Operator Theory

COMPACT LINEAR OPERATORS
Submitted to : Dr. Muhammad Riaz

Department of Mathematics, University of the Punjab Lahore
Group Members:
Ume Farwa (PhD-07F20)

Sonia Hanif (PhD-20F20)
Content:
 Basic Definitions
 Statements of Supporting Theorems
 Lemma of Continuity
 Theorem of Compactness Criterion
 Theorem of Finite Dimensional Domain or Range
 References
Normed Space:
It is a vector space over the Real or Complex numbers.
A norm is a real valued function defined on the vector space

X whose value at x € X and is denoted by ║x║
Vector Space
Normed
Space
Compact Space:
A subset of Euclidean space is compact if it closed and bounded
OR
A topological space X is compact if every open cover of X has finite sub--cover

Relatively Compact or Pre-Compact Subset
 A subset Y of topological space X whose closure is also compact i.e.,

closed and bounded
 Every subset of a compact topological space is relatively compact

(since a closed subset of a compact space is compact).
 In an arbitrary topological space every subset of a relatively compact

set is relatively compact.
Linear Operators:
Let U and V be vector spaces over a field K. A mapping T: U → V is
linear if
T(αx + β y) = α T x + β T y
for all x, y in U and for all α, β in K.
Examples:
 The simplest linear operator is the identity operator I.
 The parity operator ∏, operating on elements ψ(x,y,z) of L2, is a
linear operator.
∏ψ(x,y,z) = ψ(-x,-y,-z).
Compact Linear Operators:
Let X and Y be Normed spaces. An operator T :X → Y is

called Compact Linear Operator (or Completely Continuous
linear operators) if
 T is Linear
 If every bounded set M of X , T(M) is relatively
Compact (i.e., closure of T(M) is compact)
Bounded
A set is called bounded if it is, in a certain sense, of

finite size
A function f defined on
some set X with real or complex values is
called bounded if the set of its values is bounded.
In other words, there exists a real number M such that
│ f(x)│ ≤ M
for all x in X.
 Closed Unit Ball
Let (X, ║.║ ) be a normed vector space.
Let a € X ,
The Closed unit ball is the set
B (X, a)= { x € X : ║x-a ║≤ 1 }

 Unit Sphere
Let (X, ║.║ ) be a normed vector space.
Let a € X ,
The unit sphere is the set
B (X, a) = { x € X : ║x-a ║= 1 }
Lemma
In mathematics , a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is a
generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping
stone to a larger result.
For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem" or an
"auxiliary theorem.
Well Known Lemma:

 Gauss's lemma (polynomial)
 Zorn’s Lemma
 Fundamental lemma
Lemma (Continuity)
Statement:
Let X and Y be Normed spaces. Then:
(a) Every Compact Linear Operator T: X → Y is bounded , hence continuous.

(b) If dimension X = ∞, the identity operator I: X→ X (which is continuous) is
not compact
Proof:
(a) Let X and Y be Normed spaces and T: X → Y is Compact Linear Operator
then by definition of compact linear operator , for every bounded subset u of X,
the image T(u) is relatively compact i.e., 𝑇(𝑢) is compact.
For this let unit sphere ,
U= {x € X, ║x║=1}
Is bounded. Since T is compact linear operator so 𝑇 𝑢 is compact and bounded,

By lemma 2.5-2
“ A compact subset U of metric space is closed and bounded”
So ,
SUP ║ T x║ < ∞
║x║=1
Which Implies that T is bounded and continuous by theorem

“ Let T: D(T) → Y be a linear operator, where D(T) ⊂ X and X, Y are
normed spaces. Then T is continuous if and only if T is bounded.”
(b) Let X and Y be normed spaces and I is identity operator .
If dim X= ∞ , then we have to show that I is not compact.

For this let the closed unit ball
M= {x € X : ║x║≤ 1}
Which is bounded
If dim X= ∞, let on contrary I(M) is relatively compact implies that
M is relatively compact because I(M)= M and 𝑴 is compact.
But in our case M = 𝑴 because M is closed. Thus M is compact

By theorem:
“ If the normed space X has the property that the closed unit ball
M = {x € X : ║x║≤ 1} is compact then X is finite dimensional.”
Implies that X is finite ,which is a contradiction as X is infinite.
Theorem (Compactness Criterion):
Statement :
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X → Y be a linear operator. Then T is compact if and only if
it maps every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) in X onto a sequence (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) in Y which has convergent
subsequence.
Proof:
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X → Y be a linear operator. Suppose T is compact then we
will show that T maps every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) in X onto a sequence (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) in Y which has
convergent subsequence.
If T is compact and (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded then by definition of compact linear operator
(𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) is compact in Y.
And by definition of compactness:
“ A metric space X is said to be compact if every sequence in X has a convergent sub sequence.”
A subset M of X is said to be compact if every sequence in M has convergent subsequence
whose limit is an element of M i.e., (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) contains a convergent subsequence.
Conversely,
Suppose that every bounded sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) contains a subsequence (𝑥 𝑛 ) such that 𝑇(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑘 𝑘
Converges in Y.
To prove T is compact, Consider any bounded subset B⊂ 𝑋 and let (𝑦𝑛 ) be any sequence in
T(B) then (𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑇(𝑥𝑛 ) for some 𝑥𝑛 € B
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded, since B is bounded. Also by assumption, (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) contains a convergent
subsequence.
Hence, 𝑇(𝐵) is compact by definition of compactness. Since (𝑦𝑛 ) € T(B) was arbitrary. So T is
compact.
Theorem (Finite Dimensional Domain or Range)
Statement:
Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X →Y be a linear operator. Then:
(a) If T is bounded and dim T(x) < ∞, then operator T is compact.
(b) If dim X < ∞, then operator T is compact.
Proof:
(a) Let X and Y be normed spaces and T : X →Y be a linear operator. Suppose T is bounded and
dim T(x) < ∞ to prove T is compact.
Let (𝑥𝑛 ) be any bounded sequence in X then the inequality
║𝑻𝒙𝒏 ║≤ ║T║║𝒙𝒏 ║
Shows that (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded and hence 𝑇𝑥𝑛 is compact by theorem:

“In a finite dimensional normed space X, any subset M ⊂ 𝑋 is compact if and only if M is closed
and bounded.”
It follows that (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) has convergent subsequence. Since (𝑥𝑛 ) was an arbitrary bounded sequence
in X , hence T is compact by Compactness criterion.
(b) Let X and Y be normed spaces and T: X → Y be a linear operator. If dim X < ∞
then we have to prove that T is compact.
It follows that dim X < ∞ implies the boundedness of T.
by theorem :
“If a normed space X is finite dimensional , then every linear operator on X is
bounded”
And
dim T(x) ≤ dim X
by theorem Range and null space:

i.e., “ Let T be a linear operator. Then:
(a) The range R(T) is a vector space.
(b) If dim D(T) = n < ∞ , the dim R(T) ≤ n.
Which implies by (a) that T is compact.

References:
1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatively_compact_subspace
2-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_function
3-
http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/qm1/modules/m4/operators.htm#:~:text=Examp
les%3A,2%2C%20is%20a%20linear%20operator.
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_sphere
5- Kreyszig, Erwin (1978). Introductory functional analysis with
applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-50731-4.

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COMPACT LINEAR OPERATORS

Submitted to : Dr. Muhammad Riaz

Ume Farwa (PhD-07F20)

It is a vector space over the Real or Complex numbers.

A norm is a real valued function defined on the vector space

A subset of Euclidean space is compact if it closed and bounded

A topological space X is compact if every open cover of X has finite sub--cover

 A subset Y of topological space X whose closure is also compact i.e.,

 Every subset of a compact topological space is relatively compact

 In an arbitrary topological space every subset of a relatively compact

for all x, y in U and for all α, β in K.

Let X and Y be Normed spaces. An operator T :X → Y is

A set is called bounded if it is, in a certain sense, of

B (X, a)= { x € X : ║x-a ║≤ 1 }

Well Known Lemma:

(a) Every Compact Linear Operator T: X → Y is bounded , hence continuous.

Is bounded. Since T is compact linear operator so 𝑇 𝑢 is compact and bounded,

Which Implies that T is bounded and continuous by theorem

If dim X= ∞ , then we have to show that I is not compact.

But in our case M = 𝑴 because M is closed. Thus M is compact

Shows that (𝑇𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded and hence 𝑇𝑥𝑛 is compact by theorem:

by theorem Range and null space:

Which implies by (a) that T is compact.

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