beginning with an introduction to algebraic and transcendental equations. It then describes the method of tabulation to obtain an initial estimate of a root's location based on analyzing the sign of the function at interval endpoints. The main method discussed is bisection, which iteratively halves intervals to converge on a root by leveraging the intermediate value theorem. Two examples apply bisection to find roots of exponential-sine and exponential equations. Exercises at the end solve for roots of a polynomial and sine equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views5 pages

    Roots of Non-Linear Equations: (A) Method of Tabulation. (B) Bisection Method

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Bashir
    This document discusses methods for finding the real roots of nonlinear equations, beginning with an introduction to algebraic and transcendental equations. It then describes the method of tabulation to obtain an initial estimate of a root's location based on analyzing the sign of the function at interval endpoints. The main method discussed is bisection, which iteratively halves intervals to converge on a root by leveraging the intermediate value theorem. Two examples apply bisection to find roots of exponential-sine and exponential equations. Exercises at the end solve for roots of a polynomial and sine equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    ROOTS OF

    NON-LINEAR
    EQUATIONS
    Lecture 1: (a) Method of tabulation.
    (b) Bisection method.
    1. Introduction
    In this section, we solve the equation of the form . The equation
    , will be called algebraic or transcendental according as f(x) is
    purely a polynomial in x or contains some other functions, such as
    trigonometric, logarithmic or exponential functions etc. For example

    is an algebraic equation and


    sin
    is a transcendental equation. Normally, it is assumed that f (x) is a
    continuous function.

    By finding the solution of the equation , we mean to find those


    values of for which f(x) = 0. Such values of x are called the roots or zeros
    of the equation . In this section, we will only concentrate on
    finding the real roots of the equation . Geometrically, by solving
    , we wish to find those points where the graph of crosses the
    x-axis. In other words, we are finding the points of intersection of the graph
    of with the x-axis (see figure below).
    2. Location of Roots
    There are various methods of solving the equation of the form
    whether algebraic or transcendental. With the help of these methods, we first
    find an approximate value of the root of the equation and then successively
    improve it. Here, we discuss only one method, namely the method of
    tabulation, to obtain the location of a root.

    Method of Tabulation: The method of tabulation is the application of the


    Bolzano’s theorem on continuity which states that if the function is
    continuous in the closed interval and if and are of
    opposite signs, then there exists at least one real root of
    between and .

    Geometrical Interpretation of the Method of Tabulation: If the graph of


    a continuous function lies above the x-axis at one end of an interval [a, b]
    and below the x-axis at another end, then it must cross the x-axis somewhere
    in between at least once.

    3. Method of Bisection
    This method is also based on Bolzano’s theorem on continuity. Let f(x) = 0
    has a root in [a, b], the function f(x) being continuous in [a, b]. Then, f (a)
    and are of opposite signs, i.e., .

    Let the middle point of If then is the root of


    = 0. Otherwise, either implying that the root lies in
    the interval ] or ). implying that the root lies in the
    interval ]. Thus, the interval is reduced from to either ] or
    . We rename it ].

    Let = , the middle point of If = 0, then is the root


    of Otherwise, either . implying that the root 
    or  the root  and so on. We continue in
    this manner and the process is repeated until the root is obtained to the
    desired accuracy.
    Example 1: Find by bisection method, a real positive root of 2 x  log10 ( x)  7 .
    Solution. We first get an approximate location by the method of tabulation.

    Here f ( x)  2 x  log10 ( x)  7 . Now f (1)  5, f (2)  3.3, f (3)  1.477,


    f (4)  0.3979  f (3).f (4)  0 , so that a root  lies in (3,4).

    Computation of  (3    4)

    n an (-ve) bn (+ve) an  bn f ( xn1 )


    xn1 
    2
    0 3 4 3.5 - 0.5441
    1 3.5 4 3.75 - 0.0740
    2 3.75 4 3.875 0.1617
    3 3.75 3.875 3.8125 0.0438
    4 3.75 3.8125 3.7813 - 0.0151
    5 3.7813 3.8125 3.7969 0.0143
    6 3.7813 3.7969 3.7891 - 0.0004
    7 3.7891 3.7969 3.7930 0.0070
    8 3.7891 3.7930 3.7910 0.0033
    Check 9 3.7891 3.7910 3.7910

    In the 8th step, an , bn and xn1 are equal to 3- significant figures. Therefore
      3.79. correct to three significant figures.
    Example 2: Find by bisection method, a real positive root of ex = sin(x).

    Solution. We first get an approximate location by the method of tabulation.

    Here f(x) = ex  sin(x). Now f (0)  1, f (1)   0.47, f (0.5)  0.13,f (0.6)   0.016
     f (0.5).f (0.6)  0 , so that a root  lies in (0.5,0.6).

    Computation of  (0.5    0.6)

    n an (-ve) bn (+ve) an  bn f ( xn1 )


    xn1 
    2
    0 0.5 0.6 0.55 0.05426
    1 0.55 0.6 0.575 0.01897
    2 0.575 0.6 0.5875 0.001433
    3 0.5875 0.6 0.593750 -0.007221
    4 0.5875 0.593750 0.590625 -0.002899
    5 0.5875 0.590625 0.589063 -0.000735
    6 0.5875 0.589063 0.588281 0.000349
    7 0.588281 0.589063 0.588672 -0.000193
    8 0.588281 0.588672 0.588477 0.000078
    9 0.588477 0.588672 0.588574 -0.000058
    10 0.588517 0.588574 0.588526 0.000010
    Check 11 0.588526 0.588574 0.588550

    In the 10th step, an , bn and xn1 are equal to 3- significant figures. Therefore
      0.589 correct to three significant figures.

    Exercise 1: Find a real root of x3 + x2 + x + 7 = 0 by the method of bisection,


    correct to three significant figures. (Ans. 2.11)

    Exercise 2: Find a real root of sin(x) = 10 (x 1) by the method of bisection,


    correct to three significant figures. (Ans. 1.09)

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