Katapatan Homes, Brgy.

Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna

COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, related literature

will be presented that gathered from journals, articles local and international studies. These studies
provided the researcher to a better understanding and insight to complete this research paper.

Local Study

In 2010, a study entitled Ganda Mo: Perception of Feminine Beauty Shaped By Internal and External
Factors made by Roy, P. it showed the factors that affect the perception of a person's beauty. And it was
found out the interpretation of one's beauty was mostly affected by the media and advertisements
(Magdaraog 2014). The beauty standards of social media are affecting one's self-esteem. On every social
platform, we always see people judging, harassing or intimidating women’s appearance simply because
it does not meet their own standards, or simply because they perceive the idea of beauty standards
through social networks. Beauty standards have many influences on social media, but self-esteem is the
most important to me. For example, when you post a photo and see some answers that you are not
beautiful, it will definitely hurt you. It may lower your self-esteem and lose confidence due to people
and their standards. Self-esteem is very important for women, because everyone may think that they
are not so good or unattractive, but if you are confident and do not let your self-esteem be low, you will
only be satisfied with who you are. Believing that the standards of beauty set in people's minds is really
stupid. We are different from each other. In the world of social media, women are different. They will
continue to drag you down and say that they should continue to hold their opinions. As part of
Generation Z, as we claim to be, we tend to use our own social media platforms frequently. Our
understanding of social issues is up to date, and sometimes we are even the first to know the results of a
basketball game. Now, our generation is more aware of social issues, especially those related to women
and their rights.

As the number of social media users increased from 2.3 billion in 2016 to approximately 2.6 billion in
2018, the Internet has been widely used in social media, which has become a global phenomenon
(Statista; 2018). This means that nearly half (45%) of people on the planet use social networking services
(SNS) (We Are Social Digital 2019). The usage rate among teenagers is particularly high: 92% of
teenagers in the United States report daily use of social media (SM), and 24% of them say they "almost
always keep in touch" (Lenhart, A. 2015). According to Caron J, Light J. (2016), In the Philippines, 14% of
14 to 23-year-old Filipinos expand their relationship through the Internet by joining SNS. SM refers to
mobile-based and web-based technologies that are usually free, which use online tools to achieve social
interaction through conversations. Famous SMs include Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram.
What these SMs get from users are their "social" characteristics, such as audiovisual text effects,
openness, and connectivity (Saunders JF, Eaton AA, 2018). A lot of information is exchanged between
users who may be friends or family members, but who are completely new to the world. In this way, SM
can significantly influence their lives by shaping their thoughts, values, and attitudes (Khan GF, Swar B,
Lee SK. 2014). A study conducted by the Korean government research institute in 2015 showed that SM
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

has two advantages (for example,

social advantages). Connectivity,
social participation, access to
information and entertainment)
and disadvantages (for example,
social risks, time consumption, psychological risks and privacy problems) (Bae SY, Go EH, 2015). Another
study, (Saunders JF, Eaton AA, 2018) indicated that the use of SM by adolescents will increase
connection and intimacy with their peers. Although some studies have found empirical evidence to
support the association between SM use and positive mental health outcomes, such as improved social
self-concept and self-esteem (Teo NSY, Collinson SL., 2019), other studies have found associations
between SM use and health problems , like anxiety, Sleep problems and low self-esteem (Barry CT,
Sidoti CL, Briggs SM, Reiter SR, Lindsey RA. 2017). Adolescence marks a period of rapid change and
physical, emotional, psychological, and social development. Many teens begin learning for the first time
and make decisions about healthy behaviors. In the case of young people, one factor that can change is
their eating habits, which will be affected in many ways, such as advertising and environmental notices
in the media (including SM). Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between SM use
and problem eating habits (Sauders JF, Eaton AA, 2018). Therefore, a healthy lifestyle should be
adopted, such as a balanced diet (Kwak S, Woo T, Lee KA, Lee KH. 2015). Peer groups play an important
role in establishing social norms for young people, such as their appearance and values ( Nelson SC, Kling
J, Wängqvist M, Frisén A, Syed M. 2018). According to Kim Y, Yeo M, Lee M, (2018), By using SM to talk
to their peers, they have absorbed social norms and attitudes. The facts show that peer groups can
affect young people's physical satisfaction. In the Philippines, a study of high school students found that
each time the respondent receives a Like on the photo posted on the SNS, their body image will improve
(Javellana GM, 2014). Another study found that, compared to the so-called "perfect" body images
published in SM, the more frequently adolescents participate in SM activities, the more negative their
views on themselves and others (Festinger L., 1954). Festinger's theory of social comparison helps to
explain this phenomenon in adolescents. According to this theory, people carry out a self-assessment
comparing them with others. When people compare themselves to someone that other people consider
superior in some way (for example, slimmer, more attractive, and more popular), they may see
themselves negatively. Although teens may realize that the role models they see in the media are not
realistic role models, peer pressure can cause them to compare themselves to pictures posted on SM,
which can lead to satisfaction. negative with their bodies. The more they idealize thinness or other
attributes, the less they will be able to achieve the perfect figure SM creates. In the Philippines,
adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 rank first in Internet use time, averaging 9 hours and 29
minutes a day, while the average SM use time is 4 hours and 12 minutes [two]. According to a survey
conducted by Kantar Media (2019), SM has a great influence on where Filipinos eat and what they eat.
Surprisingly, it also showed that 80% of Filipino teens between the ages of 10 and 19 uses SM.
Additionally, Filipino adolescents are also exposed to unhealthy food and drink in their schools and
surrounding areas (Kelly B, King L, Jamiyan B, Chimedtseren N, Bold B, Medina VM, et al. 2015). In
analyzing the changes in the Philippines over the past 17 years, obesity rates have risen sharply and
adolescents are no exception (Adair LS, Duazo P, Borja JB. 2018) Acoording to Rochelle T, Hu WY. 2017,
This trend causes appearance-sensitive teens to feel dissatisfied with their body image. Many studies
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

have found evidence to support the

relationship between physical
dissatisfaction and unhealthy eating
disorders. Due to its subconscious
influence, inappropriate or
excessive use of SM can bring risks, especially for adolescents, given its high rate of use. It is important
for young people to understand the unintended consequences of SM (Barry CT, Sidoti CL, Briggs SM,
Reiter SR, Lindsey RA., 2017). The health impact of SM has not been widely studied, and there is little
empirical evidence on the impact of SM on adolescent eating attitudes, physical dissatisfaction, and the
pursuit of thinness rather than fitness, (de Vries DA, Peter J, de Graaf H, Nikken P., 2016). This is a
particularly critical issue for 1318-year-olds in the Philippines, because they use the Internet for a long
time and suffer various effects of SM use at the same time.

REFERENCES:

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May [cited 2019 June 11]. Avail-able from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-
worldwide-social-network-users/

2. We Are Social. Digital 2019: Global internet use accelerates [Internet]. NY: We Are Social; 2019
January 30 [cited 2019 June 11]. Available from: https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-
global-internet-use-accelerates

3. Lenhart A. Teens, social media and technology overview 2015 [Internet]. Washington, DC: Pew
Research Center; 2015 April 9 [cited 2019 june 11]. Available from:
https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/

4. Caron J, Light J. "Social media has opened a world of 'open communication:'" experiences of adults
with cerebral palsy who use augmentative and alternative communication and social media.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2016;32(1):25-
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5. Saunders JF, Eaton AA. Snaps, selfies, and shares: How three pop-ular social media platforms
contribute to the sociocultural model of disordered eating among young women. Cyberpsychology,
Behavior, and Social Networking. 2018;21(6):343-354.https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0713

6. Khan GF, Swar B, Lee SK. Social media risks and benefits: A public sector perspective. Social Science
Computer Review. 2014;32(5): 606-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314524701

7. Bae SY, Go EH. A study on the utilization of social media for the vitalization of youth culture. Research
Report. Sejong: National Youth Policy Institute; 2015. Report No.: 15-R03.

8. Teo NSY, Collinson SL. Instagram and risk of rumination and eating disorders: An Asian perspective.
Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2019;8(4):491-508. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000205
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COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

9. Barry CT, Sidoti CL, Briggs SM, Reiter

SR, Lindsey RA. Adolescent social
media use and mental health from
adolescent and parent
perspectives. Journal of Adolescence.
2017;61:111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.005

10. Kwak S, Woo T, Lee KA, Lee KH. A comparison of dietary habits and influencing factors for vegetable
preferences of adolescents in Gyeongnam Province. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.
2015;20(4):259-272. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.4.259

11. Nelson SC, Kling J, Wängqvist M, Frisén A, Syed M. Identity and the body: Trajectories of body
esteem from adolescence to emerg-ing adulthood. Developmental Psychology. 2018;54(6):1159-
1171.https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000435

12. Kim Y, Yeo M, Lee M. The effect of media exposure and inter-personal communication on body
satisfaction and appearance ma-nagement behaviors of women in their twenties: Focusing on the role
of social norms. Media, Gender and Culture. 2018;33(3):43-84.

13. Javellana GM. Influence of media on body image satisfaction among adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal
of Education, Arts and Sciences. 2014;1(1):95-101.

14. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations. 1954;7(2):117-

140.https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202

15. ABS CBN News. Social media now a player in what, where Fili-pinos eat: Kantar study. ABS CBN News
[Internet]. 2017 Septembr 6 [cited 2019 June 11]. Business. Available from: https://news.abs-
cbn.com/business/09/06/17/social-media-now-a-player-in-what-where-filipinos-eat-kantar-study

16. Kelly B, King L, Jamiyan B, Chimedtseren N, Bold B, Medina VM, et al. Density of outdoor food and
beverage advertising around schools in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Manila (The Philippines) and
implications for policy. Critical Public Health. 2015;25(3):280- 290.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2014.940850

17. Adair LS, Duazo P, Borja JB. How overweight and obesity relate to the development of functional
limitations among Filipino women. Geriatrics. 2018;3(4):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3040063

18. Rochelle T, Hu WY. Media influence on drive for thinness, body satisfaction, and eating attitudes
among young women in Hong Kong and China. Psychology, Health and Medicine. 2017;22(3):310- 318.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1226507

19. de Vries DA, Peter J, de Graaf H, Nikken P. Adolescents' social net-work site use, peer appearance-
related feedback, and body dissat-isfaction: Testing a mediation model. Journal of Youth and Ado-
lescence. 2016;45(1):211-224.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4

20. Magdaraog, Sheila Ruth T. (2014): THE BEHOLDER AND THE BEHOLDEN: THEPORTRAYAL OF
BEAUTY IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILIPPINE MASS MEDIA
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

retrievedfromhttps://www.academia.edu/9161227/THE_BEHOLDER_AND_THE_BEHOLDEN_THE_PORTR
AYAL_OF_BEAUTY_IN_THE_CONTEXT_OF_PHILIPPINE_MASS_MEDIAMaginde, L. (2014, May 28).
Color Complexes in the Philippines. Retrieved October 1,2014, from Japan Sociology:
http://japansociology.com/2014/05/28/color-complexes-in-the-philippines

Foreign Study

History of Social Media

The social media system and social media are terms that are used almost interchangeably in the
literature. Both refer to online services or websites that participants can use to share information, news,
videos, images, messages, create online communities and receive comments from people around the
world ("Social Media", 2004; "Social Network, 2018 "Year; Wright" et al., 2018). The origin of social
networks in the public dates back to 1997, when "Six Degrees" and AOL Instant Messenger were
launched (Hale, 2015). Six Degrees, a Smaller version of Facebook allows users to create personal
profiles and connect with friends, exposing six degrees of separation theory, while AOL Instant
Messenger allows users to chat in real time (Hale, 2015, paragraphs 4-7) . Since then, there have been a
large number of different platforms available for news resources, chat rooms, stimulating creativity,
sharing personal information, dating and finding jobs. In 2012, Facebook became the first social media
platform with more than 1 billion users, and at least 2.23 billion personal information was accessed
every 30 days (Facebook, 2018). Social media consumers are also diversifying their social media product
portfolio, and ordinary consumers have three different social media accounts (Verto Analytics, 2018). In
addition to Facebook, the most popular social media platforms in the United States include: Instagram
(116.99 million users), Facebook Messenger (11095 million users), Twitter (70.21 million users),
Pinterest (58.23 million users) and Snapchat (52.09 million users) . Million users) (Verto Analytics, 2018).
Teenagers are one of the most active consumers of social media, with about 95% of people owning or
using smartphones, which increased by 25% between 2014 and 2015 (Anderson and Jiang, 2018). In
2018, the number of adolescents accessing the Internet “nearly constant” doubled to 45%, and another
44% reported that they “connected several times a day” at least (Anderson and Jiang, 2018, 36th
segment). Twenge et al. (2017) found that, on average, 12th graders spend about six hours a day texting
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

online, browsing the Internet (including

games), and on various social
media platforms. This combined time
exceeds the number of hours we spend
on eating, face-to- face social and
beauty activities. In a review of the research, Strickland (2017) found that American teens spend an
average of 3.8 hours a day on social media, and a fifth of them spend up to six hours a day on social
media. Teens' choices on social media platforms are slightly different from those of the general US
population. YouTube has the highest number of users with 85% teenagers, Instagram in second place
with 72%, Snapchat in third (69%), Facebook in fourth (51%) and Twitter in fifth (32%) (Anderson &
Jiang, 2018 ). It is important to note that these numbers do not add up to 100. The reason is that 71% of
adolescents cited more than one type of profile on social networks (Anderson & Jiang, 2018). Although
YouTube has the highest number of users, Snapchat is considered by most teens to be the most
important social media platform they use, followed by Instagram and Facebook (Anderson & Jiang,
2018).

Self-Esteem

In the process of "self" development, individuals will experience many different changes, which involve
several different self-processes. Self-esteem is defined as a positive or negative attitude towards oneself,
which will continue over time and circumstances (J. D. Brown and Marshall, 2006; Rosenberg, 1965).
Self-esteem is important in adolescence because individuals are undergoing the process of identity
development (Brewer & Kerslake, 2015), and self-feedback is likely to affect self-esteem (Erol & Orth,
2011; Valkenburg, Koutamanis & Vossen, 2017). Harter (2012) believes that from the perspective of
cognitive development, the continual emergence of cognitive skills in the developmental process
enables individuals to build "high-level generalizations about themselves" (page 10) and develop their
value as a person. Concept. Interactionists such as James Baldwin, Charles Cooley, and George Mead
believe that the "self" is socially constructed and attribute the opinions of others to the role of social
interaction in shaping the self. The socialization experience of individual participation can greatly affect
the valence of self-attribute, leading to positive and negative evaluations. The recognition of others (eg,
peers, caregivers) is internalized as self-acceptance, but if the peers or caregivers are rejected, punished,
or negligent, it is internally the opposite (Harter, 2012). Cooley proposed the concept of a mirrored self-
esteem model, in which the internalization of the opinions of important others helps inform the global
level of self-esteem that occurs in childhood (Harter, 2012). However, if the construction of the self is
highly dependent on the internalization of the opinions of others, then it can be transformed into the
creation of a false self. The false self cannot truly prove its true experience, while the social media
platform of the false self is It opened a door. Let the individual believe.

The Benefits of Using Social Media toward Self-Esteem

In this era, people need social activities in their daily lives. Today, this is really important, especially in
the Internet environment. According to the research of Zhao & Lindley (2014), using social networks as a
method of action can become people's identities and can also enhance people's relationships with
others. This is due to the fact that such social activities required by society are necessary for individuals
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

to be higher than human beings and

increase their satisfaction (Zhan,
2016). According to Zhan (2016),
people who have friends on social
networks and many social groups will
have greater happiness in their lives. People can use social media like Facebook to remove or reject
unwanted information like photos or names that don't need to be tagged. At the same time, SNS allows
users to "like" or "share" their past self-expression (like Facebook) to show their memories.

The Impact of Using Social Media on Self-Esteem

The use of social media in this age can have many positive or negative effects on social life. There are
two types of people on social media. Low self-esteem and high self-esteem. People with low self-esteem
can be shy or have a hard time introducing themselves on social media. At the same time, people with
high self-esteem often show their attention on social media for their good qualities. The effect of the use
of social networks on self-esteem is communication. According to the article, people with high self-
esteem have the opportunity to communicate more with other people on social media, which can give
them valuable things, while people with low self-esteem have the opposite. Since other people on social
networks are not active and don't have many friends, it is difficult to communicate with them (Forest,
2014). According to Forest (2014), although people with high self-esteem have many friends on social
networks, when they interact face-to-face, people who express their feelings on social networks are
completely different. Social network. media. In general, article-based studies have examined the impact
of social networks on happiness, but the results are still mixed, and some studies have shown that the
use of social networks can have a positive impact on people’s life satisfaction (Zhan, 2016). Adolescence
is the period in which individuals begin to develop a sense of personal identity and social comparison
can be part of establishing that identity (Weinstein, 2017). Social media platforms such as Instagram and
Facebook provide a self-comparison from the start, how many friends or followers each user has, similar
to an online popularity contest (Fox & Moreland, 2015). Adolescents use one of two types of
comparisons on social media: upward comparison, thinking they are inferior to others, downward
comparison, thinking they are richer or superior (Wickham & Acitelli, 2005). The descending comparison
is associated with an increase in self-esteem and a decrease in anxiety, while the ascending comparison
is associated with an increase in the number of depressive symptoms and a decrease in self-esteem
(Burrow & Rainone, 2017; Steers et al. ., 2005). Passive browsing of social media (especially research
conducted on Facebook) has led to reports of negative self-image, regardless of time spent online, which
may indicate that the way social media consumers use social media It is important to establish a positive
self-identity (Walsh, 2017). Social networks can have a positive and negative impact on personal self-
esteem. Self-statements on social networks are related to peers’ sense of acceptance and belonging,
which can be directly indicated by the number of likes or comments that can be received by publications
on social networks (Wright, White & Obst, 2018). Young adult social media users are more likely to "like"
posts or images that have shown other users' well-response, whether they really care about it or not, it
represents wrong taste behavior (Burrow & Rainone, 2017; Wright, etc.) et al., 2018). Burrow & Rainone
(2017) found that the brain's reward system is stimulated by viewing posts with a high perceived
number of likes, which may induce the feeling that users also like the post or should ignore the post.
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COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

feelings. False preferences are

positively correlated with false self-
reports on social media, which
means that users are more likely to
convey a sense of self that they believe
is acceptable to a particular situation or group, rather than presenting true self-reports (Wright et al.,
2018). Shapiro and Margolin (2014) pointed out that when self-expression matches the target audience,
creating multiple versions of the true self is a common behavior. Self-expression is most often found to
be true, but it has been modified to suit different expectations or target audiences (Shapiro & Margolin,
2014). True online self-representation is associated with positive online and offline relationships,
positive community awareness and positive self-esteem (Shapiro & Margolin, 2014; Wright et al., 2018).
False self-reports, favorite behaviors, or posting behaviors are associated with higher levels of anxiety,
stress, and depressive symptoms, especially when the user's previously measured sense of self-worth is
low (Shapiro & Margolin, 2014; Wright et al., 2018). High levels of self-esteem, higher life satisfaction
and life purpose scores are the mediating factors of false preference behaviors, indicating that if young
people have positive self-esteem and higher purpose scores in their lives, then they are likely to use the
product Will reduce false statements (Burrow & Rainone, 2017; Wright et al., 2018). Utz et al. (2016)
found that personality characteristics (such as popularity) can predict social network usage and
behavior. Popular needs predict behaviors, such as grooming, strategic self-introduction, image
enhancement, and feeling open, and are positively correlated with entitlements, vanity, and narcissism
(Utz et al., 2016). Highly popular needs indicate vanity, and narcissism and power are also associated
with negative self-esteem (Utz et al., 2016). The need for popularity predicts social media behavior
better than social belonging, which proves that a person only needs some intimate relationships to feel
belonging, which has a positive effect on self-esteem (Utz et al., 2016).

Facebook and Self Esteem

Social media also provides an interactive Facebook-like platform for users to engage in social activities
such as texting, visual sharing, content generation, etc. Social networks are powerful and it is easy for
people to communicate and carry out activities with others, which affects the social life of users (Zhan,
2016). The upcoming use of social media (like Facebook) is being used as a means for younger
generations to show off their photos and compare to their friends online. Pounders, Christine & Stowers
(2016), and Chua & Chang (2015) also support the statement, agreeing to use social media as a means
for young people to compare beauty standards among other social media users. By uploading images,
you can boost your self-esteem by the number of "likes" or "comments" received. According to Stronge
et al. (2015), if someone uses Facebook passively, its use can also generate negative effects and
undesirable social results. Vogel et al. (2014) also support the statement that self-esteem may also be
affected by the period of time users use social networks in their daily lives. This means that the longer
they spend on social media, the lower their self-confidence and the lower their happiness. In
psychology, self-esteem is defined as a positive or negative evaluation of oneself. Many theories indicate
that maintaining or improving oneself is a basic human need (Weiten, 2004). Regarding the relationship
between self-esteem and Facebook use, scholars have found conflicting results. Most studies (Kalpidou,
Costin and Morris, 2011; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Tazghini and Siedlecki, 2013) found that people with low
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

self-esteem spend more time on

Facebook. Some authors explain
this finding using the theory of social
compensation. The theory of social
compensation or the hypothesis that
the poor get rich indicates that people who encounter difficulties in social relationships, such as those
with low self-esteem, social anxiety, and introverts, are more inclined to use social media to
compensate. Because their face-to-face interaction is not satisfactory (McKenna, Green, & Gleason,
2002). The opposite view is the hypothesis that society progresses or the rich become richer. According
to this theory, for young people with stronger social skills, expanding communication through social
networks has other benefits: People with strong self-esteem and socially active people are more inclined
to use friends’ social networking sites as a medium. Your social network. Additional network (Kraut et
al., 2002). However, few studies have found evidence that people who have a positive self-assessment
spend more time on Facebook (Ghosh & Dasgupta, 2015). In contrast, other studies have found no link
between self-esteem and use of Facebook (Skues, Williams & Wise, 2012). As some scholars have
suggested, the literature may be inconsistent because the research has considered Facebook as a whole
without distinguishing between different usage patterns or motivations of using social networks (Rae &
Lonborg, 2015; Tartaglia, 2016). Generally, people who communicate easily face-to-face with other
people spend less time online, but when considering specific ways to use Facebook, you will find
different results (Wilson, Fornasier, and White, 2010). A recent study (Tartaglia, 2016) showed three
different ways of using Facebook, namely social interaction, simulation and relationship seeking. The
first is to use social media to interact with friends and express yourself. High self-esteem is considered a
predictor of this way of using Facebook. In contrast, people who use Facebook to simulate a different
self-image have low self-esteem. Finally, using Facebook to search for new relationships means meeting
people has nothing to do with self-esteem.

Social Media and Self-Esteem

Social media refers to “a form of electronic communication (such as social networks and Weibo sites
through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages and
other content (such as videos)” (“social networks”, no date)). Social media sites are included under the
protection of social media. Both social networking sites and social networking sites provide a way to
connect and share with others, which is why these terms are often used interchangeably. Most of the
websites and apps used by teenagers (such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat) are social
media and social media sites. Social media sites such as Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube have
undoubtedly changed the pattern of youth interaction. These platforms play a vital role in connecting
young people and new friends. With 64% of teens meeting new friends online and 62% of teens sharing
social media usernames as a way to stay in touch, social media platforms provide a new way for teens to
get to know each other. , know and understand each other (Lenhart, 2015b).

As the pattern of social interaction continues to change, social networks continue to be a central part of
youth communication, which will surely have positive and negative effects. Research on the impact of
social media use on teens and children is still relatively new, and there hasn't been much research
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

devoted to understanding
how the self-esteem of children of this
age is affected by social media use.
Research on the relationship
between adolescent self-esteem and
the use of social networks focused on two different types of self-esteem: global self-esteem (Apaolaza,
Hartmann, Medina, Barrutia and Echebarria, 2013; Blomfield Neira and Barber, 2014) and social self-
esteem (Blomfield) Neira & Barber, 2014; Valkenburg et al., 2017). A large part of self-esteem comes
from interactions with close friends and colleagues, and these interactions play an indispensable role in
the development of both types of self-esteem (Harter, 2012). Research on social media and self-esteem
shows positive and negative connections. Valkenburg et al. (2017) conducted a longitudinal study in
which they tried to investigate the relationship between the use of social networking sites by young
people and their social self-esteem. In this study, they described social self-esteem as the degree to
which adolescents "feel accepted and loved by their friends and peers, and feel successful in
establishing and maintaining friendships" (page 35). The results of the three-wave panel survey by
Valkenburg et al. Showed that there is a positive correlation between adolescents' social self-esteem
(i.e., 10-15 years) and social media use. There is no evidence that using social media sites significantly
improves your social self-esteem. Rather, the results of this study support the view that higher self-
esteem among participants is associated with greater use of social networking sites. Valkenburg et al.
She also studied the role of comments from social networking sites and found that comments from close
friends and acquaintances appeared to have a positive impact on teens' social self-esteem in the short
term rather than in the long term. Other researchers evaluated the negative and positive effects of
social media on young people and found that the comments received by their peers on social media,
whether positive or negative, have a significant impact on their self-esteem (Valkenburg, Peter &
Schouten, 2006 ). The nature of social media and the ability to provide immediate positive feedback (e.g.
like, like, repost) may explain this, which can lead to an immediate or short-term increase in self-esteem
(Valkenburg et al. ., 2017). Additionally, teens have the ability to present themselves on different social
media platforms (such as Facebook), and the relationship developed by this selective viewing can
positively affect their self-evaluation, which in turn affects their self-esteem. (Pantic, 2014). Other
studies (Apaolaza et al., 2013) have shown that adolescents who socialize on certain social networking
sites show higher self-esteem and subjective well-being. Her research on the use of 12-17 year olds on
the most popular social networking sites in Spain supports the idea of connecting with their peers online
to maintain and strengthen social relationships with friends and gain recognition and recognition.
acceptance of others. -esteem. Apaolaza et al. (2013) also assumes that the happiness of adolescents
directly depends on their self-esteem and loneliness. Many studies investigating social media and self-
esteem among adults and adolescents include measurements of the frequency of social media use.
Blomfield Neira and Barber (2014) distinguish between the frequency of use of social networking sites
and investment. The frequency of this study is defined as the frequency with which teenagers use social
networks, and investment is defined as the importance of social networks to teenagers. The results of
this study show that frequency is not an important predictor of self-esteem for adolescents aged 12 to
17, but on the other hand, inversion is a significant negative predictor of self-esteem. In addition,
Blomfield Neira and Barber compared the level of self-esteem of women with and without social media
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

profiles and found that compared

with women without social media
profiles, those with profiles on social
media Women’s low self-esteem is
profiled on social networks. Social
networking sites. Verduyn, Ybarry, Résibois, Jonides, and Kross (2017) pointed out that passive use is
associated with lower subjective well-being, while active use is positively correlated with subjective well-
being, including self-esteem. In addition, the authors found that cross-sectional studies have shown
variable outcomes in the relationship between social media use and subjective well-being (including
self-esteem). Longitudinal studies provide more concrete evidence that the use of social media can have
a negative impact on subjective well-being. However, social networking sites are not specifically used to
meet new friends. They are also an important part of the interaction between young people and existing
friends. Teenagers report that through the use of social media, they are more closely connected with
their friends’ feelings and information about what is happening in their friends’ lives, which indicates
that teenagers have opportunities for emotional relief and integration. 2015b) . In this view, teens also
report that social media provides a means for them to support their friends during difficult times, and
68% of teens who use social media report that they have received support through social media. social
networks during difficult times (Lenhart, 2015b). The benefits of social support that adolescents perceive
through social networking sites are greater emotional support, self-disclosure, less social anxiety, and a
sense of belonging (Best, Manktelow, & Taylor, 2014; Valkenburg & Piotrowski, 2017). Using social
networking sites not only provides a new way to stay in touch with friends and family, make new
friends, and share and exchange ideas, images, and information, it also provides a way for teens to
explore and expand their identity. conscience, The community and the world. Social media platforms
provide youth with various opportunities to collect donations, engage in volunteer activities, and
creatively engage in individual and collective creativity and creative expression through images and
videos. This can generate a wealth of online connections through common interests, establish
connections with other people of different backgrounds, and cultivate unique personality and social
skills (O'Keeffe et al., 2011). Adolescents' social capital (i.e. broader social connections outside the local
network) is expanded, often generating offline benefits. Many celebrities have discovered or discovered
their talents (for example, music, sports, cooking, etc.), regardless of whether they have the help of
adults or parents, they will show or play videos on TV shows because they are in multiple places Post
and share videos on social networking sites. As more and more adolescents identify as sexually diverse
or gender variant, social networking sites provide support for identity experiments among this group of
people and adolescents (Best et al., 2014). In an Australian study, 85% of participants used social
networking sites to explore their sexual or gender identity (Robinson, Bansel, Denson, Ovenden &
Davies, 2014). They describe these sites as a place where they can find friends they trust, or a place they
think they can accept. Many youth who identify with this group use social networking sites to connect
with youth services, converse with others in this group, seek support, and engage in social and political
issues (Robinson et al., 2014). Establishing more connections with peers, seeking support, making new
friends, and opportunities for discovery or attention provide opportunities for positive feedback, and the
literature shows that this can be improved if the opinions of peers and family members are realized. The
source of self-esteem (Harter, 2012; Valkenburg & Piotrowski, 2017). Self-esteem plays an important
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

role in the development and

maintenance of mental health. As
mentioned above, low self-esteem is
associated with pathological
conditions of various mental illnesses
(such as depression and anxiety) (Nima, Rosenberg, Archer and García, 2013; Pantic, 2014; Sowislo and
Orth, 2013). People have also found that social networking sites can ease the social anxiety and sense of
isolation that some teens have when interacting online with strangers or new friends. Research shows
that social interaction online through social networking sites can help introverted teens learn to socialize
behind the safety of the screen (be it a smartphone or laptop) (Rosen, 2011).

Excessive attention to one's body image is one of the psychological problems. The development of bad
thoughts, self-esteem, and admiration for one's own body image is characterized by a clear
incompatibility between people's perception of their own body and what they want to be. Worries
about excessive body image depend on many factors, such as eating disorders (Bell BT, Dittmar H.
2011; Dakanalis A, Riva G, 2013; Cummins LH, Lehman J, 2007) , low self-esteem (Perloff RM, 2014),
genetics (Costa-Font J, Jofre-Bonet M, 2013), increased body mass index (Smink F RE, et. al 2012; Costa-
Font J, et. al. 2014; Hausenblas HA, et. al. 2013), age, gender, race , Cultural factors; peers, media,
parents (Smink F RE, et. al 2012; Costa-Font J, et. al. 2014), body dissatisfaction, depression and slim
idealization (Smink F RE, et. al 2012; Costa-Font J, et. al. 2014; Hausenblas HA, et. al. 2013). For years,
the number of people with body image problems and eating disorders (Derenne JL, Beresin EV, 2006;
Strother E, et. al 2012) has increased worldwide; longitudinal studies have shown that there may be
more accumulation. It is said that few people in non-Western countries pay attention to body image
(Yang CJ, Gray P, Pope HG, 2005), but ignore it in diagnosis and treatment (Strother E, et. al 2012).
Obviously, appearance is very important and has a great influence on changes in human behavior,
especially in terms of health and diet (Costa-Font J, et. al 2013). Research reports conducted among
adolescents from Brazil (Martins CR, et. al. 2014), South Korea (Hyun MY, et. al. 2014) and Malaysia (Soo
KL, et. al. 2008) showed that the attention rates of body images were 24.1%, 51.8% and 87.3%,
respectively. The latest study (Soo KL, et. al. 2008) also reported that 35.4% of participants were
addicted to overeating, and 36% of participants had restricted eating habits. Few studies conducted in
India reported that in different cities in the country, the proportion of adolescents with body image
problems was 54% (Shah HD, et. al. 2012), 81% (Sasi RV, Maran K, 2012), 27% (Dixit S, et. al. 2011)
and 33% (Priya D, Prasanna KS, Sucharitha S, Vaz NC, 2010). By the age of 15, girls are three times
more likely to develop an eating disorder than boys. The literature shows that due to the developmental
changes associated with puberty, human body images are a lifelong problem for humans (Tiggemann
M, 2014), mainly in the puberty group (Dakanalis A, Riva G, 2013; Costa-Font J. et. al. 2013; Tiggemann
M, Slater A, 2013). And cultural and social influence. The children learned from their families, 4,444
teachers, friends and the media and recorded that fat is "bad" and thin is "good" (Ricciardelli LA,
McCabe MP, 2001). Generally, girls pay the most attention to appearance. On the other hand, boys tend
to focus on their muscle strength to increase self-confidence and visibility ((Smink F RE, et. al 2012;
Hausenblas HA, et. al. 2013). Children's sports characteristics describe their popularity (Strother E, et. al.
2012). According to Perloff RM (2014), Girls tend to think that a slim body will improve their appearance,
regardless of their age. This concern sometimes leads them to use anabolic androgenic steroids and
 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

other "human imaging drugs",

although they are mainly found in
men. The media is one of the
important factors affecting body
image attention and is significantly
related to the development of body dissatisfaction (Shroff H, Thompson JK, 2004) and eating disorders
(Bell BT, Dittmar H, 2011; Smink FRE, Hoeken DV, Hoek H, 2012; Tiggemann M, 2014). According to
Grabe S, Ward LM, Hyde JS, (2008), The media influence people to follow and accept the mythological
concepts they describe in their daily lives. It often depicts lean models and actors, not enough to portray
overweight or obese characters. The media unrealistic peer influence and expectations (Costa-Font J,
2013), environmental and social pressures Bell BT, Dittmar H, 2011; Costa-Font K, 2013) can persuade
young people to achieve a perfect body , just as the media describes I like that. Few websites focus on
eating disorders and have interactive features that allow users to interact and support each other.
According to Perloff RM (2014), Many healthy living blogs emphasize slim appearance and eating
disorders, and also contain self-directed information. However, these websites also provide information
and links to help users recover from eating disorders. Although most general magazines and health
related magazines contain information on the importance of diet and exercise, these magazines also
focus on ads, who are also rushing to lose weight by unhealthy means such as appetite suppressants.
(Derenne JL, Beresin EV, 2006). There is evidence that the increase in the number of these
advertisements is related to an increase in eating disorders in men and women (Dakanalis A, Riva G,
203) and attention to body shape. There is also the fact that not all people who come into contact with
idealized media images will have negative feelings about their body or develop eating disorders, and
these diseases can be diagnosed clinically (Dakanalis A, Riva G. 2013; Smink FRE, Hoeken DV, Hoek
HW. 2012)

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 Katapatan Homes, Brgy. Banay-banay, Cabuyao City, Laguna
COLLEGE OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology and design used by the researchers in studying the
impact of facebook usage to the self-esteem and eating attitude of women. Specifically, this chapter
gives a discussion of the research design, the population, sampling, instruments and procedures for data
collection and analysis. Ethical considerations were also discussed.

Research Design

This study will be using a quantitative research method in studying the impact of facebook usage to the
self-esteem and eating attitude of women. This study will involve collecting and analysing quantitative
data leading to testing the hypotheses of the study and arriving at findings and conclusion through
statistical inferences. The variables Facebook usage, Self-esteem, and Eating attitude were measured
using questionnaires designed to gather data.