ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

TOPIC 1.1A WEBINAR

Presented by – Deepak Pais

E-mail: [email protected]

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 Learning outcomes

• Ohm’s Law

• Electrical power in resistive circuits

• Resistors in series/parallel

• Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws

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 Definitions
• Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) or voltage – the pressure in
a circuit to move electrons. Also known as “potential” or
“potential difference”. Expressed in volts (V).

• Current – the movement of electrons. Expressed in

Amperes (A). Takes the path of least resistance.

• Resistance – the resistance to the flow of current (Ω)

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 Electrical Quantities and Units
Quantity Abbreviation in Unit Unit abbreviation
equations
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohm

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 Ohm’s Law

The current flowing between any two points in an electric circuit is proportional to
the potential difference between these points, and also inversely proportional to
the resistance of the circuit between these two points

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 Ohm’s Law Formulae

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 Determining V,I,R
• Example 1: Determining Voltage
– A lamp with an internal resistance of 5Ω draws a current of 2A from the
power supply. What is the voltage supplied to the lamp?
– Since the unknown in this equation is V. We will use the equation V = IR
from the Ohm’s Law triangle.
– Since V = IR, V = 5 x 2 = 10V
– Therefore the voltage across the lamp is 10V

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 Determining V,I,R

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 Determining V,I,R
Note that in reality, these are parallel resistances so some current will
be going through the 10 k resistor.

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 Calculating Power

Power = Voltage x Current

P = VI

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 Calculating Power
V = IR and I = V/R. Therefore

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 Circuit Formulae

Note E is used to represent voltage

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 Exercises

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 Electrical Energy

Unit of electrical energy is kWh

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 Calculating Resistance

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 Temperature and Resistance
A temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as the change in resistance
per ohm per degree Celsius (turns into 1/°C)

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 Resistance Colour Coding

Convenient method to display

resistor values

10 colours to represent numbers 0-9

Tolerance band provides resistance

value range

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 Resistor colour coding

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 Resistance Colour Coding

1 0 00 ± 5%

= 1 kΩ ± 5%
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 Resistance Tolerance

Tolerance of ± 5% means what?

1000 x 1.05 = 1050 ohms

1000 x 0.95 = 950 ohms

Range 950-1050 ohms

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 Example

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 Single Path Circuits
• Features
– There is only 1 circuit path
– Also known as a series circuit

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 Characteristics of a Series Circuit
This shows three resistors in series

Total resistance is the sum of all

series resistances

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ....

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 Closed Circuit Example

Find the total resistance

Use Ohm’s Law to get the total current

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 Open Circuit Example

An open circuit in a single

path circuit means that no
current will flow.

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 Short Circuit Example

1. Simplify the circuit

2. Find the total resistance
3. Use Ohm’s Law to get
the total current

Determine the total current in the following circuit.

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 Short Circuit Example

There is no current Circuit can be

through the second simplified
resistor.

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 Short Circuit Example

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 Voltage Divider of a Series Circuit

V1 is voltage across R1, V2 is voltage across R2 and V3 is voltage across R3

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 Exercise
• From the following circuit, perform the voltage divider rule
to determine V1, V2 and V3 (the voltage drops across
R1, R2 and R3 respectively)

VR1 = 60 x 5/(5+10+15) = 10V

VR2 = 60 x 10/(5+10+15) = 20V

R2

VR3 = 60 x 15/(5+10+15) = 30V

Note VR1 + VR2 + VR3 = VDC = 60V

R3

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 Measuring Voltage, Current and Resistance

Measuring Voltage:
The voltmeter or multimeter must be placed in parallel. This is because the internal
resistance is extremely large and will draw a small negligible current value that won’t
affect the circuit’s behaviour
Measuring Current:
The ammeter or multimeter must be places in series with the circuit. This is because
the internal resistance is extremely low and creates a negligible voltage drop that
won’t affect circuit behaviour
Measuring Resistance:
The ohmmeter or multimeter must be placed in parallel

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 Two power calculation methods

– Find the total voltage and current then use

these to calculate the power

– Obtain the power dissipated for each

component and sum them to find the total
power

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 Method 1
• Firstly the total current of the circuit must be calculated:

Rtotal = 100 + 220 + 47 = 367 Ω

I = V/R = 240 / 367 = 0.654 A

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• Now the power consumed in each
resistor can be determined
– In the 100Ω Resistor
• P1 = I2R = 0.6542 x 100 = 42.8 W

– In the 220Ω Resistor

• P2 = I2R = 0.6542 x 220 = 94.1 W

– In the 47Ω Resistor

• P3 = I2R = 0.6542 x 47 = 20.1 W

• Calculating the total power:

Ptotal = 42.8 + 94.1 + 20.1 = 157 W

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 Method 2
• Calculating the total resistance:
Rtotal = 100 + 220 + 47 = 367 Ω

• Calculating the total current:

I = V/R = 240/367 = 0.654 A

• Calculating the total power:

P = I2R = 0.6342 x 367 = 157 W

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 Resistors in parallel

1/Rt = 1/R1+ 1/R2

1/Rt = (R2 + R1)/R1R2

Rt = R1R2/ (R1 + R2), so Rt = 100 x1000 (100+1000) =90.91 ohms

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 Parallel Circuits (multi path)

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 Current Divider Rule
But first, remember the voltage divider rule?

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 Current Divider Rule
The product of the total current times the ratio of the
opposite resistance divided by the total resistance

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 Parallel Circuits

PR1 = IR1^2 x R1
Rt = R1R2/(R1+R2) = 1200 x 3000 / (4200) = 857ohms = (0.0125)^2 x 1200 = 188mW

It= V/Rt = 15/857 = 17.5mA PR2 = IR2^2 x R2

= (0.005)^2 x 3000 = 75mW
IR1 = It x R2/(R1 + R2) = 0.0175 x 3000/(4200) = 12.5mA
Pt = PR1 + PR2 = 263mW
IR2 = It x R1/(R1 + R2) = 0.0175 x 1200/(4200) = 5mA

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 Parallel Circuits

Component Voltage (V) Current (mA) Power (mW)

R1 15 12.5 1200 188
R2 15 5 3000 75

Total 15 17.5 857 263

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 Kirchhoff’s laws
• Kirchhoff’s current law: At any junction in an electric
circuit the total current flowing towards that junction is
equal to the total current flowing away from the
junction

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law: In any closed loop in a

network, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops (i.e.
Products of current and resistance) taken around the
loop is equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting in that loop.

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 Kirchhoff’s current law

‘N’ is node with incoming

I1 + I 3 + I 5 - I2 - I4 - I6 - I7 = 0 and outgoing currents

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

E1 − E2 = I x R1 + I x R2 + I x R3

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 Kirchhoff’s current law
From KCL we have ----- 15 – IR1 – IR2 = 0

V = I1 x R1 = 10.7 x 100 = 10700V

I2 = V/R2 = 10700/2488 = 4.3A

Another way is I2 = 15 – I1 = 15 – 10.7 = 4.3A

15 -10.7 – 4.3A = 0 (KCL)

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 Kirchhoff's voltage law
What is the voltage across R1 and R2?

From KVL we have ----- 20 – I x R1 – I x R2 = 0

VR1=V x R1/((R1 + R2) = 20 x 15 /(215) =1.39V

VR2=V x R2/((R1 + R2) = 20 x 200 /(215) =18.61V

20 – 18.61 – 1.39 = 0 (KVL)

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 Example

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 Example (continued)

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 QUESTIONS?

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