Benitez 1

Victoria Benitez
June 08, 2021
G/T Independent Research
References
Abbeduto, Leonard et al. "The fragile X syndrome-autism comorbidity: what do we really know?."
Frontiers in genetics vol. 5 355. 16 Oct. 2014, doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00355
                 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a common comorbid condition in individuals with
fragile X syndrome. The data in the study suggests important differences between FXS and
non-syndromic ASD that are masked by the reliance on the categorical diagnosis of ASD. Five
types of data collected in the study include individual symptoms, non-correlated behaviors and
impairments, the developmental trajectory of ASD symptoms, differences between ASD and
FXS or simply an FXS diagnosis, and neurobiological underpinnings of ASD in FXS. Based
on IQ studies, individuals with FXS and a comorbid ASD diagnosis had a lower IQ compared
to individuals with non-syndromic ASD. The relationship is largely accounted for by the
influence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) on both variables. Secondly, young
boys with FXS, based on another study, are more socially responsive and less likely to engage
in atypical communicative behavior than boys with non-syndromic ASD. With the
understanding from several studies, individuals with FXS who are diagnosed with ASD have
less severe impairments in terms of social and communication symptoms than those diagnosed
with ASD.
This source is the accumulation of several studies which questioned the similarities and
differences between ASD with comorbidity to Fragile X Syndrome and non-syndromic ASD.
This source broadened the knowledge on one of the many disorders which are comorbid with
Autism Spectrum Disorder. It also circulated further questions in which path of research in the
Autism Spectrum realm the research project should execute. The source has reliability based
on the container site, but there will be further corroboration on this assumption.
[Apple vs. Microsoft]. (n.d.). Macworld.
https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/imac-pro-vs-microsoft-surface-studio-3660158/
                 The image is of a Microsoft computer side by side with an apple computer. There is
no distinctive description that adds to the author, the title of the image, or the date that it was
taken. The image has a blank (white) background to focus on the different types of computers.
This image helps assist the definition and analogy that is described in my final project. It
provides a visual for the topic that I am discussing, specifically the different ways individuals
process information.
Arnett, Anne B., et al. "The State of Research on the Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorder:
Methodological, Clinical and Conceptual Progress." Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 27, June
2019, pp. 1–5. PubMed Central, doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.004.
                 Genomic sequencing has revealed variations and mutations in the genes that may
account for more than 30% of ASD cases. Wing and Gould identified three distinct phenotypes
characterized by "aloof", "active but odd", and "passive" social profiles. Classification of
autism has experienced many modifications since then. Most notably the subtypes in the
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Heritabilities are
estimated to range from 50-90% and rates of recurrence among non-twin siblings are 20%.
Increased statistical power has found strong phenotypic correlations with broad ranges of
genetic loci. CHD8 was a genetic subtype more unique to ASD (≥ 87%) than intellectual
disability (~60%). SCN2A is also a subtype located and leads to gain-of-function or
loss-of-function effects. Networks of family groups associated with genetic subtypes have
helped to identify genetic subtypes such as DYRK1A, ADNP, and FOXP1.
This journal article discussed the genetic discoveries that have occurred with regards to
autism. It also gives insight into the percentage of certain loci which have a greater correlation
to autism cases. This source was a compilation of different resources discussing different
genetic subtypes and other genetic possibilities with regards to the origin of autism. This
source would be considered reliable, as the authors are faculty who work at a university in the
development center. I consider this source to be unbiased, and strictly discussing the research
that has been conducted.
Asperger para Asperger. (2017, May 31). Suceden cosas asombrosas (Entendiendo el autismo) [Video].
YouTube. https://youtu.be/wex4aLnDZVw
                 Every brain is different and behaves differently. This includes variations in our
feelings or the way we communicate. In some cases, our brain is wired differently, causing
interferences in some of our senses. It can become difficult to respond, react to social cues, or
interact with others. Autism can also make certain tasks that are easy for neurotypical
individuals very simple and the opposite can be said as well. Our brain constantly sends
information to our brain. When our brain and our senses do not communicate well, it can
become overwhelming and confusing. We all have ways to cope with these difficult situations,
and those with autism can cope a bit differently. Autism is not an illness or disease, but a
different way to see the world.
This source is a video titled "Suceden Cosas Asombrosas (Entendiendo el Autismo)" which
translates to "Amazing Things Happen (Understanding Autism)". This video discusses in an
easy-to-understand format what it is to have autism. It helps neurotypical individuals to
understand what autism is. This video will be used in the final project especially because it is
in Spanish, and will be easy to understand for Spanish speakers. This source is biased, as it
tries to sway the audience to think of autism in a certain way, but it would be considered a
positive bias especially for my research. This source needs to be reviewed for reliability, but
from my understanding, it is reliable. The source is up to date and has other sources to go
along with it.
Autism Speaks Staff. (n.d.). Early Start Denver Model (ESDM). Autism Speaks. Retrieved May 25, 2021,
from https://www.autismspeaks.org/early-start-denver-model-esdm
                 The Early Start Denver Model is a behavioral therapy for children between the
edges of 12-48 months. It is a branch of applied behavior analysis, which focuses on building
positive relationships. It is meant to improve language, social, and cognitive skills. These
services can be provided at clinics, schools, or both in individual or group settings. These
therapies can also be provided by different health professionals including Psychologists,
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Behavior Specialists (BCBA), Occupational therapists, Speech and language pathologists,

early intervention specialists, and Developmental pediatricians. Studies have been conducted
to determine the validity of this treatment, which have found that there are many benefits
including children across a wide range of learning abilities.
The article discusses what the Early Start Denver Model is and how to access this treatment.
Specifically, it described in general what the ESDM is, and how it benefits a child. This source
is unbiased and does not provide a further opinion if the model is the best or most effective in
comparison to other methods. This is relevant information to my topic of research, as I explain
the different methods of therapy.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Links to other websites. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/links.html
                 A web page with different sources about autism. The sources vary from information
for parents to resources for researchers. In some groups, this web page caters to our families,
educators, researchers, and adults with autism. The resources for families include financial
resources for health care, disaster planning, assistive technology, healthcare providers,
screening and diagnosis, and early intervention. Sources compiled are from government
organizations or other organizations that focus on autism awareness and autism research.
This source has many sources to various information sources that would be useful to include
in the final project. This is mainly good to find more information on autism to present to the
target audience. There is a certain reconsideration of sources such as Autism Speaks, that do
not completely endorse ideas that the autism community is in favor of. This source will be
considered. There is a possibility that this source has information surrounding general
knowledge, but further information must be considered before being used. This source is
reliable because of its status as a notable national source. This source is also somewhat biased
in the sources that it provides, but this will be considered before using this source for the final
project.
Burgess, R. (2019, March 5). Understanding the spectrum – a comic strip explanation. The Art of Autism.
Retrieved April 7, 2021, from
https://the-art-of-autism.com/understanding-the-spectrum-a-comic-strip-explanation/
                 It is believed that the spectrum is a line with "not autistic" and "very autistic". A
linear example does not completely present the information correctly. The language is very
vague. It can cause confusion in the situations a person is able to handle. Using a color wheel
better represents the neurodiversity in areas of the brain of an autistic individual. These factors
considered in the wheel include language, motor skills, sensory skills/filters, executive
functions, and perception. The spectrum consists of many different "traits", or ways in which
the brain processes information. Traits can vary depending on the individual and
circumstances.
"Understanding The Spectrum – A Comic Strip Explanation" is a web page containing a
comic strip describing what the "spectrum" is and how it can be used to identify an
individual's ability to react to different situations. This source is very accessible containing
different languages (including Spanish) and easy to understand format. This source is biased
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and is meant to purvey the superiority of the "color wheel" spectrum. Yet, I find this source
reliable because there are other sources that use this same spectrum or a variation of this
diagram.
CC0 Public Domain. (2019, May 29). [Parents and Child]. PHYS.org.
https://phys.org/news/2019-05-parents-kids.html
                 This is an image of two parents, a man, and a woman, holding onto the hands of a
toddler in a yellow hoodie. They are walking down a path with trees and leaves along each
side.
This image will be used to describe the parental factors which may contribute to the
development of autism. This will help to create a better understanding of the topic and be
more visually appealing. This source is biased, specifically the article that it is included in.
But, the source seems to be reliable especially because of the .org which indicates some
validity to the source.
CDC. "Treatment | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD | CDC." Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 23 Sept. 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html.
                 There is no cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, but there are ways to reduce
symptoms, improve cognitive ability and daily living skills, and maximize the ability of the
child to function and participate in social situations. Some treatments include behavior and
communication approaches, dietary approaches, medication, and complementary and
alternative medicine. Under the subdivision of Behavior and Communication Approaches,
there is Discrete Trial Training, Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention, and Early Start
Denver Model. For children between 12 and 48 months, there are programs such as Pivotal
Response Training and Verbal Behavior Intervention to improve their social, language, and
cognitive skills. Other therapies that can be a part of the treatment program include Assistive
Technology using Picture Exchange Communication System, Occupational Therapy, and
Speech Therapy to name a few.
This source discusses the various treatment options available in helping a child with autism.
This includes several approaches with assistive options which can go hand-in-hand with other
treatments. This is important specifically to my research, as it gives those not as well-read on
the subject to understand the best treatment options depending on the circumstance. This
source is unbiased and includes various treatments without promoting one option. It also is
from a reliable source, the Centers for Disease Control.
CDC Staff. (n.d.). Diagnostic criteria for 299.00 autism spectrum disorder. Center for Disease Control
and Prevention. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-dsm.html
                 A diagnostic criterion is used for Autism Spectrum Disorder. This criteria comes
from DSM-5 and is characterized by persistent deficits in each of three areas of social
communication and interaction plus two to four restrictions, and repetitive behaviors.
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
include deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and
maintaining or forming relationships. Other behaviors which are characteristics of ASD
include stereotypical or repetitive motor movements, inflexibility, highly fixated interests, and
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hyper/hypoactivity. These symptoms must be present during the development period, must
have clinical significance, and must not be better explained by intellectual disability or global
developmental delay.
This source describes the different factors which must be considered prior to an autism
diagnosis. This source will be used to use Hispanics to identify autism in their children early
on. This source is reliable because it is from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
This source also referenced the book the criterion was coming from. This source is unbiased,
and only describes the criterion used to diagnose an individual with autism.
Center for Health Journalism. (n.d.). Familias latinas afectadas por el autismo enfrentan un laberinto de
barreras. Center for Health Journalism. Retrieved February 11, 2021, from
https://centerforhealthjournalism.org/content/familias-latinas-afectadas-por-el-autismo-enfrentan-
un-laberinto-de-barreras
                 Without extensive vocabulary in English, it was difficult for a Latina mother to fill
out forms or make calls. This mother wanted more information but was unable to use a
computer. There are many barriers, low-income immigrant families, with little knowledge of
English. Martha had to leave her job because they were mistreating her son Josue, who had
been diagnosed with autism. These are some stories of immigrant parents who struggle to find
the needed resources for their child with autism. There has been a 110% in cases of Hispanics
with Autism, but registered cases are much lower than white. Communication issues, lack of
knowledge in regards to autism, a new medical system, the immigrant status, and
socioeconomic status, and diminished access to medical professionals become the perfect
storm to leave Latino children at a disadvantage when identifying ASD. Many Hispanic
families reported in a survey that with any disability, many doctors would ignore them. Fear
due to immigrant status can also be an issue when reaching out for assistance.
This article discusses the challenges specifically immigrant families face when identifying
autism in a child. Many factors contribute to this disparity including lack of education,
socioeconomic status, and general fear. It is important to note the language barrier and its
imperative role in the late diagnosis of Latino children with ASD. This source came from a
blog from the University of Southern California Center for Health Journalism. I would
consider this article reliable because of the corroboration from previous articles I have read.
My only concern arises from the lack of references or citations to support the claims. I would
generally use this source more for the personal experiences described.
Centers for Disease Control. (2020, March 31). Through the years: Autism prevalence rate [Chart].
Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center (SARRC).
https://www.autismcenter.org/prevalence-autism-increases-10-1-54-children
                 The image depicts the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder through the years
from 2004 to 2020. The graph demonstrates a steady increase in the prevalence of autism in
8-year-old children. It also notes that the prevalence estimates are for 4 years prior to the
report data.
This graph is a depiction of important statistics that are useful in explaining autism and raising
awareness of the disorder. This also relates to the possible factors related to the causes. There
 Benitez 6

will have to be further deliberation on the reliability of the source. Although it proclaims that it
is a source from the Centers for Disease Control and it comes from a reliable source, the graph
does not implicate a certain source of origin. This source is unbiased and presents data. The
only possible bias could be in the estimation of the report data. Again, this must be further
corroborated.
Children's Doctor. (2017, July 1). Autism's clinical companions: Frequent comorbidities with ASD.
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Retrieved April 15, 2021, from
https://www.chop.edu/news/autism-s-clinical-companions-frequent-comorbidities-asd#:~:text=A
DHD%2C%20anxiety%2C%20and%20depression%20
are,they%20become%20more%20self%2Daware.
                 Autism Spectrum Disorder has various comorbid physical and mental health
conditions. Some conditions comorbid with autism include epilepsy/seizures, sleeping
disorders/disturbances, ADHD, gastrointestinal disorders, feeding/eating challenges, obesity,
anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. The co-occurring issues cannot be predicted on if
they will occur or not, or when they will appear or diminish. It makes it difficult to determine
whether the behaviors are caused by Autism Spectrum Disorder or by a co-occurring
condition. Epilepsy affects 25% to 40% of patients with ASD. Epilepsy comes with abrupt
changes in behavior. Depending on the source of information, on average, gastrointestinal
disorders affect as many as 85% of patients with autism. Patients with autism may reveal these
conditions through the arching of their back, pressing of the belly, or gritting of teeth. There
may be feeding or eating challenges concerning picky eaters. Selective eating and obesity are
very common issues that affect the feeding and eating of patients with ASD. Chronic sleep
problems affect 50% to 80% of children with autism. These issues affect both the patient and
their parents/guardians. Lastly, as many as 85% of children with autism have a comorbid
psychiatric diagnosis. ADHD, anxiety, and depression are the most common of these
comorbid diagnoses.
The article discusses conditions that may arise in children with autism. Although it is not
specified, many cases of autism have some form of comorbidity to psychiatric,
gastrointestinal/nutritional, or physical conditions. These conditions may even become difficult
to diagnose because of their similarities to reactions from autism itself. I think that this source
had a lot of great brief information on the topic of comorbidities. For my research, I find that I
will put this information to good use. The source seems reliable because it includes the
references of information, and is from a hospital that specializes in pediatric cases. This source
is relatively new (2017), and will help to further portray my argument. This source is strictly
unbiased and does not try to portray an argument or opinion. These comorbid conditions can
be verified by other sources in my research, although they may not be explicitly discussed.
Frith, Uta, and Francesca Happé. "Autism spectrum disorder." Current Biology 15.19 (2005): R786-R790.
Accessed 7 Feb. 2021.
                 Autism spectrum disorder is a development disorder that is identified through social
and communication impairments early on and repetitive behaviors, interests, and routines. In
the 1960s, the first systematic studies were carried out were 4 per 10,000 while current
 Benitez 7

predictions for the autism spectrum are 60 per 10,000. There has been consideration of an
epidemic because of the 15-fold increase. Widened diagnostic provisions resulted in higher
prevalences of identified cases. The most consistently implicated sites for identification
include chromosomes 2q, 7q, and 15q. The most recent finding includes that increased brain
size (both volume and weight) correlated with ASD. Brain increase is not present at birth but
arises during early childhood. "Theory of mind" is considered when one with autism appears
to be "mind blind" while the rest of us "read minds" in recognizing what others know, want,
and feel. Another identified symptom is "islets of ability" where almost every individual with
ASD is surprisingly good at something given their general level of ability: jigsaw-type tasks,
rote memory for facts, or spotting small changes. Future autism research includes bottom-up
and top-down research.
With this article, I was able to begin understanding the current Autism research taking place.
This includes the discussion of symptoms, autism at the molecular level, and differing theories
on the disorder. As a beginning reference, it covered topics vaguely. The article also consisted
of sections such as "Ape Alert" and "Chemical stimuli induce courtship dominance in
Drosophila" which did not correlate to the article. This source was unbiased, explaining
several theories on the disorder, but persisting in persuading the reader. Based on my general
knowledge of the topic, this source is reliable. Corroboration will be the determining factor of
its reliability.
General, G. (2016, October 15). [Air Pollution]. JENCAP.
https://geneseeins.com/prevent-environmental-pollution/
                 The image shows a factory with smokestacks and the fumes being emitted. The
image shows a city in the distance, and trees near the front of the smokestacks.
This image is important for explaining the environmental factors which contribute to the
development of autism. This does not truly provide an opinion of air pollution, but rather is
simply an image that is being used to depict smokestacks. The source is reliable because it was
found on a side which focuses on fighting environmental pollution,
Getty. (2017, January 30). A pregnant person [Photograph]. Metro.
https://metro.co.uk/2017/01/30/doctors-warned-not-to-say-expectant-mothers-in-case-it-offends-tr
ansgender-people-6415394/
                 This image depicts an expecting mother, holding her pregnant belly.
This image will be used to describe the maternal factors which can relate to the development
of autism. This came from a source that needs greater determination of its reliability, but the
article to which the photo is added is biased. However, for my project, this will not be an issue.
Getty Images. (n.d.). [Immigration]. Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-surprising-factor-for-immigrant-success-1498517898
                 The image has the backdrop of the Statue of Liberty. If front, like a bridge, the flag
is displayed with individuals walking over this bridge of different colors ranging from blue to
green.
This image will help portray the theme of immigration status in the topic of barriers for
receiving proper resources for a child with autism. This will help to portray the topic of
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immigration, and how it can affect the resources available. The image is biased and is coming
from a reliable source.
Guía De Práctica Clínica Para El Manejo De Pacientes Con Trastornos Del Espectro Autista En Atención
Primaria: Versión Resumida. E-book, Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 2009.
                 There may be different emotions, initial doubt, and other sentiments when an autism
diagnosis takes place. For a family, there is initial shock and difficulty which is experienced.
But, with time parents will feel better. Information about the diagnosis and how you further
navigate this general understanding will influence the life of a child with autism. Autism
usually affects one's ability to communicate, interact socially, and restricted interests or
behaviors. Generally, children with autism demonstrate normal physical appearances, but what
is most affected is their behavior. Occasionally, autism is comorbid with other health
conditions including epilepsy, cognitive disabilities, challenges with movement, auditory and
ocular alterations, hyperactivity, anxiety, insomnia, etc.
This is a great source in Spanish which is an explanation for parents regarding autism. It
focuses on the importance of understanding the disorder before misjudging it. It also adds
different subtopics concerning certain challenges, debunking certain causes of autism, the
importance of education on autism, and others. This source is reliable as it comes from a
Spanish government-based organization. I am apprehensive about the inclusion of Autism
Speaks because of its reputation. This source was biased, it was trying to break the prejudice
of autism.
Gyawali, S., & Patra, B. N. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder: Trends in research exploring
etiopathogenesis. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12860
                 Various factors have been explored and continued to be explored when considering
the possible causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder. There were greater implications of
heritability in older evidence, but more environmental concerns continue to emerge as possible
areas for research. Dozens of studies are considered, and their relevance to genetic causes,
environmental causes, or possibly causes due to maternal exposures. Heritability is considered,
as well as the possible genes and areas in the chromosome that may be affected when autism
develops. DNA methylation is also assessed. Studies with fMRI are also used to assess the
brain and the development of the brain in children with autism. Other factors including the
parent's ages relative to the birth of the child, exposures to environmental and other medical
substances were considered. Many results were found surrounding these, but the positivity in
these results further demonstrates the broadness of possible causes in regards to Autism
Spectrum Disorder.
This source can be described as extensive and detailed. There was much information on
dozens of studies conducted to understand the causes of ASD. This included many different
possible aspects and their relation to the disorder. It was a bit difficult to understand at times
because of my lack of knowledge in certain terminology. This will be identified due to its
implications when considering the validity of the journal. This source was credible as it is
somewhat current, the authors were reliable, and as well-referenced their sources. There is
more consideration in further research to understand the information on the brain, which was
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difficult to understand at times. This source very much considered all angles of the studies,
making this source unbiased.
Hartmann, Kathrin, et al. "Autism Spectrum Disorder in Latin American Families: Experiences in Chile."
Families, Systems & Health, vol. 36, no. 2, 2018, p. 169+. Gale In Context: High School,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A544602246/SUIC?u=col41078&sid=SUIC&xid=c71694fe. Accessed 11
Feb. 2021.
                 A study in 2018 was conducted to investigate the relationships between severity of
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits, community support, and family factors. This study
considered the importance of traditional values in Latino American families including
familismo. Based on prior knowledge of how stigma greatly impacts the lives of individuals
with mental disorders, a study was conducted to understand these factors and how they may be
attributed to this stigma. Stigma and autism indicate fear or the development of shame, guilt,
or embarrassment for the caregiver when a child displays difficulties outside of the house. How
this may affect the social behaviors of the families was also considered. The study found
families who recognize more stigma with regards to their child, may not pursue support from
their physicians. This increases stress concerning the child's challenges, and further increases
family isolation. As future studies are conducted, these studies will include more inclusivity in
race. This study was meant to study the relationship between mental health and Latino culture.
The study was meant to implicate the importance of intervention for both the child with ASD
and the family.
This source had great evidence in regards to statistics. This helped further solidify the
perception of Latinos and the effect it has on a child with autism. More importantly, it was
very much an extensive explanation that helped to consider different variables with regards to
race implications, misconceived thoughts before the study, etc. I believe this source was
reliable as its origin was the American Psychological Association. This source is relatively
more recent, it being a study from 2018. The source did not consider the opposing opinion but
is relatively what would be considered credible information. Further considerations on the
reliability of the source may occur depending on the corroboration of the information in the
study.
Introduction to autism. (2013, March 9). Autism Spectrum Explained. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from
https://www.autismspectrumexplained.com/introduction-to-autism.html
                 Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It causes individuals to process things a
little differently from neurotypical individuals. Autistic individuals can vary inabilities to
concentrate, show passions for special interests, pay attention to details, and insight into social
patterns (social skills, communication, sensory problem, and trouble changing routines).
Previously used as an "umbrella" of Autism with the following disorders: classic autism,
PDD-NOS, and Asperger syndrome. The umbrella represented the many different autism
spectrum disorders that fell under the larger label of developmental disorders. The
organization that defines these diagnoses noticed the difference between disorders was subtle
and many diagnoses were used interchangeably, This resulted in the Autism Spectrum.
This web page describes what the spectrum is and what disorders are included in the spectrum.
 Benitez 10

This source also discusses the changes that were made in the spectrum in previous years. The
information can also be found in Spanish, which further helps the reader understand the
information being presented. This source is biased because it is trying to persuade the reader
that newer diagnostic standards are better. But, I believe this is reliable because of
corroboration with other reliable sources (e.g. CDC). The author has questionable reliability
because the writer is a speech therapist rather than a psychologist. But, again, the
corroboration of the information was completed to ensure that the information is reliable.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved May 18,
2021, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940
                 GERD is a gastroesophageal reflux disease. This is when stomach acid frequently
flows back into the esophagus, irritating the lining of the esophagus. Mild acid reflux could
occur at least twice a week or more severe cases occurring at least once a week. Symptoms of
GERD include chest pain, a burning sensation in the chest and can become worse at night,
difficulty swallowing among others.
This source provides general information regarding GERD. This will be used to describe one
of the comorbidities of autism, which is GI conditions. I wanted to provide more information
on GERD since it is simply an acronym, and sometimes it can be difficult for people to
identify it because they are unsure of what it is. This source is reliable as it is Mayo Clinic, and
the source is unbiased, simply providing information to educate the public.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Comorbid. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved May 18, 2021, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comorbid
                 The definition of comorbidity. This is a definition of the term used to describe the
co-occurring medical conditions which occur in an individual.
This source helps to clarify the definition of comorbidity, and further understand the concepts
of my research. This source is unbiased, and simply creates the definitions of terms.
Minnesota DHS. (2018, July 19). On the autism spectrum latino community [Video]. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/lUv77d0estc
                 Autism is a neurological condition that presents itself throughout the birth and the
first three years of a child's life. Examination for a possible diagnosis for Autism Spectrum
Disorder is detailed and is conducted by a multidisciplinary group. This includes
psychologists, psychiatrists, or therapists. Autism affects a child's communication skills and
his or her ability to form relationships. Other symptoms can include repetitive phrases,
restricted interests, or uncommon interests. They often must follow a detailed routine, and any
changes from this routine may irritate them. Latino families may find it difficult to understand
Autism Spectrum Disorder because of the lack of knowledge on the topic. They are considered
to be related to familial issues or negligence in a child's childhood. Accessing information and
resources early on is important in the development of a child with ASD. There is a lot of
blaming in the Latino community with regards to ASD. It is believed that it may be the fault of
the parents. This translated into isolation from society and very little was discussed on the
topic. There are many resources available at present for children. This includes Early Intensive
Developmental and Behavioral Intervention and Therapeutic Services and Supports.
 Benitez 11

The video included many stories from Latino parents who have children with Autism. It also
included many professionals who have devoted their lives to supporting the Autism Spectrum
Disorder community. Generally, this video discussed the resources available and what ASD
means to the Latino community. This source was relatively reliable. The sources of
information either had a personal connection or credibility in ASD research. This video is
important in understanding the impacts of ASD on the Latino community and the perception
of the disorder in the community. It will further help to expand the research.
NIEHS NIH Staff. (n.d.). Autism. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved June 4,
2021, from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/autism/index.cfm
                 Autism affects 1 in 54 children. It becomes difficult to communicate and have social
interactions and may entail restricted interest and repetitive behaviors. Some risk factors
include a sibling with autism, an older parent, certain genetic conditions such as Down, fragile
X, and Rett syndromes. The causes of autism are not well-understood. Some scientists have
found rare gene changes, gene mutations, as well as common genetic variations. Some
environmental factors may include advanced parental age, prenatal exposure to air pollution,
maternal obesity and other conditions, extreme, and any difficulty causing periods of oxygen
deprivation to the baby's brain.
This source discusses the causes of autism in greater simplicity which will further help me
identify and explain them in my project. I hope to use this information to further create an
understandable, accessible project for the Latin community. This source is reliable as it is a
national health organization and it is unbiased. It only plainly tries to make sense of what the
possible causes of autism are.
Nightingale, L. (n.d.). Autism [Illustration]. OSF Healthcare.
https://www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/the-autism-spectrum-explained/
                 This image is of a green background with a child's head (gray color). Inside of the
child's head, there are puzzles, each with a letter spelling out "AUTISM". The image is born
digital and portrays the topic of autism.
This image will help facilitate the topic of the page that it will be featured on. The image
hones in on the general topic of autism with clear simplicity. This image does not bring any
other aspect except to facilitate the visual understanding that said page will be discussing
autism.
NIMH.com. "Autism Spectrum Disorder." Edited by NIMH.com. National Institute of Mental Health,
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml. Accessed 7 Feb.
2021.
                 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that affects communication
and behavior. This can become apparent within the first two years of life. This can include
symptoms such as difficulty with communication and interaction with other people and
restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD is a lifelong disorder, but treatments and
services can help to improve a person's symptoms. Some common symptoms include
inconsistent eye contact, repetitive behaviors, intense interests in certain topics, sleep
problems and irritability, and success in subjects of study (math, science, music, or art).
 Benitez 12

Research suggests that genes can act together with the environment to affect the development
or increase its development. Having a sibling with ASD, an older parent, or having certain
genetic conditionals can increase the likelihood of developing Autism Spectrum Disorder. The
diagnosis of children includes a two-stage process. Subtle communication difficulties and
other social skills may help to diagnose older children and adolescents with ASD. With
regards to adults, it becomes increasingly difficult to form a diagnosis. Diagnosis in older
adults can overlap with symptoms of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety or
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This web page discussed the disorder, the symptoms, and the diagnosis process. This source
included a bulk of information on possible challenges or symptoms that may develop
throughout the life of an individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It also went into detail in
regards to the diagnosis process and how this process may differ depending on the age group.
The information comes from a reliable source, the National Institute of Mental Health, a
government-funded organization that studies mental illnesses and developmental disorders.
This course was rather a reference source to help further understand other articles and medical
journals.
PBS Newshour. (2011, April 19). Autism's causes: How close are we to solving the puzzle? [Video].
YouTube. https://youtu.be/S8w5oWzZnZQ
                 Autism affects 1 in 110 children in the US based on 2011 data. Based on studies,
there is no single cause for Autism. Autism is multifaceted, meaning there are so many
contributing factors and subgroups. From our previous understanding, multiple genes increase
risk. Children have various comorbid problems. There are coordination problems at different
levels of the brain, and problems with synchronization. There are 20 or more genes that can
cause or are linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder, but any single gene is only linked to 1 to 2
percent of all cases diagnosed. One undisputable statement is that ASD is a problem in
communication between cells in the brain. There may be genetic factors, but there are most
likely non-inheritable aspects. This includes environmental, lifestyle, and exposure factors to
name a few. Additionally, there are a lot of environmental factors that are overwhelming our
ability to cope metabolically, overwhelming the immune system. There may also be a genetic
and immune subgroup, but there is a gap in statistical power to verify. Lastly, the relationship
between the brain, immune system, and gut are crucial in the continuation of Autism Spectrum
Disorder research.
The video had generalized information on possible causes for Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is
a source that will help guide the research being conducted. This video was published in the
year 2011, so there may be discrepancies in the information because of how quickly science
evolves. It also puts environmental factors into consideration for further research. This source
seems very credible, including the production company (PBS) and the guest speakers. The
guest speakers have influential roles in Autism research and are researchers with credible
documentation (i.e. their location of research).
[Puzzle Pieces]. (n.d.). Inside Business.
http://insidebusiness.co.zw/the-importance-of-closing-knowledge-gaps-in-african-agriculture/
 Benitez 13

                 The image is an array of white puzzle pieces with one puzzle piece missing,
indicated by the black space which is where the white puzzle piece should be.
This image is important as a visual aspect of one of my website's pages. This image does not
portray bias. The reliability of the site of origin is debatable, but its usage will not affect the
integrity of my research product.
Rylaarsdam, L., & Guemez-Gamboa, A. (2019, August 20). [Examples of Genetic Modulators]. Frontiers
in Cellular Neuroscience. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385/full
                 Image depicting the different factors which contribute to the genetic susceptibility
of an individual concerning autism. This is demonstrated by images of environmental impacts,
sex-linked modifiers, double-hit mutations, copy number variations, epigenetic factors, etc.
These factors are shown with the loci or the title of the genes that are affected within a
chromosome.
This is a great source, which highly relies on the images. This is important because of its
purpose in being used with the Hispanic community. This infographic will be easier to
translate because of the fewer number of words. The words are very much easy to understand
as well. This source is informative and unbiased. This source is reliable. It should be
considered that the authors of this image were college students. Although this is true, the
article was also reviewed and edited by postgraduate students.
Saldarriaga, Wilmar et al. "Fragile X syndrome." Colombia medica (Cali, Colombia) vol. 45,4 190-8. 30
Dec. 2014
                 Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic disorder located on the X-chromosomes. There is a
CGG trinucleotide expansion, in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene locus Xq27.3. Some
characteristics of FXS include intellectual disability, autism, hyperactivity, long face, large or
prominent ears, and macroorchidism at puberty and thereafter. It is the most common inherited
cause of intellectual disability. It is a dynamic mutation that includes the expansion of the
CGG repeat. Carriers can range from 55 to 200 repeats. This continues to expand until the full
mutation is passed on from the mother to her child. According to the data in the study, one per
5,000 men and one per 4,000 to 6,000 women. The heritability is that the syndrome does not
follow the Mendelian inheritance pattern, but is dependent on the trinucleotide CGG repeats
within the promoter of the FMR1 gene.
Going in-depth, this source discusses Fragile X Syndrome, its inheritability, defining
characteristics, and the general genetic information about its location on the x chromosome.
This source as well had many references to studies and data that could help propel the research
project. This source had less of a focus on the topic of Autism, but it will help to narrow down
the topic of research. Based on my previous knowledge on the subject, the journal seems to be
reliable. This source included some vocabulary that one was not well-acquainted with, so
further research will be needed on the topic.
Signs of autism [Image]. (n.d.). Integrity Inc.
https://www.integrityinc.org/signs-symptoms-of-high-functioning-autism/
                 Certain signs of autism include physical expressions and difficulty communicating
among other signs. The following signs are exhibited in the image: communication issues,
 Benitez 14

prefer to be alone, trouble interpreting what others feel, repetitive movements or speech
patterns, avoiding eye contact, sensitivity to loud noises, eccentric way of moving. The poster
demonstrates these signs with images to portray what these situations may look like.
This source depicts the signs of autism and how these signs may be expressed. This will be
used in the final project to help individuals better identify early-on autism in their children.
This poster has more words, which will be translated to help Spanish-speaking families
understand the poster. This source is a bit biased, specifically in the signs of autism described
as there are most likely more or different types of signs which are not included. The
descriptions of the signs can also have biased connotations. Considering this, one would
consider this image reliable, as It portrays correct signs of autism, as corroborated by other
sources.
TherapistAid.com. (2015). The Human Brain [Image]. Therapist Aid.
https://www.therapistaid.com/therapy-worksheet/the-human-brain-diagram/art/none
                 This image is of the human brain. It shows different parts of the brain including the
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, and brainstem. These
parts of the brain are labeled and color-coded. Including this, the frontal lobe suppresses
socially inappropriate behaviors and creates distinctions between good and bad behaviors. The
temporal lobe focuses on the interpretation of sound and the recognition of objects and visual
memory. The brainstem moves information between the brain and body. The parietal lobe
assists with the interpretation of toughness. This also helps understanding, shapes, space,
objects, and relationships. Occipital lobes make sense of information. The cerebellum
manages to balance and voluntary motor skills.
This image of the brain is very helpful in showing the parts of the brain and how each part
functions. This source is reliable, as their website focuses on therapy and resources for
therapists. This image also will help to clarify my discussion on the brain and autism's impacts
on the brain.
Tremblay, M. W., & Jiang, Y. H. (2019). DNA Methylation and Susceptibility to Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Annual review of medicine, 70, 151–166.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-120417-091431
                 DNA methylation is connected to epigenetics but rather not through DNA
methylation itself but by how it evolves in individuals. DNA methylation has been considered
for its relation to genetic mutations in epigenetic machinery to loci-specific and genomic-wide
changes in DNA methylation. Epimutations in DNA methylations can be acquired in life, as
global methylation is dynamic reprogramming during embryonic development and the early
postnatal period.
This source provides information on DNA methylation, a large portion of possible genetic
causes in children. This source goes in-depth on the topic and provides information that is not
as covered in comparison to other sources that I have found on the topic. This source is
unbiased, only describing the possibility and hypothesis of this experiment. This resource
comes from a reliable database, verifying its validity.
 Benitez 15

Yingling ME, Bell BA. Racial-ethnic and neighborhood inequities in age of treatment receipt among a
national sample of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2019 May;23(4):963-970.
doi: 10.1177/1362361318791816. Epub 2018 Aug 16. PMID: 30112915.
                 The probability of a non-Hispanic Black child entering treatment from 3 years and
above increases 326% compared to a non-Hispanic white child. Individuals with Disabilities
and Education Act allows children with developmental disabilities to receive Early
Intervention through state programs from birth to 3 years of age. Yet research indicates that
children can experience racial-ethnic inequities in regards to Early Intervention. Between 2010
and 2014, exclusion in autism treatment coverage rose from 8% to 24%. In a recent study
described, they evaluated the age of intervention and racial-ethnic profile. Neighborhood
cohesion was also considered as linked to health care outcomes. The study found that parents
concerned about their neighborhoods as cohesive began treatment earlier than parents who
thought the contrary. The study as well found consistent evidence that non-Hispanic Black
children with autism are diagnosed later and are initially misdiagnosed.
Because of the importance of early intervention in the success of development in a child with
autism, it was important to consider the possible disparities in Early Intervention programs
themselves. This source was very thorough in explaining the study, the variables, and
presenting the information in a typical chronological order. The data was collected in 2011 and
2012, which is relatively older in comparison to research being conducted presently. This
information may have changed due to the nature of the quick-paced research. I consider the
authors of this article as credible, as they work in the field, but this may have to be
reconsidered later on. This source did not specifically focus on Hispanics, but it was a great
source in understanding the general disparities in resources for minorities.
Zuckerman, Katharine E et al. "Conceptualization of autism in the Latino community and its relationship
with early diagnosis." Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP vol. 35,8
(2014): 522-32. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000091. Accessed 11 Feb. 2021.
                 Latinos were discovered to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder later than
non-Latino children. Based on the study, many Latino families had not heard of ASD or had
little information about it. They also considered mental disorders such as ASD rooting from
family dysfunction. Pediatric providers cannot assume that Latino parents have heard of ASD.
The disparities with diagnosis reflect cultural factors and language barriers. The study was
conducted on a significant number of Latino families in Northwestern Oregon. The study was
conducted by showing the groups and individual interviews a video of a conversation between
two Latina friends. They vaguely spoke of a child with strange behaviors, but it was meant to
hint at signs of Autism Spectrum disorder. All were of Mexican origin. Parents reported that
children needed "more attention" or "more love" from his/her parents, rather than a mental
disorder. In every Spanish focus group, there was at least one parent who had never heard of
autism, and 1/3 of Spanish interview subjects had never heard of it. Parents would also focus
on a child's lack of language, or his poor behavior and social skills, but would never link the
two characteristics.
The study about the conceptualization of Autism in the Latino Community helped one to
 Benitez 16

understand the factors that may cause a divide in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
in the Latino community. It also helped in continuing my research and creating a final project
that will cater to the issues mentioned above. There must be further research on the disparities
in the healthcare system to tailor the project to address proper issues. This source seems
credible, including several sources from medical journals. The credibility of this source will be
considered based on further corroboration.
Zuckerman, K. E., Lindly, O. J., Reyes, N. M., Chavez, A. E., Macias, K., Smith, K. N., & Reynolds, A.
(2017). Disparities in diagnosis and treatment of autism in latino and non-latino white families.
Pediatrics, 139(5), e20163010. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3010
                 A survey was conducted to identify possible barriers among races when receiving
treatment and the diagnosis of autism. This survey was conducted specifically on Latino
families (English and non-English speaking) and Non-Latino white families. After the study
was completed, it was found that after diagnosis, Latinos with ASD receive fewer
evidence-based treatments and less medical specialty care. Unequal treatment was identified in
the Institute of Medicine's 2003 report, which found that these disparities could be identified
on an array of factors including both provider/health care system and patient/family factors.
Maternal education and ASD knowledge have been shown to affect the limit to which
diagnostic/treatment resources can be accessed. Interviews with parents were conducted to
assess certain eligibility criteria. This includes race, bilingual/bicultural factors, etc.
The source "Disparities in Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism in Latino" covers the disparities
in both treatment and diagnosis of autism. This was conducted with the comparison of Latino
families (English and non-English speaking) to Non-Latino white families. This source
strongly correlates with my topic of research, and specifically the reason for my research.
Further, this research provides further context to the importance of providing bilingual
resources on autism and other mental health disorders. This source had extensive information
and was conducted in various areas for variability. One idea to consider was the areas in which
the studies were being conducted. There is a possible gap in understanding the areas which do
not have as high a minority population. One may consider this source reliable because of the
corroboration of many authors and its site of origin. This source is possibly biased, as it
identifies the disparity and a need for change.