Percaktimi I Rezistences Elektrike Specifike Te Nje Materiali

Student's
Sheet
Printed: 12.12.2017 11:22:57 | P2410101
4 Point Method / Measurement of low resistances

(Item No.: P2410101)
Curricular Relevance
Experiment:
Topic: Subtopic:
Area of Expertise: Education Level: 4 Point Method /
Electricity and Electric Current and
Physics University Measurement of low
Magnetism Resistance
resistances
Difficulty Preparation Time Execution Time Recommended Group Size
Difficult 1 Hour 1 Hour 2 Students
Additional Requirements: Experiment Variations:
Keywords:
Ohm's law, resistivity, contact resistance, conductivity, four-wire method of measurement
Overview
Short description
The resistances of various DC conductors are determined by recording the current/voltage characteristic. The resistivity of metal
rods and the contact resistance of connecting cords are calculated.
Fig. 1: Recording the current/voltage characteristic of a metal rod.
Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

D - 37079 Göttingen Fax: +49 551 604 - 107 www.phywe.com
Student's Sheet
Printed: 12.12.2017 11:22:57 | P2410101
Equipment
Position Material Order nr. Quantity

1 Universal measuring amplifier 13626-93 1
2 PHYWE Power supply 0-12 V DC/ 6 V, 12 V AC, 230 V 13505-93 1
3 Heat conductivity rod, Cu 04518-11 1
4 Heat conductivity rod, Al 04518-12 1
5 Digital multimeter 2005 07129-00 2
6 Connection box 06030-23 1
7 Connecting cord, 32 A, 2000 mm, yellow 07365-02 2
8 Connecting cord, 32 A, 750 mm, yellow 07362-02 2
9 Connecting cord, 32 A, 750 mm, blue 07362-04 1
10 Connecting cord, 32 A, 500 mm, red 07361-01 2
12 Connecting cord, 32 A, 250 mm, red 07360-01 1
14 Connecting cord, 100 mm, yellow 07359-02 2
Tasks
1. To plot the current/voltage characteristics of metal rods (copper and aluminium) and to calculate their resistivity.
2. To determine the resistance of various connecting cords by plotting their current/voltage characteristics and calculating
the contact resistances.
Set-up and procedure

1. Connect the metal rod to the mains with an ammeter. Measure the voltage drop across the rod at two sockets on the side,
using the amplifier (four-wire method of measurement, see Fig. 1).
Settings of the amplifier: Low drift, , Amplification: , Timer constant: 0 sec.

2. Connect a connecting cord into the circuit in place of the metal rod, using two double sockets with cross hole (Fig. 2a).
Connect the voltmeter to the sockets of the connecting cord connector (similar to the four-wire method; measuring as
shown in Fig. 2). The voltage dops not only across the pure line resistor but also across the two line/plug contact
resistors as well.

Student's Sheet
Printed: 12.12.2017 11:22:57 | P2410101
Fig. 2a: Measuring the contact resistance and resistivity of

connecting cords: sketch of the set-up
Determine the total resistance of the connecting cord with connectors by connecting the Voltmeter to the holes in the double
sockets (measuring in Fig. 2). The plug/double socket contact resistances are obtained by comparing and .
Fig. 2b: Equivalent circuit diagram: , pd and

1p are contact resistors, a line resistor.

Student's Sheet
Printed: 12.12.2017 11:22:57 | P2410101
Fig. 3: Current/voltage characteristics of a copper rod and an

aluminium rod.
Theory and evaluation

The resistivity of the metal is determined from the resistance of the rod and its dimensions. The rod has a diameter of 2.5
cm (cross section ) and is 31.5 cm long (length ) between the two voltmeter connections.
(1)
Ohm’s law
(2)
The regression lines of the measured values in Fig. 3 give
for the copper rod, and
for the aluminium rod.
The values of resistivity obtained using equation (1) are:
measured Bibliographic data at 20°
Cu 1.79 1.68
Al 2.98 2.72
The aluminium rod is not pure, it contains other additions.
The copper wire in the cords has a cross section of .

Student's Sheet
Printed: 12.12.2017 11:22:57 | P2410101
Fig. 4: Current/voltage characteristics of some connecting

cords of different lengths.
Fig. 4: Current/voltage characteristics of some connecting cords of different lengths.
The line resistance of the connecting cords can be calculated using (1):
The line/plug contact resistance can be established from the difference between the line resistance calculated and the
resistance measured.
is determined from the slope of the straight lines in Fig. 4.
100 1 0.67 5.6 4.9

2 1.6 0.9
750 1 5.0 10.7 5.7
2 9.1 4.1
2000 1 13.4 18.6 5.2
2 18.2 4.8
The average of the line/plug contact resistance values is:
The plug/double socket contact resistance can be determined by comparing the voltages and (see Figs. 2):
In accordance with Figs. 2b,
with
and
with
For a connecting cord 100 mm long the measured values give:
The plug/double socket contact resistance is therefore of the order of


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Student's

4 Point Method / Measurement of low resistances

Difficulty Preparation Time Execution Time Recommended Group Size

Difficult 1 Hour 1 Hour 2 Students

Additional Requirements: Experiment Variations:

Ohm's law, resistivity, contact resistance, conductivity, four-wire method of measurement

Fig. 1: Recording the current/voltage characteristic of a metal rod.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

Position Material Order nr. Quantity

Set-up and procedure

Settings of the amplifier: Low drift, , Amplification: , Timer constant: 0 sec.

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

Fig. 2a: Measuring the contact resistance and resistivity of

Fig. 2b: Equivalent circuit diagram: , pd and

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

Fig. 3: Current/voltage characteristics of a copper rod and an

Theory and evaluation

The regression lines of the measured values in Fig. 3 give

for the copper rod, and

for the aluminium rod.

The values of resistivity obtained using equation (1) are:

measured Bibliographic data at 20°

The aluminium rod is not pure, it contains other additions.

The copper wire in the cords has a cross section of .

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

Fig. 4: Current/voltage characteristics of some connecting

Fig. 4: Current/voltage characteristics of some connecting cords of different lengths.

is determined from the slope of the straight lines in Fig. 4.

100 1 0.67 5.6 4.9

The average of the line/plug contact resistance values is:

In accordance with Figs. 2b,

For a connecting cord 100 mm long the measured values give:

The plug/double socket contact resistance is therefore of the order of

Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 Tel: +49 551 604 - 0 [email protected]

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