EPR 364: Electrical &

Electronic Measurements
LECTURE 3
DR. HUSSEIN KOTB

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 1

Multirange dc ammeters
●Make before break switch
●The instrument is not left without a shunt in parallel
with it even for a brief instant.
●If this occurred,
● The high resistance of the instrument would affect the current
flowing in the circuit.
● A large current enough to destroy the PMMC meter might flow
through its coil.
● During switching there are actually two shunts in parallel with
the instrument.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 2

Ayrton shunt multirange dc ammeter
●Another method of protecting the deflection
instrument of an ammeter from excessive
current flow when switching between shunts.
●Resistors R1, R2, and R3 constitute an Ayrton
Shunts.
●When the switch is at contact B, the total
resistance in parallel with the instrument is:
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 .
● The meter resistance remains 𝑅𝑚 .

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 3

Ayrton shunt multirange dc ammeter
(cont’d)
●When the switch is at contact C, the
resistor 𝑅3 is in series with the meter, and
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) is in parallel with (𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅3 ).
●When the switch is at contact D, the
resistor 𝑅1 is in parallel with (𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅2 +
𝑅3 ).
●The meter is never left without parallel-
connected shunt (or shunts).

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 4

Example 1
●A PMMC instrument has a three-resistor Ayrton shunt connected across
it to make an ammeter. The resistance values are 𝑅1 = 0.05 Ω, 𝑅2 =
0.45 Ω and 𝑅3 = 4.5 Ω. The meter has 𝑅𝑚 = 1 kΩ and FSD = 50 μA.
Calculate the three ranges of the ammeter.
●Solution:
●Switch at contact B: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 = 50 μA × 1 kΩ = 50 mV
𝑉𝑠 50 mV
●𝐼𝑠 = = = 10 mA
𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3 0.05 Ω+0.45 Ω+4.5 Ω
●𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝑠 = 50 μA+10 mA =10.05 mA
●Ammeter range ≈ 10 mA

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 5

Example 1: solution
●Switch at contact C: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅3 = 50 μA × 1 kΩ + 4.5 Ω ≈ 50 mV
𝑉𝑠 50 mV
●𝐼𝑠 = = = 100 mA
𝑅1 +𝑅2 0.05 Ω+0.45 Ω
●𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝑠 = 50 μA+100 mA =100.05 mA
●Ammeter range ≈ 100 mA
●Switch at contact D: 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 50 μA × 1 kΩ + 0.45 Ω +

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 6

Ammeter loading effect
●Internal resistance of ideal ammeter is zero Ohm, but in practice, the
internal resistance has some values which affect the measurement
results.
●This error can be reduced by using higher range of measurement.
𝑉𝑇ℎ
●𝐼𝑇 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) =
𝑅𝑇ℎ
𝑉𝑇ℎ
●𝐼𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) =
𝑅𝑖𝑛 +𝑅𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑇ℎ
●Loading effect: × 100% = × 100%
𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑇ℎ +𝑅𝑖𝑛

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 7

Example 2
●Given 𝑅1 = 2 kΩ, 𝑅2 = 2 kΩ with voltage of 2V. By measuring the current flow through 𝑅3 with a dc
ammeter with internal resistance of 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 100 Ω , calculate percentage of accuracy and percentage
of error.
𝑅3 = 1 k
●Solution
● 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅1 ∕∕ 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = 2 kΩ
𝐸 2𝑉
● 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝑅2 = × 2 𝑘Ω = 1 𝑉
𝑅1 +𝑅2 2 𝑘Ω+2 𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑇ℎ 1𝑉
● 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ
= 2 𝑘Ω
= 500 𝜇𝐴

𝑉𝑇ℎ 1𝑉
●𝐼𝑚 = = = 476.19 𝜇𝐴
𝑅𝑚 +𝑅𝑇ℎ 100Ω+2 𝑘Ω
𝐼𝑚 476.19 𝜇𝐴
●Loading effect: × 100% = × 100% = 95.24%
𝐼𝑇 500 𝜇𝐴
●Percentage error: 4.76 %

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 8

DC voltmeter
●The deflection of a PMMC instrument is proportional to the
current flowing through the moving coil.
●The coil current is directly proportional to the voltage
across the coil.
●The coil resistance is normally quite small, and thus the coil
voltage is also usually very small.
●Without any additional series (multiplier resistance)
resistance the PMMC instrument would only measure very
low voltage.
●The voltmeter range is easily increased by connecting a
resistance in series with the instrument.
●The meter current is directly proportional to the applied
voltage.
● The meter scale can be calibrated to indicate the voltage.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 9

DC voltmeter (cont’d)
●The voltmeter range is increased by connecting a multiplier resistance with
the instrument.
●𝑅𝑣 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑚
●𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑣 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚
𝑉
●𝑅𝑠 = − 𝑅𝑚
𝐼𝑚

●The multiplier resistance value (𝑅𝑠 ) is selected for certain voltage range (FSD).
In this case 𝐼𝑚 will be the full scale current.
●A multiplier resistance that is nine times the coil resistance will increase the
voltmeter range by a factor of 10 (multiplier resistance + coil resistance).

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 10

DC voltmeter sensitivity
●The voltmeter sensitivity (S) is defined as the total voltmeter resistance
(internal resistance) divided by the voltage range (full scale).
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
●𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆 = kΩ/V
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

●The sensitivity of the a voltmeter is specified by the manufacturer.

●If it is known, the total voltmeter resistance is easily calculated as (sensitivity
× Full scale deflection).
●It is important to note that the total resistance is not (sensitivity × meter
reading)
●If the full-meter current is known, the sensitivity can be determined as the
reciprocal of full-scale current.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 11

Example 3
●A PMMC instrument with FSD of 100 µA and a coil resistance of 1kΩ is to be
converted into a voltmeter. Determine the required multiplier resistance if the
voltmeter is to measure 50 V at full scale and Voltmeter sensitivity. Also
calculate the applied voltage when the instrument indicate 0.8, 0.5, and 0.2 of
FSD.
●Solution
●𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑣 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚
𝑉
●𝑅𝑠 = − 𝑅𝑚
𝐼𝑚
●For 𝑉 = 50 V FSD, 𝐼𝑚 = 100 μA
𝑉 50 V
●𝑅𝑠 = − 𝑅𝑚 = − 1 kΩ = 499 kΩ
𝐼𝑚 100 μA

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 12

Example 3: solution
●At 0.8 FSD, 𝐼𝑚 = 0.8 × 100 μA = 80 μA
●𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑚 = 80 μA × 499 kΩ + 1 kΩ = 40 V
●At 0.5 FSD, 𝐼𝑚 = 0.5 × 100 μA = 50 μA
●𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑚 = 50 μA × 499 kΩ + 1 kΩ = 25 V
●At 0.2 FSD, 𝐼𝑚 = 0.2 × 100 μA = 20 μA
●𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑚 = 20 μA × 499 kΩ + 1 kΩ = 10 V

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 13

Swamping resistance
●As in the case of ammeter, the change in coil resistance (𝑅𝑚 ) with
temperature change can introduce errors in a PMMC voltmeter.
●The presence of the voltmeter multiplier resistance (𝑅𝑠 ) tends to swamp
coil resistance changes, except for low voltage ranges where 𝑅𝑠 is not
very much larger than 𝑅𝑚 .
●In some cases it might be necessary to construct the multiplier
resistance form manganin or constantan.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 14

Multirange DC voltmeter
●It consists of a PMMC, several multiplier resistors, and a rotary switch.
●One possible configurations is:
●Multirange voltmeter circuit using switched multiplier resistors
● Only one of the three multiplier resistors is connected in series with the meter at any time.
● 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑚 )
● R can be 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , or 𝑅3

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 15

Multirange DC voltmeter (cont’d)
●The other possible configurations is:
●Multirange voltmeter circuit using series connected multiplier resistors
● The multiplier resistors are connected in series.
● 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑚 )
● R can be 𝑅1 , 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 , or 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 16

Example 4
●A PMMC instrument with FSD = 50 µA and Rm = 1700 Ω is to be
employed as a voltmeter with ranges of 10 V, 50 V, and 100 V. Calculate
the required values of multiplier resistors for the two circuits.
●Solution
𝑉 10 V
●𝑅1 = − 𝑅𝑚 = − 1700 Ω = 198.3 kΩ
𝐼𝑚 50 μA
50 V
●𝑅2 = − 1700 Ω = 998.3 kΩ
50 μA
100 V
●𝑅3 = − 1700 Ω = 1.9983 MΩ
50 μA

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 17

Example 4: solution
𝑉 10 V
●𝑅1 = − 𝑅𝑚 = − 1700 Ω =
𝐼𝑚 50 μA
198.3 kΩ
𝑉 50 V
●𝑅2 = − 𝑅1 − 𝑅𝑚 = −
𝐼𝑚 50 μA
198.3 kΩ − 1700 Ω = 800 kΩ
𝑉 100 V
●𝑅3 = − 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅𝑚 = −
𝐼𝑚 50 μA
800 kΩ − 198.3 kΩ − 1700 Ω = 1 MΩ

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 18

Multirange DC voltmeter comparison
●Multirange voltmeter circuit using switched multiplier resistors
●All the multiplier resistors have special (non standard) values
●Multirange voltmeter circuit using series connected multiplier resistors
●Only 𝑅1 is a special resistor and all the other multipliers are standard-value
resistors.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 19

Loading effect
●Ideally, a voltmeter should have an extremely high
resistance.
●A voltmeter is connected across, or in parallel with, the
points in a circuit at which the voltage is to be measured.
●If its resistance is too low, the voltmeter current can alter
the circuit voltage.
●The true voltage is: 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑅𝑖𝑛
●The measured voltage is: 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑅𝑖𝑛 +𝑅𝑇ℎ
𝑉𝑚 𝑅𝑖𝑛
●Loading effect percentage: × 100% = × 100%
𝑉𝑇 𝑅𝑖𝑛 +𝑅𝑇ℎ

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 20

Example 5
●A voltmeter with sensitivity of 20 kΩ/V is used for measuring a
voltage across R2 with range of 50 V. Calculate a) reading voltage, b)
accuracy of measurement, and c) error of measurement
●Solution:
𝑅2 200 𝑘Ω
● 𝑉𝑇ℎ = 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸 𝑅 = 100 V 200 𝑘Ω+200 𝑘Ω = 50 V
1 +𝑅2
● 𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅1 ∕ 𝑅2 = 200kΩ ∕∕ 200kΩ = 100 kΩ
20 kΩ
● 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆 × FSD = 𝑉 × 50 V = 1 MΩ
𝑅𝑖𝑛 1 MΩ
● (a) 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑇ℎ 𝑅 +𝑅 = 50 V = 45.45 V
𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ 1 MΩ +100 kΩ
𝑉
● (b) Loading effect accuracy: 𝑉𝑚 × 100% = 90.9%
𝑇
● (c) Error percentage: 9.1%

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 21

Series Ohmmeter
●Basic ohmmeter circuit:
●The simplest circuit consists of a voltage source (Eb) connected in series with a pair
of terminals (A & B), a standard resistance (R1), and a low-current PMMC
instrument.
●The resistance to be measured (Rx) is connected across terminal A and B.
𝐸𝑏
●The meter current is: 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅𝑥 +𝑅1 +𝑅𝑚

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 22

Series Ohmmeter (cont’d)
●When the ohmmeter terminals are shorted (𝑅𝑥 = 0) meter full-scale
deflection occurs.
𝐸𝑏
●𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅1 +𝑅𝑚
●Resistors 𝑅1 and 𝑅𝑚 are selected to give FSD when terminals A and B are short-
circuited (𝑅𝑥 = 0) and FSD is marked as zero ohms.
●At half-scale deflection: 𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑚
●At zero deflection, the terminals are open-circuited (𝑅𝑥 = ∞).

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 23

Example 6
●The series ohmmeter is made up of a 1.5 V battery, a 100 μA meter, and
a resistance R1 which makes (R1 + Rm) =15kΩ.
●a) Determine the instrument indication when Rx = 0.
●b) Determine how the resistance scale should be marked at 0.75 FSD, 0.5 FSD and
0.25 FSD
●Solution
●(a) 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝑏 1.5 V
●𝐼𝑚 = = = 100 μA FSD)
𝑅𝑥 +𝑅1 +𝑅𝑚 0+15 kΩ

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 24

Example 6: solution
●(b) 0.5 FSD: 𝐼𝑚 = 50 μA
𝐸𝑏 1.5 V
●𝑅𝑥 = − 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑚 = − 15 kΩ = 15 kΩ
𝐼𝑚 50 μA

●0.25 FSD: 𝐼𝑚 = 25 μA
𝐸𝑏 1.5 V
●𝑅𝑥 = − 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑚 = − 15 kΩ = 45 kΩ
𝐼𝑚 25 μA

● 0.75 FSD: 𝐼𝑚 = 75 μA
𝐸𝑏 1.5 V
●𝑅𝑥 = − 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑚 = − 15 kΩ = 5 kΩ
𝐼𝑚 75 μA

●The ohmmeter scale is not linear.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 25

Disadvantages of simple series ohmmeter
●The simple ohmmeter described in last example will operate
satisfactorily as long as the battery voltage remains exactly at 1.5V.
When the battery voltage falls, the instrument scale is no longer correct.
●Although 𝑅1 is adjusted to give FSD when terminals A and B are short
circuited, the scale will still be in error because now mid-scale would
represent a resistance equal to the new value of 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑚 .

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 26

Ohmmeter with zero adjust
●Decrease in the battery voltage can be taken care by an
adjustable resistor (R2) connected in parallel with the
meter.
●With terminals A and B short-circuited, the total circuit 𝐸𝑏
resistance is R1 + (R2 // Rm). 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚
●Since R1 is always very much larger than R2 // Rm, the 𝐸𝑏
total circuit resistance can be assumed to equal R1. If 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 ≪ 𝑅1 , 𝐼𝑏 ≈ 𝑅
𝑥 +𝑅1

●When Rx equal to R1 the circuit resistance is doubled The meter voltage is:
and the circuit current is halved.
● This cause both I2 and Im to be reduced to half of their previous 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 )
level. Thus the mid-scale measured resistance is again equal to R1.
𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑏
𝑅𝑚

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 27

Multi-range series ohmmeter
●The series ohmmeter can be converted to a multi-range ohmmeter by
employing several values of standard resistance R1 and a rotatory
switch.
●The major disadvantage of such a circuit is that a large adjustment of
the zero control (R2) would have to be made every time the resistance
range (R1) is changed.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 28

Example 7
●An ohmmeter has 𝐸𝑏 = 1.5 V, 𝑅1 = 15 kΩ, 𝑅𝑚 = 𝑅2 = 50 Ω and meter FSD =
50 μA. Calculate, (a) the ohmmeter scale reading (Rx) at 0.5 FSD, (b) when 𝐸𝑏 = 1.3
V, What is the new resistance value that R2 must be adjusted to get FSD. What is the
value of Rx at half scale when 𝐸𝑏 = 1.3 V.
●Solution
● At 0.5 FSD, with 𝐸𝑏 = 1.5 V,
● 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 = 25 μA × 50 Ω = 1.25 mV
𝑉𝑚 1.25 mV
● 𝐼2 = = = 25 μA
𝑅2 50 Ω
● 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑚 = 25 μA + 25 μA = 50μA
𝐸 1.5 V
● 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 = 𝑏 = = 30 kΩ
𝐼𝑏 50 μA
● 𝑅𝑥 = 30 kΩ − 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 ≈ 15kΩ

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 29

Example 7: solution
●With 𝑅𝑥 = 0 and 𝐸𝑏 = 1.3 V ● At 0.5 FSD, with 𝐸𝑏 = 1.3 V,
𝐸𝑏 1.3 V ● 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑚 = 25 μA × 50 Ω =
●𝐼𝑏 = ≈ = 86.67 μA 1.25 mV
𝑅𝑥 +𝑅1 +𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 0+15kΩ
𝑉 1.25 mV
●𝐼2 = 𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑚 𝐹𝑆𝐷 = 86.67 μA − 50 μA = ● 𝐼2 = 𝑚 = = 18.33 μA
𝑅2 68.18 Ω
36.67μA ● 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑚 = 18.33 μA +
●𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝐹𝑆𝐷 𝑅𝑚 = 50 μA × 50 Ω = 25 μA = 43.33 μA
2.5 mV 𝐸
● 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 = 𝑏 =
𝑉𝑚 2.5mV 𝐼𝑏
●𝑅2 = = = 68.18 Ω 1.3 V
𝐼2 36.67μA = 30 kΩ
43.33 μA
● 𝑅𝑥 = 30 kΩ − 𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ||𝑅𝑚 ≈
15kΩ

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 30

Shunt ohmmeter
●In shunt ohmmeter circuit, this adjustment is
not necessary.
●Once zeroed, the instrument can be switched
between ranges with only minor zero
adjustments.
●In this circuit:
●The deflection meter gives FSD of 37.5 μA
●The meter resistance (𝑅𝑚 ) is 3.82 kΩ.
●The zero control is a 5 kΩ variable resistance, which is
set to 2.875 kΩ when the voltages of the batteries
are at normal level.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 31

Circuit description of shunt ohmmeter
●Two batteries are included in the circuit:
●A 1.5 V battery used on all ranges except the R × 10 kΩ.
●A 15 V battery used only for the range R × 10 kΩ.
●When the range switch is set to R × 1, the scale is read directly in ohms.
●On other ranges, the scale reading is multiplied by the range factor.
●The instrument must be zeroed before use to take care of battery variation.
●This can be performed at any range simply by short-circuiting the plus and minus terminals
and adjusting the zero control until the pointer indicates exactly 0 Ω.
●When changing to or from the R × 10 kΩ range, the ohmmeter zero must be checked
because the circuit supply is switched between the 15 V and 1.5 V batteries.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 32

Example 8
●Calculate the meter current and indicated resistance for the ohmmeter on its
R × 1 range when (a) 𝑅𝑥 = 0 and 𝑅𝑥 = 24 Ω.
●Solution:
●When 𝑅𝑥 = 0 Ω
●Battery current:
1.5 𝑉
● 𝐼𝑏 =
14 Ω+ 10 Ω|| 9.99 kΩ +2.875 kΩ +3.82 kΩ
1.5 𝑉
● 𝐼𝑏 = = 62.516 mA
14 Ω+ 10 Ω||16.875 kΩ
●Using the current divider rule:
10 Ω
● The meter current: 𝐼𝑚 = 62.516 mA × 10 Ω+16.685 kΩ
● 𝐼𝑚 = 37.5μA (full scale= 0 Ω)

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 33

Example 8: solution
●When 𝑅𝑥 = 24 Ω
●Battery current:
1.5 𝑉
●𝐼𝑏 = = 31.254 mA
24 Ω+14 Ω+ 10 Ω||16.875 kΩ

●Using the current divider rule:

10 Ω
●The meter current: 𝐼𝑚 = 31.254 mA ×
10 Ω+16.685 kΩ
●𝐼𝑚 = 18.72 μA (half scale= 24 Ω)

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 34

Scale nonlinearity
●On the R × 1 range, the pointer indicates
24 Ω at 0.5FSD.
●At 0.9 FSD, the indicated resistance is 2.6 Ω and
at 0.1 FSD, the resistance measured is 216 Ω.
●The useful range of the ohmmeter scale is
approximately from 10% to 90% of the FSD.
●The ranges of the ohmmeter: from 0 to 2.6
Ω and 216 Ω to infinity cannot be
measured or even roughly estimated.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 35

Example 9: Ohmmeter accuracy
●Analyze the accuracy of the ohmmeter when the pointer is at 0.8 FSD if the
meter used has 1% accuracy. Assume that 𝑅𝑚 ≪ 𝑅1 .
●Solution:
𝐸𝑏
●At 0.8 FSD: 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 =
0.8 𝐼𝐹𝑆𝐷
𝐸𝑏
●At FSD: 𝑅1 =
0.8 𝐼𝐹𝑆𝐷
𝑅
●Then: 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 = 1 = 1.25𝑅1
0.8
●𝑅1 = 4𝑅𝑥
●Total error = 1% of FSD = 1%/0.8 of the pointer indication.
●Total error =1.25% of the pointer indication
●Total 𝑅𝑥 error = 1.25% of (𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅1 )=1.25% of (4𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑥 )
●Total 𝑅𝑥 error = 6.25% of 𝑅𝑥

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 36

Ohmmeter accuracy
●At half-scale deflection, the ohmmeter error is ±4% times the current
meter error.
●At 0.8 FSD, the ohmmeter error is ±6.25% times the current meter error.
●Question: At 0.2 FSD, what is the ohmmeter error?
●For the greatest accuracy of the ohmmeter, the range should always be
selected to give an indication as close as possible to 0.5 FSD.

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 37

Important dates
●Quiz 1: 16 March 2020
●Quiz 2: 27 April 2020
●Midterm 1: 30 March 2020
●Midterm 2: 4 May 2020
●Project due date: 4 May 2020

DR. HUSSEIN KOTB 38