Communicating With Your SSD: Technology Overview

07 Communicating With Your SSD
Understanding SMART Attributes
SMART (also written S.M.A.R.T.), which stands for Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology, is an industry
standard reliability prediction indicator for both IDE/ATA and SCSI storage drives. When analyzing SMART attributes, it
is very important to remember that they vary in meaning and interpretation by manufacturer. SMART simply refers to a
signaling method between sensors in the drive and the host computer – the communication protocol is standardized
but what it reports is not.
Technology Overview
SMART monitors computer drives to detect and report on various reliability indicators. The technology aims to
anticipate failures and warn users of impending drive failure, allowing the user to replace an ailing drive to avoid
data loss and/or unexpected outages. Of course, SMART can only warn of predictable errors, which result from slow
processes like mechanical wear and can be predicted by analyzing certain indicators (such mechanical problems
accounted for 60% of HDD failures). Unpredictable failures, like a sudden mechanical failure resulting from an electrical
surge, have no measurable variables to track and analyze. Modern SMART implementations (in HDDs) also try to prevent
failures by attempting to detect and repair sector errors. All data and all sectors are tested to confirm the drive’s health
during periods of inactivity.
In addition to the functions discussed above and the individual SMART attributes outlined in the next section, SMART-
enabled drives are also capable of reporting a SMART status. This status represents one of two values, usually “drive
OK” and “drive fail” or “threshold not exceeded” and “threshold exceeded.” A “drive fail” or “threshold exceeded” value
indicates there is a high probability the drive will fail in the future; however, the failure may not be catastrophic – the
SMART Status simply indicates that the drive will not perform within the manufacturer’s declared specifications. So, for
example, rather than complete data loss, the drive may simply begin to run slower. As with any technology, the SMART
status is not infallible and may not necessarily indicate past or present reliability. The SMART sensors may malfunction,
for instance, or a serious mechanical failure may destroy access to the SMART status.
Finally, it is important to remember that SMART attributes vary in both meaning and interpretation by manufacturer. Some
attributes are considered trade secrets, and not all drives report the same SMART attributes. A manufacturer, in theory,
could report only one SMART value and advertise its drive as SMART-enabled. The SMART standard simply refers to a
signaling method between sensors in the drive and the host computer, not a standardization of the attributes themselves.
SMART Attributes
Device manufacturers who implement SMART technology enable a set of attributes and corresponding thresholds.
Please note that names and descriptions may vary by OEM. Also, many attributes were defined for use with traditional
HDDs. As a result, some attributes are used with modified meaning by SSD vendors since their names are not applicable
to SSD technology. Below are the SMART Attributes associated with the Samsung 840 and 840 PRO Series SSDs, which
are displayed in decimal format.
ID # 5 Reallocated Sector Count

The raw value of this attribute represents the number of sectors that have been moved as a result of a read error, write
error, or a verification error. If the firmware detects any of these types of errors, all valid data in the block the error
originates from must be transferred to a new block. This number should be low because a high number would indicate a
large number of failures.
ID # 9 Power-On Hours
The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of hours the drive has spent in the power-on state. When the
system or SSD is in Hibernation Mode, the Power-On Hours value does not increment. Samsung’s SSDs support the
DIPM (Device Initiated Power Management) feature. Thus, with this feature enabled, this attribute excludes any time the
device spends in a “sleep” state. With DIPM off, the recorded value will include all three device power states: active, idle,
and sleep.
ID # 12 Power-On Count
The raw value of this attribute reports the cumulative number of power on/off cycles. This includes both sudden power
off and normal power off cases.
ID # 177 Wear Leveling Count

This attribute represents the number of media program and erase operations (the number of times a block has been
erased). This value is directly related to the lifetime of the SSD. The raw value of this attribute shows the total count of
P/E Cycles.
ID # 179 Used Reserved Block Count (total)

This attribute represents the number of reserved blocks that have been used as a result of a read, program or erase
failure. This value is related to attribute 5 (Reallocated Sector Count) and will vary based on SSD density.
ID # 181 Program Fail Count (total)

This attribute represents a total count of the number of failed program requests (failed writes).
ID # 182 Erase Fail Count (total)

This attribute represents a total count of the number of failed erase requests.
ID # 183 Runtime Bad Count (total)

Equal to the sum of the Program Fail count (attribute 181), the Program Erase Fail count (attribute 182), and the Read
Fail count. This summary value represents the total count of all read/program/erase failures.
ID # 187 Uncorrectable Error Count

The total number of errors that could not be recovered using ECC.
ID # 190 Air Flow temperature

The current temperature of the area surrounding the NAND chips inside of the SSD.
ID # 195 ECC Error Rate

The percentage of ECC correctable errors
ID # 199 CRC Error Count

The number of Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) errors. If there is a problem between the host and the DRAM or NAND
flash, the CRC engine will tally the error and store it in this attribute.
ID # 235 Power Recovery Count

A count of the number of sudden power off cases. If there is a sudden power off, the firmware must recover all of the
mapping and user data during the next power on. This is a count of the number of times this has happened.
ID # 241 Total LBAs Written

Represents the total size of all LBAs (Logical Block Address) required for all of the write requests sent to the SSD from
the OS. To calculate the total size (in Bytes), multiply the raw value of this attribute by 512B. Alternatively, users may
simply consult the Total Bytes Written indicator in Magician 4.0.

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07 Communicating With Your SSD

Understanding SMART Attributes

ID # 5 Reallocated Sector Count

ID # 177 Wear Leveling Count

ID # 179 Used Reserved Block Count (total)

ID # 181 Program Fail Count (total)

ID # 182 Erase Fail Count (total)

ID # 183 Runtime Bad Count (total)

ID # 187 Uncorrectable Error Count

ID # 190 Air Flow temperature

ID # 195 ECC Error Rate

ID # 199 CRC Error Count

ID # 235 Power Recovery Count

ID # 241 Total LBAs Written

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