TA B L E 1

Human Development Index and its components

SDG 3 SDG 4.3 SDG 4.4 SDG 8.5

Human Development Life expectancy Expected years Mean years Gross national income GNI per capita rank HDI
Index (HDI) at birth of schooling of schooling (GNI) per capita minus HDI rank rank
Value (years) (years) (years) (2017 PPP $)
HDI RANK 2019 2019 2019a 2019a 2019 2019 2018
Very high human development
1 Norway 0.957 82.4 18.1 b 12.9 66,494 7 1
2 Ireland 0.955 82.3 18.7 b 12.7 68,371 4 3
2 Switzerland 0.955 83.8 16.3 13.4 69,394 3 2
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.949 84.9 16.9 12.3 62,985 7 4
4 Iceland 0.949 83.0 19.1 b 12.8 c 54,682 14 4
6 Germany 0.947 81.3 17.0 14.2 55,314 11 4
7 Sweden 0.945 82.8 19.5 b 12.5 54,508 12 7
8 Australia 0.944 83.4 22.0 b 12.7 c 48,085 15 7
8 Netherlands 0.944 82.3 18.5 b 12.4 57,707 6 9
10 Denmark 0.940 80.9 18.9 b 12.6 c 58,662 2 10
11 Finland 0.938 81.9 19.4 b 12.8 48,511 11 11
11 Singapore 0.938 83.6 16.4 11.6 88,155 d –8 12
13 United Kingdom 0.932 81.3 17.5 13.2 46,071 13 14
14 Belgium 0.931 81.6 19.8 b 12.1 e 52,085 6 13
14 New Zealand 0.931 82.3 18.8 b 12.8 c 40,799 18 14
16 Canada 0.929 82.4 16.2 13.4 c 48,527 5 14
17 United States 0.926 78.9 16.3 13.4 63,826 –7 17
18 Austria 0.922 81.5 16.1 12.5 c 56,197 –3 18
19 Israel 0.919 83.0 16.2 13.0 40,187 14 21
19 Japan 0.919 84.6 15.2 12.9 f 42,932 9 20
19 Liechtenstein 0.919 80.7 g 14.9 12.5 h 131,032 d,i –18 19
22 Slovenia 0.917 81.3 17.6 12.7 38,080 15 24
23 Korea (Republic of) 0.916 83.0 16.5 12.2 43,044 4 22
23 Luxembourg 0.916 82.3 14.3 12.3 e 72,712 –19 23
25 Spain 0.904 83.6 17.6 10.3 40,975 6 25
26 France 0.901 82.7 15.6 11.5 47,173 –1 26
27 Czechia 0.900 79.4 16.8 12.7 c 38,109 9 26
28 Malta 0.895 82.5 16.1 11.3 39,555 6 28
29 Estonia 0.892 78.8 16.0 13.1 c 36,019 9 30
29 Italy 0.892 83.5 16.1 10.4 j 42,776 0 29
31 United Arab Emirates 0.890 78.0 14.3 12.1 67,462 –24 30
32 Greece 0.888 82.2 17.9 10.6 30,155 14 33
33 Cyprus 0.887 81.0 15.2 12.2 38,207 2 32
34 Lithuania 0.882 75.9 16.6 13.1 35,799 5 35
35 Poland 0.880 78.7 16.3 12.5 e 31,623 8 34
36 Andorra 0.868 81.9 g 13.3 k 10.5 56,000 l –20 36
37 Latvia 0.866 75.3 16.2 13.0 c 30,282 8 37
38 Portugal 0.864 82.1 16.5 9.3 33,967 2 38
39 Slovakia 0.860 77.5 14.5 12.7 c 32,113 3 39
40 Hungary 0.854 76.9 15.2 12.0 31,329 4 42
40 Saudi Arabia 0.854 75.1 16.1 10.2 47,495 –16 40
42 Bahrain 0.852 77.3 16.3 9.5 42,522 –12 41
43 Chile 0.851 80.2 16.4 10.6 23,261 16 43
43 Croatia 0.851 78.5 15.2 11.4 e 28,070 6 44
45 Qatar 0.848 80.2 12.0 9.7 92,418 d –43 45
46 Argentina 0.845 76.7 17.7 10.9 c 21,190 16 46
47 Brunei Darussalam 0.838 75.9 14.3 9.1 f 63,965 –38 47
48 Montenegro 0.829 76.9 15.0 11.6 m 21,399 13 48
49 Romania 0.828 76.1 14.3 11.1 29,497 –1 49
50 Palau 0.826 73.9 g 15.8 j 12.5 j 19,317 15 52
51 Kazakhstan 0.825 73.6 15.6 11.9 j 22,857 9 53
52 Russian Federation 0.824 72.6 15.0 12.2 j 26,157 2 49
53 Belarus 0.823 74.8 15.4 12.3 m 18,546 14 49
54 Turkey 0.820 77.7 16.6 c 8.1 27,701 –4 54
55 Uruguay 0.817 77.9 16.8 8.9 20,064 9 56
56 Bulgaria 0.816 75.1 14.4 11.4 23,325 2 55
57 Panama 0.815 78.5 12.9 10.2 f 29,558 –10 58
58 Bahamas 0.814 73.9 12.9 n 11.4 j 33,747 –17 58
58 Barbados 0.814 79.2 15.4 10.6 o 14,936 20 60
60 Oman 0.813 77.9 14.2 9.7 j 25,944 –5 56
61 Georgia 0.812 73.8 15.3 13.1 14,429 22 63
62 Costa Rica 0.810 80.3 15.7 8.7 18,486 6 61
Continued →

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SDG 3 SDG 4.3 SDG 4.4 SDG 8.5

Human Development Life expectancy Expected years Mean years Gross national income GNI per capita rank HDI
Index (HDI) at birth of schooling of schooling (GNI) per capita minus HDI rank rank
Value (years) (years) (years) (2017 PPP $)
HDI RANK 2019 2019 2019a 2019a 2019 2019 2018
62 Malaysia 0.810 76.2 13.7 10.4 27,534 –11 63
64 Kuwait 0.806 75.5 14.2 7.3 58,590 –51 62
64 Serbia 0.806 76.0 14.7 11.2 17,192 8 65
66 Mauritius 0.804 75.0 15.1 9.5 f 25,266 –10 66
High human development
67 Seychelles 0.796 73.4 14.1 10.0 k 26,903 –15 69
67 Trinidad and Tobago 0.796 73.5 13.0 j 11.0 f 26,231 –14 67
69 Albania 0.795 78.6 14.7 10.1 p 13,998 18 68
70 Cuba 0.783 78.8 14.3 11.8 j 8,621 q 45 71
70 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.783 76.7 14.8 10.3 12,447 26 70
72 Sri Lanka 0.782 77.0 14.1 10.6 12,707 23 73
73 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780 77.4 13.8 k 9.8 14,872 7 76
74 Grenada 0.779 72.4 16.9 9.0 n 15,641 3 74
74 Mexico 0.779 75.1 14.8 8.8 19,160 –8 76
74 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.779 74.8 g 13.8 j 8.7 n 25,038 –17 75
74 Ukraine 0.779 72.1 15.1 j 11.4 o 13,216 19 78
78 Antigua and Barbuda 0.778 77.0 12.8 j 9.3 k 20,895 –15 80
79 Peru 0.777 76.7 15.0 9.7 12,252 19 78
79 Thailand 0.777 77.2 15.0 j 7.9 17,781 –10 80
81 Armenia 0.776 75.1 13.1 11.3 13,894 9 72
82 North Macedonia 0.774 75.8 13.6 9.8 m 15,865 –7 82
83 Colombia 0.767 77.3 14.4 8.5 14,257 3 83
84 Brazil 0.765 75.9 15.4 8.0 14,263 1 84
85 China 0.761 76.9 14.0 j 8.1 f 16,057 –11 87
86 Ecuador 0.759 77.0 14.6 j 8.9 11,044 19 84
86 Saint Lucia 0.759 76.2 14.0 j 8.5 j 14,616 –4 86
88 Azerbaijan 0.756 73.0 12.9 j 10.6 13,784 3 88
88 Dominican Republic 0.756 74.1 14.2 8.1 j 17,591 –18 89
90 Moldova (Republic of) 0.750 71.9 11.5 11.7 13,664 2 91
91 Algeria 0.748 76.9 14.6 8.0 m 11,174 13 91
92 Lebanon 0.744 78.9 11.3 8.7 n 14,655 –11 90
93 Fiji 0.743 67.4 14.4 n 10.9 13,009 1 93
94 Dominica 0.742 78.2 g 13.0 p 8.1 k 11,884 7 94
95 Maldives 0.740 78.9 12.2 p 7.0 p 17,417 –24 98
95 Tunisia 0.740 76.7 15.1 7.2 10,414 14 94
97 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.738 72.5 14.1 j 8.8 j 12,378 0 96
97 Suriname 0.738 71.7 13.2 9.3 m 14,324 –13 98
99 Mongolia 0.737 69.9 14.2 j 10.3 m 10,839 7 97
100 Botswana 0.735 69.6 12.8 j 9.6 o 16,437 –27 102
101 Jamaica 0.734 74.5 13.1 j 9.7 j 9,319 13 98
102 Jordan 0.729 74.5 11.4 p 10.5 f 9,858 8 103
103 Paraguay 0.728 74.3 12.7 m 8.5 12,224 –4 104
104 Tonga 0.725 70.9 14.4 j 11.2 f 6,365 25 105
105 Libya 0.724 72.9 12.9 n 7.6 o 15,688 –29 106
106 Uzbekistan 0.720 71.7 12.1 11.8 7,142 17 107
107 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.718 71.5 14.2 r 9.0 8,554 9 108
107 Indonesia 0.718 71.7 13.6 8.2 11,459 –4 110
107 Philippines 0.718 71.2 13.1 9.4 9,778 4 111
110 Belize 0.716 74.6 13.1 9.9 m 6,382 18 108
111 Samoa 0.715 73.3 12.7 j 10.8 6,309 19 113
111 Turkmenistan 0.715 68.2 11.2 j 10.3 m 14,909 –32 112
113 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.711 72.1 12.8 j 10.3 7,045 s 11 101
114 South Africa 0.709 64.1 13.8 10.2 12,129 –14 115
115 Palestine, State of 0.708 74.1 13.4 9.2 6,417 12 114
116 Egypt 0.707 72.0 13.3 7.4 f 11,466 –14 117
117 Marshall Islands 0.704 74.1 g 12.4 n 10.9 j 5,039 21 116
117 Viet Nam 0.704 75.4 12.7 j 8.3 f 7,433 3 118
119 Gabon 0.703 66.5 13.0 n 8.7 f 13,930 –30 119
Medium human development
120 Kyrgyzstan 0.697 71.5 13.0 11.1 m 4,864 23 120
121 Morocco 0.686 76.7 13.7 5.6 f 7,368 1 121
122 Guyana 0.682 69.9 11.4 j 8.5 m 9,455 –10 121
123 Iraq 0.674 70.6 11.3 m 7.3 j 10,801 –16 123
Continued →

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SDG 3 SDG 4.3 SDG 4.4 SDG 8.5

Human Development Life expectancy Expected years Mean years Gross national income GNI per capita rank HDI
Index (HDI) at birth of schooling of schooling (GNI) per capita minus HDI rank rank
Value (years) (years) (years) (2017 PPP $)
HDI RANK 2019 2019 2019a 2019a 2019 2019 2018
124 El Salvador 0.673 73.3 11.7 6.9 8,359 –6 124
125 Tajikistan 0.668 71.1 11.7 j 10.7 p 3,954 25 126
126 Cabo Verde 0.665 73.0 12.7 6.3 j 7,019 –1 125
127 Guatemala 0.663 74.3 10.8 6.6 8,494 –10 128
128 Nicaragua 0.660 74.5 12.3 r 6.9 f 5,284 6 127
129 Bhutan 0.654 71.8 13.0 4.1 10,746 –21 131
130 Namibia 0.646 63.7 12.6 j 7.0 f 9,357 –17 129
131 India 0.645 69.7 12.2 6.5 j 6,681 –5 130
132 Honduras 0.634 75.3 10.1 6.6 5,308 1 132
133 Bangladesh 0.632 72.6 11.6 6.2 4,976 7 134
134 Kiribati 0.630 68.4 11.8 m 8.0 m 4,260 12 133
135 Sao Tome and Principe 0.625 70.4 12.7 j 6.4 j 3,952 16 135
136 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.620 67.9 11.5 k 7.8 n 3,983 13 136
137 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 0.613 67.9 11.0 5.3 f 7,413 –16 137
138 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.611 60.2 11.8 j 6.9 m 7,919 –19 139
138 Ghana 0.611 64.1 11.5 7.3 f 5,269 –3 138
140 Vanuatu 0.609 70.5 11.7 n 7.1 3,105 20 140
141 Timor-Leste 0.606 69.5 12.6 j 4.8 p 4,440 3 141
142 Nepal 0.602 70.8 12.8 5.0 f 3,457 13 143
143 Kenya 0.601 66.7 11.3 p 6.6 f 4,244 5 141
144 Cambodia 0.594 69.8 11.5 p 5.0 f 4,246 3 144
145 Equatorial Guinea 0.592 58.7 9.7 n 5.9 k 13,944 –57 145
146 Zambia 0.584 63.9 11.5 p 7.2 p 3,326 10 145
147 Myanmar 0.583 67.1 10.7 5.0 p 4,961 –6 148
148 Angola 0.581 61.2 11.8 p 5.2 p 6,104 –17 145
149 Congo 0.574 64.6 11.7 n 6.5 o 2,879 13 149
150 Zimbabwe 0.571 61.5 11.0 m 8.5 2,666 14 150
151 Solomon Islands 0.567 73.0 10.2 j 5.7 m 2,253 17 151
151 Syrian Arab Republic 0.567 72.7 8.9 j 5.1 n 3,613 t 2 152
153 Cameroon 0.563 59.3 12.1 6.3 m 3,581 1 153
154 Pakistan 0.557 67.3 8.3 5.2 5,005 –15 154
155 Papua New Guinea 0.555 64.5 10.2 p 4.7 f 4,301 –10 156
156 Comoros 0.554 64.3 11.2 5.1 n 3,099 5 154
Low human development
157 Mauritania 0.546 64.9 8.6 4.7 f 5,135 –21 157
158 Benin 0.545 61.8 12.6 3.8 p 3,254 0 158
159 Uganda 0.544 63.4 11.4 p 6.2 p 2,123 15 160
160 Rwanda 0.543 69.0 11.2 4.4 j 2,155 12 159
161 Nigeria 0.539 54.7 10.0 p 6.7 p 4,910 –19 161
162 Côte d’Ivoire 0.538 57.8 10.0 5.3 f 5,069 –25 161
163 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.529 65.5 8.1 6.1 f 2,600 2 164
164 Madagascar 0.528 67.0 10.2 6.1 n 1,596 16 163
165 Lesotho 0.527 54.3 11.3 j 6.5 m 3,151 –6 165
166 Djibouti 0.524 67.1 6.8 j 4.1 n 5,689 –34 166
167 Togo 0.515 61.0 12.7 4.9 m 1,602 12 168
168 Senegal 0.512 67.9 8.6 3.2 j 3,309 –11 167
169 Afghanistan 0.511 64.8 10.2 3.9 f 2,229 0 169
170 Haiti 0.510 64.0 9.7 j 5.6 p 1,709 7 170
170 Sudan 0.510 65.3 7.9 j 3.8 f 3,829 –18 171
172 Gambia 0.496 62.1 9.9 p 3.9 m 2,168 –1 172
173 Ethiopia 0.485 66.6 8.8 j 2.9 p 2,207 –3 174
174 Malawi 0.483 64.3 11.2 j 4.7 f 1,035 13 174
175 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.480 60.7 9.7 j 6.8 1,063 11 174
175 Guinea-Bissau 0.480 58.3 10.6 m 3.6 m 1,996 1 178
175 Liberia 0.480 64.1 9.6 n 4.8 f 1,258 8 173
178 Guinea 0.477 61.6 9.4 m,p 2.8 p 2,405 –12 177
179 Yemen 0.470 66.1 8.8 j 3.2 f 1,594 t 2 179
180 Eritrea 0.459 66.3 5.0 j 3.9 n 2,793 u –17 180
181 Mozambique 0.456 60.9 10.0 3.5 j 1,250 3 181
182 Burkina Faso 0.452 61.6 9.3 1.6 p 2,133 –9 183
182 Sierra Leone 0.452 54.7 10.2 j 3.7 f 1,668 –4 182
184 Mali 0.434 59.3 7.5 2.4 m 2,269 –17 184
185 Burundi 0.433 61.6 11.1 3.3 p 754 4 184
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SDG 3 SDG 4.3 SDG 4.4 SDG 8.5

Human Development Life expectancy Expected years Mean years Gross national income GNI per capita rank HDI
Index (HDI) at birth of schooling of schooling (GNI) per capita minus HDI rank rank
Value (years) (years) (years) (2017 PPP $)
HDI RANK 2019 2019 2019a 2019a 2019 2019 2018
185 South Sudan 0.433 57.9 5.3 n 4.8 n 2,003 u –10 186
187 Chad 0.398 54.2 7.3 2.5 p 1,555 –5 187
188 Central African Republic 0.397 53.3 7.6 j 4.3 f 993 0 188
189 Niger 0.394 62.4 6.5 2.1 j 1,201 –4 189
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People’s Rep. of) .. 72.3 10.8 j .. .. .. ..
Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Nauru .. .. 11.2 j .. 16,237 .. ..
San Marino .. .. 13.0 .. .. .. ..
Somalia .. 57.4 .. .. .. .. ..
Tuvalu .. .. 12.3 j .. 6,132 .. ..
Human development groups
Very high human development 0.898 79.6 16.3 12.2 44,566 — —
High human development 0.753 75.3 14.0 8.4 14,255 — —
Medium human development 0.631 69.3 11.5 6.3 6,153 — —
Low human development 0.513 61.4 9.4 4.9 2,745 — —
Developing countries 0.689 71.3 12.2 7.5 10,583 — —
Regions
Arab States 0.705 72.1 12.1 7.3 14,869 — —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.747 75.4 13.6 8.1 14,710 — —
Europe and Central Asia 0.791 74.4 14.7 10.4 17,939 — —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.766 75.6 14.6 8.7 14,812 — —
South Asia 0.641 69.9 11.7 6.5 6,532 — —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547 61.5 10.1 5.8 3,686 — —
Least developed countries 0.538 65.3 9.9 4.9 2,935 — —
Small island developing states 0.728 72.0 12.3 8.7 16,825 — —
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development 0.900 80.4 16.3 12.0 44,967 — —
World 0.737 72.8 12.7 8.5 16,734 — —

r Updated by HDRO based on data from CEDLAS and Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income
Notes World Bank (2020). of an economy generated by its production and its owner-
ship of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the
a Data refer to 2019 or the most recent year available. s HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank
use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world,
(2020a) and United Nations Statistics Division (2020b)
b In calculating the HDI value, expected years of school- converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by
and UNECLAC (2020).
ing is capped at 18 years. midyear population.
t HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank
c Based on data from OECD (2019b). GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by
(2020a) and United Nations Statistics Division (2020b)
GNI per capita and by HDI value. A negative value means
d In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped and the projected growth rate from UNESCWA (2020).
that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
at $75,000.
u HDRO estimate based on data from World Bank
HDI rank for 2018: Ranking by HDI value for 2018, calculated
e Updated by HDRO based on data from Eurostat (2019). (2020a), United Nations Statistics Division (2020b) and
using the same most recently revised data available in 2020
IMF (2020).
f Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018). that were used to calculate HDI values for 2019.
g Value from UNDESA (2011).

h Imputed mean years of schooling for Austria.

Definitions Main data sources
i Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP)
rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland. Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measur- Columns 1 and 7: HDRO calculations based on data from
j Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Insti- ing average achievement in three basic dimensions of hu- UNDESA (2019a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2020), Unit-
tute for Statistics (2020). man development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and ed Nations Statistics Division (2020b), World Bank (2020a),
a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr. Barro and Lee (2018) and IMF (2020).
k Based on data from the national statistical office. undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf for
Column 2: UNDESA (2019a).
l Estimated using the PPP rate and projected growth details on how the HDI is calculated.
rate of Spain. Column 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2020), ICF Macro
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant
Demographic and Health Surveys, UNICEF Multiple Indicator
m Updated by HDRO based on data from United Nations could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mor-
Cluster Surveys and OECD (2019b).
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster tality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the
Surveys for 2006–2019. infant’s life. Column 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2020), Barro and
Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys,
n Based on cross-country regression. Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling
UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and OECD (2019b).
that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if
o Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist Column 5: World Bank (2020a), IMF (2020) and United Na-
Lee (2018). throughout the child’s life. tions Statistics Division (2020b).
p Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of educa- Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.
Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006–2019. tion received by people ages 25 and older, converted from
q Based on cross-country regression and the projected education attainment levels using official durations of each
growth rate from UNECLAC (2020). level.

346 H U M A N D E V E LO P M E N T R E PO RT / 2020