KOTTAI MARIYAMMAN

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

Register No:
Roll No:

Certified that this is the bonofide record of project work done

by_________________________on topic

During the academic year 2010-2011.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

PROJECT GUIDE

SUBMITTED FOR THE BOARD EXAM HELD ON _______________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION

2. ABSTRACT

3. DESCRIPTION

4. CONCLUSION

5. RECOMMENDATION

6. APPENDIX

7. LIST OF REFERENCES
8. BIBILOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are much thankful to our great chairman
Thiru.K.PALANIAPPAN and secretary
Mr.k.CHETTAIANNAN of our polytechnic for
providing required facilities for carrying out this
project.

We have great pleasure in expressing our thanks

to the role model of our students and staff
Er.N.THILLAIKARASI,M.E.,MIE.,PGDHRM.,Principal
of our institution.

We are also thankful to our most valuable

Er.S.SABARINATHAN,A.M.I.E.,Head of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering .

We feel proud about our project guide

Mrs.S.ANITHARAJ,M.A.,B.Ed., lecturer of ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
Hydropower is the most common source of renewable electricity in the world. In
2005, even with the recent expansion of the renewable energy sector from sources
such as wind, solar and biomass, hydropower still comprised 73 percent of the
nation’s renewably generated electricity.
Large-scale hydroelectric power generation is, however, concentrated in certain
geographic regions in the world. Hydroelectric power has played an important role in
the past, particularly in bringing electricity and jobs to rural areas of the state in the
mid-1900s. Currently, however, it is a tiny portion of the state’s electricity supply with
little economic impact and limited prospects for expansion.

ABSTRACT
Hydropower is a clean, renewable and reliable energy source which
converts kinetic energy from falling water into electricity, without
consuming more water than is produced by nature.
Quite simply the oldest method by which renewable energy has been
harnessed by the human race. The first water wheels were used well over
2000 years ago, and the technology has since been refined to become
very efficient in the production of electricity.

The potential energy stored in a body of water held at a given height

is converted to kinetic energy (movement energy) which is used to
turn a turbine and create electricity.

Mechanical energy is derived by directing, harnessing, or channeling

moving water. The amount of available energy in moving water is
determined by its flow or fall.
In either instance, the water flows through a pipe, or penstock, then
pushes against and turns blades in a turbine to spin a generator to
produce electricity. In a run-of-the-river system, the force of the current
applies the needed pressure, while in a storage system, water is
accumulated in reservoirs created by dams, then released when the
demand for electricity is high.

Meanwhile, the reservoirs or lakes are used for boating and fishing, and
often the rivers beyond the dams provide opportunities for whitewater
rafting and kayaking.

History
Human beings have harnessed the power of moving water for millennia, originally for
purposes such as grinding grain and sawing wood. They have been employing its
power to generate electricity since the 19th century, near the very beginning of the
electric age. For example, Niagara Falls, New York began powering its street lights
with hydroelectricity in 1881. In the following year, the world’s first hydroelectric
power plant opened in Appleton, Wisconsin.
Until the development of effective transmission technology in 1893, however,
hydroelectricity was limited to uses near its water source.

THE PRINCIPLES OF PUMPED STORAGE

Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle.
Two reservoirs at different altitudes are required. When the water is
released, from the upper reservoir, energy is created by the downflow
which is directed through high-pressure shafts, linked to turbines.
In turn, the turbines power the generators to create electricity.
Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a pump shaft to
the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump.
The pump motors are powered by electricity from the National Grid - the
process usually takes place overnight when national electricity demand is
at its lowest
A dynamic response - Dinorwig's six generating units can achieve
maximum output, from zero, within 16 seconds.
Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up facility during periods of
excessive demand on the national grid system.
 DESCRIPTION

Reserviour
Since the beginning of civilization, people have needed to store water. Whether you are a farmer who
needs a small water reservoir or a municipality needing a large capacity water reservoir, Aquastore
can meet your water storage needs. Our water reservoir products are reliable and cost-effective due
to our efficient modular design, manufactured bolted joints and rugged steel sections. Plus, our
factory-applied coatings ensure a fast field assembly that is not hindered by weather delays and other
environmental elements. Today, Aquastore tanks are found in virtually every segment of the water
market; storing potable water, wastewater, reclaimed water, and water reservoirs.

You can count on the long life and durability of our tanks. Our tanks are designed and manufactured
with our glass-fused-to-steel coatings which are highly resistant to corrosive contaminants. Also, with
the modular design for larger water reservoirs, the tanks are engineered for vertical expansion as
capacity needs increase.

A dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the
basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a narrow part of a valley
downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as natural walls with the dam
located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength and the lowest practical
cost of construction. Construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually necessitate
the diversion of the river during part of the build often through a temporary tunnel or
by-pass channel.

In hilly regions reservoirs are often constructed by enlarging existing lakes.

Sometimes in such reservoirs the new top water level exceeds the watershed height
on one or more of the feeder streams

Protection gate
It is just a stain less steel rods made as windows to protect the penstock
from the damage due to the rocks and woods.

Penstock
Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped
with a gate system and a surge tank. Flow is regulated
by turbine operation and is nil when turbines are not in service.
Maintenance requirements may include hot water wash,
manual cleaning, antifouling coatings, and desiccation.
The term is also used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels
leading to and from high-pressure sluice gates.
Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction, the
penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the
tailings dam and built up using penstock rings, these penstock
rings control the water level letting the slimes settle out of the
water, this water is then piped back under the tailings dam back
to the plant via a penstock pipeline. Penstocks are incorporated
into the surface water management systems (drainage) of many
landfill sites. Attenuation lagoons are constructed in order to store
storm water, limiting the discharge from the site to pre-development
rate (green field rate). Penstocks are installed at the outfall from the
lagoon so that in the rare event that the surface water becomes
contaminated the penstock may be closed. This will have the effect of
isolating the site from the watercourse, preventing contamination of
the environment.

Generator (power house)

A generator is a machine by which mechanical energy is transformed into
electrical energy. Generators can be sub-divided into two major categories
depending on whether the electric current produced is alternating
current (AC) or direct current (DC). The basic principle on which both types
of generator works is the same, although the details of construction of the
two may differ somewhat. Generators can also be classified according to the
source of the mechanical power (or prime mover) by which they are driven,
such as water or steam power.
The scientific principle on which generators operate was discovered
almost simultaneously in about 1831 by the English chemist and physicist,
Michael Faraday, and the American physicist, Joseph Henry. Imagine that
a coil of wire is placed within a magnetic field, with the ends of the coil
attached to some electrical device, such as a galvanometer. If the coil is
rotated within the magnetic field, the galvanometer shows that a current
has been induced within the coil. The magnitude of the induced current
depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the length of
the coil, and the speed with which the coil moves within the field.

In fact, it makes no difference as to whether the coil rotates within the

magnetic field or the magnetic field is caused to rotate around the coil. The
important factor is that the wire and the magnetic field are
in motion in relation to each other. In general, most DC generators have
a stationary magnetic field and a rotating coil, while most AC generators
have a stationary coil and a rotating magnetic field.
there are two types of generators are there and thy are given below

1.ac generators

2.dc generators

1.Ac generators
As the metal coil passes through the magnetic field in a generator, the
electrical power produced constantly changes. At first, the generated
electric current moves in one direction (as from left to right). Then, when
the coil reaches a position where it is parallel to the magnetic lines
of force, no current at all is produced. Later, as the coil continues to rotate,
it cuts through magnetic lines of force in the opposite direction, and the
electrical current generated travels in the opposite direction (as from right
to left).

Thus, a spinning coil in a fixed magnetic field of the type described here will
produce an alternating current, one that travels in one direction for a
moment of time, and then the opposite direction at the next moment of
time. The rate at which the current switches back and forth is known as
its frequency. The current used for most household devices, for example,
is 60 hertz (60 cycles per second).

The efficiency of a generator can be increased by substituting for the wire

coil described above an armature. An armature consists of a
cylindrical iron core around which is wrapped a long piece of wire. The
longer the piece of wire, the greater the electrical current that can be
generated by the armature.

2.Dc generators
An AC generator can be modified to produce direct current (DC) electricity
also. The change requires a commutator. A commutator is simply a slip ring
that has been cut in half, with both halves insulated from each other. The
brushes attached to each half of the commutator are arranged so that at the
moment the direction of the current in the coil reverses, they slip from one
half of the commutator to the other. The current that flows into the external
circuit, therefore, is always traveling in the same direction.
Turbine
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from
moving water.
Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were
widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now
they are mostly used forelectric power generation. They
harness a clean and renewable energy source.
Water wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their
main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be harnessed.
The migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years.
Development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles and
methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and manufacturing
methods developed at the time.

CONCLUSION
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other
energy source, renewable or nonrenewable, can match it. Producing
electricity from hydropower is cheap because, once a dam has been built
and the equipment installed, the energy source-flowing water-is free.

Although Hydropower does present a few environmental problems the

inherent technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric
power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix,
 RECOMMENDATION
The chapter on recommendation covers various suggestions which will help in
development of MMH power stations and use of technologies some of them are
described below:

1. Development of MMH has to be treated as a national measure to provide

electricity to people residing to remove areas.

2. Being non polluting renewable source of energy and generating from MMH power
stations will meet them less of obstacles.

3. Nation wise assessment should be carried out separately by all states.

4. All canals should be used to generate some power by using low cost equipment at
a distance of 1-2 km.

5. All canals to constructed in future should have a provision for MMH power station
i.e. instead of continuous drop, a sudden fall at 1-2 km distance would be useful so
that these can be harnessed in future.

6. All Central/State organisations, PWD, R&D should help in identifying Micro

schemes.

7. All the MMH power stations may have irrigation plant, cost of irrigation
development should not be considered as a plant cost for feasibility of a MMH power
stations.

8. On canal falls exploitation should be based on entire flow even if they are not
continous through out the year.

9. Local people should be involved in implementation and operation of the MMH

power stations.

10. Private entrepreneurs should be encouraged to take over construction and

running of MINi-Micro Hydel Power Stations.

11. Plants under 100kW should not be Govt. owned to cut down operating cost. They
should be maintained by village communities, small businessmen or millers.

12. Plants under one MW should be run by utility district communities but not by the
State Government.

13. MMH power stations should not be mini model of large hydro power station.
14. Civil works to be reduced to where minimum use of induction generator has to be
promoted.

15. Use of centrifugal pumps as generator should be promoted.

16. The turbine the centre place of a MMH power stations and other components are
to be manufactured in simple mechanical work job. Only in this way technical
sustainability can be achieved.

17. MMH power stations are to be used in manner to keep a high load factor during
the day for agro processing or use direct power which is easier and cheaper and
mechanical for lightning night time.

18. Integrated approach for more sustainable development through MMH power
stations is needed. This will change:

a. The added value of agro processing industries in the village, income of the village
rises and small trade cycle will be created.

b. Village life, light, radio, television will be more active and more attractive reducing
the migration and load of cities.

c. Villagers devoting more time in agricultural and productive activity.

19. Creation of research and development scheme oriented towards program

objectives of improving the rural condition of life through the increased use of
available micro hydro power potential not only by lighting but a possible share of
regularly produced components.
 APPENDIX
One of the parameters for a hydro power station that reflects its
performance, and a key input into the design process, is the plant factor
(sometimes called the capacity factor).

The plant factor is the ratio of mean annual output (over a number of
years of operation) of a power station to its maximum annual output if it
operates at full capacity for the whole year. For a hydro power station it
may also be considered to be the ratio of the mean annual flow to the
maximum flow through the turbines of the power station.

The instantaneous output of a power station is directly related to the flow

through its turbines. If the turbines' maximum capability was set to only
match the mean annual flow then, for any period where the flow is higher
than the mean (assuming little or no water storage is available) some of
the flow will be "spilt" and the overall annual output will be less than it
would have been if the penstocks, turbines, generators etc were larger.
Flows that are lower than the mean will be fully utilised.

To ensure reasonable economics of the investment in the power station,

including dams, spillways etc it is usual to provide for the capacity of the
penstocks, turbines, generators etc to be capable of using a higher flow
than the annual mean flow. Historically, hydro power station components
have usually been sized to give an overall plant factor of about 50 to
55%.

Some schemes, especially those where there is an out-of-river canal, may

have a greater plant factor than 50% (e.g. Project Aqua with
approximately 65%). While this will usually result in less water passing
through the canal/power station system to generate electricity than would
be the case if a lower plant factor was selected, it allows for more cost-
effective sizing and use of the intake, canal, power station equipment etc.

For the purpose of this study we have generally carried through the plant
factors that were assumed or required to be met during the investigations
that gave rise to the data and information provided, unless more up-to-
date information is available. It is quite possible that re-assessment of a
particular scheme during further investigations may lead to a more cost-
effective option that will have a higher plant factor which will usually be
associated with a lower MW level but a lesser reduction in energy
(GWhper annum) output.

LIST OF REFERENCES

BIBILOGRAPHY