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    Assignment Hdb10503 Basic Microbiology

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    Nida Ridzuan
    The document discusses diagnosing oral candidiasis in the laboratory. Several specimen collection and culture methods are described, including smears, swabs, impression cultures, and oral rinses. Samples are seeded on agar plates like Sabouraud's and examined microscopically after incubation for Candida species. Rapid diagnostic tests are also available for clinical screening when laboratory access is limited. Proper collection and transport of specimens is important for viable Candida recovery and accurate diagnosis.

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    Assignment Hdb10503 Basic Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Nida Ridzuan
    48 views4 pages
    The document discusses diagnosing oral candidiasis in the laboratory. Several specimen collection and culture methods are described, including smears, swabs, impression cultures, and oral rinses. Samples are seeded on agar plates like Sabouraud's and examined microscopically after incubation for Candida species. Rapid diagnostic tests are also available for clinical screening when laboratory access is limited. Proper collection and transport of specimens is important for viable Candida recovery and accurate diagnosis.

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    Assignment Microbes

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    The document discusses diagnosing oral candidiasis in the laboratory. Several specimen collection and culture methods are described, including smears, swabs, impression cultures, and oral rinses. Samples are seeded on agar plates like Sabouraud's and examined microscopically after incubation for Candida species. Rapid diagnostic tests are also available for clinical screening when laboratory access is limited. Proper collection and transport of specimens is important for viable Candida recovery and accurate diagnosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    48 views4 pages

    Assignment Hdb10503 Basic Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Nida Ridzuan
    The document discusses diagnosing oral candidiasis in the laboratory. Several specimen collection and culture methods are described, including smears, swabs, impression cultures, and oral rinses. Samples are seeded on agar plates like Sabouraud's and examined microscopically after incubation for Candida species. Rapid diagnostic tests are also available for clinical screening when laboratory access is limited. Proper collection and transport of specimens is important for viable Candida recovery and accurate diagnosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    1 ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT BASIC MICROBIOLOGY

    HDB10503 BASIC MICROBIOLOGY

    NAME: NIDA’UL ‘ADNIE BINTI AHMAD RIDZUAN


    ID: 12213119087
    PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE (HONOURS)
    GROUP: T01
    1. NAME FIVE (5) TYPES OF MYCOSES REPORTED IN MALAYSIA ACCORDING
    TO THE JOURNAL.
    Vaginal candidiasis (Candida albicans)
    Oesophageal candidiasis (Candida albicans)
    HIV/AIDS (Talaromyces marneffei)
    Cryptococcal meningitis (Cryptococcus neoformans)
    Pneumocystis pneumonia (Pneumocystis jirovecii)
    Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) (Aspergillus sp.)

    2. EXPLAIN WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES FOR ANY THREE MYCOSES CASES
    REPORTED IN MALAYSIA. DISCUSS YOUR FINDINGS.
    Candidiasis in the vagina also known as “vaginal yeast infection.” Other name for this
    infection is “vaginal candidiasis”. Vaginal candidiasis is a common gynaecological problem
    occurring among women. The infection commonly caused by Candida albicans, but
    occasionally by other Candida species. Based on this journal article, their studies showed that
    recurrent vaginal candidiasis was the most common of all cases with a diagnosis of
    candidiasis. Vaginal candidiasis is defined as at least four episodes of infection every year. It
    is reported that about 70% to 75% of all women will experience at least one episode of
    vaginal candidiasis in their lifetime, especially during pregnancy.

    Oesophageal candidiasis is the most common type of infectious oesophagitis a common


    serious fungal infection. The oesophagus is the second most infectious to candida infection,
    only after the oropharynx. Patients with compromised immune systems, such as those with
    HIV, AIDS, or cancer, and older adults have higher risk of this oesophageal candidiasis.
    2 ASSIGNMENT
    AIDS is the most common underlying risk factor. Patients BASIC
    with diabetes areMICROBIOLOGY
    also have higher
    risk of this infection, especially if their sugar levels are not stable. The incidence of
    oesophageal candidiasis has been estimated about 20% of HIV-infected patients, so the
    incidence in Malaysia was estimated.

    Cryptococcal meningitis was diagnosed in 700 patients with HIV or AIDS. Cryptococcal
    meningitis is reported usually among patients with HIV or AIDS and may occur in those with
    cancer or in intensive care. Cryptococcal meningitis is a common fungal infection in AIDS
    and more severe in immunocompromised patients, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. This
    fungus usually found in soil and contains bird droppings. Cryptococcal meningitis found in
    people who have a compromised immune system, but it rarely occurs in someone who has a
    normal immune system. 700 cases of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS were estimated in
    Malaysia and some are non-immunocompromised patients. Cryptococcal meningitis has the
    highest incidence rates with advanced HIV disease stages.

    3. BASED ON YOUR KNOWLEDGE, IF YOU RECEIVE A SAMPLE FOR ORAL


    CANDIDIASIS, EXPLAIN HOW YOU DO THE DIAGNOSTIC IN LABORATORY.
    The specimen should be collected from an active lesion; old “burned out” lesions often do not
    contain viable organisms. Collect the specimen under aseptic conditions. Collect the
    specimen. Use sterile collection devices and containers. Label the specimen. The specimen
    should be kept moist. Due to variety of clinical forms of oral candidiasis, different types of
    specimens may be submitted to the laboratory.
    Smears are taken from the infected oral mucosa with wooden spatulas. Smears were fixed
    immediately in ether or alcohol 1:1 or with spray fix. Dry preparations may be examined by
    Gram staining method.

    A sterile cotton tipped swab is rubbed over the lesional tissue. Swab should be conveyed to
    the laboratory as quickly as possible. Calbicans can survive at least 24 hrs on moist swab
    without loss of viability. Immersion in buffered charcoal or in an enrichment medium can
    increase the isolation sensitivity.

    Swabs are seeded on Sabouraud's agar at room temperature, on blood agar at 35ºC, on
    Pagano-Levin medium also at 35ºC or on Littmann's substrate at 25ºC. Incubation at 25ºC is
    done to ensure recovery of species growing badly at 35ºC. Sabouraud's dextrose agar is used
    as a primary culture medium.

    Sterile plastic foam pads are dipped in peptone water and placed on the restricted area under
    study for about 60 seconds. Then, the pad is placed directly on Sabouraud's agar, Then, the
    candidal density at each site is determined by a Gallenkamp colony counter and expressed as
    colony forming units per mm2 (CFU mm -2). It yields yeasts per unit mucosal surface. It is
    useful for quantitative assessment of yeast growth in different areas of the oral mucosa and is
    useful in localizing the site of infection and estimating the candida load on a specific area.

    Impression culture technique method is totally a research tool & is useful in quantifying the
    relative distribution of yeasts on oral surfaces such as the teeth and palate. Maxillary &
    3 ASSIGNMENT
    Mandibular alginate impressions are taken and transported BASIC MICROBIOLOGY
    to laboratory, casted in 6%
    fortified agar with incorporated Sabouraud’s dextrose broth, incubated and CFU (colony
    forming unit) of yeast estimated.

    Salivary culture technique is a sensitive and as accurate as an imprint culture, but the method
    involves considerable chair time, depend on the salivary flow rate of the patients. 2 ml of
    mixed unstimulated saliva into a sterile, universal container which is then vibrated for 30
    second on a bench vibrator for optimal disaggregation. The number of Candida expressed as
    CFU/ml of saliva is estimated by counting the resultant growth on Sabouraud’s agar using
    either the spiral plating or surface viable counting technique.

    Oral rinse method consists of requesting the subjects to rinse the mouth for 60 seconds, with
    10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline supplied in a universal container. The patient then returns
    oral rinse to the universal container, which is sent to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the oral
    rinse is concentrated by spinning for 10 minutes.

    Candida isolation in the clinics. There are at least two commercially produced ,rapid systems,
    which may be suitable for dentists to assess oral Candida in their practices, Microstix-
    Candida & Oricult-N. The rapid commercial systems for diagnosing oral candidiasis are
    useful for screening patients in the clinical setting, particularly when microbiology laboratory
    is not within easy access. Oricult-N dip slide technique is similar to, but of higher sensitivity
    than M-C system. Yeast-I dent system is based on the use of chromogenic substances to
    measure enzyme activities.
    REFERENCES
    1. Singh, A., Verma, R., Murari, A., & Agrawal, A. (2014, September). Oral candidiasis: An
    overview. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211245/
    2. Velayuthan, R. D., Samudi, C., Lakhbeer Singh, H. K., Ng, K. P., Shankar, E. M., &
    Denning, D. W. (2018, March 19). Estimation of the Burden of Serious Human Fungal
    Infections in Malaysia. Retrieved from
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5872341/

    4 ASSIGNMENT BASIC MICROBIOLOGY

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