Machine Learning Tutorial for Beginners: What is, Basics of ML

What is Machine Learning?

Machine Learning is a system of computer algorithms that can learn from example through self-improvement without being explicitly
coded by a programmer. Machine learning is a part of artificial Intelligence which combines data with statistical tools to predict an
output which can be used to make actionable insights.
The breakthrough comes with the idea that a machine can singularly learn from the data (i.e., examp le) to produce accurate results.
Machine learning is closely related to data mining and Bayesian predictive modeling. The machine receives data as input and uses an
algorithm to formulate answers.
A typical machine learning tasks are to provide a recommendation. For those who have a Netflix account, all recommendations of
movies or series are based on the user's historical data. Tech companies are using unsupervised learning to improve the user
experience with personalizing recommendation.
Machine learning is also used for a variety of tasks like fraud detection, predictive maintenance, portfolio optimization, automatize task
and so on.
In this Machine learning for beginners tutorial, you will learn-
 What is Machine Learning?
 Machine Learning vs. Traditional Programming
 How does Machine Learning Work?
 Machine Learning Algorithms and Where they are Used?
 How to Choose Machine Learning Algorithm
 Challenges and Limitations of Machine Learning
 Application of Machine Learning
 Why is Machine Learning Important?
Machine Learning vs. Traditional Programming
Traditional programming differs significantly from machine learning. In traditional programming, a programmer code all the rules in
consultation with an expert in the industry for which software is being developed. Each rule is based on a logical foundation; the
machine will execute an output following the logical statement. When the system grows complex, more rules need to be written. It can
quickly become unsustainable to maintain.
 Traditional Programming
Machine learning is supposed to overcome this issue. The machine learns how the input and output data are correlated and it w rites a
rule. The programmers do not need to write new rules each time there is new data. The algorithms adapt in response to new data and
experiences to improve efficacy over time.

Machine Learning
How does Machine Learning Work?
Now in this Machine learning basics for beginners tutorial, we will learn how Machine Learning (ML) works:
Machine learning is the brain where all the learning takes place. The way the machine learns is similar to the human being. H umans
learn from experience. The more we know, the more easily we can predict. By analogy, when we face an unknown situation, the
likelihood of success is lower than the known situation. Machines are trained the same. To make an accurate prediction, the m achine
sees an example. When we give the machine a similar example, it can figure out the outcome. However, like a human, if its feed a
previously unseen example, the machine has difficulties to predict.
The core objective of machine learning is the learning and inference. First of all, the machine learns through the discovery of patterns.
This discovery is made thanks to the data. One crucial part of the data scientist is to choose carefully which data to provide to the
machine. The list of attributes used to solve a problem is called a feature vector. You can think of a feature vector as a subset of data
that is used to tackle a problem.
The machine uses some fancy algorithms to simplify the reality and transform this discovery into a model. Therefore, the learning stage
is used to describe the data and summarize it into a model.

For instance, the machine is trying to understand the relationship between the wage of an individual and the likelihood to go to a fancy
restaurant. It turns out the machine finds a positive relationship between wage and going to a high-end restaurant: This is the model
Inferring
When the model is built, it is possible to test how powerful it is on never-seen-before data. The new data are transformed into a features
vector, go through the model and give a prediction. This is all the beautiful part of machine learning. There is no need to update the
rules or train again the model. You can use the model previously trained to make inference on new data.

The life of Machine Learning programs is straightforward and can be summarized in the following points:
1. Define a question
2. Collect data
3. Visualize data
4. Train algorithm
5. Test the Algorithm
6. Collect feedback
 7. Refine the algorithm
8. Loop 4-7 until the results are satisfying
9. Use the model to make a prediction
Once the algorithm gets good at drawing the right conclusions, it applies that knowledge to new sets of data.
Machine Learning Algorithms and Where they are Used?
Now in this Machine learning tutorial for beginners, we will learn where Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are used:

Machine learning Algorithms

Machine learning can be grouped into two broad learning tasks: Supervised and Unsupervised. There are many other algorithms
Supervised learning
An algorithm uses training data and feedback from humans to learn the relationship of given inputs to a given output. For instance, a
practitioner can use marketing expense and weather forecast as input data to predict the sales of cans.
You can use supervised learning when the output data is known. The algorithm will predict new data.
There are two categories of supervised learning:
  Classification task
 Regression task
Classification
Imagine you want to predict the gender of a customer for a commercial. You will start gathering data on the height, weight, j ob, salary,
purchasing basket, etc. from your customer database. You know the gender of each of your customer, it can only be male or female.
The objective of the classifier will be to assign a probability of being a male or a female (i.e., the label) based on the information (i.e.,
features you have collected). When the model learned how to recognize male or female, you can use new d ata to make a prediction.
For instance, you just got new information from an unknown customer, and you want to know if it is a male or female. If the c lassifier
predicts male = 70%, it means the algorithm is sure at 70% that this customer is a male, and 30 % it is a female.
The label can be of two or more classes. The above Machine learning example has only two classes, but if a classifier needs t o predict
object, it has dozens of classes (e.g., glass, table, shoes, etc. each object represents a class)
Regression
When the output is a continuous value, the task is a regression. For instance, a financial analyst may need to forecast the value of a
stock based on a range of feature like equity, previous stock performances, macroeconomics index. The system will b e trained to
estimate the price of the stocks with the lowest possible error.
Algorithm
Description Type
Name
Linear regre Finds a way to correlate each feature to the output to help predict future val
ssion Regression
ues.
Logistic regr Extension of linear regression that's used for classification tasks. The outpu
ession t variable 3is binary (e.g., only black or white) rather than continuous (e.g., Classification
an infinite list of potential colors)
Decision tre Highly interpretable classification or regression model that splits data-featur
e Regression C
e values into branches at decision nodes (e.g., if a feature is a color, each p
lassification
ossible color becomes a new branch) until a final decision output is made
Naive Bayes The Bayesian method is a classification method that makes use of the Bay
Regression C
esian theorem. The theorem updates the prior knowledge of an event with t
lassification
he independent probability of each feature that can affect the event.
Support vect Support Vector Machine, or SVM, is typically used for the classification task Regression (
or machine . SVM algorithm finds a hyperplane that optimally divided the classes. It is b not very com
est used with a non-linear solver. mon) Classifi
cation
Random fore The algorithm is built upon a decision tree to improve the accuracy drastical
st ly. Random forest generates many times simple decision trees and uses th
e 'majority vote' method to decide on which label to return. For the classific Regression C
ation task, the final prediction will be the one with the most vote; while for th lassification
e regression task, the average prediction of all the trees is the final predictio
n.
Algorithm
Description Type
Name
AdaBoost Classification or regression technique that uses a multitude of models to co
Regression C
me up with a decision but weighs them based on their accuracy in predictin
lassification
g the outcome
Gradient-bo Gradient-boosting trees is a state-of-the-art classification/regression techni
Regression C
osting trees que. It is focusing on the error committed by the previous trees and tries to
lassification
correct it.
Unsupervised learning
In unsupervised learning, an algorithm explores input data without being given an explicit output variable (e.g., explores customer
demographic data to identify patterns)
You can use it when you do not know how to classify the data, and you want the algorithm to find patterns and classify the da ta for you
Algorithm Description Type
K-means cluster Puts data into some groups (k) that each contains data with similar chara
Clustering
ing cteristics (as determined by the model, not in advance by humans)
Gaussian mixtur A generalization of k-means clustering that provides more flexibility in the
e model Clustering
size and shape of groups (clusters)
Hierarchical clu Splits clusters along a hierarchical tree to form a classification system. C
stering Clustering
an be used for Cluster loyalty-card customer
Recommender s Help to define the relevant data for making a recommendation.
ystem Clustering
Mostly used to decrease the dimensionality of the data. The algorithms r
PCA/T-SNE Dimension
educe the number of features to 3 or 4 vectors with the highest variances
Reduction
.
How to Choose Machine Learning Algorithm
Now in this Machine learning basics tutorial, we will learn how to choose Machine Learning (ML) algorithm:
There are plenty of machine learning algorithms. The choice of the algorithm is based on the objective.
In the Machine learning example below, the task is to predict the type of flower among the three va rieties. The predictions are based on
the length and the width of the petal. The picture depicts the results of ten different algorithms. The picture on the top le ft is the dataset.
The data is classified into three categories: red, light blue and dark blue. There are some groupings. For instance, from the second
image, everything in the upper left belongs to the red category, in the middle part, there is a mixture of uncertainty and li ght blue while
the bottom corresponds to the dark category. The other images show different algorithms and how they try to classified the data.
Challenges and Limitations of Machine Learning
Now in this Machine learning tutorial, we will learn about the limitations of Machine Learning:
The primary challenge of machine learning is the lack of data or the diversity in the dataset. A machine cannot learn if there is no data
available. Besides, a dataset with a lack of diversity gives the machine a hard time. A machine needs to have heterogeneity t o learn
meaningful insight. It is rare that an algorithm can extract information when there are no or few variations. It is recommended to have at
least 20 observations per group to help the machine learn. This constraint leads to poor evaluation and prediction.
Application of Machine Learning
Now in this Machine learning tutorial, let's learn the applications of Machine Learning:
Augmentation:
 Machine learning, which assists humans with their day-to-day tasks, personally or commercially without having complete control
of the output. Such machine learning is used in different ways such as Virtual Assistant, Data analysis, software solutions. The
primary user is to reduce errors due to human bias.
Automation:
 Machine learning, which works entirely autonomously in any field without the need for any human intervention. For example,
robots performing the essential process steps in manufacturing plants.
Finance Industry
 Machine learning is growing in popularity in the finance industry. Banks are mainly using ML to find patterns inside the data but
also to prevent fraud.
Government organization
 The government makes use of ML to manage public safety and utilities. Take the example of China with the massive face
recognition. The government uses Artificial intelligence to prevent jaywalker.
Healthcare industry
 Healthcare was one of the first industry to use machine learning with image detection.
Marketing
 Broad use of AI is done in marketing thanks to abundant access to data. Before the age of mass data, researchers develop
advanced mathematical tools like Bayesian analysis to estimate the value of a customer. With the boom of data, marketing
department relies on AI to optimize the customer relationship and marketing campaign.
Example of application of Machine Learning in Supply Chain
Machine learning gives terrific results for visual pattern recognition, opening up many potential applications in physical inspection and
maintenance across the entire supply chain network.
Unsupervised learning can quickly search for comparable patterns in the diverse dataset. In turn, the machine can perform qua lity
inspection throughout the logistics hub, shipment with damage and wear.
For instance, IBM's Watson platform can determine shipping container damage. Watson combines visual and systems-based data to
track, report and make recommendations in real-time.
In past year stock manager relies extensively on the primary method to evaluate and forecast the inventory. When combining bi g data
and machine learning, better forecasting techniques have been implemented (an improvement of 20 to 30 % over traditional fore casting
tools). In term of sales, it means an increase of 2 to 3 % due to the potential reduction in inventory costs.
Example of Machine Learning Google Car
For example, everybody knows the Google car. The car is full of lasers on the roof which are telling it where it is regarding the
surrounding area. It has radar in the front, which is informing the car of the speed and motion of all the cars around it. It uses all of that
data to figure out not only how to drive the car but also to figure out and predict what potential drivers around the car are going to do.
What's impressive is that the car is processing almost a gigabyte a second of data.

Why is Machine Learning Important?

Machine learning is the best tool so far to analyze, understand and identify a pattern in the data. One of the main ideas behind machine
learning is that the computer can be trained to automate tasks that would be exhaustive or impossible for a human being. The clear
breach from the traditional analysis is that machine learning can take decisions with minimal human intervention.
Take the following example for this ML tutorial; a retail agent can estimate the price of a house based on his own experience and his
knowledge of the market.
A machine can be trained to translate the knowledge of an expert into features. The features are all the characteristics of a house,
neighborhood, economic environment, etc. that make the price difference. For the expert, it took him probably some years to master the
art of estimate the price of a house. His expertise is getting better and better after each sale.
For the machine, it takes millions of data, (i.e., example) to master this art. At the very beginning of its learning, the machine makes a
mistake, somehow like the junior salesman. Once the machine sees all the example, it got enough knowledge to make its estimat ion. At
the same time, with incredible accuracy. The machine is also able to adjust its mistake accordingly.
Most of the big company have understood the value of machine learning and holding data. McKinsey have estimated that the value of
analytics ranges from $9.5 trillion to $15.4 trillion while $5 to 7 trillion can be attributed to the most advanced AI techniques.