V.P. & R.P.T.P.

SCIENCE COLLEGE
VALLABH VIDYANAGAR
B.Sc. (Semester - 3)
Subject: Physics
Course: US03CPHY01
Optics

Question Bank
UNIT: I
Multiple choice questions:
(1) There are _________ points known as cardinal points of an optical system
(a) two (b) four
(b) six (d) eight
(2) In 1841, ________ showed that any number of coaxial lenses could be treated as a
single unit
(a) Newton (b) Rayleigh
(c ) Galileo (d) Gauss
(3) The nodal points are a pair of conjugate points on the axis having unit _________
angular magnification
(a) negative (b) positive
(c) unequal (d) zero
(4) The distance between two nodal points is always ________ to the distance between two
principal points
(a) equal (b) unequal
( c ) higher (d) lower
(5) The distance between principal point and focal points in the lens combination is known
as __________
(a) First length (b) simple length
( c ) equivalent focal length (d) principal length
(6) The distance of principal plane from the first lens is __________
௙ௗ ࢌࢊ
(a) ߚ = − (b) ࢻ =
௙భ ࢌ૛
௙భ ௗ ௙మ ௗ
(c)ߚ = − (d) ߙ = −
௙ ௙
(7) The distance of principal plane from the second lens is __________
ࢌࢊ ௙ௗ
(a) ࢼ = − (b) ߙ =
ࢌ૚ ௙మ
௙భ ௗ ௙మ ௗ
(c)ߚ = − (d) ߙ = −
௙ ௙
(8) The aberration that occurs due to dispersion of light are called ________ aberration
(a) monochromatic (b) coma
(c ) distortion (d) chromatic

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(9) The peripheral light rays passing through a lens come to focus__________ the lens after
refraction
(a) away from (b) close to
(c ) on (d) at infinity
(10) The paraxial rays passing through the lens close to the axis are refracted less and come
to focus _________ from the lens
(a) farther (b) close to
(c ) at infinity (d) on
(11) The spherical aberration produced by convex lens is _______
(a) negative (b) positive
(c) equal (d) zero
(12) For a cross lens ________
ோభ ଵ ோభ ଵ
(a) = (b) =−
ோమ ସ ோమ ସ
ࡾ૚ ૚ ோభ ଵ
(c ) =− (d) =
ࡾ૛ ૟ ோమ ଺
(13) Spherical aberration can also be made minimum by using two_______ lenses
(a) convex (b) concave
(c ) plano-concave (d) plano-convex
(14) The coma can be eliminated if a lens satisfied ________ condition
(a) Snell’s (b) Abbe’s sine
(c ) Gauss (d) Newton’s
(15) The axial chromatic aberration for a thin lens for an object at infinity is equal to the
________ of the dispersive power of the material of the lens and the mean focal length
(a) sum (b) product
(c ) square (d) cube
(16) The lens near the object is called __________
(a) ocular (b) eyepiece
(c ) objective (d) field of view
(17) An extra lens used between the objective and eye lens is called ________
(a) telephoto lens (b) bipolar lens
(c ) field lens (d) achromatic lens
(18) The field of view of Huygens’ eyepiece is ________ than that of Ramsden’s eyepiece
(a) smaller (b) greater
(c ) equal (d) unequal
(19) The Ramsden eyepiece is sometimes referred to as ________ eyepiece
(a) negative (b) large
(c ) small (d) positive
(20) The power of Huygens’ eyepiece is _________
(a)negative (b) positive
(c ) small (d) zero

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Short Questions:
1. Define cardinal points and cardinal planes
2. Define first principal point and second principal point
3. Define first focal point and second focal point
4. Write the properties of nodal points
5. Show that the distance between two nodal points is always equal to the distance
between two principal points
6. Show that the nodal points are a pair of conjugate points on the axis having unit positive
angular magnification
7. Show that the nodal points are coincide with the principal points when the refractive
indices on either side of the lens are same
8. Derive the Newton’s formula for lens
9. Define equivalent focal length
10. What is aberration?
11. What are the types of aberration?
12. Define monochromatic and chromatic aberrations
13. Write the types of monochromatic aberration
14. What you meant by longitudinal and lateral spherical aberration?
15. What is the circle of least confusion?
16. Write the formula of shape factor
17. What is the condition for minimum spherical aberration?
18. Define coma
19. What is the positive and negative coma?
20. Write the Abbe’s sine condition
21. What is an anastigmat?
22. What you meant by the curvature of the field?
23. Define distortion
24. Define longitudinal and lateral chromatic aberration
25. Write the expression for measure of axial chromatic aberration
26. What is an eyepiece?
27. State the merits and demerits of Huygens’ eyepiece
28. State the merits and demerits of Ramsden eyepiece
29. Write the conditions for minimized spherical and chromatic aberration
30. Why the Huygens’ eyepiece is known as negative eyepiece?

Long Questions:
1. Explain the term cardinal points with reference to a coaxial system
2. What are the principal points and principal planes? Show that the principal planes are
the planes of unit linear magnification
3. What are nodal points? Give their properties. Show that the nodal planes are planes of
unit angular magnification
4. Derive Newton’s formula for a convergent system of lenses forming a real image

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 5. Two thin convex lenses of focal length ݂ଵ and ݂ଶ are coaxial and separated by
distance‘d’. Show that the equivalent focal length ݂ of the combination is given by the
௙భ ௙మ
relation ݂ =
௙భ ା௙మ ିௗ
6. Derive expressions for the equivalent focal length and the positions of principal points
and focal points of a coaxial system of two lenses separated by a finite distance
7. What is spherical aberration of a lens? Explain how it caused by a lens. Also explain the
methods of removing them.
8. Find the condition for minimum spherical aberration.
9. Explain the defect coma with neat diagram. Explain how it can be minimized.
10. Discuss the astigmatism with neat diagram. How it is removed?
11. Explain the defects curvature of the field and distortion with the methods of removal.
12. Discuss the chromatic aberration of a lens and derive an expression for longitudinal
chromatic aberration for an object at infinity.
13. What is the difference between pincushion distortion and barrel-shaped distortion?
How can these defects be removed?
14. What is an eyepiece and what is its advantage over a single lens?
15. Give the construction and working of a Ramsden eyepiece? How are chromatic and
spherical aberrations minimized in this eyepiece?
16. Explain the construction of Huygens eyepiece. Why cannot a cross-wire be used with it?
17. Give the name and construction of the eyepiece, which satisfied the condition for
achromatism.
18. Describe and point out the respective merits of Ramsden and Huygens eyepieces.
19. Explain with the help of a neat diagram the construction and working of a Huygens
eyepiece and clearly indicate the positions of its cardinal points.
20. Give the comparison of Ramsden and Huygens eyepiece?

B.Sc. (Semester - 3)
Subject: Physics
Course: US03CPHY01
Optics
UNIT: II Interference and Diffraction
Question Bank

Q-1 Multiple Choice Questions

(1) Fresnel’s biprism is based on splitting of ________
(a) Amplitude (b) wave front
(c) Inclination (d) thickness
(2) The two parts of the same wave front travel through different paths
and reunite on a screen to produce fringe pattern. This is known as
interference due to division of ________
(a) wave front (b) amplitude
(c) Thickness (d) inclination

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 (3) Newton’s ring is based on the splitting of _________
(a) wave front (b) amplitude
(c) Thickness (d) inclination
(4) In biprism when fringes are obtained by using white light, the central
white fringe is known as____________ fringe.
(a) first order (b) nearest order
(c) zero- order (d) Second order
(5) Newton’s rings are an example of fringes of equal ______________
(a) Inclination (b) thickness
(c) phase-shift (d) amplitude
(6) In Fresnel diffraction , the source of light and the screen are effectively
at____________ distances from the obstacle
(a) Infinite (b) equal
(c) Finite (d) greater
(7) In Fraunhoffer diffraction the source of light and screen are effectively
at ________ distances from the obstacle
(a) Equal (b) infinite
(c) Greater (d) finite
(8) The division of amplitude method requires ______________ source
(a) Extended (b) narrow
(c) Finite (d) infinite
(9) The division of wave front is useful only with _______________
sources
(a) extended (b) narrow
(c) Finite (d) infinite
(10) Fabry perot interferometer is a high resolving power instrument,
which make use of the fringes of equal ____________________
(a) Inclination (b) amplitude
(c) Thickness (d) phase-shift
(11) The Fabry perot interferometer is a ____________instrument, which
make use for the fringes of equal inclination
(a) high pressure power (b) high magnifying power
(c) high resolving power (d) high visual power
(12) In Newton’s ring experiment the ______________ lens is used
(a) Convex (b) concave
(c) plano-convex (d) plano-concave

Q-2 Short Questions

(1) Explain the techniques for obtaining interference.
(2) Give the comparison between the fringes produced by biprism and
Lloyd’s mirror
(3) What is the difference between Fabry Perot Interferometer and Fabry
Perot Etalon?
(4) What is diffraction? Explain with neat diagram Fraunhoffer diffraction

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 (5) What is diffraction? Explain with neat diagram Fresnel diffraction
(6) What do you mean by wave front splitting? What type of source is
required for such technique narrow or extended?
(7) Explain interference fringes with white light in biprism. What is zero
order fringe?
(8) Why it is not possible to locate zero –order fringe in case of biprism
when monochromatic source is used?
(9) What do you mean by division of amplitude? What type of source is
required for such technique, narrow or extended?
(10) Explain multiple reflections from a plane parallel film. Define
amplitude coefficient of reflection.
(11) In Newton’s ring, why the fringes are circular?
(12) Explain how the fringe width β is determined in the case of biprism?
Q-3 Long Questions
(1) Describe Fresnel’s biprism. Explain how the wave length of light can be
determined with its help.
(2) With neat diagram explain Lloyd’s single mirror. Give the comparison
between the fringes produced by biprism and Lloyd’s mirror
(3) Describe Fresnel’s biprism. How the fringe width β is determined? Also
discuss interference fringes with white light.
(4) Explain the theory of Newton’s ring. Discuss how the Newton’s ring
experiment is helpful to determine the wavelength of given light.
(5) Explain the theory of Newton’s ring. Discuss the condition for bright
and dark fringes.
(6) How is the wavelength of the sodium light determined by Newton’s
rings method? Derive the formula used. Why the fringes are circular?
(7) Discuss multiple beam interference. Discuss in brief intensity
distribution.
(8) Explain with neat diagram Febry Perot Interferometer. Discuss
measurement of difference in wave length using Febry Perot
Interferometer
(9) What is diffraction? Discuss Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction.
(10) Write a note on “Diffraction due to a narrow wire”. Draw the
geometric shadow for narrow wire and a thick wire.
(11) Discuss Cornu’s spiral. Draw the necessary figures.
(12) With necessary diagram explain the Fraunhoffer diffraction at double
slits.
Q-4 Solved problems:
(i) In the biprism experiment the eyepiece is placed at a distance of 1.2m from
the source. The distance between the virtual sources was found to be 7.5 ×

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 10-4 m. Find the wavelength of light, if the eyepiece is to be moved
transversely through a distance of 1.888cm for 20 fringes.
Given : D= 1.2m,
d= 7.5 × 10-4 m,
l 0.01888
l= 1.888 cm= 0.01888m but β = =
n 20
βd 0.01888m × 7.5 ×10−4 m
λD λ= =
The fringe width is β = = D 20 ×1.2m
d
λ = 5900 ×10−10 m = 5900 A0
(ii) In Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 15th ring was found to be
5.9×10-3m. and that of 5th ring was 3.36 ×10-3m . If the radius of the plano-
convex lens is 100cm. calculate the wave length of light used.
Dm2 + p = D152 = 5.9 × 10−3 m
Given: D 2 = D 2 = 3.36 ×10−3 m and R=100cm =1m
m 5

Dm2 + p − Dm2
λ=
4 pR
(5.9 − 3.36) × 10−6 m 2
= = 5880 A0
4 ×10 ×1m
(iii) In Lloyd’s single mirror interference experiment, the slit source is at a
distance of 2mm from the plane of the mirror. The screen is kept at a distance
of 1.5 m from the source. Calculate the fringe width. The wave length of the
light is 5890 A0

Given: d/2 = 2mm ∴ d= 4 × 10-3 m ,

D = 1.5m
λ= 5890 A0= 5890× 10-10 m

λD 5890 × 10-10 m ×1.5m

The fringe width is β = == = 22mm
d 4 ×10−3 m

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 B.Sc. (Semester - 3)
Subject: Physics
Course: US03CPHY01
Title: Optics
Polarization
Question Bank
UNIT: 3
Multiple choice questions:
(1) The polarization is possible in _________ wave
(a) transverse (b) longitudinal
(c) water (d) mechanical
(2) A ________ light is a wave in which the electric vector is everywhere confined to a
single plane
(a) unpolarized (b) plane polarized
(c ) circularly polarized (d) elliptically polarized
(3) The _________ component of wave is called s-component
(a) equal (b) unequal
(c) parallel (d) perpendicular
(4) The _________ component of wave is called p-component
(a) equal (b) unequal
(c) parallel (d) perpendicular
(5) The ________ of the angle of polarization is numerically equal to the refractive index of
the medium
(a) sine (b) cosine
( c ) cosec (d) tangent
(6) __________ has discovered that certain crystal absorbs light selectively
(a) Maxwell’s (b) Brewster’s
( c ) Biot’s (d) Nicol’s
(7) The crystal that exhibit selective absorption are called __________
(a)Isotropic (b) non-isotropic
( c ) anisotropic (d) non-anisotropic
(8) The ray which obeys Snell’s law of refraction is known as __________ ray
(a) ordinary (b) extraordinary
( c ) simple (d) electric
(9) ________ is a device which is used to find whether the light is polarized or not
polarized
(a) polarizer (b) analyzer
(c ) glass (d) polaroid
(10) A Nicol prism is made from __________ crystal
(a) tourmaline (b) quartz
(c ) topaz (d) calcite

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(11) In Nocol prism two parts of the crystal are cemented together with _________ layer
(a) oil (b) silica
(c ) Canada balsam (d) glycerin
(12) The intensity of transmitted light through the polarizer is _______ the intensity of
incident light
(a) double (b) half
(c) equal (d) zero
(13) In ________ materials, atoms are arranged in a regular manner
(a) Isotropic (b) non-isotropic
( c ) anisotropic (d) non-anisotropic
(14) In _______ crystal both the refracted rays are extra ordinary rays
(a) biaxial (b) uniaxial
(c ) triaxial (d) single axial
(15) In _______ crystal one of the refracted ray is ordinary and the other is an extra
ordinary rays
(a) biaxial (b) uniaxial
(c ) triaxial (d) single axial
(16) In positive crystal the refractive index for extraordinary ray is ________then that of
ordinary ray
(a) less (b) greater
(c ) equal (d) zero
(17) In negative crystal the refractive index for extraordinary ray is ________then that of
ordinary ray
(a) less (b) greater
(c ) equal (d) zero
(18) When two waves are in same phase then the resultant wave is ________polarized
wave
(a) circularly (b) elliptically
(c ) plane (d) non
గ
(19) When ߜ = ଶ between the two waves and amplitudes are unequal then the resultant
wave is ________polarized wave
(a) circularly (b) elliptically
(c ) plane (d) non
గ
(20) When ߜ = ଶ between the two waves and amplitudes are equal then the resultant wave
is ________polarized wave
(a) circularly (b) elliptically
(c ) plane (d) non

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Short Questions:
1. List the method for producing the linearly polarized light
2. Define unpolarized and plane polarized light
3. Define circularly polarized and elliptically polarized light
4. What are s and p- components of wave?
5. Define polarizing angle
6. State the Brewster’s law
7. State the applications of Brewster’s law
8. What is the pile of plates?
9. What is meant by selective absorption?
10. What is double refraction?
11. Define polarizer and analyzer
12. What are ordinary and extra-ordinary rays?
13. What is the working of Canada balsam layer?
14. State the Malus law
15. What are the isotropic and anisotropic materials?
16. What are uniaxial and biaxial crystals?
17. What are positive and negative crystals?
18. Give the three names of uniaxial crystal
19. Give the three names of biaxial crystal
20. Give the name of positive and negative crystal

Long Questions:
1. Discuss the polarization by reflection and prove the Brewster law
2. State and prove Brewster’s law and show that reflected and refracted rays are at right
angles to each other
3. Discuss the polarization by refraction and scattering
4. Explain the phenomena of polarization by selective absorption
5. Describe the Nicol prism and explain how it can work as analyzer and polarizer?
6. How to construct the polaroid sheet? Explain its working as polarizer and analyzer
7. Show that the intensity of transmitted light through the polarizer is half the intensity of
incident light
8. State and explain the law of Malus
9. What is double refraction? Give the Huygens theory of double refraction in uniaxial
crystal
10. Distinguish between positive and negative crystal
11. Describe the superposition of linearly polarized light and derive the general equation of
ellipse
గ
12. Find the resultant wave when the phase angle ߜ = 0, ߨ, ܽ݊݀
ଶ
13. Give the construction and working of LCD.

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 B. Sc. ( Semester-3)
Course: US03CPHY01
Optics
Question Bank
UNIT: 4

Q1: Multiple Choice Questions: Choose most appropriate one and fill in the blanks:
1. An optical fiber is made up of …………………………………………transparent dielectric.

1. Glass or Clear 2. Ribosome 3. Poly vinyl Alcohol 4. None of abov

plastic

2. Optical Fibers relies heavily on two concepts ……………………………………………….

a. Polarization b. defraction c. Total Internal d. absorption

reflection

3. The thin strand of dielectric materials is called ……………………………………………..

a. hair b. fiber c. straw d. wire

4. The thin strand of a metal is called ……………………………………………..

a. fiber b. ray c. beam d. wire

5. The inner member of the optical fiber is known as ……………………………………..

a. cladding b. core c. shield d. cloths

6. The outer most member of the optical fiber is known as ……………………………………..

a. cladding b. core c. shield d. cloths

7. The optical fiber requires a……………………………………….. to receive light at its output end.

a. light source b. photo detector c. speaker d. cable

8. A multiple cable consists of number of fibers in a ……………………………………

a. individual fiber b. single jacket c. both of above d. none of above

9. A medium having lower refractive index is said to be an optically…………………medium while a

medium having higher refractive index is said to be an optically …………………medium.

a. denser, rare b. rare, dense c. rare, rare d. denser, denser

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10 In step index optical fiber the end at which light enters the fiber is called………………………………
.
a. carrying b. received c. launching d. none of above

11 In optical fiber the refractive index of the core is always ………………………….than the refractive
index of the cladding.

a. greater b. lesser c. equal d. All of above

12 The Numerical Aperture (N.A.) is dependent only on……………………………..of the core and cladding
materials.

a. the angle of b. the refractive c. Snell’s law d. multiple

refraction indices reflection

13 The light ray paths along which the waves are in phase inside the fiber are known
as…………………….

a. reflectivity b. coherency c. modes d. permeability

14 GRIN fiber stands for …………………………………

a. Graded Index fiber b. Groove Relative c. Government d. Great Refractive

index fiber Region Innovative Index fiber
fiber

15 Multimode step index fiber allows ………………………….of guided modes.

a. infinite number b. finite number c. equal number d. not a single

16 A Flurocarbon polymer is used as a…………………………..material

a. core b. cladding c. buffer d. wire

17 The step index single mode fiber is used as ………………………………….

a. ground to ground b. ground to sky c. under water d. gas pipe line

communication communication cables

18 The step index multi mode fiber is used in………………………………….

a. wave generator b. data links c. under water cables d. ghost fiber

19 The Graded index multi mode fiber is used in ………………………………….

a. data links b. telephone links c. under water cables d. earthlings fiber

20 PCS fiber means ……………………………..

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 a. Plastic Clad Silica b. Popular Cable c. Plastic Core Silica d. Poly Cable Start
Service
21 1 mm optical fiber can transmits ……………………………..telephone calls.

a. 10000 b. 30000 c. 50000 d. 70000

Q2: Answer in short

1. Define Optical fiber.
2. Give the important functions of the cladding.
3. Explain fractional relative index change.
4. Explain all glass fibers.
5. Explain all plastic fibers.
6. Explain PCS fibers.
7. Give the disadvantages of the optical fibers.
8. Give the characteristics of Step index multimode fiber.
9. Give the characteristics of Step index single mode fiber.
10. Give the characteristics of Graded index multimode fiber.
Q3: Answer with full detail
1. Explain Optical Fiber in detail.
2. Explain the total internal reflection providing the appropriate derivations.
3. Define the angle of acceptance and derive formula ߠ଴ = ‫ି ݊݅ݏ‬ଵ ඥ݊ଵଶ − ݊ଶଶ
4. Explain modes of propagation.
5. Narrate the classification of Optical fibers.
6. Give the characteristics of optical fibers.
7. Give the merits and demerits of optical fibers.

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