USER's Manual: Design of Structural Steelwork Elements According To Eurocode 3 EN 1993:2005

Design of Structural Steelwork Elements according to Eurocode
3 EN 1993:2005
Classification of cross-sections, Resistance of cross-sections in single and combined

actions, buckling resistance of members. Design of connections. Design of beams,
columns, frames, of roof and floor structures. Design of purlins and bracing systems.
Design of footings of steel structures. Parameters according to National Annex of
Eurocode. Detailed reports with references to Eurocode paragraphs and necessary
drawings. Tables with all international steel profiles with dimensions, resistance and
buckling resistance values. User defined steel section properties. Welded steel
sections formed by the user.
USER’s Manual
Copyright RUNET software www.runet-software.com

STEELexpress RUNET software
License and Copyright

If you do not agree with the terms of the following Disclaimer and License Agreement, return the program
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Disclaimer
This software should be used only from experienced and licensed professional engineers. The software
must be considered as a helping tool for the designer engineer, and can never replace the knowledge, the
experience and the judgment of a professional engineer. The user of this software must understand that
no matter how advanced and well checked this software is, he should carefully check the results and take
responsibility of their use.
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Scope of License
Each licensed copy of STEELexpress, must be used either on a single computer, or installed on a single
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This software is a helping tool to aid you in the design of timber structures. The results of this software
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If this license is too restrictive with the laws of your country, do not use this software and
return within 30 days after purchase, for a fully refund of your payment.
Copyright RUNET Software www.runet-software.com 2

Contents
1 General about STEELexpress .................................................................................. 5
1.1 Steelwork elements included in the program .......................................................... 5
2 After program installation....................................................................................... 7
3 Basic philosophy in program use ............................................................................. 7
3.1 The basic steps in using the program are: ................................................................ 8
4 Design objects ...................................................................................................... 8
5 Calculation Window ............................................................................................... 9
6 Files .................................................................................................................. 10
7 Step by step, program use ................................................................................... 10
8 Parameters......................................................................................................... 12
8.1 National Annex ................................................................................................ 12
8.2 Materials ......................................................................................................... 12
8.3 Design Parameters ........................................................................................... 13
8.3.1 NAD parameters ................................................................................................. 13
8.3.2 Eurocode 3, design parameters ............................................................................. 13
8.3.3 Critical elastic moment for lateral torsional buckling Mcr .......................................... 13
8.3.4 Parameters for Portal frames ................................................................................ 14
8.4 Snow load on the ground .................................................................................. 15
8.5 Basic wind velocity ........................................................................................... 15
8.6 Seismic zone ................................................................................................... 15
9 General input data for steelwork components ......................................................... 16
9.1.1 Name of design object ......................................................................................... 16
9.1.2 Structural steel grade Eurocode 3 ΔΝ1993-1-1:2005 § 3.2 ...................................... 16
9.1.3 Partial safety factors for actions Eurocode 0 ΔΝ 1990:2002 § 6, Πίν. A1.2, Α1.3, Α1.4 17
9.1.4 Partial factors for materials Eurocode 3 ΔΝ1993-1-1:2005 § 6.1 .............................. 17
9.1.5 Actions Eurocode 0 ΔΝ 1990:2002 § 6.3 ............................................................... 17
10 Eurocode 3, Tables and charts .............................................................................. 19
11 Design tables for Structural Steel Sections, ............................................................ 20
(Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 5.5) .................................................................. 20
11.1 Tables with dimensions and properties of standard steel sections ........................ 20
11.2 Classification and resistance of standard steel sections ....................................... 21
11.2.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................ 21
11.3 Tables of non standard steel sections ............................................................... 22
11.4 Tables of user defined welded steel sections ..................................................... 22
11.5 Classification and resistance of steel sections (detailed report) ............................ 23
12 Resistance of cross-sections (Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2) .......................... 24
13 Buckling resistance of members (Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3) ..................... 25
13.1 Uniform members in compression EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.1 .............................. 25
13.1.1 Columns with axial load only ................................................................................ 25
13.2 Uniform members in bending EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.2 ..................................... 25
13.2.1 Beams with vertical load only ............................................................................... 25
13.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression, ......................................... 26
(EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.3) ....................................................................................... 26
13.3.1 Columns with axial compression and end moments ................................................. 26
13.3.2 Beams with vertical load and axial compression ...................................................... 27
14 Connections EN1993-1-8:2005 ............................................................................. 27
14.1 Connection types ........................................................................................... 27
14.1.1 Tension connections (design and capacity) ............................................................. 27
14.1.2 Beam to beam connections (design and capacity) ................................................... 27
14.1.3 Beam to column connections .............................................................................. 28
14.1.4 Connections of portal frames ................................................................................ 28
14.1.5 Connections made with pins (design and capacity) .................................................. 28
14.2 Connection data ............................................................................................ 29
14.2.1 Connection loading .............................................................................................. 29
14.3 Connection bolts EN1993-1-8 §3.1 .................................................................. 29
14.4 Connection plates .......................................................................................... 29
14.5 Joint geometry .............................................................................................. 29
15 Design of Steel Beams ......................................................................................... 30
15.1.1 Beams in Uniform load......................................................................................... 30
15.2 Design of floor beams .................................................................................... 30
15.3 Design of Roof beams .................................................................................... 31

15.4 Design of Purlins ........................................................................................... 31

16 Design of Steel Columns ...................................................................................... 32
16.1 Column design .............................................................................................. 32
16.2 Columns in simple constructions ...................................................................... 32
17 Design of single-bay steel portal frames ................................................................. 33
17.1 Basic structure dimensions ............................................................................. 33
17.2 Design parameters for buckling control ............................................................ 33
17.3 NAD parameters ............................................................................................ 34
17.4 Cross-sections ............................................................................................... 35
17.5 Estimate of member sizes ............................................................................... 35
17.6 Portal frame Connections ................................................................................ 35
17.7 Portal frame loading....................................................................................... 36
17.7.1 Single Bay portal frame under snow, wind and seismic load ..................................... 36
17.7.2 Single Bay portal frame under vertical and horizontal load ....................................... 37
17.7.3 Single Bay portal frame under vertical and horizontal load with concentrated loads on
the columns 38
18 Design of Bracing systems ................................................................................... 39
18.1.1 Example ............................................................................................................ 39
19 Fundaments of Steel columns ............................................................................... 40
19.1 Loading on the fundament .............................................................................. 40
19.2 Dimensions of Fundament .............................................................................. 40
19.3 Estimate of fundament dimensions (predimensioning) ........................................ 41
19.4 Steel Tie and Passive earth pressure ................................................................ 41
19.5 Foundation, Bearing resistance ........................................................................ 41
20 Base Plate design ................................................................................................ 43
20.1 Loading ........................................................................................................ 43
20.2 Anchor type .................................................................................................. 43
20.3 Bearing capacity of concrete base .................................................................... 43
21 Short theoretical overview.................................................................................... 44
21.1 Units ............................................................................................................ 44
21.2 Coordinate system ......................................................................................... 44
21.3 Design Loads, EN1991:2005 : ......................................................................... 44
21.3.1 Permanent loads, EN1991-1:2005 ......................................................................... 44
21.3.2 Imposed loads EN1991-1:2005 ............................................................................. 44
21.3.3 Snow load EN1991-3:2003 ................................................................................... 44
21.3.4 Wind load of EN1991-4:2005................................................................................ 45
21.3.5 Earthquake loading EN1998-1:2004 ...................................................................... 45
21.4 Design load combinations EN1990:2002 ........................................................... 45
21.4.1 Load combination factors (EN1990 Tab.A1.1) ....................................................... 45
21.4.2 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU) .......................................................................... 45
21.4.3 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR) .......................................................................... 45
21.4.4 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)............................................................................. 45
21.4.5 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Seismic situation ........................................................... 46
21.5 Materials ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 3.2 ................................................................... 46
21.5.1 Steel grades included in the program .................................................................... 46
21.6 Partial factors ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.1 ............................................................ 47
21.7 Second order effects EN1993-1-1 §5.2.1 .......................................................... 47
21.8 Imperfections EN1993-1-1 §5.3.1 .................................................................... 48
21.9 Steel section types included in the program ...................................................... 48
21.10 Classification of cross sections ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 5.5 .................................. 49
21.11 Ultimate limit states ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2 ................................................ 51
21.11.1 Tension ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.3 ....................................................................... 51
21.11.2 Compression ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.4 ................................................................ 51
21.11.3 Bending moment ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.5 .......................................................... 52
21.11.4 Bi-axial bending ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.9 ........................................................... 53
21.11.5 Shear ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.6 .......................................................................... 53
21.11.6 Buckling resistance of uniform members in compression .......................................... 53
21.11.7 Lateral torsional buckling for uniform members ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.2 ........ 56
21.11.8 Uniform members in bending and compression ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.4 ................. 57
22 Standards and Bibliography .................................................................................. 59

1 General about STEELexpress
The software STEELexpress covers the design and analysis of structural steelwork elements
according to Eurocode 3 EN 1993:2005. In a unified environment you design steelwork
elements in a simple way. The design of steel structural components cover many needs of a
structural design firm. It simplifies all the repetitive and time-consuming every day
calculations for steel elements. In addition, with the analytical reports and Eurocode
references, helps for engineers and engineering students to gain familiarity with design
according to Eurocode 3.
In a graphical added environment you specify the necessary dimensions, loads and design
code parameters of steel components, and the design is immediately performed. Default
values and checks for erroneous input values, facilitate the input data process. The detailed
calculations can be viewed immediately.
The report, which is created simultaneously, shows in detail all the calculations and the design
steps with references to the corresponding design code paragraphs. In case of inadequate
design warnings in red colour appear in the report, and on the calculation window. The report
quality is high with sketches, graphs and formulas, and with user specified title block, logos
and fonts.
In one project you can create as many structural elements (design objects) as you desire. All
the data are stored automatically in one file. A dedicated window helps you working with the
design objects in a project. Each structural element is well marked with a name and an icon.
You can edit, copy or delete design objects in a project with a click of the mouse.
You can select the design objects to be included in the final project report.
With double clicking on a design object you enter its calculation window. With right clicking on
a design object you can select actions like computations, report previewing and export file, or
drawing.
A help system, guides you through the use of the program and the Eurocode provisions. On-
line user's manual and frequently asked questions (F.A.Q.) are included in the program.
The design code parameters and the material properties are according to the requirements of
the National Annex. The user can select National Annex region. Parameters and materials can
also be adjusted by the user.
1.1 Steelwork elements included in the program
Basic design charts and graphs of Eurocode 3

o Buckling curves
o Elastic critical moment for lateral buckling Mcr,
o Effective length of braced and unbraced members
Steel sections (standard, user defined welded sections)
o dimensions, geometric properties
o classification
o resistance values (axial load, bending shear)
o buckling resistance and lateral buckling resistance for various buckling lengths.
Resistance of cross-sections for various single or combined actions
o Single actions, compression tension, shear Vy or Vz, and bending Myy or Mzz
o Combined actions, axial shear and bending in various combinations
Buckling resistance of members
o Buckling resistance in compression Nc, and compression with bending Nc-My-
Mz
Lateral buckling resistance of members
o Members in bending My, members in bending and compression My and Nc

Connections of steel members

o Simple tension connections (single double shear and splice joints)
o Beam to beam connections (beam continuation, Gerber connection, connection
with web cleats)
o Beam to column connections (with web cleats or end plates)
o Portal frame connections (Apex connection, eve connections simple or with
hunch, Base connections simple or fixed).
o Connections with pins. (Pin ended member, Gerber beam)
Steel Beam design
o Single beams (simply supported, fixed in one end or fixed in both ends).
Combination of uniform, triangular or concentrated loads. Various lateral
length supports.
o Floor beams of one or two spans or one span and cantilever. Laterally
unrestrained, restrained at one or two intermediate points, or totally
restrained.
o Roof beams of one or two spans. Snow, wind pressure and under pressure,
imposed load.
o Purlin design. Simply supported or continuous. Laterally restrained or
unrestrained.
Steel column design
o Single members in compression (various end conditions and buckling lengths)
o Columns under axial load, or axial load and single or double bending.
o Columns in simple constructions (simple columns, columns in braced or
unbraced frames)
Steel frame design
o Single bay portal frames under vertical and horizontal loadings
o Single bay portal frames under vertical and horizontal loadings, with
concentrated loads on the columns
o Single bay portal frames under snow, wind and seismic loading.
o Two floor single bay frame under vertical and horizontal loading.
Design of bracing systems
o Vertical bracing system
o Horizontal bracing systems
Design of footings of steel structures
o Pinned footing under vertical and horizontal loading
o Fixed footing under vertical and horizontal loading and moment
o Footings resisting horizontal forces only with passive earth pressure
o Footings with horizontal ties in order to resist horizontal forces
o Design base plate design and base anchoring system. For simple and fixed
base connection

2 After program installation

The program is based on the structural Eurocodes. The application as well as the parameters
of Eurocodes may differ from country to country.
It is advisable to consult the National Application Documents, which define the parameters,
the supporting standards and provide national guidance on the application of Eurocodes.
After the installation of the program, you must select the National Annex of your area. If it is
necessary you may also adjust various parameters such as material constants, safety factors
Eurocode 3 options, snow and wind regions, and default values.
The user can decide the appearance of the report by adjusting: user defined graphic and logo
text, page margins, font selection, size of indentation etc. The Report settings must also be
adjusted to meet the requirements of the program user.
From Parameters:
NA-National Annex, Select the National Annex to apply in the design

Design Parameters, Check and select options or modify (if it is necessary) the
various design parameters of the Eurocode.
Materials, You can adjust the characteristic material properties. It is advisable to
consult the National Application Document of the Eurocodes 0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8.
Snow load on the ground Default region and snow zone
Basic wind velocity Default region and wind zone
Seismic design Default region and seismic zone
From Report setup:

You can adjust the report appearance (margins, font, cover, company logo, page caption,
page footnote, indentations, graphic appearance, pagination).
From [Setup/Decimal point] you can select type of decimal point symbol.
You can change program language from [Setup/Language Set-Up]. By changing the
language and confirm it by [apply]. You must recalculate the design objects to take the new
language in the report.
From [Help/Program user's manual] you can read or print the program user's manual.
3 Basic philosophy in program use

With the program you create and manipulate various design objects or structural steelwork
elements. The design objects can be a variety of steelwork parts of a structure such as:
beams, columns, connections, simple frame structures, footings, etc. All the program activity
takes place within the main window.
Within a project you may create as many design objects as you want. All the data are saved in
one project file. A common report is created. You can select the steelwork objects that you
want to include in the report. The main window displays and handles all the necessary
information and actions for the design objects of the project.
You can create new design objects with the action buttons at the top of the main program
window.
Each design object, with a name you specified, and a characteristic icon, is shown in a list in
the [Design objects] window. From this window you can regulate their appearance and the
order of appearance in the report. The right side window shows the calculations of the
selected design object.
By double clicking a design object you enter its calculation window, where you specify the
dimensions, the loads and the design code parameters. When the object is created the
parameters take the default values. All the required data are well marked with a sketch, and
the appropriate dimensions. The program constantly checks for wrong or inappropriately
entered values.

With right clicking a design object you can select from the popup menu actions like
computation, report previewing, printing, exporting, or CAD drawing.
In front of every design object is a check box. Only the objects that are checked will be
included in the common report.
3.1 The basic steps in using the program are:
Open a Project File from menu [File].

Select a design object, from the [Design objects] window, or create a new one from the
action buttons at the top of the main program window.
Activate the computations of the object, by double clicking the design object or by clicking
the computations button. If it is a new object the computations are activated
automatically.
In the object's calculation window enter the necessary data for the particular design object
and do the computations.
In the calculation window you can see the drawing of the object, and you can preview or
print the report of that particular design object.
Check the objects you would like to appear in the report, and adjust their order of
appearance in the [Design objects] window.
Preview and Print the report, for the marked objects.
Specify the design and code parameters, and the default values from the menu Parameters
Adjust the report appearance and the contents. Adjust also the units used in the report.
Adjust program appearance and basic parameters.
4 Design objects
The design objects can be a variety of steelwork parts of a structure such as: beams, columns,
connections, bracing systems, footings etc...
We refer to these calculations as design objects or structural steelwork elements.
You create the design objects with the action buttons on the top. In a project you may create
as many design objects, as you want. Automatically the program gives a default name to each
object, (which you may change), and assigns a small characteristic icon in front to recognize
the type of the design object. You may change the name of the design object. Design objects
must have different names.

The design objects are autonomous and each one has its own drawings, material properties
and computations. All the design objects of the project are listed in the window at the left,
which is the basic window in working with the design objects. By selecting (clicking at) an
object, the corresponding computations appear on the right window. If the object appears in
red colour, the computations have errors or are not satisfying. A characteristic sketch of the
selected design object appears underneath.
With double clicking on a design object you enter its calculation window. With right clicking on
a design object you can select actions like computations, report previewing and printing
exporting, or drawing.
The objects checked in front, are included in the report. A common report is produced from
the selected objects. In the Report Setup you may specify the report of each design object to
start in a new page.
The order of the objects, which is also the order of appearance in the report, is regulated with
the two buttons . You can delete one or more selected objects by clicking at Del key
or , (multiple selection of design objects with [Shift] and mouse click, or [Ctrl] and mouse
click). You can duplicate a selected object by clicking at .
5 Calculation Window
A calculation window has a typical
sketch of the steelwork object that is to
be designed. All the necessary input
data are marked with their dimensions.
Depending on the speed of the
computer the user can choose to have
the computations performed
simultaneously with the data
input/change or when clicking the
button [Computations]
The calculations appear in the window
underneath. This window can expand
by clicking [Report Up]. Warnings and
errors for inadequate design values are
shown in red in the calculations.
When the object is created all the parameters take default values. A check is always made for
wrong or erroneous input values. After the computations an OK or Error (in red) message is
shown on top left. With Preview you can preview the full report of that design object. From the
preview window you can print or export the report to PDF or Word file.

6 Files
You create, open and save files. The data are saved automatically as
you change them and you do computations. All the structure objects
are saved in the same unique file with an extension
[SteelExpressData]. When you specify a new file name you don't have
to type in the extension.
7 Step by step, program use
1- Open a Project File. Use New for new project and Open for an existing project
file. All the data are saved in the same file. The data are saved automatically.
2- Create a new Design object. From the drop-down

buttons on the top, automatically you enter the
computation window for this object.
You may select an existing design object, from the
[Design objects] window, and activate the
computations by double clicking at the object, e.g.
BEAM-001, or by clicking at .
3- In the window with the computations, enter the necessary data for the particular design
object and click on .

When the Auto-computation is checked, the calculations are performed automatically when
you change the data.
Click to see more of calculations.
All the computations for the design object are performed.
A message appears if design is OK, the computations and the dimensions

are adequate.
If the design has problems due to inadequate dimensions this message
will appear.

Automatic generation of CAD drawings.
Preview report. From preview you can export the file to PDF or Word
format.
Select (check) the objects you want to include in the report. With the
arrows you can adjust their order of appearance in the report. In the
report only the objects checked in front will appear.
Report setup. Adjust the appearance of the report. You can adjust: font
size, margins, captions and footnotes, line distances, character font, new
page after each object printout, line thickness and paragraph indentation
Print the report

8 Parameters
Basic program parameters for materials, design

parameters and regions for snow, wind and
earthquake loading.
8.1 National Annex
Select the National Annex of the country you

want to work. To do this, first click [Locked] to
unlock. The various design parameters (load
factors, material factors etc.) are set according to the National annex. This does don affect the
regions for snow, wind and earthquake, which have to be selected from the next menu lines of
the parameter menu.
8.2 Materials
Structural steel, Concrete, Reinforcing steel and Soils for the foundation. You can change
(edit) material properties.
In order to avoid accidental material changes the edit capabilities are locked. To edit, click first
to unlock the edit capabilities. With you add or delete lines from the
property tables, with the original program values are loaded.

8.3 Design Parameters

The National Annex parameters are set according to
the National Annex you select. You may although want
to change some of them, or specify some design
considerations not mentioned in the national Annex.
8.3.1 NAD parameters
Action coefficients for Ultimate limit states

EQU and STR. According to Eurocode 0 Table
A1.2A and Table A1.2B.
Click Reset to reset to National Annex values.
Load Combination coefficients according to

Eurocode0 Table A1.1.
Click Reset to reset to National Annex values
Material factors for Steel according to Eurocode

3 §6.1
Material factors for Reinforced concrete

according to Eurocode 2 §2.4.2.4., used for the
reinforced concrete in the foundation.
Material factors for Soil according to Eurocode 7

Annex A. Used for the foundation design.
8.3.2 Eurocode 3, design parameters
Lateral torsional buckling computations base on

Eurocode 3 Eq. 6.56, and Tables T 6.3, and T 6.4.
(most common)
Eurocode 3 Eq. 6.57, and Table T 6.5.
Method for Bending and compression.

Method 1 Annex A or method 2 Annex B (most
common)
8.3.3 Critical elastic moment for lateral torsional

buckling Mcr
The values of coefficients C1,C2,C3, for the evaluation

of elastic critical moment Mcr can be found in
literature. You may choose the source of definition of
these parameters
prEN 1993-1-1:2002 Annex C This is an
intermediate publication of Eurocode 3 in 2002.
After this the subject has been removed from
Eurocode 3.
ENV 1993-1-1:1992 Annex F
ECCS 119/Galea SN030a-EN-EU Access Steel 2006
Kolekova Y-Balaz I. Engineering Mechanics 2012
Vagias I., Stahlbau 73(2004), Heft 2
BS5958:1:1990 tables 15 and 16
NSN 6771 Table 9

8.3.4 Parameters for Portal frames
Specify some parameters that are not covered from national annex. Such as:
1. Deflection limits for Serviceability limit state (SLS)

The limits for these deflections are usually defined in the National Annex. EN1993-1-1 § 7.2
and EN 1990 Annex A1.4 According to EN1993-1-1 these limits may be specified for each
project and agree with the client.
Usual values: vertical deflection L/200, horizontal deflection H/150, vertical deflection due to
bending L/200.
2. Design parameters for buckling control
Columns
(1): (most reasonable default)
In plane buckling, critical buckling length Lcr=system length points of axis.
Out of plane buckling and torsional buckling and lateral torsional buckling, critical buckling
Lcr the column height up to the haunch, or the distance of lateral restrains Lm1, if is
specified smaller than the column length.
(2): (conservatively)
In plane buckling Lcr = system length points of axis.
Out of plane buckling and torsional buckling and lateral torsional buckling, Lcr the system
length or the distance of lateral restrains Lm1.
Rafters
(1) (most reasonable default)
In plane buckling Lcr = system length. This s computed from the total span L and the
first buckling mode.
Lateral buckling length at span the purlin space, torsional buckling the distance
between torsional restraints Lm2
(2) (conservatively)
In plane buckling Lcr=system length
Lateral and torsional buckling length, the distance between torsional restraints Lm2.
At haunch bottom At system length

8.4 Snow load on the ground
Default region and snow zone.

Click and select the snow region of your area. The snow zone and the amplitude, and
the characteristic snow load value on the ground sk is set according to Eurocode
ΔΝ1991-1-3:2003.
8.5 Basic wind velocity
Select wind region and wind zone. The default

basic wind velocity is set.
8.6 Seismic zone

Default seismic region and seismic zone. The ground
acceleration α=αgr/g is set.

9 General input data for steelwork components
Most of the steelwork design objects have some basic common data as follows:
Name of design object
Structural steel grade
Partial safety factors for actions
Partial factors for materials
Actions
Steel section
9.1.1 Name of design object
Every design object has a name, which appears in the report. In the creation of each object
the program assigns a default name e.g. Beam-001, Beam-002 etc. which may be changed
any time. (names up to 16 characters long). Names of structural design objects must be
unique. Two design objects cannot have the same name.
9.1.2 Structural steel grade

Eurocode 3 ΔΝ1993-1-1:2005 § 3.2
Select the steel grade from the steel materials available. Most of the used
steel grades are included in the program, and are loaded according to the
national Annex you select. You can add steel grades, or change properties
for steel grades in the menu Parameters/materials/Structural Steel.
The program automatically sets the respective steel properties (fyk, fuk,
Es etc).
9.1.2.1 Steel grades included in the program
S 235 EN 10025-2 fy40:235;fu40:360

S 275 EN 10025-2 fy40:275;fu40:430
S 355 EN 10025-2 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 450 EN 10025-2 fy40:440;fu40:550
S 275 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy400:275;fu4:390
S 355 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:355;fu40:490
S 420 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:420;fu40:520
S 460 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:460;fu40:540
S 275 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:275;fu40:370
S 355 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:355;fu40:470
S 420 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:420;fu40:520
S 460 M/ML' EN 10025-4 fy40:460;fu40:540
S 235 W EN 10025-5 fy40:235;fu40:360
S 355 W EN 10025-5 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 460 Q/QL EN 10025-6 fy40:460;fu40:570
S 235 H EN 10210-1 fy40:235;fu40:360
S 275 H EN 10210-1 fy40:275;fu40:430
S 355 H EN 10210-1 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 275 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:275;fu40:390

S 355 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:355;fu40:490

S 420 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:420;fu40:540
S 460 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:460;fu40:560
S 220GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:220;fu40:300
S 250GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:250;fu40:330
S 280GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:280;fu40:360
S 320GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:320;fu40:390
S 350GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:350;fu40:420
H240LA EN 10268 fy40:240;fu40:340
H280LA EN 10268 fy40:280;fu40:370
H320LA EN 10268 fy40:320;fu40:400
H360LA EN 10268 fy40:360;fu40:430
H400LA EN 10268 fy40:400;fu40:460
H260LAD EN 10292 fy40:240;fu40:340
H300LAD EN 10292 fy40:280;fu40:370
H340LAD EN 10292 fy40:320;fu40:400
H380LAD EN 10292 fy40:360;fu40:430
H420LAD EN 10292 fy40:400;fu40:460
220GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:220;fu40:300
250GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:250;fu40:330
280GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:280;fu40:360
320GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:320;fu40:390
350GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:350;fu40:420
The steel grades for cold formed steel C, Z and U sections are included.
9.1.3 Partial safety factors for actions

Eurocode 0 ΔΝ 1990:2002 § 6, Πίν. A1.2, Α1.3, Α1.4
The partial safety γG, γG.sup (permanent loads unfavourable), γG.inf (permanent loads
unfavourable), γQ (variable loads), and coefficients ψο, ψ1, ψ2 for combining actions, are set
according to the national Annex selected. They can be changed from the menu
Parameters/Design parameters/Action coefficients. And Parameters/Design parameters/Load
combination factors.
Common values γG =1.35, γG.inf =1.00, γQ =1.50, ψo=0.70.
9.1.4 Partial factors for materials

Eurocode 3 ΔΝ1993-1-1:2005 § 6.1
The material partial factors γM0 γM1, γM2, are set according to the national Annex selected.
They can be changed from the menu Parameters/Design parameters/Material factors.
Usual values:
γΜ0 = 1.00
γΜ1 = 1.00
γΜ2 = 1.25
9.1.5 Actions
Eurocode 0 ΔΝ 1990:2002 § 6.3
9.1.5.1 Design value for actions
In some cases (as the cases of evaluating the resistance of cross-section) you specify the
design value for actions Ned (axial force), Medy, Medz (bending moments), etc. which is the
result of combining permanent and variable actions.
Ned = γG·Ng + γQ·Nq1 + γQ·ψο·Nq2 (Eq.6.10)

Med = γG·Mq + γQ·Mq1 + γQ·ψο·Mq2
In most cases you specify the permanent and variable actions and the program evaluates the
design actions.

In cases of designing structural parts as floors, or roofs you specify the environmental loads
permanent and variable on the structure.
9.1.5.2 Permanent loads on floors
Weight of floor finishing, the weight of the floor finishing (tiles

etc.)
Weight of floor structure then weight of the floor structure If
you select thin concrete slab (70mm) or timber floor. The floor
beams are checked as unrestrained. For thicker concrete slab
are checked restrained. For steel floor (steel plates etc.) are
checked later restrained at one middle point. The lateral
restraining selection can be altered afterwards
9.1.5.3 Variable loads on floors
Variable load You can select from the table of EN1991-1-1 6.3).
9.1.5.4 Permanent loads on roofs
Load of roof covering [kN/m²] It includes the weight of the

sheeting, purlins and insulation materials.
Load of ceiling under the roof [kN/m²]
self weight of frame elements, calculated by the program
from the element cross sections with Unit mass π= 7850
Kg/m³
9.1.5.5 Variable loads on roofs
Imposed load according to EN1990-1-1 Tab 6.1, calculated by the program according to
the selected National Annex
Snow load according to Eurocode 1-3:2004

The characteristic snow load on the ground sk
is specified in kN/m2.
Click , and a special dialog window appear.
In this window you set the snow zone and the
height above the sea level. The characteristic
snow load on the ground is computed
according to Eurocode 1-3:2004, and the
National Annex. The snow region can be
selected from Parameters/snow load on the
ground. The snow load on the roof is computed
according to Eurocode 1-3:2003.
Wind load, according to Eurocode 1-

4:2005
The wind pressure on vertical surface is

specified in kN/m2. Click and in this
window you compute the wind pressure from
the wind velocity and the topography of the
region according to Eurocode 1-4:2005.
The wind load is computed for various places
at the roof and the vertical walls according to
Eurocode 1-4:2005 §7.2.5 and Tab 7.4a and
Tab. 7.1.
The wind region, which specifies the wind
velocity, is selected from Parameters/Basic
wind velocity.

Wind internal pressure wi in kN/m2. This is internal pressure and it acts from inside outwards
on the walls and roof. It is subtracted directly (without further multiplication by pressure
coefficients) from any uplift wind pressure on the outside surfaces.
9.1.5.6 Seismic load Eurocode 8-1:2004
The program performs a verification of the

structure under seismic loading, using both Lateral
force method, and Modal superposition spectrum
analysis. .
Basic value used in the seismic design is the ratio
of horizontal seismic acceleration. Click and a
special dialog window appears where you may in
detail specify all the necessary seismic parameters
(soil factors, spectra periods, behaviour factors,
etc.) for the design spectrum, according to
Eurocode 8-1:2004.
10 Eurocode 3, Tables and charts
Various helpful charts and tables of Eurocode 3.
Flexural buckling
Lateral torsional buckling
Effective length of columns in braced and unbraced frames.

11 Design tables for Structural Steel Sections,

(Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 5.5)
Tables with steel sections, with their dimensions,

properties, classification, resistance and
buckling resistance values according to Eurocode
3
Three (3) groups of sections are included in the program.

Standard sections. All international section profiles.
Non standard sections. Sections with dimensions given by the user.
Welded sections. Welded sections made from rectangular
steel plates, with dimensions given by the user.
z
z z z z z z z z
11.1 Tables with dimensions and properties of standard steel sections
From the left tree you select the section type e.g. IPE, HE etc. On the right the table shows all
the standard sections for this group and their dimensions and properties. Moving up and down
the table on the right the section drawing is shown in scale (you can grab and move the
section drawing around the window and you can make it small or bigger with the arrows).
Click or double click on a section and you obtain analytical report for the
classification, resistance values and buckling resistance of the selected section.

11.2 Classification and resistance of standard steel sections
Classification of cross section according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §5.5.

Resistance values of cross section according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2.
Buckling resistance and lateral buckling resistance according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.3
From the tree on the left you select the section with its designation. On the right, a drawing of
the section profile is displayed together with the section dimensions and properties.
On the right window are also displayed:
Classification (1,2,3,4) according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §5.5 for axial loading and loading
with bending moments.
Resistances of the section in compression, bending in y-y and z-z axis, and shear according
to EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2
Buckling resistance for various buckling lengths (Lc) according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.3.1
Lateral torsional buckling resistance for various lateral buckling lengths (Llt) according to
EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.3.2
11.2.1 Symbols
NtRd [kN]: Tension resistance EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2.3
NcRd [kN]: Compression resistance EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2.4
Mcrdy Bending resistance about the strong y-y axis EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2.5
[kNm]:
Mcrdz Bending resistance about the weak z-z axis EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.2.5
[kNm]:
Vcrdz [kN]: Shear resistance in the axis z-z parallel to web EN1993-1-1 §6.2.6
Vcrdy [kN]: Shear resistance in the axis y-y axis parallel to flanges EN1993-1-
1:2005 §6.2.6

Nbrdy [kN]: Buckling resistance in compression about the strong y-y or weak z-z
Nbrdz [kN]: axis, for various buckling lengths Lc (1.00,1.50…15 m) EN1993-1-
1:2005 §6.3.1
Mbrd1 Lateral torsional buckling resistance for various lengths between
[kNm]: constrains Llt (1.00,1.50 ….15 m) EN1993-1-1:2005 §6.3.2
Mbrd2
[kNm]:
Mbrd1: Lateral torsional buckling resistance for constant (uniform) bending
moment diagram along the beam
Mbrd2: Lateral torsional buckling resistance for parabolic bending moment
diagram along the beam
h [mm]: Depth of cross section

b [mm]: Width of cross section
hw [mm]: Web depth
dw [mm Depth of straight portion of web
]:
tw [mm]: Web thickness
tf [mm]: Flange thickness
r [mm]: Radius of root fillet
G [Kg/m]: Mass
A [cm²]: Area
Iy [cm4]: Moment of area about axis y-y
Iz [cm4]: Second moment of area about axis z-z
Wy [cm³]: Section modulus about axis y-y
Wz [cm³]: Section modulus about axis z-z
Wpy Plastic section modulus about axis y-y
[cm]:
Wpz Plastic section modulus about axis z-z
[cm³]:
iy [cm]: Radius of gyration about y-y axis
iz [cm]: Radius of gyration about z-z axis
Avz Shear area parallel to web
[cm²]:
Avy Shear area parallel to flanges
[cm²]:
It [cm4]: Torsional constant
Iw [cm6]: Warping constant
11.3 Tables of non-standard steel sections

Tables with steel sections organized as the standard sections, but the user can change the
basic dimensions. Changes are activated with the [Edit]. As you change the dimensions the
new geometric and strength properties are evaluated. These sections can be used as standard
sections.
11.4 Tables of user defined welded steel sections

Click [Edit] and you enter the window where you can enter the basic dimensions of a welded
steel section. The strength properties of the section are listed at the same time.
For adding new section or deleting existing click . Click [Stop edit] to stop editing.

11.5 Classification and resistance of steel sections (detailed report)
1. Select section group (standard, non standard, welded)

2. From the tree on the left select the section.
3. Select the combination of actions on the cross-section.
If it is combination with axial force and bending
moments specify the actions.
You obtain a detailed report of the section classification according to EN1993-1-1:2005 §5.5.
You can adjust also the steel grade and the partial safety factors.

12 Resistance of cross-sections (Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2)

Design of cross-section in Ultimate limit state, for various combinations of actions
Design load combinations

Single actions
Tension Nt
Compression Nc
Bending Myy
Bending Mzz
Shear Vz
Shear Vy
Double actions
Bending and compression Nc-Myy
Bending and compression Nc-Mzz
Biaxial bending Myy-Mzz
Compression and shear Nc-Vz
Compression and shear Nc-Vy
Combined actions
Compression, bending and shear Nc-Vz-My
Tension, bending and shear Nt-Vz-My
Bending and compression Nc-Myy-Mzz
Bending and tension Nt-Myy-Mzz
Axial force shear and bending N-V-M
1. Select section group (standard, non

standard, welded)
3. Specify the design actions on the cross-section.
Detail report is obtained for the design of the selected cross-section under the specified
loading. If the cross-section is not appropriate to resist the loading, error messages are
displayed.

13 Buckling resistance of members (Eurocode 3, EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3)
13.1 Uniform members in compression EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.1
13.1.1 Columns with axial load only
1. Select section group(standard, non

standard, welded)
2. From the tree on the left select the
section.
3. Specify the design actions. Axial load Nc,ed [kN].
4. Specify the member length L in meters, and the buckling lengths in y-y and z-z direction. The
buckling lengths are specified by the ratios to the member length. The ratios may be selected
from the standard buckling lengths by click at or from the buckling lengths of frame
columns by clicking at for braced or unbraced frames according to Eurocode 3.
13.2 Uniform members in bending EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.2
13.2.1 Beams with vertical bending load
1. Select section group

3. Specify the beam loading as a combination of
uniform [kN/m] and concentrated [kN] loads. For
concentrated loads specify the distance x [m] from
left support. The loads are for permanent and live
loading conditions.
4. Specify the end support conditions of the beam
(simply supported, fixed at one end or fixed at both
ends).
5. Specify the member length L in meters, and the lateral buckling length Lc [m]. The lateral
buckling length is the distance of lateral supports.

13.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression,

(EN1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.3)
13.3.1 Columns with axial compression and end moments
1.Select section group

2.From the tree on the left select the section.
3.Specify the column axial load Ng [kN] (permanent) and Nq [kN] (live).
4.Specify the column end moments at top point A and bottom point B. Moments Myy [kNm]
for the bending around the main axis and Mzz [kNm] for bending around the secondary
axis. Moments MyyAg, MzzAg, MyyBg, MzzBg for permanent loading and MyyAq, MzzAq,
MyyBq, MzzBq for live loading.
5.Specify the member length L in meters,
6.Specify the buckling lengths in y-y and z-z direction. The buckling lengths are specified by
the ratios to the member length. This ratios may be selected from the standard buckling
lengths by click at or from the buckling lengths of frame columns by clicking at

for braced or unbraced frames according to Eurocode 3.

13.3.2 Beams with vertical load and axial compression
1. Select section group

3. Specify the axial load of the beam Ng[kN] permanent, Nq [kN] live load.
4. Specify the beam loading as a combination of uniform [kN/m] and concentrated [kN]
loads. For concentrated loads specify the distance x [m] from left support. The loads are
for permanent and live loading conditions.
5. Specify the end support conditions of the beam.
6. Specify the member length L in meters, and the lateral buckling length Lc [m]. The lateral
buckling length is the distance of lateral supports.
14 Connections EN1993-1-8:2005
Design of various connections. For most types of connections there is
1. Connection design, Specify the connection loading and the program selects optimum
connection geometry and bolt arrangement to satisfy the design of the connection.
2. Connection capacity, you specify the connection geometry and the bolt arrangement, and
the capacity of the connection is evaluated
14.1 Connection types
14.1.1 Tension connections (design and

capacity)
shear joint
double shear joint
splice joint
chord continuity I sections
14.1.2 Beam to beam connections (design and

capacity)
Beam-continuation connection
Gerber-beam connection
Beam-on-beam connection with web cleats

14.1.3 Beam to column connections
Beam on column connection with web cleats

Beam on column connection with end plates
14.1.4 Connections of portal frames
Bolted connections with end or base plate.
Apex connection
Usual loading with positive bending moment, the bottom of the connection is
in tension. A small haunch is provided at the bottom to increase the lever arm
for the tension bolts.
Eve connection with haunch

Eve connection without haunch
For connections with high bending moment a haunch is

provided to increase the level arm of the bolts in tension.
The height of the haunch is assumed the save as the
height of the connected rafter beam. A compression
stiffener is provided in the column at the bottom of the
connection to take the increased compressive forces.
Simple column base connection,

Fixed column base connection
The connection has a base plate connected to the column

by fillet welds. Holding down anchoring bolts are designed.
The bolts are anchored in the concrete foundation with
hooks or washer plates. If the connection is simple
connection then the connection is not designed to carry
bending moment. (pin connection). In the case of pin
connection the bolts are located in the middle of the
column. If the connection is designed to carry bending
moment (fixed connection), the bolts are located outside
and close to the peripheral of the column.
14.1.5 Connections made with pins (design and capacity)
Pin ended member
Gerber-beam connection

14.2 Connection data
14.2.1 Connection loading
Design forces and moments on the connected members as the drawing shows.
14.3 Connection bolts EN1993-1-8 §3.1
Diameter of bolts in mm M (from 8 to 30 mm)

Grade of bolts. (From 4.6 to 10.9) according to EN1993-1-8 Tab3.1.
Regular or preloaded bolts (only for bolts of grades 8.8 and 10.9) EN1993-1-8 §3.1.2. In
case of preloaded bolts give the values of Ks, μ ,γΜ3 according to EN1993-1-8 §3.9.1
Shear plane through the treated part or not. EN1993-1-8 Tab 3.4.
14.4 Connection plates

Dimensions of the connection plates are given in mm.
14.5 Joint geometry
In case of evaluating the capacity of a joint, the number and positioning of the bolts has to be
chosen. The basic distances between the bolts have to be specified.
In the case of designing a connection for a given load, the program selects the optimum
geometry and the necessary number of bolts.
The distances from the edges and between the bolts are according to EN1993-1-8 Tab 3.3 and
Fig. 3.1

15 Design of Steel Beams
15.1.1 Beams with Uniform load
Beams of one span,

Continuous beams of two spans.
Beam with one span and cantilever.
Beam loads
Uniformly distributed permanent and variable load
in Kn/m. The program adds the beam self weight.
Beam span and lateral restrains

Beam span L in Meters
Conditions of lateral restrains, laterally unrestrained, laterally totally restrained, and laterally
restrained in middle span or at one third span.
15.2 Design of floor beams

Floor of one span
Floor of two spans
Floor loads
Weight of floor finishing, the weight of the floor finishing

(tiles etc.)
Weight of floor structure then weight of the floor structure.
If you select thin concrete slab (70mm) or timber floor.
The floor beams are checked as unrestrained. For thicker
concrete slab are checked restrained, and for steel floor
(steel plates etc) are checked later restrained at one
middle point. The lateral restraining selection can be
altered afterwards
Variable load. You can select from the table of EN1991-1-1 6.3).
Beam span and lateral restrains
Beam spans (L) of main floor beams and beam spacing (s) in Meters.
Conditions of lateral restrains, laterally unrestrained, laterally totally restrained, and laterally
restrained in middle span or at one third span

15.3 Design of Roof beams
Roof beam of one and two spans

Purlins
Dimensions
Main roof, beam spans and spacing. The Purlin

span is equal to the beam spacing.
Loads
Permanent loads
Load of roof covering [kN/m²]

It includes the weight of the sheeting,
purlins and insulation materials.
Load of ceiling under the roof
[kN/m²]
self weight of beams, is calculated by the program from the beam cross sections with
Unit mass π= 7850 Kg/m³
Variable loads
Imposed load according to EN1990-1-1 Tab 6.1, calculated by the program according
to the selected National Annex
Snow load, according to Eurocode 1-3:200
Wind load, according to Eurocode 1-4:2005
15.4 Design of Purlins
The cladding is supported on purlins. The thickness of the sheeting tw

[mm] and the profile height hw [mm] are used for estimating the
degree of lateral restrain of the purlins.
The spacing of purlins is the distance between the purlin axes. The section of purlins can be a
symmetric section (I) or a non symmetric Z, C or U section. In the case of non symmetric
purlin section the purlin is considered laterally restrained completely for downwards loading
(sagging).
If you select purlin laterally unrestrained then the possible restraining of the purlin due to
sheeting is disregarded. If you select purlin laterally restrained then the restraining due to
sheeting is evaluated and used for wind pressure (sagging). The purlin is considered laterally
unrestrained for wind uplift (hogging).
For the evaluation of the dimensioning bending moments and shear forces you may choose
Simply supported purlin or Continuous purlin. In the second case the purlin is considered
continuous over many spans.

16 Design of Steel Columns
16.1 Column design
Columns in axial load

Columns in Axial load and simple bending
Columns in Axial load and double bending
Loading
Axial load in (kN) and bending moments in (kNm) in the two bending directions. y-y is the
main bending direction, z-z is the secondary bending direction. Permanent and variable load.
Column height and buckling lengths
Column height and buckling lengths in the two bending directions, y-y and z-z n. The buckling
lengths are specified by the ratios to the column length. The ratios may be selected from the
standard buckling lengths by click at or from the buckling lengths of frame columns by
clicking at for braced or unbraced frames according to Eurocode 3.
Eurocode 3 options
You can select the lateral buckling curves of Eq 6.56 or Eq. 6.57.
You can select the method (1 or 2 or both) for computing the interaction factors kyy,kyz,kzy
and kzz.
16.2 Columns in simple constructions
Simple column
Column in Braced frames
Column in unbraced frames

17 Design of single-bay steel portal frames
Single bay Portal frame under snow, wind

and seismic load. (common in portal frame for
industrial buildings)
Single Bay portal frame under vertical and
horizontal load. (common in portal frame of one
floor buildings)
Single Bay portal frame under vertical and
horizontal load with concentrated loads on
the columns. (common in portal frame in
buildings with many floors)
Two-floor portal frame under vertical and horizontal load. (common in portal frame
of two floor buildings)
17.1 Basic structure dimensions
Bay width L [m], the distance between

column axes.
Total height H [m] column height at axis
points. In case of two-floor frames the
floor heights H1, andH2
Total transverse length B [m].
Spacing s [m] of frames, transverse
distance of column axis.
Type of support. Pinned or fixed.
The spacing of the lateral bracing for
columns and torsional bracing for rafters is
used for the lateral-torsional buckling design.
17.2 Design parameters for buckling control
Select the way they apply the lateral bracing.

By clicking at you define the lateral support
of the columns and rafters.
Column buckling
(1): (most reasonable default)
In plane buckling, critical buckling length Lcr=system length points
of axis.
Out of plane buckling and torsional buckling and lateral torsional
buckling, critical buckling Lcr the column height up to the haunch,
or the distance of lateral restrains Lm1, if is specified smaller than
the column length.
(2): (conservatively)
In plane buckling Lcr=system length points of axis.
Out of plane buckling and torsional buckling and lateral torsional buckling, Lcr the
system length or the distance of lateral restrains Lm1.
Rafter buckling
(2) (most reasonable default)
In plane buckling Lcr=system length. This s computed from the total span L and
the first buckling mode.
Lateral buckling length at span the purlin space, torsional buckling the distance
between torsional restraints Lm2
(2) (conservatively)
In plane buckling Lcr=system length
Lateral and torsional buckling length, the distance between torsional restraints Lm2.

17.3 NAD parameters
Click to see and adjust (if needed) the Eurocode 3

and National Annex parameters
Action coefficients for Ultimate limit states EQU and

STR.
According to Eurocode 0 Tables A1 2A and TA1.2B.
Click Reset to reset to National Annex values.
Load Combination coefficients according to Eurocode0

Table A1.1.
Material factors for Steel according to Eurocode 3 §6.1
Reinforced concrete according to Eurocode 2 §2.4.2.4.,

used for the reinforced concrete in the foundation.
Eurocode 3, design parameters.
Lateral torsional buckling computations base on Eurocode 3

Eq. 6.56, and Tables T 6.3, and T 6.4. (most common)

Eurocode 3 Eq. 6.57, and Table T 6.5.
Method for Bending and compression.

Method 1 Annex A or method 2 Annex B (most
common)
Source for computing elastic critical moment for lateral
buckling.
Parameters for Portal frames
Specify some parameters that are not covered from

national annex. Such as:
Deflection limits for Serviceability limit state (SLS)

The limits for these deflections are usually defined in
the National Annex. EN1993-1-1 § 7.2 and EN 1990
Annex A1.4 According to EN1993-1-1 these limits may
be specified for each project and agree with the client.
Usual values: vertical deflection L/200, horizontal deflection
H/150, vertical deflection due to bending L/200.

17.4 Cross-sections
Specify the cross section for the columns, the rafters. Select if you use Standard section
profiles, Non standard or fabricated (welded) sections). The sections are from the library of
sections of the program. In which you specify the properties for the non standard sections as
well as you make the welded sections.
All the standard hot- rolled or cold-format cross sections are included.
Click the library with the section appears to select section profile.
You select the section type on the left tree and at the same time all the sections of this group
with their geometric properties are displayed on the right window together with the section
drawing in scale.
Section geometric properties are calculated precisely including fillets.
The notation is shown at the drawing at the low left window.
17.5 Estimate of member sizes
Click and you get a rough estimate of member sizes for the structural elements of the
structure with the dimensions you have specified. You can start with this estimate to continue
for better design.
17.6 Portal frame Connections

Apex and eave bolt-connections with end plate are designed to resist moment and shear
forces. For the apex and eave connection the end plate (thickness and steel grade) and bolts
(diameter, grade) are the same. The thickness of Apex and eave end plate should be at least
as thick as the flange thickness of the rafter and column section. At the base of the haunch, a
stiffener is designed to resist the increased compressive forces.

Base plate bolt-connection is designed for the column over the concrete foundation. The
anchor bolts are designed to resist shear and pullout forces due to uplift wind or seismic
forces. CEN/TS 1992-4-1:1992 and CEN/TS 1992-4-2:1992 are used for the design of the
fastenings in concrete
The holding down anchor bolts of the base plate are extended with anchors. The anchor
system can be (simple hook, bended hook or washer plate). The hook type anchoring (first
two choices) cannot be selected for bolt grade with fy>300N/mm2 (M>5.6), according to
Eurocode 1993-1-8:2005, 6.2.6.12 (6). Anchor bolts with hook have much lower capacity of
anchors with washer plate.
The design of connections is skipped if Design of connections is unchecked.

The design of connections is skipped automatically if hollow cross section is selected.
If in the design process the base plate thickness or the bolt diameter is not adequate the
program adjust them (if possible) to new higher values if the boxes next to them are not
checked. Connections are designed according to EN1993-1-8.
17.7 Portal frame loading
17.7.1 Single Bay portal frame under snow, wind and seismic load
The program automatically forms and evaluates all the load combinations in ultimate limit
state ULS (EQU, STR), and serviceability limit state SLS. The partial factors for loading and
load combination factors are taken according to Eurocode 0 and National Annex. The basic
loads are:
Permanent loads
Load of roof covering [kN/m²]

It includes the weight of the sheeting, purlins and insulation materials.
Load of ceiling under the roof [kN/m²]
self weight of frame elements, calculated by the program from the element cross
sections with Unit mass π= 7850 Kg/m³
Variable loads
Imposed load according to EN1990-1-1 Tab 6.1, calculated by the program according
to the selected National Annex
Snow load according to Eurocode 1-3:2004

The characteristic snow load on the ground sk is specified in kN/m2.

Click and a special dialog window appears
from where by entering the zone and the
height above the sea level the characteristic
snow load on the ground is computed
according to Eurocode 1-3:2004, and the
National Annex. The snow region can be
selected from Parameters/snow load on the
ground. The snow load on the roof is computed
Wind load, according to Eurocode 1-

4:2005
The wind pressure on vertical surface is

specified in kN/m2. Click and a special
dialog window appear from where you can
compute the wind pressure from the wind
velocity and the topography of the region
The wind load is computed for various places
at the roof and the vertical walls according to
Eurocode 1-4:2005 §7.2.5 and Tab 7.4a and
Tab. 7.1.
The wind region, which specifies the wind
velocity, is selected from Parameters/Basic
wind velocity.
Wind internal pressure wi in kN/m2. This is internal pressure and it acts from inside outwards
on the walls and roof. It is subtracted directly (without further multiplication by pressure
coefficients) from any uplift wind pressure on the outside surfaces.
Seismic load Eurocode 8-1:2004
The program performs a verification of the

structure under seismic loading, using both
Lateral force method, and Modal superposition
spectrum analysis. .
Basic value used in the seismic design is the
ratio of horizontal seismic acceleration. Click
and a special dialog window appears where you
may in detail specify all the necessary seismic
parameters (soil factors, spectra periods,
behaviour factors, etc..) for the design spectrum,
If seismic loading is specified 0 (zero), the seismic analysis is skipped.
17.7.2 Single Bay portal frame under vertical and horizontal load
Permanent load gk kN/m (total load except self weight of rafter)

Variable load-1 vertical load qk kN/m (imposed floor loads or snow load etc.)
Variable load–2 concentrated Horizontal load Hk kN (wind or seismic load)
The two variable loads qk and Hk are combined if they act together with ψo factor ψo=0.70
The design loads obtained from load combinations as:
ULS (Ultimate limit state):

L.C. 201: 1.35gk+1.50qk (Eq.6.10)

L.C. 202: 1.35gk+1.50Hk (Eq.6.10)

L.C. 221: 1.35gk+1.50qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xgk+1.50qk+1.05Hk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 222: 1.35gk+1.50Hk+0.70x1.50qk= 1.35xgk+1.50Hk+1.05qk (Eq.6.10)
SLS (Serviceability limit state)
L.C. 301: Gk+Qk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 302: Gk+Hk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 311: G + Qk + 0.70Hk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 312: G + Hk + 0.70Qk (Eq.6.14a)
17.7.3 Single Bay portal frame under vertical and horizontal load with concentrated
loads on the columns

Variable vertical load qk kN/m (imposed floor loads or snow load etc.)
Permanent Concentrated load Gk kN (load from higher floors)
Variable vertical concentrated load Qk kN (load from higher floors)
Variable concentrated Horizontal load Hk kN (wind or seismic load)
17.7.4 Two floor portal frame under vertical and horizontal load

Variable load-1 vertical load qk kN/m (floor loads.)
Variable load–2 concentrated Horizontal load Hk kN (wind or seismic load)
The two variable loads qk and Hk are combined if they act together with ψo factor ψo=0.70
The design loads obtained from load combinations as:
ULS (Ultimate limit state):

L.C. 201: 1.35gk+1.50qk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 202: 1.35gk+1.50Hk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 221: 1.35gk+1.50qk+0.70x1.50Hk= 1.35xgk+1.50qk+1.05Hk (Eq.6.10)
L.C. 222: 1.35gk+1.50Hk+0.70x1.50qk= 1.35xgk+1.50Hk+1.05qk (Eq.6.10)
SLS (Serviceability limit state)
L.C. 301: Gk+Qk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 302: Gk+Hk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 311: G + Qk + 0.70Hk (Eq.6.14a)
L.C. 312: G + Hk + 0.70Qk (Eq.6.14a

18 Design of Bracing systems
Bracing systems are required to resist transverse actions,

due to wind and earthquake.
For this two bracing systems are provided.
Vertical bracing system in the sidewalls between the

columns. This system transmits the horizontal transverse
loads from the roof to the ground and temporary stability
during the erection.
Horizontal roof bracing system. On the roof to transmit the transverse loads from the roof to
the vertical bracing and to provide temporary stability during the erection.
For the vertical bracing system basic data are the

dimensions length (Ly) and height H in meters, and
the concentrated load on the top of the bracing system
Qed2. For a structure with N bracings in the transverse
direction and wind pressure wk (kN/m2), and wind
pressure coefficients Cpe,D (pressure) on the upwind
face and Cpe,E (suction) on the downwind face ,
Qed2=(µ)γqx(Cpe,D+Cpe,E)xwkxA/N.
(A is the area of the face to the wind)
For the horizontal bracing system basic data are the length Lx and the width Ly and the load
on the nodes Qed1. For a bracing system as above with k nodes
Qed1=(´)γqx(Cpe,D+Cpe,E)xwkxA/(Nx(k-1))
For A general bracing system (vertical and horizontal) the loading is the uniform distributed
load on the roof level qed.
qed=(´)γqx(Cpe,D+Cpe,E)xwkxA/(NxL).
18.1.1 Example
Wk=0.91kN/m2, Cpe,D=0.80, Cpe.E=-0.50, L=24m, H=6m, Lx=6m, Ly=8m, N=3,
k=24/6+1=5.
qed==(´)1.50x(0.80+0.50)x0.91x(24x6)/(3x24)= 1.78 kN/m
Qed1=(´)1.50x(0.80+0.50)x0.91x(24x6)/(3x4)=qedxLx=10.68 kN
Qed2=(µ)1.50x(0.80+0.50)x0.91x(24x6)/3=qedxL/2=21.36 kN
The necessary number of connection bolts to connect the bracing members to the structure
components are computed. You specify the desired bolt diameter and steel grade.

19 Fundaments of Steel columns
The concrete footing of steel structures has to be

designed to resist soil pressure for maximum vertical
load, and it must have enough weight to resist uplift
(from wind or seismic forces).
Pin (N-H) and Fixed (N-H-M) Column
foundations.
You can also specify if the foundation has an
horizontal tie to take the horizontal outwards
forces or not.
19.1 Loading on the fundament

The final design actions, after multiplication of permanent and variable loading with safety
factors (γG and γQ), Eurocode 0-19990-1-1, Tabl.A1.2.
Ned= γG·Ngk+ γQ·Nqk.
N(-),ed Axial load downwards.
N(+),ed, Axial load upwards (uplift)
H,ed Horizontal force on the top of the base column. The height over the foundation surface of
the base column ch must be specified for the correct application point of the horizontal force.
M,ed Moment at the top of the base column.
For download loading usual values are γG =1.35 (unfavourable), γQ=1.50.
For uplift loading usual value are γG =0.90 (favourable), γQ=0.00.
19.2 Dimensions of Fundament

The Dimensions of the fundament are Bx (length) ,By(breadth) and Bh height. The dimensions
of the base column are cx,cy and ch. Select the concrete and steel classes, the concrete cover
and the preferable diameter of steel reinforcement. Click to select the concrete
cover from environmental conditions according to Eurocode 2 4.2.
For the soil you specify the soil bearing capacity quk the soil unit weight γk and the
angle of shearing resistance φk °.
You may obtain the soil properties from the table with soil properties .
The soil bearing capacity can be estimated by clicking .

19.3 Estimate of fundament dimensions (predimensioning)
Click to get a predimensioning and a first estimate of the fundament dimensions. If next
to the fundament values Bx,By or Bh is checked then this dimension value

will not be changed in the predimensioning. In predimensioning the fundament dimensions are
adjusted by the program so the fundament weight is enough to resist uplift forces. The width
By and the height are also adjusted to be adequate so the passive earth force to resist the
horizontal base force outwards
19.4 Steel Tie and Passive earth pressure
The high horizontal forces acting at the base are acting outwards as a result of bending in the
columns due to vertical loading on the roof.
This is resisted in two ways:
Steel tie at column base A tie cast into the floor slab connected
to the base of the columns. This should be considered more safe
method to resist the horizontal forces at the base of the columns
Passive earth pressure on the side of the foundation. In this

case the earth filling and compacting on the side of the foundation
must be performed carefully, so that the passive earth pressure is
not reduced. The fundament transverse width By and the height
Bh are used to compute the active area for passive earth pressure.
19.5 Foundation, Bearing resistance
The basis for the design of foundations is the bearing resistance of the soil.
The design bearing resistance may be calculated using analytical or semi empirical methods.
Annex D of Eurocode 7 EN1997:2004 describes a method of obtaining the design bearing
strength of the soil.
The methods of Annex D for drained and undrained conditions are implemented in the
program.
The Design bearing strength of the soil is estimated for EQU, STR and GEO conditions.
The computation of design bearing strength is for drained and undrained soil conditions. For
drain soil conditions the important soil property is the angle of shearing resistance φk [°] and
the cohesion intercept ck [kPA]. For undrained soil conditions the important soil property is the
undrained strength cu [kPa].
For the computation of design bearing strength other parameters are the dimensions and
foundation depth of the footing, as well as the loading and the load eccentricities.
In the foundation design of the program for the soil strength we use the soil bearing pressure
quk (N/mm2). This is a corresponding soil strength to the soil allowable pressure. In the
foundation design we use as Design bearing soil pressure qud=quk/γqu, where gqu is the
partial factor for unconfined strength. (Eurocode 7, Annex A). So to be consistent the convert
the design strength estimated from Annex D of Eurocode7 to the soil bearing pressure used in
the program the design value have to be multiplied by γqu.
Is γqu =1.40 for EQU and 1.00 and 1.4 for (STR-GEO).
Click , In the design of fundaments or in the design of retaining walls, and you get into a
calculation window for design bearing resistance.

There you have an estimate of the soil bearing resistance quk which you may use in the
program, from the soil and fundament parameters.
If there you check to include the calculations in the report, then the design bearing resistance
will be set to the minimum estimated and the calculations will be included in the report of the
footing design. (Remember that if you alter the dimensions or loading you have to revaluate
quk).

20 Base Plate design
Base plate bolt-connection is designed for the

column over the concrete foundation. The anchor
bolts are designed to resist shear and pullout forces
due to uplift wind or seismic forces. CEN/TS 1992-4-
1:1992 and CEN/TS 1992-4-2:1992 are used for the
design of the fastenings in concrete. The connection
is designed according to EN1993-1-8
Simple column base connection. Connection that resists only

vertical and horizontal forces. Usual connection of Pin support of
Portal frames.
Fixed column base connection. Connection that resists vertical,
horizontal forces and moments. Usual connection of Fixed support
of Portal frames.
The connection has a base plate connected to the column by fillet welds. Holding down
anchoring bolts are designed. The bolts are anchored in the concrete foundation with hooks or
washer plates.
If the connection is simple connection then the
connection is not designed to carry bending moment.
(pin connection). In the case of pin connection the
bolts are located in the middle of the column.
If the connection is designed to carry bending
moment (fixed connection), the bolts are located
outside and close to the peripheral of the column.
20.1 Loading
The final design actions, after multiplication of permanent and variable loading with safety
factors (γG and γQ), Eurocode 0-19990-1-1, Tabl.A1.2. Ned= γG·Ngk+ γQ·Nqk.
N(-),ed Axial load downwards.
N(+),ed, Axial load upwards (uplift)
V,ed Horizontal shear force on the connection.
M,ed Moment.
For download loading usual values are γG =1.35 (unfavourable), γQ=1.50.
For uplift loading usual value are γG =0.90 (favourable), γQ=0.00.
20.2 Anchor type

The holding down anchor bolts of the base plate are extended with anchors into the
foundation. The anchor system can be (simple hook, bended hook or washer plate).
The holding down bolts are usually anchored into the foundation by bonding or by bonding and
bearing. When there are moderate tension forces (usually in pin type connections) the anchor
system can be with simple anchor hooks. The anchoring type with anchor hooks (first two
choices) cannot be selected for bolt grade fy>300N/mm2 (M>5.6), according to Eurocode
1993-1-8:2005, 6.2.6.12 (6). Anchor bolts with hook have much lower capacity of anchors
with washer plate. In case of very high tensile forces special anchor bolts must be provided.
If in the design process the base plate thickness or the anchor bolt diameter is not adequate
the program adjust them (if possible) to new higher values if the boxes next to them are not
checked.
20.3 Bearing capacity of concrete base

The partial loaded base area, develops local crushing and transverse forces. The bearing
capacity is computed according to Eurocode 2 6.7. We assume (on the conservative side), that
the maximum design distribution area has sides 50% more than the loaded area Ao,
Ac1=1.50x1.50xAco, Ac1/Aco=2.25, (Ac1/Aco)=1.5.

21 Short theoretical overview
21.1 Units
The units used in the program are SI (System International Metric) units. The unit of any
input value is marked next to the place you enter the data. The unit of every value in the
report is also marked.
Units used in the program:

length [m] . and [mm]
forces [kN]
moments [kNm]
stresses [N/mm²] = [GPa]
concentrated loads [kN]
distributed loads [kN/m²]
line loads [kN/m]
21.2 Coordinate system
21.3 Design Loads, EN1991:2005 :
21.3.1 Permanent loads, EN1991-1:2005

Weight of structural elements.
21.3.2 Imposed loads EN1991-1:2005

A distributed imposed load qk according to Eurocode 1 EN1991-1-1 Tab
6.1 is considered on top of the roof.
21.3.3 Snow load EN1991-3:2003

Snow load is computed according to Eurocode 1-3 EN1991-3:2003, from
the characteristic snow load on the ground and the roof slope.
s=μi Ce Ct sk (EN1991-3:2003 §5.2) [kN/m²]
The three characteristic load arrangements of EN1991-3:2003 §5.3.3 are considered in the
load cases. If the frame is flat (α=0°) one load arrangement is considered s= 0.80 Ce Ct sk.
The characteristic snow load on the ground sk can be defined directly by
selecting the snow region, snow zone and the altitude, according to
EN1991-3:20 Annex C.
The snow load arrangements according to Eurocode 1-3 are

Flat roofs. Load case (I)
Pitched roofs Load cases (I) (II) III)
If the roof slop is low, only snow load arrangement (I) is
necessary. The limit slope for this is angle a=2°. You can
set this angle to a bigger value at Parameters/Design
parameters/ parameters for Portal frames.

21.3.4 Wind load of EN1991-4:2005
Wind load is computed according to of EN1991-4:2005 §7.2.5

from the wind peak velocity pressure q(z).
Wind pressure on surfaces we=q(z)·Cpe [kN/m²]
The wind pressure coefficients Cpe are computed from EN1991-

4:2005 Tab.74a for roof surfaces and EN1991-4:2005 Tab 7.1 for
the vertical wall surfaces.
The wind peak velocity pressure q(z), can be defined directly from
the wind velocity the terrain roughness and the oreography.
According to EN1991-4:2005 §4.5 and Annex A.
The wind pressure or under pressure on roof and wall surface are
computed according to Eurocode 1-4. For roof slopes (α<=8ο) one
load arrangement is considered. For higher slope values two wind
load cases are considered according to the pressure coefficients of
Table 7.4a of Eurocode 1-4.
The specified internal pressure is always added (increase under
pressure) to the external wind pressure situation.
21.3.5 Earthquake loading EN1998-1:2004

The earthquake loading is defined from the ground acceleration and
the design spectrum according to Eurocode 8 EN1998-1:2004.
Design load combinations EN1990:2002
All the necessary load combinations defined in Eurocode0

EN1990:2002 are considered and the resulting design forces are
checked in the strength verifications.
21.3.6 Load combination factors (EN1990 Tab.A1.1)
Category H (roofs) Qk ψο=0.00, ψ1=0.00, ψ2=0.00

Snow loads on buildings Qs ψο=0.50, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00
Wind loads on buildings Qw ψο=0.60, ψ1=0.20, ψ2=0.00
21.3.7 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (EQU)
Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

γG,sup=1.10 (Unfavourable)
γG,inf=0.90 (Favourable)
γQ =1.50 (Unfavourable)
γQ =0.00 (Favourable)
21.3.8 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) (STR)
Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10)

Ed = γG·Gk + γQ·ψο·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10a)
Ed = ξ·γG·Gk + γQ·Qk1 + γQ·ψο·Qk2 (Eq.6.10b)
γG,sup=1.35 (Unfavourable)
γG,inf=1.00 (Favourable)
γQ =1.50 (Unfavourable)
γQ =0.00 (Favourable)
ξ=0.850, ξ·γG=0.850x1.35=1.15
21.3.9 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
Ed = Gk + Qk1 + ψο·Qk2 + ψο·Qk3 (Characteristic combination) (Eq.6.14b)

Ed = Gk + ψ1·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Frequent combination) (Eq.6.15b)
Ed = Gk + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Quasi-permanent combination) (Eq.6.16b)

21.3.10 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Seismic situation
Ed = Gk + Aed + ψ2·Qk1 + ψ2·Qk2 + ψ2·Qk3 (Eq.6.12b)

Snow load Qs, Wind load Qw, Seismic load Aed
L.C. 601: Gk + 0.30Qs1 + Aed (Eq.6.14a)
21.4 Materials ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 3.2

The steel grades listed in Eurocode EN 1993-1-1 Table 3.1 and EN 1993-1-3 are included in
the program.
The steel properties (yield strength fy and ultimate strength fu) can be changed from
Parameters/Material.
Design values for: Modulus of elasticity E=210000 N/mm², Poisson ratio ν=0.30, Unit mass
π= 7850 Kg/m³
21.4.1 Steel grades included in the program
S 235 EN 10025-2 fy40:235;fu40:360

S 275 EN 10025-2 fy40:275;fu40:430
S 355 EN 10025-2 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 450 EN 10025-2 fy40:440;fu40:550
S 275 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy400:275;fu4:390
S 355 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:355;fu40:490
S 420 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:420;fu40:520
S 460 N/NL EN 10025-3 fy40:460;fu40:540
S 275 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:275;fu40:370
S 355 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:355;fu40:470
S 420 M/ML EN 10025-4 fy40:420;fu40:520
S 460 M/ML' EN 10025-4 fy40:460;fu40:540
S 235 W EN 10025-5 fy40:235;fu40:360
S 355 W EN 10025-5 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 460 Q/QL EN 10025-6 fy40:460;fu40:570
S 235 H EN 10210-1 fy40:235;fu40:360
S 275 H EN 10210-1 fy40:275;fu40:430
S 355 H EN 10210-1 fy40:355;fu40:510
S 275 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:275;fu40:390
S 355 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:355;fu40:490
S 420 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:420;fu40:540
S 460 NH/NLH EN 10210-1 fy40:460;fu40:560
S 220GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:220;fu40:300
S 250GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:250;fu40:330
S 280GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:280;fu40:360
S 320GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:320;fu40:390
S 350GD+Z EN 10147 fy40:350;fu40:420
H240LA EN 10268 fy40:240;fu40:340
H280LA EN 10268 fy40:280;fu40:370
H320LA EN 10268 fy40:320;fu40:400
H360LA EN 10268 fy40:360;fu40:430
H400LA EN 10268 fy40:400;fu40:460
H260LAD EN 10292 fy40:240;fu40:340
H300LAD EN 10292 fy40:280;fu40:370
H340LAD EN 10292 fy40:320;fu40:400
H380LAD EN 10292 fy40:360;fu40:430
H420LAD EN 10292 fy40:400;fu40:460
220GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:220;fu40:300
250GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:250;fu40:330
280GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:280;fu40:360
320GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:320;fu40:390
350GD+ZA EN 10214 fy40:350;fu40:420
The steel grades for cold formed steel C Z and U sections are included.

21.5 Partial factors ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.1

The partial factors γΜ are applied to various characteristics resistance values. The partial
factors are defined in the program from the selected National Annex., and can be overwritten
in Parameters/National Annex parameters.
Usual values for steel structures
γΜ0 = 1.00
γΜ1 = 1.00
γΜ2 = 1.25
Usual values for concrete structures (EN1992-1-1 Tab. 2.1N)
γc = 1.50 (concrete)
γs = 1.15 (reinforcing steel)
21.6 Second order effects EN1993-1-1 §5.2.1

The material behaviour is considered linear elastic. The second order effects are geometrical
(P-Γ and P-δ) effects. The practical consequence of (P-Γ)-effects is to reduce the stiffness of
the frame, with a result the increase of the deflections and the internal forces beyond the ones
calculated from first-order analysis.
The effects of the deformed geometry are quantified using the factor acr EN1993-1-1 §5.2.1
acr=Fcr/Fed EN1993-1-1 Eq. (5.1)
Fed: is the design loading of the structure

Fcr: is the elastic critical buckling load for global instability mode based on initial elastic
stiffness.
The frame is considered sufficiently stiff and second order effects may be ignored in a first
order analysis if acr ≥ 10
For portal frames with shallow slopes according to EN1993-1-1 §5.2.1 (4) acr can be estimated
as
H Ed h
αcr = EN1993-1-1 Eq (5.2)
VEd H , Ed
Hed : total design the total design horizontal load
Ved : total design vertical load
δhed : is the horizontal displacement at the top of the columns
h : is the column height
Axial force in the rafters may be assumed to be significant if

Af y
0 .5 EN1993-1-1 Eq (5.3)
N Ed
According to EN1993-1-1 §5.2.2 (5), single story portal frames designed based on elastic
analysis the global analysis second order effects due to vertical load may be calculated by
increasing the horizontal loads Hed by equivalent loads φ Ved due to imperfections and other
possible sway effects according to the first order theory by an amplification factor
1
provided that acr ≥ 3 EN1993-1-1 Eq (5.4)
1 1
cr
If αcr < 3, second order analysis is necessary

21.7 Imperfections EN1993-1-1 §5.3.1
Global initial sway imperfection: φ = φ0 αh φm

φ0: Initial value =1/200
αh: Reduction factor for column height = 2/√h (2/3 ≤ αh ≤ 1) (h: structure height)
φm: Reduction factor for number of columns in a row αm = 0.5 1 1

m
21.8 Steel section types included in the program
D= 10.2 – 1016 mm

21.9 Classification of cross sections ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 5.5
The design of steel elements can be done with elastic or plastic analysis depending on the
class of the cross section.
The design of sections of classes 1 and 2 is based on the plastic resistance, the design of
cross-sections of class 3 is based on elastic resistance, and the design of cross-sections of
class 4 is based on elastic resistance and effective cross section properties.
The classification of cross sections in 1, 2, 3 and 4 classes depends on the ratios of thickness
to width of the parts of the cross-section which are in compression according to tables 5.2 of
ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005.
Table 5.2 ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 – Internal compression parts

Table 5.2 ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 – Outstanding flanges
Table 5.2 ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 - Angles

21.10 Ultimate limit states ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2
21.10.1 Tension ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.3
N Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.5)
N t ,Rd
Design plastic resistance of the cross-section.

A fy
N pl , Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.6)
0
Design ultimate resistance of net cross-section at holes for fasteners.
0.9 Anet f u
N u , Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.7)
M2
A area of cross-section
Anet area of net cross-section (minus holes)
fy yield strength of steel
fu ultimate strength of steel
0 , M2 partial factors for material
21.10.2 Compression ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.4
N Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.9)
N c ,Rd
A fy
N c , Rd for class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.10)
M0
Aeff fy
N c , Rd for class 4 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.11)
M0
A area of cross-section
Aeff effective area of cross-section
0 partial factors for material
In case the design value of shear is VEd > 0.50 V pl , Rd the reduced yield strength is used.
2
2VEd
1 fy , where π = 1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.29)
V pl , Rd

21.10.3 Bending moment ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.5
M Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.12)
M c ,Rd
Design resistance of cross section for bending about the principal (y-y) or secondary (z-z)
axis.
W pl , y fy
M y , Rd M pl , y , Rd for class 1, 2 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.13)
M0
W pl , z fy
M z , Rd M pl , z , Rd for class 1, 2 cross-sections
M0
Wel , y fy
M y , Rd M el , y , Rd for class 3 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.14)
M0
Wel , z fy
M z , Rd M el , z , Rd for class 3 cross-sections
M0
Weff , y fy
M y , Rd M c , y , Rd for class 4 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.15)
M0
Weff , z fy
M z , Rd M c , z , Rd for class 4 cross-sections
M0
W pl , y W pl , z plastic section modulus about principal and secondary axis,
Wel , y Wel , z elastic section modulus about principal and secondary axis,
Weff , y Weff , z effective section modulus about principal and secondary axis,
When bending moment acts together with axial force design check is performed according to :
M Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.31)
M N ,Rd
2
N Ed
M N , Rd M pl , Rd 1
N pl , Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.32)
In case the design value of shear is VEd > 0.50 V pl , Rd the reduced yield strength is used.
2
2VEd
1 fy , where π = 1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.29)
V pl , Rd

21.10.4 Bi-axial bending ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.9
M y , Ed M z , Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.41)
M y , Rd M zRd
For Ι and Η sections: α=2, β=5n, β≥1 (n=NEd/Npl,Rd)

For circular hollow sections: α=2, β=2
For rectangular hollow sections α=β=1.66/(1-1.13 n2)
21.10.5 Shear ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.2.6
VEd
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.17)
Vc ,Rd
Plastic shear resistance parallel to the cross-section web.
Avz f y
Vz , Rd V pl , z , Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.18)
3 M0
Plastic shear resistance parallel to the cross-section flanges.
Avy f y
Vy , Rd V pl , y , Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.18)
3 M0
Avy Avz shear areas parallel to the cross-section web or flanges,
21.10.6 Buckling resistance of uniform members in compression

ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.1
Buckling resistance due to compression.
N Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.46)
N b ,Rd
Af y
N b, Rd for class 1, 2, 3 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.47)
M1
Aeff f y
N b, Rd for class 4 cross-sections (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.48)
M1
The reduction factor is determined from the non-dimensional slenderness

1
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.49)
2 2

2
0.5 1 0.2
Af y 2
l eff I
; N cr 2
; ;i
N cr i A
non-dimensional slenderness,
N cr elastic critical buckling load,
Lcr equivalent buckling length,
λ slenderness,
i radius of gyration.
The imperfection factor that corresponds to the appropriate buckling curve ao,a,b,c,d should
be obtained from Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3, ΔΝ 1993-1-1:2005:
Buckling curve ao a b C d
Imperfection factor α 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Equivalent buckling lengths Lcr/L

Table 6.2 ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 Selection of buckling curve of a cross-section

21.10.7 Lateral torsional buckling for uniform members

ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.2
Lateral torsional buckling of uniform members in bending.
M Ed
1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.54)
M b ,Rd
LT Wy f y
M b, Rd (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.55)
1
W y = W pl , y for class 1, 2 cross-sections,
W y = Wel , y for class 3 cross-sections,
W y = Weff , y for class 4 cross-sections.
The reduction factor LT is determined from the non-dimensional slenderness LT
1
LT 1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.56)
2 2
LT LT LT
2
LT 0.5 1 LT LT 0.2 LT
Wy f y
LT
M cr
The imperfection factor which corresponds to the appropriate buckling curve a,b,c,d:
Buckling curve a b C d
Imperfection factor αLT 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Recommended values for torsional buckling curves:

Rolled Sections h/b<2 buckling curve a, h/b>2 buckling curve b
Welded sections h/b<2 buckling curve c, h/b>2 buckling curve d
The critical elastic moment for lateral torsional buckling is computed according to Annex F of
Eurocode 3-1-1 (1992).
2 2 2
EI z k Iw kL GI t 2
M cr C1 2 2
C2 Z g C3 Z j C2 Z g C3 Z j
kL kw Iz EI z
C1, C2, C3, coefficients depending on the loading conditions and support conditions,
for a beam with uniform bending moment diagram C1=1.000, C2=0.000, C3=1.000
for a beam with parabolic bending moment diagram C1=1.132, C2=0.459, C3=0.525
It St. Venant torsional constant,

Iw warping constant,
I z second moment of inertia about the weak axis,
L beam length between the support points,
k , k w coefficients depending on the support conditions,
Zg distance of shear center from point of load application

21.10.8 Uniform members in bending and compression ΕΝ 1993-1-1:2005 § 6.3.4
N Ed M Y , Ed M z , Ed
k yy k yz 1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.61)
x y N Rk / 1 LT M y , Rk / M1 M z , Rk / M1
N Ed M Y , Ed M z , Ed
k zy k zz 1 (ΔΝ 1993-1-1, 6.62)
x z N Rk / 1 LT M y , Rk / M1 M z , Rk / M1
N Rk Af y
M y , Rk W pl , y f y for class 1, 2 cross-sections
M y , Rk Wel , y f y for class 3 cross-sections,
M y , Rk Weff , y f y for class 4 cross-sections,
M z , Rk W pl , z f y for class 1, 2 cross-sections
M z , Rk Wel , z f y for class 3 cross-sections,
M z , Rk Weff , z f y for class 4 cross-sections.
The interaction coefficients k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz are determined from tables Β.1 and Β.2
Table Β.1 interaction coefficients k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz

Table Β.2
Factor Bending axis Points braced in direction

Cmy y-y z-z
Cmz z-z y-y
CmLT y-y y-y
Table Β.3

22 Standards and Bibliography
EN 1990:2002/A1:2005/AC:2010
Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 1991-1-1:2002/AC:2009
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings
EN 1991-1-2:2002/AC:2013
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed
to fire
EN 1991-1-3:2003/AC:2009
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
EN 1991-1-4:2005/AC:2010
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
EN 1991-1-5:2003/AC:2009
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions
EN 1991-1-6:2005/AC:2013
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures Part 1-6: General actions - Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7:2006/AC:2010
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-7: General actions - Accidental actions
EN 1991-2:2003/AC:2010
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3:2006/AC:2012
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks
EN 1992-1-1:2004
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC:2010
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-1-2:2004/AC:2008
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design
EN 1992-2:2005/AC:2008
Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules
EN 1992-3:2006
Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures - Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment
structures
EN 1993-1-1:2005/AC:2009
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-2:2005/AC:2009
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire design
EN 1993-1-3:2006/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for
cold-formed members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-4:2006
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for
stainless steels
EN 1993-1-5:2006/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-5: Plated structural elements
EN 1993-1-6:2007/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and Stability of Shell Structures
EN 1993-1-7:2007/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-7: Plated structures subject to out of plane
loading
EN 1993-1-8:2005/AC:2009
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints
EN 1993-1-9:2005/AC:2009
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue
EN 1993-1-10:2005/AC:2009

Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness
properties
EN 1993-1-11:2006/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension
components
EN 1993-1-12:2007/AC:2009
Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-12: Additional rules for the extension of EN
1993 up to steel grades S 700
EN 1997-1:2004/AC:2009
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
EN 1997-2:2007/AC:2010
Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2: Ground investigation and testing
EN 1998-1:2004/A1:2013
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic
actions and rules for buildings
EN 1998-1:2004/AC:2009
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic
actions and rules for buildings.
EN 1998-2:2005/A1:2009
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges
EN 1998-2:2005/A2:2011
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges
EN 1998-2:2005/AC:2010
Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: Bridges
EN 1998-3:2005/AC:2013
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and
retrofitting of buildings
EN 1998-4:2006
Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelines
EN 1998-5:2004
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 5: Foundations, retaining
structures and geotechnical aspects
EN 1998-6:2005
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 6: Towers, masts and
chimneys
Other Standard references

CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
CEN/TS 1992-4-2:2009
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-2: Headed Fasteners
CEN/TS 1992-4-3:2009
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-3: Anchor channels
CEN/TS 1992-4-4:2009
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-4: Post-installed fasteners - Mechanical
systems
CEN/TS 1992-4-5:2009
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-5: Post-installed fasteners - Chemical systems
EN 13391:2004
Mechanical tests for post-tensioning systems
Other Bibliography
Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M. Theory of Elastic Stability, Mc-Graw-Hill, 1961.
Lawrence M. Structural Design to Steelwork to EN1993 and EN1994, Elsevier 2008
Trahair NS, Branford MA, Nethercot DA, Gardner L, The behaviour and Design of Steel
Structures to EC3, Taylor and Francis 2008
Access Steel documents.
Steel Construction Institute publications.

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Design of Structural Steelwork Elements according to Eurocode

Classification of cross-sections, Resistance of cross-sections in single and combined

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License and Copyright

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15.4 Design of Purlins ........................................................................................... 31

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1 General about STEELexpress

1.1 Steelwork elements included in the program

Basic design charts and graphs of Eurocode 3

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Connections of steel members

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2 After program installation

NA-National Annex, Select the National Annex to apply in the design

From Report setup:

3 Basic philosophy in program use

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3.1 The basic steps in using the program are:

Open a Project File from menu [File].

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click). You can duplicate a selected object by clicking at .

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7 Step by step, program use

2- Create a new Design object. From the drop-down

object and click on .

Click to see more of calculations.

All the computations for the design object are performed.

A message appears if design is OK, the computations and the dimensions

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Automatic generation of CAD drawings.

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Basic program parameters for materials, design

8.1 National Annex

Select the National Annex of the country you

property tables, with the original program values are loaded.

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8.3 Design Parameters

8.3.1 NAD parameters

Action coefficients for Ultimate limit states

Load Combination coefficients according to

Material factors for Steel according to Eurocode

Material factors for Reinforced concrete

Material factors for Soil according to Eurocode 7

8.3.2 Eurocode 3, design parameters

Lateral torsional buckling computations base on

Method for Bending and compression.

8.3.3 Critical elastic moment for lateral torsional

The values of coefficients C1,C2,C3, for the evaluation

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8.3.4 Parameters for Portal frames

1. Deflection limits for Serviceability limit state (SLS)

2. Design parameters for buckling control

At haunch bottom At system length

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8.4 Snow load on the ground

Default region and snow zone.

8.5 Basic wind velocity