SEAOC Seismic Design Manual Examples - UBC 97 - Vol III

UBC 1997
Seismic
Design
Manual
Volume III
Building Design Examples:
Steel, Concrete and Cladding

Structural Engineers Association of California

Published Nov. 2000

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................vi
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1
How to Use This Document ................................................................................................ 3
Notation ............................................................................................................................... 4
Design Example 1
1A Special Concentric Braced Frame ....................................................................... 19
1B Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame ..................................................................... 67
1C Chevron Braced Frame........................................................................................ 77
Design Example 2
Eccentric Braced Frame ............................................................................................. 89
Design Example 3
3A Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame............................................................. 143
3B Steel Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame........................................................... 189
Design Example 4
Reinforced Concrete Wall......................................................................................... 209
Design Example 5
Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams...................................................... 237
Design Example 6
Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame............................................................. 271
Design Example 7
Precast Concrete Cladding....................................................................................... 313
SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) iii

Introduction
Introduction
Seismic design of new steel and concrete buildings, and precast cladding, for the
requirements of the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) is illustrated in this
document. Ten examples are shown:
1A Steel special concentric braced frame

1B Steel ordinary concentric braced frame
1C Steel chevron braced frame
2 Eccentric braced frame
3A Steel special moment-resisting frame
3B Steel ordinary moment-resisting frame
4 Concrete shear wall
5 Concrete shear wall with coupling beams
6 Concrete special moment-resisting frame
7 Precast concrete cladding
The buildings selected are for the most part representative of construction types
found in Zones 3 and 4, particularly California and the western states. Designs
have been largely taken from real world buildings, although some simplifications
were necessary for purposes of illustrating significant points and not presenting
repetitive or unnecessarily complicated aspects of a design.
The Design Examples are not complete building designs, or even complete
seismic designs, but rather they are examples of the significant seismic design
aspects of a particular type of building.
In developing these Design Examples, SEAOC has endeavored to illustrate

correct use of the minimum provisions of the code. The document is intended to
help the reader understand and correctly use the design provisions of UBC
Chapter 16 (Design Requirements), Chapter 19 (Concrete), and Chapter 22
(Steel). Design practices of an individual structural engineer or office, which may
result in a more seismic-resistant design than required by the minimum
requirements of UBC, are not given. When appropriate, however, these
considerations are discussed as alternatives.
In some examples, the performance characteristics of the structural system are

discussed. This typically includes a brief review of the past earthquake behavior
and mention of design improvements added to recent codes. SEAOC believes it is
essential that structural engineers not only know how to correctly interpret and
SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) 1

Introduction
apply the provisions of the code, but that they also understand their basis. For this
reason, many examples have commentary included on past earthquake
performance.
While the Seismic Design Manual is based on the 1997 UBC, references are made
to the provisions of SEAOC’s 1999 Recommended Lateral Force Provisions and
Commentary (Blue Book). When differences between the UBC and Blue Book are
significant, these are brought to the attention of the reader.
2 SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC)

How to Use This Document
How to Use This Document
Each Design Example is presented in the following format. First, there is an

“Overview” of the example. This is a description of the building and the seismic
aspects to be designed. This is followed by an “Outline” indicating the tasks or
steps to be illustrated in each example. Next, “Given Information” provides the
basic design information, including plans and sketches given as the starting point
for the design. This is followed by “Calculations and Discussion,” which provides
the solution to the example. Some Design Examples have a subsequent section
designated “Commentary.” The commentary is intended to provide a better
understanding of aspects of the example and/or to offer guidance to the reader on
use of the information generated. Finally, references and suggested reading are
given at the end of the example. Some Design Examples have a section entitled
“Factors that Influence Design” that provides remarks on salient design points.
Because the document is based on the UBC, UBC notation is used throughout.
However, notation from other codes is also used. In general, reference to UBC
sections and formulas is abbreviated. For example, “1997 UBC Section 1630.2.2”
is given as §1630.2.2 with 1997 UBC (Volume 2) being understood.
“Formula (32-2)” is designated Equation (32-2) or just (32-2) in the right-hand
margins of the Design Examples. Similarly, the phrase “Table 16-O” is understood
to be 1997 UBC Table 16-O. Throughout the document, reference to specific code
provisions, tables, and equations (the UBC calls the latter formulas) is given in the
right-hand margin under the heading Code Reference.
When the document makes reference to other codes and standards, this is generally
done in abbreviated form. Generally, reference documents are identified in the
right-hand margin. Some examples of abbreviated references are shown below.
Right-Hand
Margin Notation More Complete Description
Table 1-A AISC-ASD Table 1-A of Ninth Edition, American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) Manual of Steel Construction,
Allowable Stress Design, 1989.
AISC-Seismic §15.3b Section 15.3b of the American Institute of Steel

Construction, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings, Chicago, Illinois, 1997.
SEAOC C402.8 Section C402.8 of Commentary of SEAOC

Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and
Commentary (Blue Book), 1999.

Notation
Notation
The following notations are used in this document. These are generally consistent
with that used in the UBC and other codes such as ACI and AISC. Some additional
notations have also been added. The reader is cautioned that the same notation may
be used more than once and may carry entirely different meaning in different
situations. For example, E can mean the tabulated elastic modulus under the AISC
definition (steel) or it can mean the earthquake load under §1630.1 of the UBC
(loads). When the same notation is used in two or more definitions, each definition
is prefaced with a brief description in parentheses (e.g., steel or loads) before the
definition is given.
AB = ground floor area of structure in square feet to include area

covered by all overhangs and projections
ABM = cross-sectional area of the base material
Ab = area of anchor, in square inches
Ac = the combined effective area, in square feet, of the shear walls

in the first story of the structure
Ach = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-

out of transverse reinforcement
Acv = net area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and

length of section in the direction of shear force considered
Ae = the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in

the first story of a shear wall, in square feet
Af = flange area
Ag = gross area of section
Ap = the effective area of the projection of an assumed concrete

failure surface upon the surface from which the anchor
protrudes, in square inches
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement

Notation
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement

(including crossties) within spacing s and perpendicular to
dimension hc
Ask = area of skin reinforcement per unit height on one side face
As,min = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement
Ast = area of link stiffener
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, or area of

shear reinforcement perpendicular to flexural tension
reinforcement within a distance s for deep flexural members
Avd = total area of reinforcement in each group of diagonal bars in a

diagonally reinforced coupling beam
Avf = area of shear-friction reinforcement
Aw = (web) link web area
Aw = (weld) effective cross-sectional area of the weld
Ax = the torsional amplification factor at Level x
a = (concrete) depth of equivalent rectangular stress block
a = (concrete spandrel) shear span, distance between concentrated

load and face of supports
ac = coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete

strength to wall strength
ap = in-structure component amplification factor, given in §1632

and Table 16-O of UBC
b = (concrete) width of compression face of member
bf = flange width
bw = web width
b/t = member width-thickness ratio
Ca = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-Q of UBC

Notation
Ce = combined height, exposure, and gust factor coefficient as

given in Table 16-G of UBC
Cq = pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure

under consideration as given in Table 16-H
Ct = numerical coefficient as given in §1630.2.2
Cv = seismic coefficient as set forth in Table 16-R
Cm = coefficient defined in Section H1 of AISC-ASD
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
D = dead load on a structural element
De = length, in feet, of a shear wall in the first story in the direction

parallel to the applied forces
d = effective depth of section (distance from extreme compression

fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement)
db = (anchor bolt) anchor shank diameter
db = (concrete) bar diameter
dz = column panel zone depth
E = (steel) modulus of elasticity
EI = flexural stiffness of compression member
E, Eh, Em, Ev, Fi, Fn= (loads) earthquake loads set forth in §1630.1
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, in psi
Es = (concrete) modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
e = EBF link length
Fa = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force

alone existed
Fb = bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment

alone existed
FBM = nominal strength of the base material to be welded

Notation
FEXX = classification number of weld metal (minimum specified

strength)
Fp = design seismic force on a part of the structure
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength, ksi
Fw = (steel LRFD) nominal strength of the weld electrode material
Fw = (steel ASD) allowable weld stress
Fy = specified yield strength of structural steel
Fyb = Fy of a beam
Fyc = Fy of a column
Fye = expected yield strength of steel to be used
Fyf = Fy of column flange
Fyh = (steel) specified minimum yield strength of transverse

reinforcement
Fyw = Fy of the panel-zone steel
fa = computed axial stress
fb = bending stress in frame member
f c' = specified compressive strength of concrete
fct = average splitting tensile strength of lightweight aggregate

concrete
fut = minimum specified tensile strength of the anchor
12 π 2 E
F' e =
23(Kλb / rb )2
fi = lateral force at Level i for use in Formula (30-10)
fm' = specified compressive strength of masonry
fp = equivalent uniform load

Notation
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete
Ftt = through-thickness weld stresses at the beam-column interface
fy = (concrete) specified yield strength of reinforcing steel
f x, f y, f r = (steel) weld stresses at connection interface
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = overall dimensions of member in direction of action

considered
hc = (concrete) cross-sectional dimension of column core, or shear

wall boundary zone, measured center to center of confining
reinforcement
hc = (steel) assumed web depth for stability
he = assumed web depth for stability
hi, hn,hx = height in feet above the base to Level i, n, or x, respectively
hr = height in feet of the roof above the base
hw = height of entire wall or of the segment of wall considered
I = (loads) importance factor given in Table 16-K
I = (concrete) moment of inertia of section resisting externally

applied factored loads
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
Ig = (concrete, neglecting reinforcement) moment of inertia of

gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement
Ig = (concrete, transformed section) moment of inertia of cracked

section transformed to concrete.
Ip = importance factor specified in Table 16-K
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of

member cross section

Notation
It = moment of inertia of structural steel shape, pipe or tubing

about centroidal axis of composite member cross section
Iw = importance factor as set forth in Table 16-K of UBC
K = (steel) effective length factor for prismatic member
k = effective length factor for compression member
L = (loads) live load due to occupancy and moveable equipment, or

related internal moments and forces
L = (steel) unbraced beam length for determining allowable bending

stress
Lp = limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic flexural

strength, uniform moment case
lc = (steel RBS) length of radius cut in beam flange for reduced

beam section (RBS) design
lc = length of a compression member in a frame, measured from

center to center of the joints in the frame
lh = distance from column centerline to centerline of hinge for

reduced bending strength (RBS) connection design
ln = clear span measured face to face of supports
lu = unsupported length of compression member
lw = length of entire wall, or of segment of wall considered, in

direction of shear force.
Level i = level of the structure referred to by the subscript i; i = 1

designates the first level above the base
Level n = the level that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure
Level x = the level that is under design consideration; x = 1 designates

the first level above the base
M = (steel) maximum factored moment
Mc = factored moment to be used for design of compression

member

Notation
Mcl = moment at centerline of column
Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally

applied loads (see §1911.4.2.1)
MDL, MLL, Mseis = unfactored moment in frame member
Mf = moment at face of column
Mm = (concrete) modified moment
Mm = (steel) maximum moment that can be resisted by the member

in the absence of axial load
Mn = nominal moment strength at section
Mp = (concrete) required plastic moment strength of shearhead

cross-section
Mp = (steel) nominal plastic flexural strength, Fy Z
Mpa = nominal plastic flexural strength modified by axial load
Mpe = nominal plastic flexural strength using expected yield

strength of steel
Mpr = (concrete) probable moment strength determined using a

tensile strength in the longitudinal bars of at least 1.25 fy and a
strength reduction factor φ of 1.0
Mpr = (steel RBS) probable plastic moment at the reduced beam

section (RBS)
Ms = (concrete) moment due to loads causing appreciable sway
Ms = (steel) flexural strength; member bending strength at plastic

capacity ZFy
Mu = (concrete) factored moment at section
Mu = (steel) required flexural strength on a member or joint
My = moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme

fiber from an elastic stress distribution

Notation
M1 = smaller factored end moment on a compression member,

positive if member is bent in single curvature, negative if bent
in double curvature
M2 = larger factored end moment on compression member, always

positive
Na = near-source factor used in the determination of Ca in Seismic

Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or
structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set
forth in Tables 16-S and 16-U
Nv = near-source factor used in the determination of Cv in Seismic

Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or
structure to known faults with magnitudes and to slip rates as
set forth in Tables 16-T and 16-U
P = (steel) factored axial load
P = (wind) design wind pressure
PDL, PLL, Pseis = unfactored axial load in frame member
Pb = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions (see

§1910.3.2)
Pbf = connection force for design of column continuity plates
Pc = (concrete) critical load
Pc = (concrete anchorage) design tensile strength
Pe = (23/12)F'e A, where F'e is as defined in Section H1 of

AISC-ASD
Pn = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity, or nominal

axial strength of a column
Po = nominal axial load strength at zero eccentricity
Psc = 1.7 Fa A
Psc,Pst = strength level axial number force for connection design or

axial strength check (see §2213.5)
Psi = Fy A

Notation
Pu = (concrete) factored axial load, or factored axial load at given

eccentricity
Pu = (steel) nominal axial strength of a column, or required axial

strength on a column or a link
Pu = (concrete anchorage) required tensile strength from loads
Py = nominal axial yield strength of a member, which is equal to

Fy Ag
PDL = axial dead load
PE = axial load on member due to earthquake
PLL = axial live load
qs = wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 33 feet, as

set forth in Table 16-F
R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent

overstrength and global ductility capacity of lateral force
resisting systems, as set forth in Table 16-N or 16-P
Rn = nominal strength
Rnw = nominal weld strength
Rp = component response modification factor, given in §1632.2

and Table 16-0
Ru = required strength
Ry = ratio of expected yield strength Fye to the minimum specified

yield strength Fy
r = (loads) a ratio used in determining ρ (see §1630.1)
r = (steel) radius of gyration of cross section of a compression

member
ry = radius of gyration about y axis
s = spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in direction parallel to

longitudinal reinforcement, or spacing of transverse reinforcement
measured along the longitudinal axis

Notation
SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, S F = soil profile types as set forth in Table 16-J
SRBS = section modulus at the reduced beam section (RBS)
T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the

structure in the direction under consideration
tf = thickness of flange
tw = thickness of web
tz = column panel zone thickness
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal

moments and forces
V = the total design lateral force or shear at the base given by

Formula (30-5), (30-6), (30-7) or (30-11)
Vc = (concrete) nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Vc = (concrete anchorage) design shear strength
VDL, VLL, Vseis = unfactored shear in frame member
Vn = (concrete) nominal shear strength at section
Vn = (steel) nominal shear strength of a member
Vp = (steel) shear strength of an active link
Vpa = nominal shear strength of an active link modified by the axial

load magnitude
Vs = (concrete) nominal shear strength provided by shear

reinforcement
Vs = (steel) shear strength of member, 0.55 Fy dt
Vu = (concrete anchorage) required shear strength from factored

loads
Vu = (concrete) factored shear force at section, including shear

magnification factors for overstrength and inelastic dynamic
effects
Vu = (loads) factored horizontal shear in a story

Notation
Vu = (steel) required shear strength on a member
Vu * = factored shear force at section, including shear magnification

factors for overstrength and inelastic dynamic effects
Vx = the design story shear in story x
W = (seismic) the total seismic dead load defined in §1620.1.1
W = (wind) load due to wind pressure
Wp = the weight of an element of component
wc = weights of concrete, in pcf
wi, wx = that portion of W located at or assigned to Level i or x,

respectively
wpx = the weight of the diaphragm and the element tributary thereto
at Level x, including applicable portions of other loads
defined in §1630.1.1
wz = column panel zone width
Z = (loads) seismic zone factor as given in Table 16-I
Z = (steel) plastic section modulus
ZRBS = plastic section modulus at the reduced beam section (RBS)
∆ = design story drift
∆M = maximum inelastic response displacement, which is the total

drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is
subjected to the design basis ground motion, including
estimated elastic and inelastic contributions to the total
deformation, as defined in §1630.9
∆O = relative lateral deflection between the top and bottom of a

story due to Vu, computed using a first-order elastic frame
analysis and stiffness values satisfying §1910.11.1
∆S = design level response displacement, which is the total drift or

total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to
the design seismic forces

Notation
δί = horizontal displacement at Level i relative to the base due to

applied lateral forces, f, for use in Formula (30-10)
φ = (concrete) capacity reduction or strength reduction factor (see

§1909.3)
φb = (steel) resistance factor for flexure
φc = (steel) resistance factor for compression
φv = resistance factor for shear strength of panel zone of beam-to-

column connections
∝ = (concrete) angle between the diagonal reinforcement and the

longitudinal axis of a diagonally reinforced coupling beam
∝, β = (steel) centroid locations of gusset connection for braced

frame diagonal
∝c = coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete

strength to wall strength
βc = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction

area
β1 = factor defined in §1910.2.7.3
ρ = (loads) redundancy/reliability factor given by Formula (30-3)
ρ = (concrete) ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement (As/bd)
ρb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions (see

§1910.3.2)
ρn = ratio of area of distributed reinforcement parallel to the plane of Acv

to gross concrete area perpendicular to that reinforcement.
ρs = ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to total volume of core (out-

to-out of spirals) of a spirally reinforced compression member
ρv = ratio of area of distributed reinforcement perpendicular to the plane

of Acv to gross concrete area Acv
λ = lightweight aggregate concrete factor; 1.0 for normal weight

concrete, 0.75 for “all lightweight” concrete, and 0.85 for “sand-
lightweight” concrete

Notation
λp = limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
la = length of radius cut in beam flange for reduced beam section (RBS)
connection design
lh = distance from column centerline to centerline of hinge for RBS

connection design
ln = clear span measured face to face of supports
lu = unsupported length of compression member
lw = length of entire wall or of segment of wall considered in

direction of shear force
Ωo = (loads) seismic force amplification factor, which is required to

account for structural overstrength and set forth in Table 16-N
Ωo = (steel) horizontal seismic overstrength factor
µ = coefficient of friction

References
References
ACI-318, 1995. American Concrete Institute, Building Code Regulations for

Reinforced Concrete, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AISC-ASD, 1989. American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel

Construction, Allowable Stress Design, Chicago, Illinois, 9th Edition.
AISC-LRFD, 1994. American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel

Construction, Load and Resistance Factor Design, Chicago, Illinois, 2nd
Edition.
AISC-Seismic. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute

of Steel Construction, Chicago, Illinois, April 15, 1997 and Supplement No. 1,
February 15, 1999.
SEAOC Blue Book, 1999. Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and

Commentary, Structural Engineers Association of California, Sacramento,
California.
UBC, 1997. International Conference of Building Officials, Uniform Building Code,

Whittier, California.

Design Example 1A ! Special Concentric Braced Frame
Design Example 1A
Special Concentric Braced Frame
Figure 1A-1. Four-story steel frame office building with special concentric braced frames (SCBF)
Foreword
Design Examples 1A, 1B and 1C show the seismic design of essentially the same
four-story steel frame building using three different concentric bracing systems.
" Design Example 1A illustrates a special concentric braced frame (SCBF).
" Design Example 1B illustrates an ordinary concentric braced frame (OCBF).
" Design Example 1C illustrates a chevron braced frame design.
These Design Examples have been selected to aid the reader in understanding
design of different types of concentric braced frame systems. Design of eccentric
braced frames (EBFs) is illustrated in Design Example 2.

Overview
The 4-story steel frame office structure shown in Figure 1A-1 is to have special
concentric bracing as its lateral force resisting system. The typical floor plan is
shown on Figure 1A-2, and a building section is shown in Figure 1A-3.
Figure 1A-4 depicts a two-story x-brace configuration and elevations. Design of
the major lateral force resisting structural steel elements and connections uses
AISC Allowable Stress Design (ASD).
The 1997 UBC design provisions for special concentric braced frames (SCBFs) are
attributed to research performed at the University of Michigan. The basis for SCBF
bracing is the proportioning of members such that the compression diagonals
buckle in a well behaved manner, without local buckling or kinking that would
result in a permanent plastic deformation of the brace. Research performed has
demonstrated that systems with this ductile buckling behavior perform well under
cyclic loading. Several references are listed at the end of this Design Example.
Figure 1A-2. Typical floor framing plan

Figure 1A-3. Typical building section
Elevation A Elevation B
Figure 1A-4. Braced frame elevations

Outline
This Design Example illustrates the following parts of the design process:
1. Design base shear.
2. Distribution of lateral forces.
3. Interstory drifts.
4. Typical diaphragm design.
5. Braced frame member design.
6. Bracing connection design.
Given Information
Roof weights: Floor weights:

Roofing 4.0 psf Flooring 1.0 psf
Insulation 3.0 Concrete fill on metal deck 44.0
Concrete fill on metal 44.0 Ceiling 3.0
deck
Ceiling 3.0 Mechanical/electrical 5.0
Mechanical/electrical 5.0 Steel framing 9.0
Steel framing 7.0 Partitions 10.0
66.0 psf 72.0 psf
Live load: 20.0 psf Live load: 80.0 psf
Exterior wall system weight:

steel studs, gypsum board, metal panels 15 psf
Structural materials:
Wide flange shapes ASTM A36 (Fy = 36 ksi)
Tube sections ASTM A500 grade B (Fy = 46 ksi)
Weld electrodes E70XX
Bolts ASTM A490 SC
Shear Plates ASTM A572 grade 50 (Fy = 50 ksi)
Gusset plates ASTM A36 (Fy = 36 ksi)

Site seismic and geotechnical data:

Occupancy category: Standard Occupancy Structure §1629.2
Seismic Importance Factor: I=1.0 Table 16-K
Soil Profile Type “Stiff Soil”: Type S D (default §1629.3, Table 16-J
profile)
Seismic zone: Zone 4, Z = 0.4 §1629.4.1, Table 16-I
Seismic Zone 4 near-source factors:
Seismic source type: Type B §1629.4.2
Distance to seismic source: 8 km Table 16-U
Near source factors: N a = 1.0, N v = 1.08 Tables 16-S, 16-T
The geotechnical report for the project site should include the seismologic criteria
noted above. If no geotechnical report is forthcoming, ICBO has published Maps of
Known Active Fault Near-Source Zones in California and Adjacent Portions of
Nevada [ICBO, 1998]. These maps (prepared by the California Department of
Conservation Division of Mines and Geology, in cooperation with the Structural
Engineers Association of California) provide a means for easily determining the
seismic source type and distance to the seismic source.
Factors that Influence Design
Requirements for design of steel braced frames are given in the 1997 UBC. These
cover special concentric braced frames (SCBF), ordinary concentric braced frames
(OCBF), and chevron (or V) braced frames. After the adoption of the 1997 UBC
provisions by ICBO, the 1997 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings (AISC-Seimsic) became available. Although not adopted into the code,
these represent the state-of-the-art and are recommended by SEAOC, particularly
for design of SCBF connections.
The following paragraphs discuss some important aspects of braced frame design.
This discussion is based on SEAONC seminar notes prepared by Michael
Cochran, SE.
Permissible types of concentric braced frames.

Shown in Figure 1A-5 are various types of concentric braced frames permitted by
the code. Each of these can be design as either an ordinary concentric braced frame
(OCBF) or a special concentric braced frame (SCBF). It should be noted that the
only difference between an SCBF and an OCBF is the connection detailing and
some prescriptive code requirements.

a. Zipper b. 2-story-X c. X-bracing d. Inverted V e. V-bracing

(or chevron)
Figure 1A-5. Permissible types of braced frames
All of the frames shown in Figure 1A-5 are essentialy variations on the chevron
brace, except for the one-story X-brace (Figure 1A-5c). Single diagonal braced
frames are also permissible by the code, but these are heavily penalized since they
must take 100 percent of the force in compression unless multiple single diagonal
braces are provided along the same brace frame line.
Grades of steel used in SCBFs.

SCBF members are typical wide flange sections (ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi, or
A572, grade 50, Fy = 50 ksi), tube sections (ASTM A500, grade B, Fy = 46 ksi),
or pipes (ASTM A53, grade B, Fy = 35 ksi).
When designing brace connections, the actual yield strength of the steel needs
to be considered. The AISC-Seismic provisions address this overstrength issue
using the R y factor, which is not addressed by the UBC or considered in this
Design Example. The gusset plate material used in SCBF connections should be of
equal yield strength to the brace member. Since the actual expected yield strength
of most structural sections used as brace members is in excess of 50 ksi, the
strength of the gusset plate material should be at least 50 ksi. High strength steel is
required in order to keep the gusset plate thickness and dimensions to a minimum.
Use of A36 material (as shown in this Design Example) will generally result in
larger connections.
Brace behavior.
Concentric braced frames are classified by the UBC as either ordinary or special.
The title “special” is given to braced frames meeting certain detailing and design
parameters that enable them to respond to seismic forces with greater ductility. The
Blue Book Commentary is an excellent reference for comparison and discussion of
these two systems.

Both inverted V-frames and V-frames have shown poor performance during
past earthquakes due to buckling of the brace and flexure of the beam at the
midspan connection instead of truss action, therefore the zipper, 2-story-X and
X-bracing schemes are the preferred configurations.
Figure 1A-6. Chevron brace post-buckling

stage and potential hinging of columns
The SEAOC Blue Book (in Section C704) has gone as far to recommend that
chevron bracing should not be used unless it is in the Zipper or 2 story x
configuration in high seismic zones. The reader is referred to the SEAOC Blue
Book for a further discussion on chevron braces.
Generally, the preferred behavior of bracing is in-plane buckling when fixity is

developed at the end connections and three hinges are required to form prior to
failure of the brace. The problem is that it is difficult to develop this type of fixity
when you are using gusset plate connections which tend to lend themselves to out-
of-plane buckling of the brace and behave more like a pin connection.
There are limited structural shapes availble that can be oriented such that the
brace will buckle in-plane. The following is a list of such shapes:
1. Hollow structural sections about their weak axis, for example, a TS

6x3x1/2 arranged as shown in Figure 1A-7a (Note: there can be a problem
with shear lag in HSS sections).
2. Double angles with short legs back to back (Figure 1A-7b).
3. Wide flange shapes buckling about their weak axis (Figure 1A-7c).

y y
x x x x x
y y y
a. Flat tube (HSS) b. Double angles (SLV) c. Wide flange (weak axis)
Figure 1A-7. Various brace shapes oriented for in-plane buckling
When designing a brace to buckle in-plane, it is recommended that the ratio of

rx ry not exceed 0.65 to ensure that the brace will buckle in-plane.
Two architectural restrictions typically occur that inhibit in-plane buckling.

First, the architect may not want to reduce the floor space by putting the brace
in the flat position, and second, often there are infill steel studs above and
below the brace, which may prevent the brace from buckling in-plane and force
it to buckle out-of-plane.
Both AISC and UBC steel provisions provide an exception that when met,
allow for the brace to buckle out-of-plane. With the predominate use of gusset
plates, this exception is probably used 95 percent of the time in brace design.
The brace connection using a vertical gusset plate has a tendancy to buckle out-
of-plane due to the lack of stiffness in this direction.
As can be seen in the Figure 1A-8, the gusset plate has significantly less stiffness in
the out-of-plane direction. If the brace is symmetrical, you have a 50-50 chance as
to whether it will buckle in-plane or out-of-plane, and the end connections then
have a great influence as to how the brace will actually buckle. Since there is
significantly less stiffness in the out-of-plane direction, the brace will buckle out-
of-plane.
When a brace buckles out-of-plane relative to the gusset plate, it attempts to form a
hinge line in the gusset plate. In order for the brace to rotate and yield about this
hinge line (act as a pin connection), the yield lines at each end of the brace must be
parallel. This is illustrated in Figure 1A-9 and Figure 1A-10.

buckling perpendicular to
gusset plate (least resistance)
x
yield line
(hinge)
x
gusset plate
x
Figure 1A-8. In-plane vs out-of-plane buckling of braces;

gusset plate stiffness can influence brace buckling direction
Plan view
force
yield line
C
T
Isometric view
Figure 1A-9. Out-of-plane buckling of the brace; gusset plates resist axial loads
without buckling, but can rotate about the yield line to accommodate the brace buckling

yield line 90 degrees to

slope of brace
Figure 1A-10. Yield line in gusset plate must be

perpendicular to the brace axis
To ensure that rotation can occur at each end of the brace without creating restraint,
the axis of the yield line must be perpendicular to the axis of the brace.
Another requirement to allow for rotation about the yield line to occur, is a
minimum offset from the end of the brace to the yield line, as shown in
Figure 1A-11. If this distance is too short, there physically is insufficent distance to
accomodate yielding of the gusset plate without fracture. Figure 1A-11 depicts the
minimum offset requirement of the building codes. Due to erection tolerances and
other variables, it is recommended that this design offset not be less than three
times the gusset plate thickness (3t).
2t (min) 4t plastic hinge forms

(max offset at yield line
brace
gusset plate (t)
yield line 90 degrees

to slope of brace
Beam
Figure 1A-11. Yield line offset requirements; in practice 3t is

often used to allow for erection tolerances

There has been a misconception in some previous interpetations of the yield

line offset, that all that was necessary was shape the end of the brace relative to
the yield line so that they both were parallel to each other. Inherently, what
happens is that the yield lines at the opposite ends of the brace are not parallel
(see Figure 1A-10 for parallel yield line illustration) to each other and restraint
builds up in the gusset plate as it attempts to buckle out-of-plane. The only way
to relieve the stress is for the gusset plate to tear at one end of the brace, until
the yield lines at each end of the brace are again parallel to each other.
possible yield line 90 degrees to axis of brace

2t offset
(from brace
tip)
brace
detailed 2t
offset from
yield line
gusset plate
theoretical curved yield 2t offset

line as gusset attempts (clamp force)
to bend around tip
Beam
Note: This detail is not recommended.
Figure 1A-12. Shaping end of brace creates restraint
Figure 1A-12 (not recommended) depicts what happens when you try to shape the
end of the brace to match the yield line slope. Due to the offset in the end of the
brace, the yield line will attempt to bend around corner of the brace. This creates
several problems, in that it is impossible to bend the plate about a longer curved
line, since the curve creates more stiffness than a shorter straight line between two
points that wants to be the hinge. The end tip of the brace along the upper edge is
generally not stiff enough to cause a straight yield line to bend perpendicular to the
brace axis about the tip end of the brace since there is only one side wall at this
location to apply force to the gusset plate.

Detailing considerations.
Floor slabs, typically metal deck and concrete topping slab in steel frame buildings,
can cause additional restraint to buckling out-of-plane and must be taken into
account during design.
If the yield line crosses the edge of the gusset plate below the concrete surface,
more restraint occurs, the gusset plate will likely tear along the top of the concrete
surface.
The SCBF connections design details in Design Example 1A have been simplified,
but need to consider the potential restraint that occurs due to the floor deck since it
will impact the gusset plate design. To keep the gusset plate size as small as
possible, the gusset plate should be isolated from the concrete slab so the yield line
can extend below the concrete surface. Figure 1A-13 shows how the gusset plate
could be isolated from restraint caused by the slab. Note that the entire gusset plate
does not have to be isolated, just that area where the yield line occurs. The
compressible material which can be used would be a fire caulk that has the same
required fire rating as the floor system.
compressible material
gusset plate
2t (min) 4t 1" ±
(max) offset
Plan
brace
gusset plate
yield line 90 degrees concrete slab
to slope of brace
compressible
material each side
of gusset plate .
2" min Beam
Figure 1A-13. For the yield line to develop in the gusset plate,
the gusset plate must be isolated from the slab

A recent development in the design of gusset plate connections is the need to

consider the length of the unstiffened edge of the gusset plate and the possibility of
a premature buckling. For additional information about this subject, as well as
additonal gusset plate design and sizing criteria such as the “Critical Angle
Concept” and other practical design information, the reader is referred to the recent
SEAONC (May, 2000) and SEAOSC (November, 1999) seminar notes on the
design and detailing of SCBF steel connections.
Field inspection of SCBFs.

Because of the critical importance of the connections, the actual field erection of
SCBFs must be carefully inspected. Shop drawings often show erection aids such
as clip angles and erection bolts. These are used to properly center the brace on the
gusset plate. In the case of tube bracing, it is very common to have an erection bolt
hole placed at each end of the brace. Occasionally, erector crews ignore these
erection aids while placing the bracing over the gusset plates and making the
weldments without verifying that the required 2t to 4t offset from the yield line has
been maintained.
The design engineer needs to remember that structural steel is erected using the
shop drawings and that the structural drawings are often not checked, even though
it is common practice to provide some form of general note that states “shop
drawings are an erection aid, and structural drawings shall take precedent over the
shop drawings…”.
The following is a list of items that should be included in the checklist given to the
Special Inspector:
1. Verify that the 2t minimum, 4t maximum offset from the yield line to brace
end is maintained at each end of the brace.
2. Verify that the 1-inch minimum offset from the brace to the edge of the
gusset plate is maintained and that the gusset plate edge slopes are the same
slopes as shown on shop drawings and structural drawings.
3. Verify that the gusset plate yield line has been isolated from the concrete
slab and that is is away from an edge stiffener plates.

Calculations
Calculations and Discussion Code Reference
1. Design base shear. §1630.1
1a. Check configuration requirements. §1629.5, Table 16-L
The structure is L-shaped in plan and must be checked for vertical and horizontal
irregularities.
Vertical irregularities. Review Table 16-L.
By observation, the structure has no vertical irregularities; the bracing is consistent

in all stories with no discontinuities or offsets, and the mass is similar at all floor
levels.
Plan irregularities. Review Table 16-M. §1633.2.9, Table 16-M, Items 6 & 7
The building plan has a re-entrant corner with both projections exceeding 15
percent of the plan dimension, and therefore is designated as having Plan
Irregularity Type 2. Given the shape of the floor plan, the structure is likely to have
Torsional Irregularity Type 1. This condition will be investigated with the
computer model used for structural analysis later in this Design Example.
Plan Irregularity Type 2 triggers special consideration for diaphragm and collector
design, as delineated in §1633.2.9, Items 6 and 7.
1b. Classify structural system and determine seismic factors. §1629.6
The structure is a building frame system with lateral resistance provided by special
concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) (System Type 2.5.a per Table 16-N). The
seismic factors are:
R = 6.4
Ω o = 2.2
hmax = 240 ft §1630.3, Table 16-N

1c. Select lateral force procedure. §1629.8
The static lateral force procedure is permitted for irregular structures not more than
five stories or 65 feet in height (§1629.8.3). Although the structure has a plan
irregularity, it is less than 65 feet in height. A dynamic analysis is not required, so
static lateral procedures will be used.
1d. Determine seismic response coefficients Ca and Cv. §1629.4.3
For Zone 4 and Soil Profile Type S D :
C a = 0.44(N a ) = 0.44(1.0 ) = 0.44 Table 16-Q
C v = 0.64(N v ) = 0.64(1.08) = 0.69 Table 16-R
1e. Evaluate structure period T. §1630.2.2
Per Method A:
T A = C t (hn ) 4 C t = 0.020
3
(30-8)
T A = 0.02(62 )
3
4 = 0.44 sec
Per Method B:
From three-dimensional computer model, the periods are:
North-south direction:
TB = 0.66 sec
East-west direction:
TB = 0.66 sec
Maximum value for TB = 1.3 T A = 1.3(0.44) = 0.57 sec
Therefore, upper bound on period governs use T = 0.57 sec §1630.2.2

1f. Determine design base shear.
The total design base shear for a given direction is determined from Equation
(30-4). Since the period is the same for both directions, the design base shear for
either direction is:
Cv I 0.69(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.189W (30-4)
RT 6.4(0.57 )
Base shear need not exceed:
2.5Ca I 2.5(0.44)(1.0 )
V = W = = 0.172W (30-5)
R 6.4
For Zone 4, base shear shall not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(0.4 )(1.08)(1.0)

V = W = = 0.054W (30-7)
R 6.4
Equation (30-5) governs base shear.
∴ V = 0.172W
1g. Determine earthquake load combinations. §1630.1
Section 1630.1.1 specifies earthquake loads. These are E and E m as set forth in
Equations (30-1) and (30-2).
E = ρE H + E v (30-1)
Em = Ω o E H (30-2)
The normal earthquake design load is E . The load E m is the estimated maximum
earthquake force that can be developed in the structure. It is used only when
specifically required, as will be shown later in this Design Example.
Before determining the earthquake forces for design, the reliability/redundancy

factor must be determined.
20
Reliability/redundancy factor ρ = 2 − (30-3)
rmax Ab

Ab = (180)2 + 180(132 + 192 ) = 90,720 ft 2
To estimate an initial value for ρ , for purposes of preliminary design, an

assumption for the value of rmax is made. For rmax , assume that the highest force in
any brace member is 10 percent greater than average for the 18 total braces.
1.10
∴ rmax = = 0.061 §1630.1.1
18
and:
20
ρ = 2− = 0.91
0.061(90,720 )1 / 2
and:
1.0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.5
∴ Use ρ = 1.0
The value for ρ should be confirmed upon completion of the computer analysis for
the brace forces.
For load combinations of §1612, E and E m are as follows:
E = ρE h + E v = 1.0(V ) (30-1)
( E v = 0 since allowable stress design is used in this Design Example)
Em = Ω o Eh = 2.2(V ) (30-2)
Note that seismic forces may be assumed to act non-concurrently in each principal
direction of the structure, except as per §1633.1.
2a. Calculate building weights and mass distribution.
Calculated building weights and centers of gravity at each level are given in
Table 1A-1. Included is an additional 450 kips (5.0 psf) at the roof level for
mechanical equipment. Building mass properties are summarized in Table 1A-2.
Braced frame locations are noted in Figure 1A-14 below.

A denotes two braced bays

B denotes one braced bay
Figure 1A-14. Braced frame location plan
Table 1A-1. Building weight

Roof Weight (1)
Mark2
w DL Area Wi X cg Ycg ( )
W X cg ( )
W Ycg
(psf) (sf) (kips) (ft) (ft) (lbs) (lbs)
I 71 23,760 1,687 90 66 151,826 111,339
II 71 32,400 2,300 90 222 207,036 510,689
III 71 34,560 2,454 276 222 677,238 544,735
Walls 15 16,416 246 168 175 41,368 43,092
Totals 6,687 1,077,468 1,209,855
∴ X cg = 1,077,468 6,687 = 161.1 ; Ycg = 1,209,885 6,687 = 180.9
4th, 3rd, & 2nd Floor Weights (2)
Mark2
w DL Area Wi X cg Ycg ( )
W X cg ( )
W Ycg
(psf) (sf) (kips) (ft) (ft) (lbs) (lbs)
I 72 23,760 1,711 90 66 153,965 112,908
II 72 32,400 2,333 90 222 209,952 517,882
III 72 34,560 2,488 276 222 686,776 552,407
Walls 15 20,520 308 168 175 51,710 53,865
Totals 6,840 1,102,404 1,237,061
∴ X cg = 1,102,404 6,840 = 161.1 ; Ycg = 1,237,061 6,840 = 180.9
Note:
1. Roof weight: wDL = 66.0 + 5.0add'l mech = 71.0 psf ; exterior walls: wwall = 15 psf ;
wall area = (7.5 + 4.5)(1,368 ft ) = 16,416 ft 2

2. wDL = 72.0 psf ; exterior walls: wwall = 15 psf ; wall area = (15)(1,368 ft ) = 20,520 ft 2

(1)
Table 1A-2. Mass properties summary
WDL X cg Ycg
Level M (2) MMI (3)
(kips) (ft) (ft)
Roof 6,687 161.1 180.9 17.3 316,931
4th 6,840 161.1 180.9 17.7 324,183
3rd 6,840 161.1 180.9 17.7 324,183
2nd 6,840 161.1 180.9 17.7 324,183
Total 27,207 70.4
Notes:
1. Mass (M) and mass moment of inertia (MMI) are used in analysis for
determination of fundamental period (T).
2. M = (W 3.86.4 )(kip ⋅ sec in.)
( )(
3. MMI = (M A) I x + I y kip ⋅ sec 2 ⋅ in )
2b. Determine design base shear.
As noted above, Equation (30-5) governs, and design base shear is:
V = 0.172W = 0.172(27207) = 4,680 kips
2c. Determine vertical distribution of force. §1630.5
For the static lateral force procedure, vertical distribution of force to each
level is applied as follows:
V = Ft + ∑ Fi (30-13)
where:
Ft = 0.07T (V )
Except Ft = 0 where T ≤ 0.7 sec (30-14)
For this structure Ft = 0 , and the force at each level is
(V − Ft )W x hx  W h 
Fx = = V  x x 
 (30-15)
∑ Wi hi  ∑ Wi hi 

The vertical distribution of force to each level is given in Table 1A-3 below.
Table 1A-3. Distribution of base shear

wx hx w x hx w x hx Fx ΣV
Level
(kips) (ft) (k-ft) Σw x hx (kips) (kips)
Roof 6,687 62 414,594 0.39 1,811.3
4th 6,840 47 321,480 0.30 1,404.5 1,811.3
3rd 6,840 32 218,880 0.20 956.2 3,215.8
2nd 6,840 17 116,280 0.11 508.0 4,172.0
Total 27,207 1,071,234 1.00 4,680.0 4,680.0
2d. Determine horizontal distribution of force. §1630.6
Structures with concrete fill floor decks are generally assumed to have rigid
diaphragms. Forces are distributed to the braced frames per their relative rigidities.
In this Design Example, a three-dimensional computer model is used to determine
the distribution of seismic forces to each frame.
For rigid diaphragms, an accidental torsion must be applied (in addition to any
natural torsional moment), as specified in §1630.6. The accidental torsion is equal
to that caused by displacing the center of mass 5 percent of the building dimension
perpendicular to the direction of the applied lateral force.
For our structural computer model, this can be achieved by combining the direct
seismic force applied at the center of mass at each level with the accidental
torsional moment (M z ) at that level.
North-south seismic:
M t = 0.05(372 ft )Fx = (18.6)Fx
East-west seismic:
M t = 0.05(312 ft )Fx = (15.6 )Fx
Using the direct seismic forces and accidental torsional moments given in
Table 1A-4, the distribution of forces to the frames is generated by computer
analysis. (For the computer model, member sizes are initially proportioned by
preliminary hand calculations and then optimized by subsequent iterations.)

Table 1A-4. Accidental torsional moments

Fx N-S M t E-W M t
Level
(kips) (k-ft) (k-ft)
Roof 1,811.3 33,690 28,256
4th 1,404.5 26,124 21,910
3rd 956.2 17,785 14,917
2nd 508.0 9,449 7,925
From the computer analysis, forces in each bracing member are totaled to obtain
the seismic force resisted by each frame. The frame forces are then summed and
compare to the seismic base shear for a global equilibrium check. Forces at the
base of each frame are summarized in Table 1A-5 below:
Table 1A-5. Distribution of forces to frames

Direct Seismic Torsional Force Direct + Torsion
Frame
(kips) (kips) (kips)
East-West Direction
A1 1,023 61 1,084
A2 1,067 65 1,132
A3 1,063 26 1,089
A4 1,018 87 1,105
B1 509 12 521
Total 4,680 4,931
A5 977 77 1,054
North-South Direction
A6 937 76 1,013
A7 1,005 13 1,018
A8 1,280 134 1,414
B2 481 6 487
Total 4,680 4,986
Note that the torsional seismic component is always additive to the direct seismic
force. Sections 1630.6 and 1630.7 require that the 5 percent center-of-mass
displacement be taken from the calculated center-of-mass, and that the most severe
combination be used for design.
2e. Determine horizontal torsional moments. §1630.7
As shown above, the accidental torsional moment has been accounted for as
required by §1630.6. However, we must check for a torsional irregularity (per
Table 16-M, Type 1) to determine if a torsional amplification factor (Ax ) is
required under the provisions of §1630.7.

Torsional irregularity exists when the drift at one end of the structure exceeds
1.2 times the average drifts at both ends, considering both direct seismic forces
plus accidental torsion. For this evaluation, total seismic displacements at the roof
level are compared. The displacements in Table 1A-6 below are taken from the
computer model for points at the extreme corners of the structure.
Table 1A-6. Roof displacements

North-South @ Line A @ Line N Average Ratio (max/avg)
Direction 0.95 in 1.3 in 1.125 1.16 o.k.
East-West @ Line 1 @ Line 11 Average Ratio (max/avg)
Direction 1.05 in 1.22 in 1.135 1.07 o.k.
Because the maximum drift is less than 1.2 times the average drift, no torsional
irregularity exists. The relative displacements at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th floors are
similar to those at the roof; no torsional irregularities were found to exist at those
levels.
3. Interstory drift.
3a. Determine ∆s and ∆m. §1630.9
The design level response displacement (∆ S ) is obtained from a static elastic

analysis using the seismic forces derived from the design base shear. When
determining displacements, §1630.10.3 eliminates the upper limit on TB , allowing
for a reduction in seismic forces calculated using Equation (30-4). For this
example, the base shear could be reduced about 5 percent using TB with Equation
(30-4), with a proportional reduction in calculated drifts.
The maximum inelastic response displacement (∆ M ) includes both elastic and

estimated inelastic drifts resulting from the design basis ground motion:
∆ M = 0.7(R )∆ S = 0.7(6.4 )∆ S = 4.48∆ S (30-17)
The greatest calculated values for ∆ S and ∆ M are to be used, including torsional
effects. For determination of ∆ M , P∆ effects must be included. Story drift ratios
are calculated from lateral displacements at each level for both the north-south and
east-west directions (as generated by the computer analysis), and are presented in
the Table 1A-7.

Table 1A-7. Story displacements and drift ratios

Story Height (in.) ∆S (in.) ∆M (in.) Drift Ratio (1) (2)
4th 180 (1.30-1.04) = 0.26 1.16 0.0064
Displacements
North-South 3rd 180 (1.04-0.70) = 0.34 1.52 0.0084
2nd 180 (0.70-0.34) = 0.36 1.61 0.0089
1st 204 (0.34-0.0) = 0.34 1.52 0.0075
4th 180 (1.22-0.98) = 0.24 1.08 0.0060

Displacements
East-West
3rd 180 (0.98-0.67) = 0.31 1.39 0.0077
2nd 180 (0.67-0.34) = 0.33 1.48 0.0082
1st 204 (0.34-0.0) = 0.34 1.52 0.0075
Notes:
1. Interstory drift ratio = ∆ M /story height.
2. Maximum drift occurs at Line N for north-south direction and Line 11 for
east-west direction.
3b. Determine story drift limitation. §1630.10
Story drift limits are based on the maximum inelastic response displacements,
∆ M . For structures with T < 0.7 the maximum allowable drift is 0.025 times the
story height. A review of drift ratios tabulated in Table 1A-7 shows that all
interstory drift ratios are less than 0.025 using the period of Equation (30.4).
(Note: Using the full value for TB would result in a lower base shear and smaller
story displacement.)
The building has rigid diaphragms at all levels, including the roof. In this Part,
seismic forces on each diaphragm will be determined, and the roof level diaphragm
designed. The roof was selected because it is the most heavily loaded diaphragm.
4a. Determine diaphragm load distribution. §1633.2.9
In multistory buildings, diaphragm forces are determined by the following formula:
Ft + ∑ Fi
F px = (w px ) (33-1)
∑ wi
where:
0.5C a IW px < F px ≤ 1.0C a IW px §1633.2.9 Item 2

The diaphragm forces at each level, with the upper and lower limits, are calculated
as shown in Table 1A-8.
Table 1A-8. Diaphragm forces (kips)

Level Fi ΣFi wx Σw i Fpx 0.5Ca Iw px 1.0Ca Iw px
Roof 1,811.3 1,811.3 6,687 6,687 1,811.3 1,471.1 2,942.3
4th 1,404.5 3,215.8 6,840 13,527 1,626.1 1,504.8 3,009.6
3rd 956.2 4,172.0 6,840 20,367 1,401.1 1,504.8 3,009.6
2nd 508.0 4,680.0 6,840 27,207 1,176.6 1,504.8 3,009.6
Note: C a = 0.44 and I = 1.0 .
4b. Determine diaphragm shear.
The maximum diaphragm design force occurs at the roof level. To facilitate
diaphragm and collector design, this force is divided by the plan area to obtain an
average horizontal seismic force distribution, q roof .
1,811
q roof = = 0.020 kips/ft 2
90,720
The maximum diaphragm span occurs between Lines A and N, so the north-south
direction will control. Both loading and shear for the roof diaphragm under north-
south seismic forces are shown in Figure 1A-15.
Figure 1A-15. Roof diaphragm north-south seismic load and shear

The computer model assumes rigid diaphragms or load distribution to the frames.
In lieu of an exact analysis, which considers the relative stiffness of the diaphragm
and braced frames, we envelop the solution by next considering the diaphragms
flexible. Shears at each line of resistance are derived assuming the diaphragms
span as simple beam elements under a uniform load.
w1 = q roof (312 ft ) = 0.020(312) = 6.24 kips/ft
w2 = q roof (180 ft ) = 0.020(180 ) = 3.6 kips/ft
Diaphragm shears:
 180 
V A = VGA = 6.24   = 562 k
 2 
 192 
VGN = V N = 3.6   = 346 k
 2 
To fully envelop the solution, we compare the flexible diaphragm shear at Line N
with the force resisted by Frame A8 (Figure 1A-14) assuming a rigid diaphragm.
From the computer model, we find at Frame A8: Froof = 440 k . The force from the
rigid analysis (440 k) is greater than the force from the flexible analysis (346 k), so
the greater force is used to obtain the maximum diaphragm shear at Line N:
q N = 440 180 = 2.44 k/ft at Line N §1612.3.2
Using allowable stress design and the alternate load combinations of §1612.3.2, the
(12-13) basic load combination is:
 E 
  (12-13)
 1.4 
Maximum design shear:
 2.44 
qN =   = 1.74 kips/ft
 1.4 
With 3-1/4 inch lightweight concrete over 3"×20 gauge deck, using 4 puddle welds
per sheet, the allowable deck shear per the manufacturer’s ICBO evaluation report
is:
Vallow = 1.75 > 1.74 kips/ft o.k.

Other deck welds (e.g., parallel supports, seam welds) must also be designed for
this loading.
At seismic collectors, it is good practice to place additional welded studs in every

low flute of the deck for shear transfer.
4c. Determine collector and chord forces.
Using a flexible analysis and assuming diaphragm zone III acts as a simple beam
between Lines G and N (Figure 1A-16), for north-south seismic loads the
maximum chord force on lines 1 and 7 is:
wl 2 3.6(192) 2
CF = = = 92.2 kips §1633.2.9 Items 6 and 7
8d 8(180)
Note that this value must be compared to the collector force at Lines 1 and 7, and
the largest value used for design.
Figure 1A-16. Roof diaphragm zones
For structures with plan irregularity type 2, the code disallows the one-third stress
increase for allowable stress design for collector design (§1633.2.9, Item 6). This
code section also requires chords and collectors be designed considering
“independent movement of the projecting wings,” for motion of the wings in both
the same and opposing directions. There are two ways to achieve this:

1. Use a three dimensional computer model with membrane or thin-shell

diaphragm elements to capture the relative stiffness between the floor and
braces.
2. Make a simplifying assumption that gives reasonable values for collector

forces at the re-entrant corner.
For this example, the second option is chosen.
If each wing is assumed to be flexible relative to the central diaphragm (Zone II),
the wings can be considered as “fixed-pinned” beams. The maximum moment at
Line G is:
w2l 2 3.6(192)2
M fixed = = = 16,589 kips-ft
8 8
The maximum tie force (TG ) along Lines 1 and 7 at the intersections with Line G
is:
TG = 16,589 180 = 92.2 kips
With allowable diaphragm shear of 75 k/ft, this tie force must be developed back
into diaphragm zone II over a length of at least:
92.2 kips
= 37.6 ft
(1.4)1.75 kips/ft
Next, the collector forces for east-west seismic loads are determined. For Zone III
between Lines 1 and 7, the equivalent uniform lateral load is:
w3 = q (depth ) = 0.020(372 ) = 7.44 k/ft
The collector force at Line 1 is:
R1 = 7.44(180 2) = 670 kips
From the computer model, at the roof level the frames on Line 1 (Frames A1 and
A2) resist loads of 405 kips and 425 kips, respectively.
R1 = 405 A1 + 425 A2 = 830 kips > 670 kips

Therefore, the “rigid diaphragm” analysis governs, and the shear flow along Line 1
(q1 ) , is:
q1 = 830 372 = 2.23 kips/ft
As shown in Figure 1A-17, collector forces at points a, b, c, and d are:
Fa = 2.23(30 ) = 67 kips
Fb = 2.23(90 ) + 405 = 204 kips
Fc = 2.23(244 ) + 405 = 140 kips
Fd = 2.23(64 ) = 143 kips
The maximum collector force as shown in Figure 1A-17 is T = 204 kips .
Figure 1A-17. Collector force diaphragm at Line 1
The collector forces for east-west seismic loads exceed the chord forces calculated
for north-south seismic, and therefore govern the collector design at Line 1.
Use maximum T1 = 204 kips and minimum T1 = 140 kips .
The collector element can be implemented using either the wide flange spandrel
beams and connections or by adding supplemental slab reinforcing. In this
example, supplemental slab reinforcing is used. Under §1633.2.6, using the
strength design method, collectors must be designed for the special seismic load
combinations of §1612.4.
E m = Tm = Ω oT = (2.2)T §1633.2.6

Using the factored loads of §1612.4:
Tmu = (1.0 )E m = (1.0 )(2.2 )T §1612.4
Maximum Tmu = 2.2(204) = 449 kips (30-2)
Minimum Tmu = 2.2(140) = 308 kips
Maximum As = Tmu φ f y = 449 0.9 (60) = 8.3 in.2 (12-18)
(
∴ Use 11-#8 As = 8.69 in.2 )
Minimum As = 308 0.9 (60 ) = 5.7 in. 2
∴ Use 8-#8 (As = 6.32 in.2)
On Line 1, place 8-#8 bars continuous from Lines A to N, and additional 3-#8 (for
a total of 11) along frame A1 to Line G. With slab reinforcing, the collected load
must be transferred from the slab to the frame. This can be done with ¾" diameter
headed studs, again using the special seismic load combination of §1612.4.
At Frame A1:
 Ω F  1.0 (2.2 ) 405

vu = 1.0  o A1  = = 14.9 kips/ft
 LA1  60
The shear strength of ¾" diameter headed studs as governed in this case by the
concrete strength ( f ' c = 3,000 psi ) is derived from §1923.3.3:
φVc = φ800 Abλ f 'c = 0.65 (800)(0.44 )(0.75) 3,000 1,000
= 9.4 kips/stud §1923.3.3
The required number of studs per foot (n ) is:
14.9 kips/ft
n= = 1.59 studs/ft
9.4 kips/stud
∴ Use 2-3/4" diameter studs at 12-inch cc over length of Frame A1.

5. Braced frame member design. §2212
In this part, the design of a typical bay of bracing is demonstrated. The design bay,
taken from Elevation A, Figure 1A-4, is shown in Figure 1A-18. Member axial
forces and moments are given for dead, live, and seismic loads as output from the
computer model. All steel framing will be designed per Chapter 22, Division V,
Allowable Stress Design. Requirements for special concentrically braced frames
are given in §2213.9 of Chapter 22.
Figure 1A-18. Typical braced bay
TS brace @ 3rd story:
PDL = 24 kips
PLL = 11 kips
Pseis = 348 kips
PE = ρ (Pseis ) = 1.0(348 ) = 348 kips
WF beam @ 3rd floor:
M DL = 1,600 kip-in.
M LL = 1,193 kip-in.
V DL = 14.1 kips
V LL = 10.3 kips

Pseis = 72 kips
PE = ρ (Pseis ) = 1.0(72 ) = 72 kips
WF column @ 3rd story:
PDL = 67 kips
PLL = 30 kips
Pseis = 114 kips
M seis ≈ 0
PE = 1.0 (Pseis ) = 1.0(114 ) = 114 kips
5a. Diagonal brace design at the 3 story.

rd
§1612.3.1
The basic ASD load combinations of §1612.3.1 with no one-third increase are
used.
E 348
D+ : Ρ1 = 24 + = 273 k (compression) (12-9)
1.4 1.4
E
: Ρ2 = 0.9(24 ) −
348
0.9 D ± = −227 kips (tension) (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E   348 
D + 0.75 L +   : Ρ3 = 24 + 0.7511 + = 219 kips (compression) (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
The compressive axial load of Equation (12-9) controls. The clear unbraced length
(l ) of the TS brace is 18.5 feet, measured from the face of the beam or column.
Assuming k = 1.0 for pinned end,
kl = 1.0(18.5) = 18.5 ft §2213.9.2.1
kl 1,000
Maximum slenderness ratio: ≤
r Fy

1,000
For a tube section, F y = 46 ksi ∴ = 147.4
46
kl 12(18.5)
Minimum r = = = 1.51in. §2213.9.2.4
147.4 147.4
 b  110
Maximum width-thickness ratio   ≤ = 16.2
t Fy
Try TS 8 × 8 × 5 8 :
r = 2.96 > 1.51 in. o.k
b 8
= = 12.8 < 16.2 o.k.
t 0.625
For kl = 19 ft, Pallow = 324 kips > 273 kips o.k. AISC-ASD, pp. 3-41
∴ Use TS8 × 8 × 5 8
5b. rd
Girder design at the 3 floor.
The girder will be designed using the basic load combinations of §1612.3.1 as
noted above. The loads are:
D + L : M D +L = 1,600 + 1,193 = 2,793 kip-in. (12-8)
E 72
D± : Pseis = = 51.4 kips (12-9)
1.4 1.4
  E   72 
D + 0.75 L +   : Pseis = 0.75   = 38.6 kips (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
M D + L+ seis = 1,600 + 0.75(1,193) = 2,495 kip-in.

For the girder, use ASTM A36 steel with F y = 36 ksi . Assume that the bottom
beam flange is braced at third points
30
∴ly = = 10.0 ft
3
As a starting point for design, assume a beam with a cross-section area of area of
20 in.2 Find the required beam section modulus.
= 2.6 ksi , and maximum Fa = 0.6(36 ) = 21.6 ksi then,

51.4
fa =
20
fa 2.6
= = 0.12
Fa 21.6
For an allowable bending stress, use:
f b = (1 − 0.12 )(0.60)(36 ) = 19.0 ksi
2,793
∴ S req'd = 147 in.3
19.0
Try W 24 × 68 beam
S = 154 in.3
A = 20.1 in.2
rx = 9.55 in.
ry = 1.87 in.
 kl  12(30 )
  = = 37.7
 r x 9.55
 kl  12 (10.0 )
  = = 64.2
 r y 1.87
Fa = 17.02 ksi (compression governs) AISC-ASD, pp. 3-16

51.4
Maximum f a = = 2.55 ksi
20.1
fa 2.55
= = 0.149 < 0.15 o.k.
Fa 17.02
For combined stresses, use AISC Equation H1-3. AISC-ASD Part 5, Ch. H
Check load combination of Equation (12-8).
fb 2,793
= = 0.84 < 1.0 o.k.
Fb 154(21.6 )
fa f 2.55 1,600
+ b = + = 0.15 + 0.48 = 0.63 < 1.0 o.k.
Fa Fb 17.02 154(21.6 )
fa f 38.6 2,495
+ b = + = 0.11 + 0.75 = 0.86 < 1.0 o.k.
Fa Fb 20.1(17.02 ) 154(21.6 )
∴ Use W 24 × 68 girder
Note that §2213.9.1 requires the girders to be continuous through brace

connections between adjacent columns. For chevron bracing configurations,
several additional requirements are placed on the girder design. Those
requirements are addressed in Design Example 1C. The X-bracing configuration
shown in this Example ensures the desired post-buckling capacity of the braced
frame without inducing the large unbalanced seismic loading on the girder that
occurs in a chevron brace configuration.
5c. rd
Column design at the 3 floor.
The frame columns will also be designed using the basic load combinations of
§1612.3.1 with no one-third increase.
D + L : P0 = 67 + 30 = 97 kips (compression) (12-8)
E 114
D+ : P1 = 67 + = 148.4 kips (compression) (12-9)
1.4 1.4

E
: P2 = 0.9(67 ) −
114
0.9 D ± = 21.1 kips (tension) (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E   114 
D + 0.75 L +   : P3 = 67 + 0.75 30 + = 150.6 kips (compression) (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
Per the requirements of §2213.9.5, the columns must have the strength to resist the
special column strength requirements of §2213.5.1:
ΡDL + 0.7 ΡLL + Ω o ΡE :
Pcomp = 67 + 0.7(30 ) + 2.2(114 ) = 339 kips (compression) §2213.9.5, Item 1
0.85ΡDL ± Ω o ΡE :
Ρtens. = 0.85(67 ) − 2.2(114 ) = −194 kips (tension) §2213.5.1, Item 2
For the columns, ASTM A36 steel with F y = 36 ksi will be used.
The unbraced column height (floor height less ½ beam depth) is:
h = 15 − 1 = 14 ft
Try a W 10 × 49 column with kl = 14 ft
Pallow = 242 kips > 150.6 kips o.k. AISC-ASD, pp. 3-30
Check the column for the special column strength requirements of §2213.5 using
member strength per §2213.4.2:
Psc = 1.7 Pallow
Psc = 1.7(242 ) = 411 > 339 kips (compression) o.k.
Pst = F y A = 36(14.4) = 518.4 > 194 kips (tension) o.k. §2213.4.2
Note that §2213.5.2 places special requirements on column splices. To ensure the
column splice can meet the ductility demand from the maximum earthquake force
(E m ) , full-penetration welds at splices are recommended. The splice must occur
within the middle one-third of the column clear height, not less than 4 feet above
the beam flange.
Finally, §2213.9.5 requires that the columns meet the width-thickness ratio limits
of §2213.7.3:

bf
≤ 8.5 for F y = 36 ksi §2213.7.3
2t f
bf
For a W 10 × 49 =
10
(0.56) = 8.9 > 8.5 no good Division III, §2251N7
2t f 2
Try a W 10 × 54
bf
= 8.1 < 8.5 o.k. AISC-ASD, pp. 5-96
2t f
Thus, the column design is governed by the local buckling compactness criterion.
∴ Use W10 x 54
In this part, the connection of the TS8 × 8 brace to the W 10 column and W 24
girder will be designed. Connection of the braces to the mid-span of the girder is
similar, and is shown in Example 1C.
6a. Determine connection design forces. §2213.9.2
Section 2213.9.3.1 requires that bracing connections have the strength to resist the
lesser of:
3. The strength of the brace in axial tension, Pst .
4. Ω o times the design seismic forces, plus gravity loads.
5. The maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by the system.
For the TS8 × 8 × 5 8 brace used in the design bay, the connection force is taken as
the lesser of:
Pst = Fy A = 46(17.4 ) = 800.4 kips controls

or:
Pm = PD + PL + Ω o PE = (24 + 11) + 2.2 (348) = 800.6 kips
∴ Use 800.4 kips for design
6b. Design procedure using the uniform force method.
Based on research by AISC [Thornton, 1991], the Uniform Force Method (UFM)
has been presented as an efficient, reliable procedure for design of bracing
connections. The basis for the UFM is to configure the gusset dimensions so that
there are no moments at the connection interfaces: gusset-to-beam; gusset-to-
column; and beam-to-column. [For more information on the UFM, refer to AISC
1994 LRFD, Volume II, Connections.]
Figure 1A-19 illustrates the gusset configuration and connection interface forces
for the UFM. Note that the distances to the centroids of the gusset connection, ∝
and β , are coincident with the brace centerline. To achieve the condition of no
moments at the interfaces, the following relationship must be satisfied:
∝ − β tan θ = eb tan θ − ec
The connection forces are then given by these equations:
r= (α + ec )2 + (β + eb )2
α
H b =  Ρ
r
e 
Vb =  b  Ρ
 r 
β
Vc =   Ρ
r
e 
H c =  c Ρ
 r 
If the connection centroids do not occur at ∝ and β , moments are induced on the
connection interface. The UFM can also be applied to this condition (see the LRFD
Connections manual for the Special Case No. 2 example). In some cases, it may be
beneficial to first select proportions for the gusset, then design the welds using
unbalanced moments computed per the UFM Special Case No. 2.

6c. Gusset plate configuration and forces.
Application of the UFM essentially involves selecting of gusset dimensions, then

analyzing plate and connection stresses and capacities at the interfaces. It is
inherently a trial and error solution, and can readily be formatted for a spreadsheet
solution. For this example, welded connections are used from gusset-to-beam and
gusset-to-column. The beam-to-column connection will be made with high-
strength bolts.
A suggested starting point for determining the length of weld between gusset and
column (2 β ) is to assume half the total length of weld to the brace. Note that per
the AISC reference, these welds should be designed for the larger of the peak stress
or 140 percent of the average stress. The 40 percent increase is intended to enhance
ductility in the weld group, where gusset plates are welded directly to the beam or
column.
For this example brace connection, these parameters are fixed:
θ = 45°
= 5.0" (W 10 × 54)
10.0
ec =
2
= 11.9" (W 24 × 68)
23.7
eb =
2
α − β tan θ = eb tan θ − ec
α − β(1.0) = 11.9(1.0 ) − 5.0
∴ α = 6.9 + β
After a few trials, the following are selected: α = 15.9" and β = 9.0"
Using the axial strength of the brace, Pst = 800.4 kips , the connection interface
forces are as follows:
r= (15.9 + 5)2 + (9.0 + 11.9)2 = 29.56"
Gusset-to-beam:
 15.9   11.9 
H b = 800.4  = 431 kips , Vb = 800.4  = 322 kips
 29.56   29.56 

Gusset-to-column:
 9.0   5.0 
Vc = 800.4  = 244 kips , H c = 800.4  = 135 kips
 29.56   29.56 
From review of the computer output for the braced frame at the third floor, the
collector force (Ab ) to the beam connection is:
Ab = 41 kips
6d. Brace-to-gusset design.
Bracing connections must have the strength to develop brace member forces per
§2213.9.3.1. The capacities of the connection plates, welds and bolts are
determined under §2213.4.2.
Determine TS brace weld-to-gusset.
For 5/8-in. tube, minimum fillet weld is ¼-in. Try ½-in. fillet weld using E70
electrodes.
Per inch, weld capacity = 1.7(8)(0.928) = 12.62 kips-in. AISC-ASD Table J2.5
800.4
lreq = = 15.9" @ 4 locations
12.62 ( 2)(2)
∴ Use 18-inches of ½-in. fillet each side, each face
Check minimum gusset thickness for block shear:
[
RBS = (1.7 ) 0.30 Av Fu + 0.50 A t Fu ]
Fu = 58 ksi (A36 plate)
where:
Av = net shear area
At = net tension area
For TS 8 × 8 with Lweld = 18 in.
Av = 2(18)t , At = (8)t

RBS = (1.7 )[0.3(36 ) + 0.5(8)](58)(tmin ) = 1,361kips
tmin = 0.93 in.
∴ Use 1-in. plate gusset minimum, ASTM A36, F y = 36 ksi
Check gusset plate compression capacity. §2213.9.3.3
Section 2213.9.3.3 requires the gusset plate to have flexural strength exceeding
that of the brace, unless the out-of-plane buckling strength is less than the in-plane
buckling strength and a setback of 2t is provided as shown in Figure 1A-19. The
gusset plate must also be designed to provide the required compressive capacity
without buckling. The 2t setback is a minimum requirement. A setback of 3t
provides for construction tolerance for brace fit-up, and should be considered
during design.
From Figure 1A-19, the gusset plate provides much greater in-plane fixity for the
tube. The effective length factor (k ) for out-of-plane buckling is by observation
greater than the in-plane factor (k ) , so the out-of-plane buckling strength will be
less than the in-plane buckling strength. The setback of 2t promotes enhanced
post-buckling behavior of the brace by allowing for hinging in the gusset instead of
the brace.
The gusset plate must be designed to carry the compressive strength of the brace
without buckling. Using the Whitmore’s Method (see AISC LRFD Manual Vol.
II), the effective plate width at Line A-A of Figure 1A-19a is:
b = tube width + 2 (λ w ) tan 30° = 8 + 2 (18) tan 30° = 28.8 in.
The unsupported plate length Lu is taken as the centerline length from the end of
the brace to the edge of beam or column. From Figure 1-19a, this length measures
20 in. As recommended by Astaneh-Asl [1998], a value of k = 1.2 will be used.
Maximum l u = 20 in.
t 1.0
r= = = 0.289 in. AISC-ASD, Table C-36
12 3.464
kl 1.2 (20 )
= = 83.0 ∴ for F y = 36 ksi, Fa = 15.0 ksi
r 0.289
Gusset capacity:
Pplate = 1.7(1.0)(28.8)(15.0 ) = 734 kips §2213.4.2

TS 8 × 8 brace compression capacity:
Pbrace = 1.7(324 ) = 551 < 734 kips o.k.
Comment: Where tube sections are slotted for gusset plates, as shown in
Figure 1A-19, recent testing has shown that over-cut slots are of concern. Net
section fracture at the end of the slot should be checked considering shear lag at
the connection. If required, it is recommended that the tube section be reinforced
with a cover plate at the end of the slot.
a. Symbols for connection design b. Force diagram at gusset plate
c. Force diagram at column d. Force diagram at beam
Figure 1A-19. Connection design using the uniform force method (UFM)

6e. Gusset-to-beam design.
In this section, the connection of the 1-inch-thick plate gusset to the W24 beam
will be designed. The weld length from gusset to beam is the plate length less the
1-inch clear distance between the beam and column.
l w = 2(15.9 − 1.0 clr ) = 29.8"
Per inch of effective throat area, weld stresses are:
Hb 431
fx = = = 7.23 ksi (x-component)
2(l w ) 2(29.8)
Vb 322
fy = = = 5.40 ksi (y-component)
2(l w ) 2(29.8)
2
fr = (7.23)2 + (5.40) = 9.0 ksi (resultant)
For E70 electrodes, the allowable weld strength is: §2213.4.2
Fw = 1.7(0.3)(70 ksi ) = 35.7 ksi
The required weld size is:
9.0
t weld = = 0.36 in.
35.7(0.707 )
Under AISC specifications (Table J2.4), the minimum weld for a 1-inch gusset
plate is 5/16-in., but as noted in Part 6c, we increase the weld size by a factor of
1.4 for ductility.
t weld = 0.36(1.4 ) = 0.50 in. use ½-in. fillet weld
Comparing the double-sided fillet to the allowable plate shear stress, the minimum
plate thickness is:
2 (0.707 )(21)(0.50 )
t pl = = 1.0 in.
0.4 (36.0 )
∴ 1-inch plate o.k.

Check compressive stress in web toe of W 24 × 68 beam:
t w = 0.415 in.
k = 1.375 in.
N = lw = 29.8 in.
R = Vb = 322 kips
R
≤ 1.33(0.66 )F y AISC-ASD, K1.3
t w (N + 2.5 k )
= 23.3 ksi ≤ 1.33 (0.66 )(36 ksi ) = 31.6 ksi

322 kips
o.k.
(0.415)(29.8 + 2.5 (1.375))
6f. Gusset-to-column design.
The gusset plate connection to the column is designed using the same procedure as
the gusset-beam connection.
The weld length to the column is:
lw = 2(9 ) = 18 in.
Per inch of effective throat area, weld stresses are:
Hc 135
fx = = = 3.75 ksi (x-component)
2(l w ) 2(18)
Vc 244
fy = = = 6.77 ksi (y-component)
2(l w ) 2(18)
fr = (3.75)2 + (6.77 )2 = 7.75 ksi (resultant)
Determine the required weld size, with the 1.4 factor to enhance ductility of the
weld.
 7.75 ksi 
t weld = 1.4   = 0.42 in.
 35.7(0.707 )
∴ ½-in. fillet weld o.k.

Check compressive stress in the web toe of the W 10 × 54 column:
R 135
= = 17.3 ksi AISC-ASD K1.3
t (N + 2.5k ) (0.37 )(18 + 2.5(1.25))
1.33(0.66 )(36 ksi ) = 31.6 ksi > 17.3 ksi o.k.
6g. Beam-to-column connection.
The connection of the W 24 beam to the W 10 column must carry the dead and live
loads on the beam as well as the vertical and horizontal components of the brace
force transferred from the gusset plates to the top and bottom of the beam.
From the diagonal brace above the beam (see Figure 1A-19d), the connection
forces to the beam are:
Ab + H c = 41 + 135 = 176 kips
Rb = V DL + V LL = 14.1 + 10.3 = 24.4 kips
Rb + Vb = 24.4 + 322 = 346 kips
The diagonal brace below the beam also contributes to the beam-to-column
connection forces. The horizontal component from the brace below (H c ) acts
opposite to the brace above, while the vertical component (Vb ) adds to that from
the brace above. The connection forces above are based on the tensile capacity of
the brace, so it is reasonable to use the compressive strength of the brace below.
Assuming a TS8 × 8 × 5 8 -in. brace below:
Psc = 1.7(324 ) = 551 kips
∴ Vb = 322(551 800 ) = 222 kips
H c = 135(551 800) = 93 kips
The net beam-to-column connection forces (as shown in Figure 1A-19b) are:
Ab + H c = 176 − 93 = 83 kips
Rb + Vb = 346 + 222 = 568 kips

Using an eccentricity of ± 3 inches:
M ecc = (3)(568) = 1,704 kip-in.
Try a single shear plate (A572 grade 50) with 2 rows of 7-1¼-inch diameter A490
SC bolts (14 bolts total) and a complete penetration weld from the shear tab to the
column. Slip critical bolts are required for connections subject to load reversal per
AISC. Check the plate and weld stresses with capacities per §2213.4.2. Assuming
a plate thickness of 1-inch, stresses are:
Shear tab length = 6(3") + 3" = 21 in.
83
fx = = 3.95 ksi (x-component)
(21)(1)
568
fy = = 27.0 ksi (y-component)
(21)(1)
Z plastic =
(21)2 = 110.3
4
1,704
f x⋅x = = 15.4 ksi (rotation)
110.3
fr = (27.0)2 + (3.95 + 15.4)2 = 33.2 ksi (resultant)
(
Required minimum plate thickness F y = 50 ksi : )
f r (1) 33.2
t PL = = = 0.66 in.
Fy 50
Try ¾-in. shear tab with complete penetration weld to column. §2213.4.2
Check shear capacity of plate.
Vs = 0.55 F y dt = 0.55 (50 )(21)(0.75) = 433 kips < 568 kips no good
Try 1-inch plate.
 1.0 
Allowable Vc = 433   = 577 kips > 568 kips o.k.
 0.75 
∴Use 1-in. plate shear tab

Check shear plate net area for tension. §2213.9.3.2

§2213.8.3.2
Ae 1.2αF *
≥ (13-6)
Ag Fu
where:
83
F* = = 3.95 ksi
(1.0)(21)
1.2αF * 1.2(1.0 )3.95

= = 0.073
Fu 65
Ae = 21(1.0) − 7 (1.375)(1.0) = 11.38 in.
Ae 11.38
= = 0.54 > 0.073 o.k.
Ag 21.0
Check bolt capacity for combined shear and tension.
Per bolt:
83
Fx = = 5.9 kips
14
568
Fy = = 40.6 kips
14
FR = (5.9)2 + (40.6)2 = 41.0 kips
For 1-1/4-in. diameter A490-SC bolts, the allowable shear bolt is:
Vbolt = 1.7(25.8) = 43.9 kips > 41.0 kips o.k.
∴Use 1¼-inch A90-SC bolts

Commentary
As shown on the frame elevations (Figure 1A-4), a horizontal steel strut has been
provided between the columns at the foundation. Welded shear studs are installed
on this strut with the capacity to transfer the horizontal seismic force resisted by
the frame onto the foundations, through grade beams or the slab-on-grade. This
technique provides redundancy in the transfer of seismic shear to the base, and is
recommended as an alternate to transferring the frame shear force solely through
the anchor bolts.
References
AISC-ASD, 1989. Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design.

American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, Illinois. 9th Edition.
AISC/LRFD, 1994. Manual of Steel Construction, Load and Resistance Factor

Design. Volumes I and II. American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago,
Illinois. 2nd Edition.
Astaneh-Asl, A., 1998. “Seismic Behavior and Design of Gusset Plates,” Steel-
Tips. Structural Steel Educational Council.
Cochran, Michael, 2000. “Design and Detailing of Steel SCBF Connections,”

SEAONC Seminar Series. Structural Engineers Association of California,
Sacramento, California.
Hassan, O. and Goel, S., 1991. Seismic Behavior and Design of Concentrically
Braced Steel Structures. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan.
ICBO, 1998. Maps of Known Active Fault Near-Source Zones in California and
Adjacent Portions of Nevada. International Conference of Building Officials,
Whittier, California.
Lee, S. and Goel, S., 1987. Seismic Behavior of Hollow and Concrete Filled
Square Tubular Bracing Members. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of
Michigan.
Sabelli, R., and Hohbach, D., 1999. “Design of Cross-Braced Frames for
Predictable Buckling Behavior,” Journal of Structural Engineering. American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.125, no.2, February 1999.
Thornton, W., 1991. “On the Analysis and Design of Bracing Connections,”
National Steel Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Steel Construction,
pp. 26.1-26.33 Chicago, Illinois.


Design Example 1B ! Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame
Design Example 1B
Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame
Figure 1B-1. Four-story steel frame office building with ordinary concentric braced frames (OCBF)
Overview
This Design Example illustrates the differences in design requirements for an

ordinary concentric braced frame (OCBF) and a special concentric braced frame
(SCBF) (illustrated in Design Example 1A). The same four-story steel frame
structure from Example 1A is used in this Design Example (Figure 1B-1).
Building weights, dimensions, and site seismicity are the same as Example 1A.
Coefficients for seismic base shear are revised as required for the OCBF. The
“typical design bay” is revised for the OCBF, and the results compared to those for
the SCBF structure.
It is recommended that the reader first review Design Example 1A before reading
this Design Example. Refer to Example 1A for plans and elevations of the
structure (Figures 1A-1 through 1A-4).

In the Blue Book Commentary (C704.12), OCBFs are not recommended for
areas of high seismicity or for essential facilities and special occupancy
structures. SCBFs are preferred for those types of structures, since SCBFs
are expected to perform better in a large earthquake due to their ductile
design and detailing. OCBFs are considered more appropriate for use in
one-story light-framed construction, non-building structures and in areas
of low seismicity.
Outline
1a. Classify the structural system. §1629.6
The structure is a building frame system with lateral resistance provided by

ordinary braced frames (System Type 2.4.a of Table 16-N). The seismic factors
are:
R = 5.6
Ω = 2.2
hmax = 160 ft Table 16-N

1b. Select lateral force procedure. §1629.8.3
The static lateral force procedure will be used, as permitted for irregular structures
not more than five stories or 65 feet in height.
1c. Determine seismic response coefficients. §1629.4.3
For Zone 4 and Soil Profile Type SD:
C a = 0.44(N a ) = 0.44(1.0 ) = 0.44 Table 16-Q
C v = 0.64(N v ) = 0.64(1.08) = 0.69 Table 16-R
1d. Evaluate structure period T.
From Design Example 1A:
TB = 0.57 sec §1630.2.2
1e. Determine design base shear. §1630.2.1
Cv I 0.69(1.0)
V = W = W = 0.216W (30-4)
RT 5.6(0.57)
Base shear need not exceed:
2 .5C a I 2 . 5 ( 0 . 44 ) (1 . 0 )
V = W = = 0 . 196 W (30-5)
R 5 .6
For Zone 4, base shear shall not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(0.4)(1.08)(1.0)
V = W = = 0.062W (30-7)
R 5.6
Equation 30-5 governs base shear.
∴ V = 0.196W

1f. Determine earthquake load combinations. §1630.1
20
Reliability/redundancy factor ρ = 2 − (30-3)
rmax Ab
From Design Example 1A, use ρ = 1.0 .
For the load combinations of §1630.1:
E = ρE h + E v = 1.0(V ) (30-1)
E m = ΩE h = 2.2(V ) (30-2)
2a. Building weights and mass distribution.
The weight and mass distribution for the building is shown in Table 1B-1. These
values are taken from Design Example 1A.
Table 1B-1. Mass properties summary

W X cg Ycg M MMI
Level
(kips) (ft) (ft) (kip⋅ sec2/in.) (kip ⋅ sec2 ⋅ in.)
Roof 6,687 161.1 1,80.9 17.3 316,931
4th 6,840 161.1 1,80.9 17.7 324,183
3rd 6,840 161.1 1,80.9 17.7 324,183
2nd 6,840 161.1 1,80.9 17.7 324,183
Total 27,207 70.4
2b. Determine total base shear.
As noted above, Equation (30.5) governs, and
V = 0.196W = 0.196(27207) = 5,333 kips (30-5)

For the Static lateral force procedure, vertical distribution of force to each level is
applied as follows:
(V − Ft )W x h x  W h 
Fx = = V  x x 
 (30-15)
∑ Wi hi  ∑ Wi hi 
Table 1B-2. Distribution of base shear

Level
(kips) (ft) (ft) Σw x hx (kips) (kips)
Roof 6,687 62 414,594 0.39 2,064
4th 6,840 47 321,480 0.30 1,600 2,064
3rd 6,840 32 218,880 0.20 1,090 3,665
2nd 6,840 17 116,280 0.11 579 4,754
Total 27,207 1,071,234 1.00 5,333 5,333
3. Calculate interstory drift.
3a. Determine ∆M.
The maximum inelastic response displacement, ∆ M , is determined per

§1630.9.2 as:
∆ M = 0.7(R )∆ S = 0.7(5.6 )∆ S = 3.92∆ S (30-17)
3b. Check story drift.
The maximum interstory drift (obtained from a computer analysis and summarized
in Table 1A-7 of Design Example 1A) occurs in the north-south direction at the
second story, and is 0.36 inches with R = 5.6 . This value must be adjusted for the
R = 6.2 used for OCBF systems.
 6.2 
∆ S drift =   (0.36") = 0.40 in.
 5.6 
∆ M drift = 0.40(3.92 ) = 1.57 in.
1.57
Drift ratio = = 0.009 < 0.025 o.k. 1630.10.2
180

Comment: The elastic story displacement is greater for the SCBF than the OCBF,
but the maximum inelastic displacement (∆ M ) is equivalent to the SCBF. Drift
limitations rarely, if ever, govern braced frame designs. And, as a design
consideration, there is essentially no difference in the calculated maximum drifts
for OCBFs and SCBFs.
Braced frame member design will be done using the same typical design bay as
shown in Example 1A. SCBF member seismic forces are increased proportionally
for the OCBF using a ratio of the R values. Member axial forces and moments for
dead load and seismic loads are shown below (Figure 1B-2). All steel framing is
designed per Chapter 22, Division V, Allowable Stress Design. Requirements for
braced frames, except SCBF and EBF, are given in §2213.8.
Figure 1B-2. Typical braced bay
Ρ DL = 24 kips
ΡLL = 11 kips
ΡE = 400 kips

WF beam @ 3rd floor:
M DL = 1600 kip-in.
M LL = 1193 kip-in.
V DL = 14.1 kips
V LL = 10.3 kips
ΡE = 83 kips
WF column @ 3rd story:
ΡDL = 67 kips
ΡLL = 30 kips
ΡE = 130 kips
ME ≈ 0
4a. rd
Diagonal brace design at the 3 story.
The basic ASD load combinations of §1612.3.1 with no one-third increase will be
used.
E 400
D+ : P1 = 24 + = 310 kips (compression) (12-9)
1.4 1.4
E
: P2 = 0.9(24 ) −
400
0.9 D ± = −264 kips (tension) (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E   400 
D + 0.75 L +   : P3 = 24 + 0.7511 + = 246 kips (compression) (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
The compressive axial load of Equation (12-9) controls.
The unbraced length, lw, of the TS brace is 18.5 feet.
The effective length kl = 1.0(18.5) = 18.5 feet .

Maximum slenderness ratio:
kl 720
≤ §2213.8.2.1
r Fy
For a tube section:
Fy = 46 ksi
720
∴ = 106
46
kl 12(18.5)
Minimum r = = = 2.09 in.
106 106
 b  110
Maximum width-thickness ratio   ≤ = 16.2 §2213.8.2.5
t Fy
Try TS 10 × 10 × 5 8 .
r = 3.78 > 2.09" o.k.
b 10
= = 16.0 < 16.2 o.k.
t 0.625
For an OCBF, the capacity of bracing members in compression must be reduced by

the stress reduction factor “B” per §2213.8.2:
Fas = BFa (13-4)
B = 1 /{1 + [(K l r ) / (2C c )]} (13-5)
where:
2π 2 E
Cc = AISC-ASD §E2
Fy
1.0(12)(18.5)
( Kl ) / r = = 58.7
3.78
1
B= = 0.79
1 + [58.7 2 (111.6 )]

For kl = 18.5 ft
Pallow = 482 kips AISC-ASD, pp. 3-41
Pas = (0.79)(482) = 380 > 310 kips o.k.
∴ Use TS 10 × 10 × 5 8
4b. rd
Girder design at the 3 story.
From a review of Design Example 1A, the vertical load moment governs the girder
design. With only a nominal increase in axial force from seismic loading, the
girder is okay by inspection.
4c. Column design at the 3 story.

rd
The columns will be designed using the basic ASD load combinations with no one-
third increase.
D + L : Ρ1 = 67 + 30 = 97 kips (compression) (12-8)
E 130
D+ : Ρ1 = 67 + = 160 kips (compression) (12-9)
1.4 1.4
E
: Ρ2 = 0.9(67 ) −
130
0.9 D ± = 33 kips (tension) (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E   130 
D + 0.75 L +   : Ρ3 = 67 + 0.7530 + = 159 kips (compression) (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
For the columns, ASTM A36 steel with F y = 36 ksi . The unbraced column height is:
h = 15 − 1 = 14 ft
Per AISC-ASD manual, p. 3-30, select a W 10 × 49 column with kl = 14 ft .
Pallow = 242 > 160 kips o.k. AISC-ASD pp. 3-30
∴ Use W 10 × 49 column

Note that without the local buckling compactness requirement of §2213.9.2.4, the
W 10 × 49 works in the OCBF, where a W 10 × 54 is required for the SCBF of
Example 1A. Also note that the special column strength requirements of §2213.5.1
do not apply to the OCBF. The relaxation of ductility requirements for the OCBF
reflects lesser inelastic displacement capacity than the SCBF, hence the greater
seismic design forces for the OCBF.
5. Braced connection design. §2213.8.3
The design provisions for OCBF connections are nearly identical to those for
SCBF connections, with one significant difference. The SCBF requirements for
gusset plates do not apply to OCBF connections. Therefore, the minimum “2t”
setback, as shown in Figure 1A-19(a) of Design Example 1A for the SCBF, may be
eliminated. This allows the end of the tube brace to extend closer to the beam-
column intersection, thereby reducing the size of the gusset plate.
Under the requirements of §2213.8.3.1, the OCBF connections must be designed

for the lesser of:
1. PST = F y A = 46( 22.4) = 1030 kips §2213.8.3.1
2. PM = PD + PL + Ω M PE = ( 24 + 11) + 2.2( 400) = 915 kips
3. Maximum force that can be transferred to brace by the system.
The remainder of the connection design follows the same procedure as for Design
Example 1A, with all components designed for the 915 kip force derived above.

Design Example 1C ! Chevron Braced Frame
Design Example 1C
Chevron Braced Frame
Figure 1C-1. Four-story steel frame office building with chevron braced frames
Overview
This Example illustrates the additional design requirements for chevron bracing
designed as either an Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame (OCBF) or a Special
Concentric Braced Frame (SCBF). The typical design bay from Design
Example 1A is modified for use in this example. For comparison, the member
forces are assumed to be the same as for Design Examples 1A and 1B. It is
recommended that the reader first review Design Examples 1A and 1B before
reading this example. Refer to Design Example 1A for plans and elevations of the
structure (Figures 1A-1 through 1A-4).

Outline
1. Bracing configuration.
2. Chevron bracing design under OCBF requirements.
3. Chevron bracing design under SCBF requirements.
4. Brace to beam connection design.
1. Bracing configuration. §2213.2, 2213.8
Section 2213.2 defines chevron bracing as “…that form of bracing where a pair of
braces located either above or below a beam terminates at a single point within the
clear beam span.” It also defines V-bracing and inverted V-bracing as chevron
bracing occurring above or below the beam (Figure 1C-2).
Chevron V-bracing Chevron inverted V-bracing
Figure 1C-2. Chevron bracing elevations
As discussed in the Blue Book Commentary §C704.9, the seismic performance of

chevron braces can degrade under large cyclic displacements if the diagonals have
poor post-buckling behavior. For this reason, the design force for chevron bracing
in OCBF systems is increased so that the bracing members remain elastic during
moderate earthquakes. Chevron bracing in SCBF systems has demonstrated
enhanced post-buckling behavior, due to the additional design parameters placed

on SCBF members and connections. Chevron braces designed to SCBF

requirements are therefore not subject to the load amplification factor
(§2213.8.4.1, Item 1) imposed on chevron braces in OCBF systems.
Recognizing that the buckling capacity of the compression diagonals is critical to

all forms of braced frame performance, §2213.8.2.3 requires that no more than 70
percent of the diagonals act in compression along any line of bracing. By providing
some balance in the distribution of tension and compression diagonals, ultimate
inelastic story drifts are compatible for both directions.
The typical design bay from Design Example 1A is re-configured for chevron
inverted V-bracing, as shown below in Figure 1C-3.
Figure 1C-3. Typical chevron braced bay under OCBF requirements
2. Chevron bracing design under OCBF requirements.
For comparison, assume the forces to the diagonal bracing members are the same
as for Example 1B:
PDL = 24 kips
PLL = 11 kips
PE = 400 kips

For OCBF chevron bracing, §2213.8.4.1 requires that the seismic force be
increased by a factor of 1.5:
PE = 1.5(400 ) = 600 kips §2213.8.4
Also note that the same section requires the beam to be continuous between
columns, and that the beam be capable of supporting gravity loads without support
from the diagonal braces. From Design Example 1A, the W 24 × 68 girder satisfies
these conditions.
For the diagonal brace at the third story, we have the following basic ASD load
combinations with no one-third increase:
E 600
D+ : P1 = 24 + = 453 kips (compression) (12-9)
1.4 1.4
: P2 = 0.9(24 ) −
E 600
0.9 D ± = −407 kips (tension) (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E   600 
D + 0.75 L +   : P3 = 24 + 0.75 11 + = 354 kips (compression) (12-11)
  1.4   1.4 
The compressive axial load of Equation (12-9) controls.
From Design Example 1B, the capacity of a TS 10 × 10 × 5 8 tube section, adjusted

by the stress reduction factor (B ) of §2213.8.2.2 is:
Pas = 342 kips < 453 kips n.g. §2213.8.2.5
The TS 10 × 10 × 5 8 is the largest section that satisfies the width-thickness ratio

for tubes as required by §2213.8.2.5. A wide flange section using A572 grade. 50
( )
steel F y = 50 ksi will be required in lieu of a tube section.
Effective length @ centerline: kl = 1.0 (18.5) = 18.5 ft §2213.8.2.1
kl 720
Maximum slenderness ratio: ≤
r Fy
720
For F y = 50 ksi; = 102
50

kl 12(18.5)
∴ Minimum r = = = 2.18 in.
102 102
 bf  65
Maximum width-thickness ratio  ≤
 = 9.2 AISC-ASD, Table B5.1
 2t  Fy
Try W 12 × 120 brace:
ry = 3.13 > 2.18 in. o.k.
bf
= 5.6 < 9.2 o.k.
2t
Stress reduction factor: §2213.8.2.2
Pas = BPa (13-4)
B = 1 /{1 + [(kl / r ) / 2C c ]} (13-5)
1.0(12)(18.5)
kl / ry = = 70.9
3.13
1
B= = 0.75
1 + [70.9 / 2(107)]
For kl = 18.5
Pa = 733 kips AISC-ASD, pp. 3-27
Pas = (0.75)(733) = 550 > 453 kips o.k.
∴Use W 12 × 120 brace member
3. Chevron bracing design under SCBF requirements. §2213.9.4.1
For SCBF chevron bracing, §2213.9.4.1 does not require the seismic force to be
increased by a factor of 1.5 as is required for OCBF chevron braces. This provision
is waived for SCBF chevron bracing due to an additional requirement for beam
design. As for OCBF braces, §2213.9.4.1 also requires the beam to be continuous
between columns, and that the beam be capable of supporting gravity loads
without support from the diagonal braces. Additionally, for special chevron
bracing, the beam intersected by chevron braces is to have sufficient strength to
resist gravity loads combined with unbalanced brace forces. This requirement

provides for overall frame stability, and enhanced post-buckling behavior, with
reduced contribution from the buckled compression bracing members.
For comparison, assume the member forces remain the same as for Design
Example 1A.
PDL = 24 kips
PLL = 11 kips
PE = 348 kips
WF beam @ 3rd story:
M LL = 1,193 kip-in.
V DL = 14.1 kips
V LL = 72 kips
PE = 72 kips
3a. Diagonal brace design.
The diagonal brace design for the SCBF chevron brace remains the same as that of
the two-story X-brace presented in Design Example 1A.
∴ Use TS 8 × 8 × 5 8 brace member
3b. rd
Beam design at the 3 floor.
As demonstrated in Design Example 1A, the W 24 × 68 beam satisfies the basic

load combinations of §1612.3.1. However, the unbalanced brace force specified in
§2213.9.4.1 imposes a severe mid-span point load to the beam. Using a TS
8 × 8 × 5 8 section, the brace forces are as follows:
( )
Pst = A F y = 17.4(46 ) = 800.4 kips
Psc = 1.7 Pallow = 1.7(324 ) = 551 kips

The maximum unbalanced brace force Pb is taken as the net difference of the
vertical components of Pst and 0.3Psc as show in Figure 1C-4. §2213.9.4.1
P st 0.3P sc
Figure 1C-4. Unbalanced chevron brace forces
Pb = 0.707[800.4 − 0.3(551)] = 449 kips
M b = Pb L 4 = 449(12)(30 ) 4 = 40,410 kip-in.
The beam must have the strength to resist load combinations similar to the Special
Seismic Combinations of §1612.4:
1.2 D + 0.5L + Pb §2213.9.4.1, Item 3
M max = 1.2(1,600 ) + 0.5(,1193) + 40,410 = 42,927 kip-in.
0.9 D − Pb
M min = 0.9(1600) − 40410 = −38970 kip − in.
Neglecting consideration of composite beam action, and using the flexural

strength, the minimum required plastic modulus Z is solved below (using A572
grade 50 steel).
( )
M s = Z F y > M max
∴ Z reqd ≥ 42927 50 = 859 in.3
Try W 36 × 232
Z = 936 in.3 > 859 in.3 o.k.
∴Use W 36 × 232 beam

To complete the beam design, the beam-to-column connection should be checked

for the reaction from vertical load plus (Pb 2) .
Comment: From the foregoing examples in Parts 2 and 3, it is apparent that

compared to X-bracing, chevron bracing will require a substantial increase in
member sizes. For the OCBF chevron-braced system, the brace size will increase,
possibly resulting in larger demands at the connections. For the SCBF chevron
bracing, the beam size increases to provide the capacity to meet the strength
demand imposed by the unbalanced, post-buckling brace forces. Given their
superior cyclic performance, it is recommended that SCBF chevron bracing be
used in regions of moderate to high seismicity.
4. Brace to beam connection design. §2213.9.3.1
The brace to beam connection is shown in Figure 1C-5 below. This Example uses
the SCBF bracing and forces. The design for the OCBF connection is similar,
without the 2t setback between the end of the brace and the line of restraint for the
gusset plate, as required for SCBF systems.
Figure 1C-5. Chevron brace-to-beam connection

4a. Gusset plate design.
From Design Example 1A, the TS 8 × 8 × 5 8 brace strength is used for connection
design. The brace-to-gusset design is as given in Part 6d of Design Example 1A:
Connection force:
( )
Pst = A F y = 800.4 kips
Brace weld to gusset:
18" of 1
2" fillet weld each side each face
Gusset plate thickness:
1" plate gusset minimum
The gusset plate is also checked for shear and bending at the interface with the
beam. From Figure 1C-5 we determine the plate length to be 86 inches.
Check plate shear stress:
2(800.4)
V Plate = = 1,132 kips
2
1,132 kips
fv = = 13.1 ksi
1.0(86 in.)
Allow Fv = 0.55 F y = 0.55(36 ) = 19.8 ksi o.k. §2213.4.2
Check plate bending stress.
From Figure 1-4, use an assumed moment couple length as distance between
intersections of brace centerlines with beam flange.
2(18)(800.4 )
M plate = = 20,375 kip-in.
2
1.0(86 )2
Z= = 1,849 in.4
4
20,375
fb = = 11.0 ksi
1,849

The allowable compressive bending stress is governed by the unsupported plate

length perpendicular to the beam. From Figure 1C-5:
l 2 = 10" and assume k = 1.2
kl 1.2(10 )
= = 41.4 AISC-ASD, Table C-36
r 0.29(1.0 )
∴ Fa = 19.08 ksi
Allowable Fsc = 1.7(Fa ) = 1.7(19.08) = 32.4 ksi > 11.0 ksi o.k.
∴Use 1-inch plate gusset
4b. Gusset to beam design.
Length of weld to beam is l w = 86 inches. Minimum fillet weld for 1-inch plate is
5/16-inch. Per inch of effective throat area, weld stresses are:
V 1,132
fx = = = 6.58 ksi (x-axis)
2(l w ) 2(86)
M 20,375(6 )
fy = = = 8.26 ksi (y-axis)
Sw 2(86 )2
fr = (6.58)2 + (8.26)2 = 10.56 ksi (resultant)
Allow Fw = 1.7(0.3)70 = 35.7 ksi §2213.4.2
10.56
Required weld size: t w = = 0.41in.
0.707(35.7 )
∴ Use 1/2-inch fillet weld each side plate

Commentary
The Blue Book Commentary warns that even with the strong-beam SCBF chevron,
configurations may be susceptible to large inelastic displacements and P-delta
effects. To mitigate these effects, chevron configurations that use two-story
X-bracing or zipper columns are recommended. These bracing configurations are
presented in the section Factors That Influence Design at the beginning of Design
Example 1A.


Design Example 2 ! Eccentric Braced Frame
Design Example 2
Eccentric Braced Frame
Figure 2-1. Eccentric braced frame (EBF) building
Overview
Use of eccentric braced frames (EBFs) in steel frame buildings in high seismic
regions is a fairly recent development. This system was introduced in the 1988
UBC. While the concept has been thoroughly tested in laboratories, it has not yet
been extensively tested in actual earthquakes. Many structural engineers, however,
feel that it offers superior earthquake resistance. Following the problems with steel
moment frame connections in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, many buildings that
previously would have been designed as SMRF structures are now being designed
with EBF systems.
Eccentric braced frames may be configured with several geometric patterns,

including centrally located links (as chosen in this problem) or with links located
adjacent to columns. When links are located adjacent to columns, a seismic SMRF
connection is required at the link beam/column intersection. Several papers and
many practitioners recommend that configurations using centrally located links be
chosen to avoid the use of link beam/column SMRF connections, which increase
the risk of brittle failure. Braces may be oriented to slope up to central link beams
(inverted “V” braces) or down (“V” braces) to central link beams. Also, a two-
story frame section can be designed with upper and lower braces meeting at a
common link beam located between the two levels.

It is also desirable to prevent single-story yield mechanisms. Some options for this
include using inverted braces at two levels with common link beams, which
ensures two story yield mechanisms, or zipper columns at either side of link beams,
extending from the second level to the roof, which ensures multi-story
mechanisms.
In this Design Example, the five-story steel frame building shown schematically in
Figure 2-1 is to have eccentric braced frames for its lateral force resisting system.
The floor and roof diaphragms consist of lightweight concrete fill over steel
decking. A typical floor/roof plan for the building is shown in Figure 2-2. A typical
EBF frame elevation is shown in Figure 2-3.
The typical frame is designed in both allowable stress design (ASD) and load and
resistance factor design (LRFD) because the code allows a designer the choice of
either design method. The LRFD method is from the 1997 AISC-Seismic, which is
considered by SEAOC to be the most current EBF design method. The ASD
method has been in the UBC for several cycles and is considered to be older, not
updated, code methodology.
Outline
This Design Example illustrates the following parts of the design process.
1. Design base shear coefficient.
2. Reliability/redundancy factor.
3. Design base shear and vertical distribution of shear.
4. Horizontal distribution of shear.
5. EBF member design using allowable stress design (ASD).
6. EBF member design using load and resistance factor design (LRFD).
7. Typical EBF details.
Note: Many calculations in this Design Example were performed using a

spreadsheet program. Spreadsheet programs carry numbers and calculations to ten
significant figures of accuracy, and thus will have round off errors when compared
to hand calculations with two or three significant figures. The round off errors are
usually within a percent or two. The reader should keep this in mind when
comparing tables and calculations performed by hand.

Given Information

Roofing 6.0 psf Floor covering 1.0 psf
Insulation 3.0 Steel deck and fill 47.0
Steel deck and fill 47.0 Framing (beams and columns) 13.0
Roof framing 8.0 Partition walls 10.0
Partition walls (10 psf) 5.0 seismic Ceiling 3.0
Mechanical/electrical 2.0 Total 76.0 psf
Total 74.0 psf
Live load: 50.0 psf
Live load: 20.0 psf
Exterior curtain wall, steel studs,

gypsum board, EIFS skin,
weight: 20.0 psf
Wide flange shapes and plates (
ASTM A572, Grade 50 F y = 50 ksi )
Light weight concrete fill f c ' = 3,000 psi
Seismic and site data:

Z = 0.4 (Seismic Zone 4) Table 16-I
I = 1.0 (standard occupancy) Table 16-K
Seismic Source Type = A
Distance to seismic source = 5 km
Soil profile type = S D

Figure 2-2. Typical floor and roof framing plan
Figure 2-3. Typical frame elevation at frame EBF4

1. Design base shear coefficient. §1630.2
The static force procedure will be used and the building period is calculated using
Method A. §1630.2.2
T = Ct (hn )3 4 = .030(62 )3 4 = .66 sec (30-8)
Near source factors for seismic source type A and distance to source of 5 km are:
N a = 1.2 Table 16-S
N v = 1.6 Table 16-T
Seismic coefficients for Zone 4 and soil profile type S D are:
C a = 0.44 N a = 0.44(1.2 ) = 0.53 Table 16-Q
Cv = 0.64 N v = 0.64(1.6 ) = 1.02 Table 16-R
R coefficient for a steel frame building with eccentric braced frames:
R = 7.0 , height limit is 240 feet Table 16-N
Calculation of design base shear: §1630.2.1
Cv I 1.02(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.22W (30-4)
RT 7(0.66 )
but need not exceed:
2.5C a I 2.5(.53)(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.189W (30-5)
R 7
The total design shear shall not be less than:
V = 0.11C a IW = 0.11(.53)(1.0)W = 0.058W (30-6)

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(0.4)(1.6)(1.0)
V = W = W = 0.073W (30-7)
R 7
Therefore, Equation (30-5) controls the base shear calculation.
∴ V = 0.189W
2. Reliability/redundancy factor. §1630.1.1
The reliability/redundancy factor ∆ must be estimated. The factor was added to the
code to penalize non-redundant systems. It varies from a minimum of 1.0 to a
maximum of 1.5. It is determined for each principal direction. Since the building in
this Design Example has four frames in the east-west direction, ∆ is determined
based on eight braces (two per frame) and a maximum torsional contribution of 2
percent (thus 1.02). The assumption is that all frames will be identical and that the
horizontal component carried by each brace is equal. This assumption can be
checked after final analysis. However, in this analysis it is determined without a
structural analysis.
20
ρ = 2− (30-3)
rmax AB
AB = 212′ ×15′ = 32,224 ft 2
1
rmax = = 0.128 (8 braces, 2 percent from torsion)
8(1.02)
1.0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.5 §1630.1.1
20
ρ = 2− = 1.13 (30-3)
.128 32,224
∴ ρ = 1.13 for east-west direction
ρ = 1.0 for north-south direction

3. Design base shear and the vertical distribution of shear. §1630.5
The floor area at each level is 32,224 square feet. The perimeter of the exterior
curtain wall is 728 feet. The roof parapet height is 4 feet. Assume that the curtain
wall weights distribute to each floor by tributary height.
The building mass calculation is shown in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Building mass calculation

Length
Floor area wi Wr f exterior h Walls w i Walls W Walls Wi
Level
(sf) (psf) (kips) walls (ft) (psf) (kips) (kips)
(ft)
Roof 32,224 74 2,385 728 10 20 146 2,530
5 32,224 76 2,449 728 12 20 175 2,624
4 32,224 76 2,449 728 12 20 175 2,624
3 32,224 76 2,449 728 12 20 175 2,624
2 32,224 76 2,449 728 13 20 11 2,660
Totals 161,120 12,181 871 13,062
3a. Design base shear. §1630.2.1
Using the design base shear coefficient from Part 1, the base shear for the east-west
direction is
V = 1.13 × 0.189W = 1.13 × 0.189(12900 ) = 2,789 k
3b. Vertical distribution of shear. §1630.5
The total lateral force (i.e., design base shear) is distributed over the height of the
building in accordance with §1630.5. The following equations apply:
n
V = Ft + ∑ Fi (30-13)
i =1
Ft = 0.07TV ≤ 0.25V (30-14)
Ft = 0 for T ≤ 0.7 sec , T = 0.66 sec for this Design Example
(V − Ft )w x hx
Fx = (30-15)
∑ wx hx
Using the building mass tabulated in Table 2-1 above, the vertical distribution of
shear is determined as shown in Table 2-2 below.
Table 2-2. Vertical distribution of shear

w x hx
wx w hx h w x hx Fx ΣVI
Level Σw i h i
(k) (k) (ft) (ft) (k-ft) (k) (k)
(%)
R 2,530 2,530 62 12 156,871 32 887 887
5 2,624 5,154 50 12 131,187 27 742 1,629
4 2,624 7,778 38 12 99,702 20 564 2,193
3 2,624 10,401 26 12 68,217 14 386 2,598
2 2,660 13,062 14 14 37,242 7 211 ,789
Totals 13,062 493,220 100 2,789 2
4. Horizontal distribution of shear. §1630.6
Although the centers of mass and rigidity coincide, §1630.6 requires designing for
an additional torsional eccentricity, e , equal to 5 percent of the building dimension
perpendicular to the direction of force regardless of the relative location of the
centers of mass and rigidity.
eew = (0.05)(150 ) = 7.5 ft for east-west direction
ens = (0.05)(210) = 10.5 ft for north-south direction
Assume that all frames have the same rigidity, since all are similar EBFs. This
assumption can be refined in a subsequent analysis, after members have been sized
and an elastic deflection analysis has been completed. Many designers estimate the
torsional contribution for a symmetric building by adding 5 percent to 10 percent to
the element forces. However, in this Design Example the numerical application of
the code provisions will be shown.
Assume R1 = R2 = ...R14 = 1.0 , where Ri is the rigidity of each EBF frame.
The calculation of direct shear plus torsion for a given frame is based on the
following formula:
 V   V ec 
Vi = Ri  i  ± Ri  i 
∑R 
 ∑ R xy c

2


Table 2-3 gives the distribution of direct shear and torsional shear components as
percentages of shear force (based on geometry).
Table 2-3. Calculation of direct shear plus torsion as percentage of story shear
Frame J= Sum Vi Vy Sum
X(ft) (1) Y(ft) (1) Ri XRi YRi X 2Ri Y 2Ri 2 Vi / Vy (2) Tx (%) (3) V (%) (2) Ty (%) (3) V
ID ΣRd I (%) i
Longitudinal
1 75 1 -75 5,625 25% -0.84% 25.00% -1.18%
2 75 1 -75 5,625 25% -0.84% 25.00% -1.18%
3 75 1 75 5,625 25% 0.84% 25.84% 1.18%
4 75 1 75 5,625 25% 0.84% 25.84% 1.18%
Transverse
5 -110 1 -110 12,100 -1.23% 16.7% -1.73% 16.7%
6 -110 1 -110 12,100 -1.23% 16.7% -1.73% 16.7%
7 10 1 10 100 0.11% 16.7% 0.16% 16.9%
8 10 1 10 100 0.11% 16.7% 0.16% 16.9%
9 100 1 100 10,000 1.12% 16.7% 1.57% 18.3%
10 100 1 100 10,000 1.12% 16.7% 1.57% 18.3%
Totals 66,900(4) 100%
0% 100% 0%
Notes:
1. X and Y are distances from the center of mass (i.e., the center of the building) to frames in
the X and Y directions, respectively.
2. Vx and Vy are direct shears on frames in the X and Y directions, respectively.
3. Tx and Ty are shear forces on frames that resist torsional moments on the building. These
shear forces are either in the X or Y directions and can be additive or subtractive with
direct shear forces.
2
4. ∑ Rd 2 = ∑ x Ri + ∑ y 2 Ri
Based on the direct and torsional shear values tabulated in Table 2-3, and on the
vertical distribution of shear tabulated in Table 2-2, the story forces to be used for
design of the typical eccentric braced frame (EBF4) are as follows:
Table 2-4. Story shear forces for design of frame EBF4

Frame Story V x Story Tx Frame V4 Frame T4 Vi ,6 Story Fx ,4
Level
ID (kips) (ft-kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
4 R 887 6,653 222 7 229 229
4 5 1,629 12,217 407 14 421 192
4 4 2,193 16,445 548 18 567 146
4 3 2,578 19,338 645 22 666 99
4 2 2,789 20,918 697 23 721 55

5. EBF member design using (ASD).
In the 1997 UBC, a designer has a choice of whether to design using allowable
stress design (ASD) methods or whether to use load and resistance factor design
(LRFD) methods. In part 5, the ASD method is illustrated. In part 6, the LRFD
method is illustrated. The results are slightly different, depending on the method
chosen.
5a. Seismic forces for initial member design. §2213.10
Seismic forces on a typical EBF, in this case EBF4 on line 6, will be determined.
The forces E , applied to EBF4 are calculated first by determining the seismic load
along line 6. The unit shear load along line 6, vi 6 , is thus Vi 6 210 feet.
Frame EBF4 has a tributary collector length of 210 feet / 2 = 105 feet, and tributary
lengths on the west side of the frame of 60 feet and on the east side of the frame of
45 feet. The frame forces are thus F4iL = vi 6 (60 feet) and F4iR = vi 6 (45 feet). The
compression force in the link is equal to half the story shear tributary to the frame,
minus the frame force at the right side (F4iL + F4iR ) 2 − F4iR . Table 2-5
summarizes the forces at each level of frame EBF4.
Table 2-5. Axial forces through shear links on frame EBF4

Frame Line 6 FxiL FxiR C =T
Level Fx ,4 Vi 4 (west) (east) (link)
(kips) (klf) (kips) (kips) (kips)
R 229 2.18 131.0 98.2 16.4
5 192 1.83 109.5 82.1 13.7
4 146 1.39 83.2 62.4 10.4
3 100 0.95 57.0 42.7 7.1
2 54 0.51 31.1 23.3 3.9
5b. Link length.
The inelastic behavior of a link is influenced by its length, e . The shorter the link
length, the greater the influence of shear forces on the inelastic performance. Shear
yielding tends to occur uniformly along the link length. Shear yielding of short
links is very ductile with an inelastic capacity in excess of that predicted by
calculations.
The following is a summary of link behavior as a function of the link length e .

MS is the flexural strength of the link and VS is the shear strength. Both are defined
in §2213.4.2.

MS M Ensures shear behavior and is the recommended upper

1.0 ≤ e ≤ 1.3 S
VS VS limit for shear links. Links less than 1.0 M s Vs the
link may not yield as expected.
MS Elastic behavior is controlled by shear behavior,

e ≤ 1.6
VS however, region is transition between shear governed
behavior and bending governed behavior.
MS Link behavior is theoretically balanced between shear

e > 2.0
VS and flexural yielding.
MS Elastic deformation is controlled by flexural yielding.

e ≥ 3.0
VS
The shorter the link length, the stiffer the EBF frame will be; however, the greater
the link rotation. The code sets limits on link plastic rotation of 0.090 radians
(ASD) and 0.080 radians (LRFD) due to ∆ m deflections. For most designs, link
lengths of 1.0 to 1.3 M s Vs work well.
5c. Preliminary EBF frame member sizes.
Preliminary sizes of the EBF frame beams are determined by calculating the
required shear area (dt w ) due to the story forces and frame geometry. The load
combinations for allowable stress design procedures are given in Equations (12-7)
through (12-11) or (12-12) through (12-16) in §1612.3. These load combinations
use load values of E 1.4 to account for allowable stress design.
ΣV2 = 721k/1.4/2 ΣV3 = 666kips/1.4/2

= 257.4 kips = 237.8 kips
15'
15'
Level 2 Level 3
V2, link V3, link
12'
14'
Link analysis at Level 2 Link analysis at Level 3

(levels 4, 5, R, similar)
Figure 2-4. Preliminary link analysis

For initial sizing, shear forces in the links may be approximated as follows:
ΣVi ( h) ΣVi / 2( h)
Vi ,link = =
l l/2
 721 kips 
 (14' ) 
V2,link =  1.4  = 240.2 kips
 30' 
 
 
 666 kips 
 (12' ) 
V3,link =  1.4  = 190.4 kips
 30' 
 
 
 567 kips 
 (12' ) 
V4,link =  1.4  = 161.9 kips
 30' 
 
 
 421 kips 
 (12' ) 
V5,link =  1.4  = 120.3 kips
 30' 
 
 
 229 kips 
 (12' ) 
V R ,link =  1.4  = 65.5 kips
 30' 
 
 
The values for dt w , VS and M S are calculated as follows:
V i ,link
Minimum dt w = §2213.10.5
0.80 × 0.55 F y
V s = .55 F y dt w
M s= Zx F y
Preliminary beam sizes are determined as shown in Table 2-6 (forces are E 1.4 ).

Table 2-6. Preliminary link analysis and sizing for frame EBF4
Vi ,link 1.3
Story Vi Fi min. Link 1.6 Link
req. d tw dtw Zx Ms Vs
Level h 2 2 dtw Beam M s Vs M s Vs Lg. Ω
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.3) (k-in.) (kips)
(ft) (kips) (kips) link (in.2) Size (in.) (in.) (in.)
shear
R 12 81.9 81.9 65.5 2.98 W16x77 16.52 0.46 7.52 150.0 7500 207 47.2 58.1 24 3.16
5 12 150.3 68.5 120.3 5.47 W18X86 18.39 0.48 8.83 186.0 9300 243 49.8 61.3 34 2.02
4 12 202.4 52.0 161.9 7.36 W18X97 18.59 0.54 9.95 211.0 10550 274 50.1 61.7 36 1.69
3 12 238.0 35.6 190.4 8.65 W18X97 18.59 0.54 9.95 211.0 10550 274 50.1 61.7 36 1.44
2 14 257.4 19.4 240.2 10.92 W21X132 21.83 0.65 14.19 333.0 16650 390 55.5 68.3 46 1.62
The most efficient link sections usually:
1. Optimize the required shear area, i.e., minimize dt w .
2. Are the deepest section possible while complying with the compact web
criteria , i.e., maximize dt w .
3. Have compact flanges with sufficient bending capacity to ensure shear

failure of the section under ultimate load.
4. The frames must meet the deflection and link rotation limitations and thus
be sized for stiffness.
MS
The recommended [Engelhardt and Popov, 1989] link length is emax = 1.3
VS
A computer model has been created for EBF4. The results of the computer
analysis, including forces and displacements, have been determined. The computer
model was analyzed with moment resisting connections, which more closely
estimates the real behavior of the frame with end moments much less than M p .
For the first story, the EBF member design will be based on use of a W 21× 132
link beam at Level 2.
5d. Link rotation.
The frame displacement at the second level, ∆ S 2 , was determined from a separate
computer analysis (not shown) using the design base shear (not divided by 1.4) and
not increased by ∆ because frame distortion limits are based on calculations using
applied strength level seismic forces not increased by the redundancy factor.
∆ S 2 = 0.48 in.

The corresponding maximum inelastic response displacement at the second level,

∆ M 2 is estimated as follows:
∆ M = .7 R∆ s = .7 (7 )0.48" = 2.40 in. (30-17)
The link rotation is computed as a function of the frame story drift and frame
geometry. For a frame of story height h , bay width l , link length e , and
dimensions a =
(l − e) , the link rotation may be calculated by the following
2
formula [Becker and Ishler, 1996]. Link rotations, θ , must be limited to 0.090
radians per §2213.10.4.
∆M  2 a  1.37"  2(157 ") 

θ= l + = l +  = 0.060 radians ≤ 0.090
h  e  180"  46" 
∴ o.k.
Note that the frame height, h , in the first story is 180 inches, or 15 ft-0 in. because
the base plate is anchored 12 inches below the slab.
5e. Link shear strength. §2213.10.5
The purpose of EBF design is to ensure that any inelastic behavior in the structure
under seismic motions occurs in the links. To achieve this, all elements other than
the links are designed to have strengths greater than the forces that will be induced
in them when the links experience yielding. Therefore, if the links have excess
capacity, all other elements in the frame (braces, columns, link beams outside the
link lengths) will also have corresponding excess capacity. Section 2213.10.5
requires than the link shear does not exceed 0.8Vs under design seismic forces.
Thus links have a minimum overstrength factor Ω min = (1.0 0.8) = 1.25 which
provides a safety factor on shear capacity. Depending on the actual link beam
chosen for design, the link overstrength factor, Ω , may be greater than 1.25. Thus,
for the W 21× 132 link beam with applied shear Vi ,link = 240.2 kips (see
Table 2-6):
V s = .55 F y dt w = .55 (50 ksi )(21.83")(.650") = 390.2 kips
Vs 390.2 k
Ω= = = 1.62 ≥ 1.25
V i,link 240.2 k
∴ o.k . §2213.4.2
The link beam in this Design Example is sized for stiffness to thus limit deflections
and link rotations under code loads. It therefore has greater strength than required

5f. Beam compact flange. §2213.10.2
Check to assure that the beam flanges are compact to prevent flange buckling.
bf 12.44" 52 52
= = 6.0 ≤ = = 7.36
2t f 2 (1.035") Fy 50 ksi
∴ o.k.
5g. Link length.
The length of the link will determine whether the link yields in shear or in bending.
To ensure shear yielding behavior, the link beams have been limited to lengths less
than 3 M s Vs .
V s = .55 F y dtw = 390.2 kips §2213.4.2
e ≈ 1.3 M s = 55.5 in. [Popov, Englehardt, and Ricles]

Vs
3
M s = Z x F y = (333 in. ) (50 ksi) = 16,650 kip-in. §2213.4.2
For frame stiffness, drift, and rotation control purposes at the second level, use
e = 46 in. Thus:
eVs (46" ) (390.2 kips)

= = 1.08
Ms 16,650 kip − in.
∴ o.k.
5h. Beam and link axial loads.
The summation of story forces down to level 3, ΣFi = V3 in Table 2-4, (the sum of
level shears from the roof to level 3) is 666k (476k on an ASD basis). The ASD
frame forces in level 2 at the left connection and right connection are
F2 L = 31.1 k 1.4 = 22.2 k and F2 L = 23.3 k 1.4 = 16.7 k . The link beam outside
the link must be checked for combined bending, plus axial loads. The link must be
checked for bending plus axial loads using the flanges only (because the web is
assumed to have yielded in shear and not capable of carrying axial load).

Therefore, the axial force in the link on an ASD basis is:
(31.1 k − 23.3 k ) = 2.8 k

C link = T link =
2 × 1.4
The axial force can be factored up to account for actual link design overstrength,
Ω . For this link, Ω = 1.62 and the link axial force can be factored to be 4.5 kips.
5i. Beam compact web.
The maximum d/tw ratio permitted for compact beam sections is dependent on the
axial load in the beam. Wide flange sections listed in the AISC W shapes tables
(AISC-ASD) have compact webs for all combinations of axial stress when the
yield strength is less than the tabulated values of F y .
If a beam section is chosen that does not have a compact web for all axial loads, the
section should be checked using allowable stress design of UBC Chapter 22,
Division V, Table B5.1 of (AISC-ASD). The web should be compact along the full
length of the beam. The UBC does not allow doubler plates to reduce d/tw
requirements for a link beam (see §2213.10.5). For the W 21× 132 beam at the
second level of EBF4:
dt w = 33.6
A = 38.8 in.2
Maximum axial force in link beam outside the link:
V 3   666 kips 
 + F 2L   + 31.1 kips 
 2 = 2  = 260 kips
P 2L =
1.4 1.4
P 2L = 260 k = 6.7 ksi

fa=
A 38.8 in.2
fa 6.7 ksi
= = 0.13 ≤ 0.16 AISC-ASD, Table B5.1
Fy 50 ksi

For f a ≤ 0.16 F y , the allowable d/tw to prevent local buckling is determined from
the equation below.
d 640  f  640  6.7 ksi 

= l − 3.74 a  =  l − 3.74  = 45.1in.3 AISC-ASD, Table B5.1
tw  F y  50 ksi  50 ksi 
Fy
∴ d tw = 33.6 in.2 ≤ 45.1in.3
∴ o.k.
5j. Combined link loads.
This calculation is made to check the combined bending plus axial strength of the
link (using loads anticipated to yield the link with the link design overstrength
factor, Ω = 1.62 ).
P2,link = 2.8 k (1.62) = 4.5 kips
M 2,link = VS , 2
e
= 390.2 k
(46") = 8,975 kip-in.
2 2
A f = b f t f = (12.440") × (1.035") = 12.875 in.2
( )( ) ( )
Z f = d − t f b f t f = (21.83"−1.035") 12.875 in.2 = 267.7 in.3
P2,link M 2,link 4.5 k 8,975 ksi

+ = + = 33.7 ksi ≤ 50 ksi
2 Af Zf (
2 12.875 in.2
) 267.7 in.3
∴ Link combined axial plus bending capacity is o.k.
5k. Verification of link shear strength. §2213.10.3
The strength of the link is used to establish the minimum strength required of
elements outside the link. The link shear strength Vs was determined using the web
area d/tw, of the beam. When a beam has reached flexural capacity, shear in the link
may be less than the shear strength of the section. If this is the case, the flexural
capacity of the section will limit the shear capacity of the link. Section 2213.10.3
requires that the flexural capacity of the section, reduced for axial stress, be
considered as a possible upper limit of the link capacity. This will be checked
below.

Vs = 390.2 kips
(
M rs = Z x f y − f a ) §2213.10.3
P2,link 4.5 k
fa = = = 0.17 ksi
2 Af 2 × 12.875 in.2
Z x = 333 in.4 AISC-ASD, pp. 1-21
M rs = 333 in.3 (50.0 ksi − 0.17 ksi ) = 16,593 kip-in.
2 M rs 2 (16,593 kip − in.)

Vrs = = = 721 kips
e (46")
The controlling shear capacity is the least of Vs or Vrs . In this case, Vs = 390 kips
and Vrs = 721 kips . Therefore the controlling shear capacity is 390 kips.
Thus, the controlling mode of yielding is shear in the link, because the shear
required to yield the beam in bending will not be developed.
5l. Required beam brace spacing. §2313.10.18
Section 2213.10.18 requires lateral braces for the top and bottom flanges at the
ends of the link beams. The maximum interval l u ,max is determined below.
l u ,max = 76
bf
= 76
(12.87") = 138.4" ≅ 11'−6" §2313.10.18
Fy 50 ksi
Therefore the beam bracing at 10 ft 0 in. is adequate. (Note: the composite steel
deck and lightweight concrete fill is not considered effective in bracing the top
flange.)
5m. Beam analysis (outside of link). §2213.10.13
The beam outside the link is required to resist 130 percent of the bending, plus
axial forces generated in the link beam. The combined beam bending plus axial
interaction equations are referenced from AISC-ASD, Section N. Note that the
ASD version of capacity design is being used because the beam is being checked
under forces generated with a yielding link element in shear.
Forces are from a hand evaluation of EBF frame behavior and from computer
model analysis:

Axial force in beam outside link:
PE = 260 kips
From computer model:
PD = 11 kips
Increased axial load on beam outside the link:
P = 1.3ΩP2,link + 1.3PDL = (1.3 × 1.62 × 260 k ) + (1.3 × 11 kips ) = 564 kips
From EBF frame analysis:
M E = 8,974 k-in.
From computer analysis:
M D = 188.4 k-in.
Increased moment on beam outside the link:
V link e
M = 1.3 + 1.3M DL = 1.3 (8,974 k-in.) + 1.3 (188.4 k-in.) = 11,912 k-in.
2
Beam slenderness parameters, assuming k = 1.0 :
kl
=
(1.0)(120") = 41.0
ry 2.93"
kl
=
(1.0)(150") = 16.4
rx 9.12"
Allowable axial stress based on beam slenderness and bracing:
 ( kl / ry ) 2   ( 41.0) 2 
1 −  F 1 − 50 ksi
2
y
 2C c 2   2(107) 

Fay = 3
= = 25.7 ksi AISC-ASD §E2
5 3 ( kl / ry ) (kl / ry ) 5 3 ( 41.0) (41.0) 3
+ − + −
3 8C c 8C c 3 3 8 (107) 8 (107) 3

Euler buckling stress multiplied by a safety factor:
12π 2 E 12 (3.14 )2 (29,000,000 psi )

Fey' = = = 88,834 psi = 88.8 ksi AISC-ASD §E2
(
23 kl / ry )2 23 (41.0 )2
Beam slenderness parameter:
12π 2 E 12 (3.14 )2 (29,000 ksi )

Cc = = = 107 AISC-ASD §E2
Fy (60 ksi )
ASD axial capacity:
Pcr = 1.7 Fa A = 1.7 (25.69 ksi )(38.8 sq in.) = 1,695 kips AISC-ASD §N4,
Euler buckling capacity:
 23   23 
(
Pe =   Fe' A =   (88.8 ksi ) 38.8 in.2 = 6,603 kips ) AISC-ASD §N4
 12   12 
ASD axial yielding load:
( )
Py = F y A = (50 ksi ) 38.8 in.2 = 1,940 kips AISC-ASD §N4
Maximum moment that can be resisted by the member in the absence of axial load:
( )
M m = M p = F y Z x = (50 ksi ) 333 in.3 = 16,650 k-in. AISC-ASD §N4
Coefficient for sidesway:
C m = 0.85
Check AISC Equations (N4-2) and (N4-3):
P Cm M 564 kips 0.85 (11,912 k − in.)

+ = + AISC-ASD (N4-2)
Pcr  Pbu  1,695 kips  564 kips 
 1 -  M m  1 - 16,650 k − in.
 Pe   6,603 kips 
= 0.33 + 0.67 = 1.0
∴ Say o.k.

P M 564 kips 11,912 k − in.

+ = + AISC-ASD (N4-3)
Py 1.18 M p 1,940 kips 1.18 (16,650 k − in.)
= 0.29 + 0.61 = 0.90 ≤ 1.0
∴ o.k.
5n. Beam stiffeners. §2213.10.7
There are two types of stiffeners required in links: link stiffeners at ends at brace
connections and intermediate stiffeners (Figures 2-7 and 2-11).
Link end stiffeners.

Full depth web stiffeners are required on both sides of the link beam at the brace
connections. The stiffeners are used to prevent web buckling and to ensure ductile
shear yielding of the web.
The stiffeners shall have a combined width not less than bf - 2tw and a thickness not
less than 0.75t w or 3/8 inch. For the W 21× 132 beam
B f − 2t w = 12.440"−2 (.650") = 11.14" use 2 × 5.625" §2213.10.10
The minimum thickness of the stiffener is
t stiff ≥ 0.75t w = 0.75 × .650" = 0.49" use ½ in. stiffeners.
Therefore, use 55/8 in. × ½ in. link beam stiffeners at link ends at each side of web
(total 4).
Intermediate link stiffeners.

Section 2310.10.8 requires intermediate full depth web stiffeners (see Part 7,
Figure 2-7) for either of the following conditions:
1. Where link beam strength is controlled by Vs .
2. Where link beam strength is controlled by flexure and the shear determined
by applying the reduced flexural strength, M rs exceeds 0.45F y dt w .
Therefore, intermediate web stiffeners are required for this Design Example.

The spacing limits are a function of the link rotation per §2310.10.9. For a link
rotation 0.09 radians, the maximum allowed, the spacing shall not exceed
38t w − d w 5 . For link rotation of 0.03 radians, the spacing shall not exceed
56t w − d w 5 . Linear interpolation may be used between link rotations of 0.03 and
0.09 radians. Thus,
dw  21.83" 
38t w − = 38 (.650") −   = 20.33 in. §2213.10.9
5  5 
dw  21.83" 
56tw − = 56 (.650") −   = 32.03 in. §2213.10.9
5  5 
Since the link rotation is 0.088 radians for the beam, interpolation must be used to
determine the maximum spacing of intermediate stiffeners. This is shown below.
 0.090 rad − 0.088 rad 

  (32.03"−20.33") + 20.33" = 20.72 in.
 0.090 rad − 0.030 rad 
Since the link length is 46 inches, use three equal spacings of 46/3 =15.33 inches.
The web stiffener location is determined in accordance with §2313.10.10. Since the
link beam is a W21, one sided stiffeners are required of thickness 3/8-inch. The
width shall not be less than:
(b f 2)− tw + (12.44" 2) − .650"+5.57 in.

Therefore, use 5-5/8 in. × 3/8 in. intermediate (one-sided) stiffener plates (2 total).
Web stiffener welds.

Fillet welds connecting the web stiffener to the web shall develop a stiffener force of:
Ast F y = (5.625"× .375")(50 ksi ) = 105.5 kips
The minimum size of fillet weld, per AISC Table J2.4, is ¼-inch to the link web
and 5/16 in. to the link flange. Using E70XX electrodes and 5/16-inch fillet welds
each side, the weld capacity is 1.7 allowable. The required weld length is
105.5 kips
1required = (70 ksi )(1.7 )(2 × 5 16")(.707 ) = 6.7 in.
.3
Therefore, 5/16 in. fillet welds, both sides of the stiffener, at the flanges and the
web are adequate.

Fillet welds connecting the web stiffener to the flanges shall develop a stiffener
force of
Ast F y / 4 = (5.625"×.375")(50 ksi ) / 4 = 26.4 kips
26.4 kips
1, required = (70 ksi )(1.7 )(2 × 5 16")(.707 ) = 1.7 in.
.3
Therefore, 5/16-inch fillet welds, both sides of the stiffener, at the flanges are
adequate.
5o. Link beam design.
Tables 2-7a through 2-7g presents tabular calculations that show the results from
procedures from Parts 5a through 5s applied to all beams in the frame EBF4. The
link beam design for all levels is as shown below in tabular form following the
equations given above (each link beam at each level of the frame has a row
calculation which extends through the full table):
Table 2-7a. Link beam section properties

A Zx br tr d tw e a h Af Zf Fy
Level Link
(in.2) (in.3) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.3) (ksi)
R W16x77 22.60 150.0 10.30 0.76 16.52 0.46 24 168 144 15.6 123.3 50
5 W18X86 25.30 186.0 11.09 0.77 18.39 0.48 34 163 144 17.1 150.5 50
4 W18X97 28.50 211.0 11.15 0.87 18.59 0.54 36 162 144 19.4 171.8 50
3 W18X97 28.50 211.0 11.15 0.87 18.59 0.54 36 162 144 19.4 171.8 50
2 W21X132 38.80 333.0 12.44 1.04 21.83 0.65 46 157 168 25.8 267.7 50
Table 2-7b. Compact flange, compact web

Compact
Compact Compact
Flange Compact 1.3
Level Vs Ω Ms bf 2tf Flange fa fa Fy dtw web Web
Limit M s Vs
Results Limit dtw Results
bf 2tf
R 206.7 3.16 7,500 6.77 7.35 o.k. 47.2 4.14 0.08 36.3 62.5 o.k.
5 242.7 2.02 9,300 7.20 7.35 o.k. 49.8 6.33 0.13 38.3 47.7 o.k.
4 273.5 1.69 10,550 6.41 7.35 o.k. 50.1 7.36 0.15 34.7 40.7 o.k.
3 273.5 1.44 10,550 6.41 7.35 o.k. 50.1 8.53 0.17 34.7 36.3 o.k.
2 390.2 1.62 16,650 6.01 7.35 o.k. 55.5 6.71 0.13 33.6 45.1 o.k.

Table 2-7c. Combined link stresses, controlling shear, unsupported length

Shear Level Pmax Comb. lu
Levels at Link fa Plink Diaph. M link fa Link Vs M rs Vrs Vmin
Level Max
Above level Beam (ksi) (kips) Factor (k-in.) (psi) Stress (kips) (k-in.) (kips) (kips)
(kips) (kips) (psi) (in.)
(kips)
R 0 131.0 94 4.14 16.4 1.00 785.9 0.75 6.7 206.7 7.388 615.7 206.7 110.7
5 229.2 109.5 160 6.33 13.7 1.12 2.044.5 0.64 13.9 242.7 9.181 540.0 242.7 119.2
4 420.9 83.3 210 7.36 10.4 1.31 2.914.1 0.50 17.2 273.5 10.444 580.2 273.5 119.8
3 566.6 57.0 243 8.53 7.1 1.69 3.426.8 0.44 20.2 273.5 10.456 580.9 273.5 119.8
2 666.3 31.1 260 6.71 3.9 2.70 5.525.6 0.29 20.8 390.2 16.553 719.7 390.2 133.7
Table 2-7d. Calculation of design forces, beam outside the link

Beam Pcomp Mcomp Beam Pbu M bu
P M = Vs e 2 Link
Level Overstress DL "DL" Overstress Design Design
(kips) (k-in.) Ω
Factor (kips) (k-in.) Factor (kips) (kips)
R 94 2,480 3.16 1.3 10 208.8 1.3 397 3,496
5 160 4,127 2.02 1.3 8.73 226.8 1.3 431 5,660
4 210 4,923 1.69 1.3 11.2 213.6 1.3 475 6,678
3 243 4,923 1.44 1.3 10 200.4 1.3 467 6,661
2 260 8,975 1.62 1.3 11 188.4 1.3 564 11,912
Table 2-7e. Beam properties

A Z Fy Lu rx ry Cc kl r y C c
Level Section kl ry
(in.2) (in.3) (ksi) (ft) (in.) (in.) (ksi)
R W16x77 22.6 150 50 10 5.89 1.92 62.5 107.0 0.58
5 W18X86 25.3 186 50 10 7.77 2.63 45.6 107.0 0.43
4 W18X97 28.5 211 50 10 7.82 2.65 45.3 107.0 0.42
3 W18X97 28.5 211 50 10 7.82 2.65 45.3 107.0 0.42
2 W21X132 38.8 333 50 10 9.12 2.93 41.0 107.0 0.38
Table 2-7f. AISC-ASD equations (N4-1) and (N4-2)
Fa F'e Pcr Pe Py M m ,M p P M AISC- AISC

Level Cm Design Design ASD ASD Results
(ksi) (ksi) (k) (k) (k) (k-in.) (k) (k-in.) (N4-2) (N4-3)
R 22.3 38.2 856 1,655 1,130 7500 0.85 397 3,496 0.98 0.75 o.k.
5 25.0 71.7 1,076 3,478 1,265 9300 0.85 431 5,660 0.99 0.86 o.k.
4 25.1 72.8 1,214 3,978 1,425 10550 0.85 475 6,678 1.00 0.87 o.k.
3 25.1 72.8 1,214 3,978 1,425 10550 0.85 467 6,661 0.99 0.86 o.k.
2 25.7 89.0 1,695 6,620 1,940 16650 0.85 564 11,912 1.00 0.90 o.k.
Table 2-7g. Link rotations at each level

Delta S Delta M Rotation
Level Results
Deflection (in.) Drift (in.) (rad)
R 1.01 0.69 0.0715 o.k.
5 0.87 0.88 0.0649 o.k.
4 0.69 1.13 0.0783 o.k.
3 0.46 1.08 0.0749 o.k.
2 0.24 1.18 0.0548 o.k.

5p. Brace design. §2213.10.13
The braces are required to be designed for 1.3Ω times the earthquake forces in the
braces, plus 1.3 times the gravity loads. There is a misprint in 97 UBC
§2213.10.13, where the brace and beam overstrength factor is both 1.5 and 1.3.
However, the factor 1.5 was from the 1994 UBC and should have been deleted.
The factor 1.3 should be used.
E
PE = 1.3Ω Pcomputer due to loads
1.4
E
M E = 1.3Ω M computer due to loads
1.4
Using plastic design procedures outlined in AISC Section N, obtaining forces from
a computer analysis, and showing calculations in tabular form. Design forces for
braces ( P and M ) are calculated as 1.3φ times seismic forces plus 1.3 times
gravity forces. Column shear forces are not a controlling factor and are not shown
for brevity. Tables 2-8a through 2-8c show tabular design of braces for EBF4 at all
levels.
Table 2-8a. Brace forces
PE ME Brace PD MD Brace
P M
Level Ω Overstress Overstress
E/1.4 E/1.4 D D Design Design
Factor Factor
5 106 10.2 3.16 1.5 11.8 5.1 1.5 519.5 55.9
4 194 11.7 2.02 1.5 14.6 4.4 1.5 609.3 42.0
3 262 23.4 1.69 1.5 14.7 4.3 1.5 686.0 65.7
2 302 26.7 1.44 1.5 14.4 4.3 1.5 672.4 64.0
1 372 38.5 1.62 1.5 13.9 3.4 1.5 927.2 98.9
Table 2-8b. Brace section properties

Brace A Z Fy L rx ry Cc
Level kl ry kl / ry / Cc
Section (in.2) (in.3) (ksi) (ft) (in.) (in.) (ksi)
5 W12X87 25.60 132.0 50 20.5 5.34 3.31 74.4 107.0 0.70
4 W12x87 25.60 132.0 50 20.2 5.38 3.32 73.1 107.0 0.68
3 W12x87 25.60 132.0 50 20.2 5.43 3.34 72.5 107.0 0.68
2 W12X106 31.20 164.0 50 20.2 5.57 3.41 71.0 107.0 0.66
1 W12X120 35.30 186.0 50 19.9 5.66 3.44 69.4 107.0 0.65

Table 2-8c. Brace, axial plus bending interaction calculations
Fa F' e Pcr Pe Py M m ,M p P M
Level Cm AISC AISC Results
Design Design (N4-2) (N4-3)
(ksi) (ksi) (k) (k) (k) (k-in.) (k) (k-in.)
5 20.1 262.1 875.2 12,860 1280 6600 0.85 450.2 659.0 0.60 0.35 o.k.
4 20.3 262.1 885.6 12,860 1280 6600 0.85 528.0 493.7 0.66 0.41 o.k.
3 20.5 262.1 890.8 12,860 1280 6600 0.85 594.5 778.7 0.77 0.46 o.k.
2 20.7 262.1 1100.5 15,673 1560 8200 0.85 582.8 757.5 0.61 0.37 o.k.
1 21.0 262.1 1262.8 17,732 1765 9300 0.85 803.5 1178.6 0.75 0.46 o.k.
5q. Column design. §2213.10.14
The columns are required to resist 1.25 times the strength developed in the links to
assure that the yielding mechanism is the link beams (Section 2213.10.14). Design
forces ( P and M ) are calculated as 1.25Ω times (frame analysis) seismic forces
plus 1.25 times gravity forces. Column shear forces are not a controlling factor and
are not shown for brevity. Tables 2-9a through 2-9c show tabular design of
columns for EBF4 at all levels
Table 2-9a. Design column forces
PE ME Brace PD MD Brace
P M
Level Ω Overstress Overstress
E/1.4 E/1.4 D D Design Design
Factor factor
km5 106 10.2 432.9 46.6
4 3.16 1.25 11.8 5.1 1.25 507.7 35.0
3 2.02 1.25 14.6 4.4 1.25 571.7 54.8
2 1.69 1.25 14.7 4.3 1.25 4.3 1.25 560.3 53.3
1 372 38.5 1.62 1.25 13.9 3.4 1.25 772.6 82.4
Table 2-9b. Column section properties

Column A Z Fy L rx ry Cc kl / ry / Cc
Level kl ry
Section (in.2) (in.3) (ksi) (ft) (in.) (in.) (ksi)
5 W12X65 19.10 96.8 50 12 5.28 5.67 2.48 107.0 0.02
4 W12X65 19.10 96.8 50 12 5.28 5.67 2.48 107.0 0.02
3 W12X65 19.10 96.8 50 12 5.28 5.67 25.4 107.0 0.24
2 W12X87 25.60 132.0 50 12 5.38 5.72 25.2 107.0 0.24
1 W12X87 25.60 132.0 50 14 5.38 5.72 29.4 107.0 0.27

Table 2-9c. Column axial plus bending interaction calculations
Fa F' e Pcr Pe Py M m ,M p P M
Level Cm AISC AISC Results
Design Design (N4-2) (N4-3)
(ksi) (ksi) (k) (k) (k) (k-in.) (k) (k-in.)
5 29.8 262.1 968 9,594 955 4840 0.85 432.9 559.4 0.55 0.45 o.k.
4 29.8 262.1 968 9,594 955 4840 0.85 507.7 420.2 0.60 0.53 o.k.
3 27.7 262.1 899 9,594 955 4840 0.85 571.7 657.5 0.76 0.60 o.k.
2 27.7 262.1 1,206 12,860 1280 6600 0.85 560.3 639.9 0.55 0.44 o.k.
1 27.2 262.1 1,185 12,860 1280 6600 0.85 772.6 989.0 0.79 0.60 o.k.
5r. Foundation design considerations.
In EBF design, special consideration should be given to the foundation design. The
basis for design of the EBF is that the yielding occurs in the EBF links. Thus, all
other elements should have the strength to develop the link beam yielding
strengths.
The code does not require the foundation design to be capable of developing the
link beam strengths. However, if only a minimum code foundation design is
performed, the foundation will generally not develop the EBF link beam strengths,
and yielding will occur in the foundation. This is not consistent with the design
philosophy for EBF frames.
The SEAOC Blue Book recommends that the foundation be designed to develop
the strength of the EBF frame. The intention is to have adequate foundation
strength and stability to ensure the development of link beam yield mechanisms to
achieve the energy dissipation anticipated in the eccentric braced frames. A static
pushover analysis of an EBF frame can give a good indication of the foundation
adequacy.
5s. Final frame member sizes (ASD).
Table 2-10. Final frame member sizes for EBF4 (ASD)

Level Beams Link Lengths Columns Braces
Roof W16X77 24"
5 W18X86 34" W12X65 W12X87
4 W18X97 36" W12X65 W12X87
3 W18X97 36" W12X65 W12X87
2 W21X132 46" W12X87 W12X106
1 W12X87 W12X120

Figure 2-5. EBF4 frame member sizes (ASD)
6. EBF member design using (LRFD).
In the 1997 UBC, a designer has a choice of whether to design using allowable
stress design (ASD) methods or whether to use load and resistance factor design
(LRFD) methods. In part 5, the ASD method is illustrated. In part 6, the LRFD
method is illustrated. The results are slightly different, depending on the method
chosen. In this part, the frame EBF4 that was designed to ASD requirements in Part
5 is now designed to LRFD requirements of AISC-Seismic.
LRFD design provisions for EBF frames are contained in Section 15 of the AISC
document, “Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings,” published in 1997.
This document is commonly known as AISC-Seismic. Note that the Seismic
Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, 1992 edition, is included in the AISC-
LRFD Manual, Part 6, which is adopted by reference in the code in Chapter 22,
Division II, §2206. However, the 1997 AISC-Seismic provisions have been
updated and are recommended in the SEAOC Blue Book, Section 702.

6a. Link shear strength.
The link shear strength Vn can be found from the minimum values of V p or
2 M p e . The values for V p are calculated as follows:
(d − 2t f )t w ≥ 0.90V(0i,link
.60)
AISC-Seismic §15.2d
Fy
V p = 0.60 F y t w (d − 2 t f ) AISC-Seismic §15.2d
M p = ZxFy
Preliminary beam sizes are determined as shown in Table 2-11. Note that seismic
forces for LRFD procedures use both E h and E v . The E v seismic force is additive
to dead load D and is included in the load combination of Equation (12-5).
1.2 D + f1l + 1.0 E (12-5)
E = ∆E h + E v
Ev = 0.5Ca ID = 0.5(0.53)(1.0 )D = 0.265 D
Substituting for E h , E v , and f1 in Equation (12-5)
1.2 D + 0.5l + 1.0(∆E h + E v )
= 1.2 D + 0.5l + 1.0(1.13E h + 0.265D )
= 1.465D + 0.5l + 1.13E h
Tables 2-11a through 2-11c show preliminary link analysis and sizing (LRFD).
Table 2-11a. Design seismic forces at EBF frame
Story Frame Forces, E h Frame Forces, E h

Level Fi Vi 2
Forces Left Right C, T link Fil Fir Vi
R 229 131.0 98.2 16.4 131.0 98.2 229.2 229.2 114.6
5 192 109.5 82.1 13.7 109.5 82.1 420.9 191.7 210.4
4 146 83.2 62.4 10.4 83.2 62.4 566.6 145.7 283.3
3 100 57.0 42.7 7.1 57.0 42.7 666.2 99.7 333.1
2 54 31.1 23.3 3.9 31.1 23.3 720.6 54.4 360.3

Table 2-11b. Preliminary link beam sizes and properties
Level
Story Fi 2 Fi 2 Vli
(d − 2t f )t w Size d tw tf
Height min.
R 12 114.6 114.6 105.8 3.92 W14X38 14.10 0.31 0.52

5 12 95.8 95.8 194.3 7.19 W16X89 16.75 0.53 0.88
4 12 72.8 72.8 261.5 9.68 W21X111 21.51 0.55 0.88
3 12 49.8 49.8 279.8 10.36 W21X122 21.68 0.60 0.96
2 15 27.2 27.2 415.8 15.40 W27X178 27.81 0.73 1.19
Table 2-11c. Preliminary link beam results

1.3 1.6 Link Ratio
Level (d − 2t f )t w Results Zx Mp φVp Ω CDR
M p Vp M p Vp e M p Vp
R 4.05 o.k. 61.50 3,075 109 36.5 45.0 32 1.26 1.15 1.03
5 7.88 o.k. 175.00 8,750 213 53.5 65.8 48 1.30 1.22 1.09
4 10.87 o.k. 279.00 13,950 293 61.8 76.1 56 1.31 1.25 1.12
3 11.86 o.k. 307.00 15,350 320 62.3 76.7 56 1.30 1.27 1.14
2 18.44 o.k. 567.00 28,350 498 74.0 91.1 66 1.29 1.33 1.20
For the first (ground level) story, the EBF link beam design will be based on use of
a W 27 × 178 link beam at Level 2. Note that §15.2 of AISC-Seismic limits the
yield strength of the link beam to F y = 50 ksi .
6b. Link rotation.
The frame displacement at the second level, ∆ S 2 , was determined from a separate
computer analysis (not shown) using the design base shear without ∆ .
∆ S 2 = 0.28 in.
The corresponding inelastic displacement, ∆ M 2 may be estimated from a static

analysis by the following formula:
∆ M = .7 R∆ s = .7(7 )0.28" = 1.37 in. (30-17)

The link rotation is computed as a function of the frame story drift and frame
geometry. For a frame of story height h , bay width l , link length e, and
dimensions a = l − e 2 , the link rotation may be calculated by the following
formula. Link rotations, θ , must be limited to 0.080 radians per AISC-Seismic
§15.2g.
∆M  2a  1.37"  2 (147 ") 

θ= 1 + = 1 +  = 0.042 radians ≤ 0.080
H  e  180 "  66 
∴ o.k.
Comment: The above formula makes the assumption that all deformation occurs
within the link rotation at a particular level. It has been observed that there is
significant contribution to deformations from column and brace elongation and
shortening. A more accurate analysis of link rotation can be made looking at joint
displacements and calculating rotations based on relative joint displacements.
Another simple method is to perform an analysis using very strong column and
brace section properties in the model and force all deformations into the link beam
for purposes of evaluating the link rotations.
6c. Link shear strength. AISC-Seismic §15.2d
The nominal shear strength of the link, Vn , is equal to the lesser of V p or 2 M p e .

Solving for the design strength φVn .
φVn ≤ Vi ,link at any given level
( )
φVn = 0.9 (0.60 )F y t w d − 2t f = 0.9 (0.6 )(50 ksi )(.73")[27.8"−2 (1.19")] = 498 kips
φ2 M p
=
0.9 (2 )M p
=
0.9 (2) F y Z x
=
( )
0.9 (2 )(50 ksi ) 567.0 in.3
= 773 kips
e e e 66"
φVn = 498 kips
498 kips
φVn = = 553 kips
0.9
The design overstrength factor for this link beam Ω is calculated as follows:
Vn 553 kips
Ω= = = 1.33
Vi ,link 416 kips

The minimum link design shear overstrength ratio is controlled by the φ factor.
Thus, the minimum Ω is Ω min = 1.0 φ = 1.0 0.9 = 1.11 . The significance of the
overstrength ratio is that the link will not yield until seismic forces overcome the
link yield point. The overstrength factor Ω is a relationship between code forces
and design overstrength forces which will likely yield the link. Note that the Ω
factor does not include the R y factor for expected yield stress of the steel.
The link beam in this Design Example has been sized for strength and stiffness. In
beams above the level under discussion, it was found necessary to add cover plates
for the beams outside the links (for increased beam capacity outside the link). The
attempt was made to balance the design between good ratios of Mp /Vp of
approximately 1.3 and the requirement for cover plates outside the link. It was
decided to use cover plates to meet strength requirements for EBF beams outside
the link to maintain desired ratios of Mp /Vp. The trade-off is to lessen the ratio of
Mp /Vp and not require cover plates. It is believed that the performance of the link is
more important than the cover plate requirement, and thus it was not possible to
size beams to meet requirements outside the link without beam cover plates for this
configuration of EBF frame.
6d. Beam compact flange.
Check the W 27 × 178 beam to ensure that the flanges are compact to prevent
flange buckling.
bf 14.09" 52 52
= = 5.92 ≤ = = 7.35
2 t f 2(1.19") Fy 50 ksi
∴ o.k. AISC-Seismic, Table I-9-1
6e. Link length.
The length of the link will determine whether the link yields in shear or in bending
deformations. To ensure the desired shear yielding behavior (see discussion in Part
5b), the link beams have been limited to lengths less than 1.3Mp /Vp. From part 6c,
Vp and Mp are calculated:
V p = 553 kips
( )
M p = Z x F y = 567 in. (50 ksi ) = 28,350 kip-in.
3

Check that the 1.3 M p V p criteria is not exceeded.
eV p
=
(66")(553 kips ) = 1.29 ≤ 1.3
Mp 28,350 k − in.
∴ o.k.
Second floor link length of 66 inches is o.k.
6f. Verification of link shear strength.
The strength of the link is used to establish the minimum strength required of
elements outside the link. The link shear strength Vp was determined using the web
area (d-2tf) of the beam. When the beam has reached flexural capacity, shear in the
link may be less than the shear strength of the section. If this is the case, the
flexural capacity of the section will limit the shear capacity of the link. AISC-
Seismic §15.2f requires that the shear strength of the section be the minimum of
shear yielding strength or shear required for plastic moment yielding behavior.
V p = 553 kips
2M p
=
(
2 (50 ksi ) 576 in.3 )
= 872 kips
e 66"
The controlling nominal shear capacity Vn is the minimum of V p or 2V p e . From

Part 6c, Vn = 553 kips . By selecting the W27x178 section as the link beam, the
controlling mode of yielding is shear yielding in the link and therefore bending
yielding will not be developed.
6g. Required beam brace spacing. §2313.10.18
The limiting unbraced length for full plastic bending capacity, L p , is determined as
follows. Lateral beam braces for the top and bottom flanges at the ends of the link
beams are still required.
300ry 300(3.26")
Lp = = = 138.3" ≅ 11'−6" AISC-LRFD (F1-4)
F yf 50 ksi
Therefore, the beam bracing at 10 ft.-0 in. is adequate. (Note: the composite steel
deck and lightweight concrete fill is not considered effective in bracing the top
flange.)

6h. Beam and link axial loads.
The summation of story forces down to level 3, ΣFi = V3 in Table 2-4 (the sum of
level shears from the roof to Level 3) is 666 k. The frame forces in Level 2 at the
left connection and right connection are F2 L = 31.1 k and F2 R = 23.3 k .
If the required axial strength of the link Pu is equal to or less than 0.15 Py , the
effect of axial force on the link design shear strength need not be considered.
Therefore, the axial force in the link is:
(31.1 k - 23.3 k ) = 3.90 k

C link = T link =
2
The maximum axial stress in the link must be checked for the requirements of
§15.2e of AISC-Seismic:
Ω(3.9 kips ) 1.33(3.9 kips )

fa = = = 0.10 ≤ 0.15 F y
Ag 52.30 in.2
Therefore, the effect of axial force on the link design shear strength need not be
considered.
6i. Beam compact web. AISC-Seismic §9.4
The maximum hc t w ratio permitted for compact beam sections is dependent on

the axial load in the beam. Sections noted Fy′′′ in the AISC-LRFD (2nd Edition)
have compact webs for all combinations of axial stress when the yield strength is
less than the tabulated values.
If a beam section is chosen that does not have a compact web for all axial loads, the
section should be checked using Table I-9-1, of AISC-Seismic. The web should be
compact along the full length of the beam. Both the UBC and AISC-Seismic do not
allow the use of doubler plates for a link beam.
For a W 27 × 178 beam.
A = 52.30 in.2
hc d − 2k 27.81"−2(1.875")
= = = 32.9
tw tw 0.73"

Maximum axial force in link beam outside the link:
V 3   666 kips 
P 2L = Ω  + F 2L  = 1.33  + 31.1 kips  = 484 kips
2   2 
Pu 484kips
= = 0.21 ≥ 0.125
(
φ b Py 0.90 (50 ksi ) 52.30 in.2 ) AISC-Seismic, Table I-9-1
For Pu φ b Py ≥ 0.125 , allowable d t w to prevent local buckling is determined

from the equation below.
 hc  191 
 = 2.33 −
2.75 Pu 
= 191 
 2.33 −
(364 kips )  = 58.8 ≥ 253 = 5.06
 tw  F y  φ b Py 
 50 ksi  0.9 (2,615 kips )  Fy
∴ hc / t w = 32.9 ≤ 58.8
∴ o.k. AISC-Seismic, Table I-9-1
6j. Combined link loads.
The combined bending plus axial strength of the link must be checked and
compared with the yield stress. In the link, axial and bending stresses are resisted
entirely by flanges.
Pu = 3.9 kips (Ω ) = 3.9 kips(1.33) = 5.2 kips
Pu 364 kips
= = 0.14 ≤ 0.15
(
Py (50 ksi ) 52.30 in.2 ) AISC-Seismic §15.2f
Moment from yielding link shear:
Mu = Vp
e
= 553 k
(66") = 18,249 kip − in.
2 2
A f = b f t f = (14.09")× (1.19") = 16.77 in.2

( )( ) ( )
Z f = d − t f b f t f = (27.81"−1.19") 16.77 in. 2 = 446.2 in.3
Pu M 10.5 kips 18,249 k − in.

+ u = + = 40.9 ksi ≤ 50 ksi
2Af Zf 2 16.77 in.(2
)
446.2 in.3
∴ Link combined axial plus bending capacity is o.k.
6k. Beam analysis (outside of link). AISC-Seismic, AISC §15.6b
Link beams have difficulty resisting the link beam moments increased by 1.1 and
Ry when using a lower bound strength not including Ry. Although AISC-Seismic
allows the LRFD design strength to be increased by Ry, it is not very clear how
AISC-Seismic had intended it to be performed. In conversation with
representatives of AISC-Seismic, it was conveyed to the author of this Design
Example that the intention was simply to increase LRFD design strengths (Pn, Mn)
by an Ry factor. It was not the intention of the AISC-Seismic subcommittee to
increase Fy by Ry and carry those values through all the LRFD design equations.
The solution in this Design Example has the beam outside the link resisting the
entirety of the link beam moment. A more refined analysis can be performed where
the brace contributes to the resistance of moment, which would reduce the moment
on the beam outside the link. The analysis in this Design Example includes the use
of flange cover plates to increase the bending capacity of the beam outside the link.
The beam outside the link is required to resist 110 percent of the bending and axial
forces corresponding to the link beam yield, using its nominal strength Ry. The
combined beam bending plus axial interaction equations are referenced from
AISC-LRFD Section H. Axial load analysis is referenced from AISC-LRFD
Section E and bending analysis is referenced from AISC-LRFD Section F.
The steps below yield forces from the hand evaluation of EBF frame behavior and
from the computer model (not shown).
Axial force in beam outside link is:
PE = 364 kips
From computer model, the load combination of Equation (12-5), including

E v = 0.265 D , is:
1.2 D + 0.265 D + 0.5l + 1.0 E h
1.465D + 0.5l ; PD +L = 18 kips

From EBF4 frame analysis:
M E = 18,249 kip-in.
Pu = (1.1)(1.33)(1.3)(364 k ) + (1.15)(18 kips ) = 712 kips AISC-Seismic §15.6a
Pu = 1.1ΩR y PE + 1.1PD + L
From computer analysis, load combination Equation (12-5):
1.2 D + 0.265 D + 0.5l + 1.0 Eh
M D + L = 307 kip-in.
1.1R y V p e
Mu= + 1.1M D + L
2
1.1(1.3)(553 kips )(66")

= + 1.1(307 kip-in.)
2
= 26,443 kip-in.
Beam section properties.

Combined section properties are given in Table 2-12, the reader should understand
how to convert typical beam section properties to those with cover plates:
The beam at Level 2 does not require cover plates. The beams at Levels 3-Roof all
require cover plates and thus have transformed section properties for use in the
following equations.
For W 27 × 170 beam without cover plates:
A = 52.3 in.2
Z x = 567 in.3
Z f = 446 in.3
I x = 6,990 in.4
S x = 503 in.3
ry = 3.26 in.

I y = 555 in.4
J = 19.5 in.4
C w = 98,300 in.6
X 1 = 2,543
X 2 = 0.00375
Beam slenderness parameters:
kl
=
(1.0)(120") = 36.8
ry 3.26"
Slenderness parameter for beam-column lc is calculated as follows:
lc =
kl Fy
=
36.8 (50 ksi ) = 0.487 AISC-LRFD (E2-4)
rπ E 3.1416 29,000 ksi
The critical axial stress Fcr is calculated:
For lc ≤ 1.5 :
 
(
Fcr =  0.658lc  Fy = 0.658.487
2 2
) (50 ksi) = 45.3 ksi AISC-LRFD (E2-2)
φ c = 0.85
Nominal axial strength is calculated as follows:
( )
Pn = Ag Fcr = 52.3 in.2 (45.3 ksi ) = 2,368 kips AISC-LRFD (E2-1)
R y Pn = 1.3(2,368 kips ) = 3,078 kips AISC-Seismic §15.6b
Bending capacity calculations are calculated:
φ b = 0.90 AISC-LRFD§F1.1
M n = M p for a limit state if flexural yielding AISC-LRFD (F1-1)
( )
M p = Z x Fy = 567 in.3 (50 ksi ) = 28,350 k-in.

Check lateral torsional buckling stability and allowable strength:
  Lb − L p 
M n = C b  M p − ( M p − M r )  ≤ M p AISC-LRFD (F1-2)
  L − L 
p 
 r 
C b = 1.0
Unbraced length:
Lb = 120 in.
Limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic yielding:
300ry 300(3.26)
Lp = = = 138 in. AISC-LRFD (F1-2)
F yf 50 ksi
Limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral torsional buckling:
ry X 1
Lr = 1 + 1 + X 2 FL 2 AISC-LRFD (F1-6)
FL
Limiting buckling moment:
M r = FL S AISC-LRFD (F1-7)
Beam buckling factors, X 1 and X 2 :
π EGJA
X1 = AISC-LRFD (F1-8)
Sx 2
2
Cw  S x 
X2 = 4   AISC-LRFD (F1-9)
I y  GJ 
FL is the smaller of the yield stress in the flange minus compressive residual
stresses (10 ksi for rolled shapes) or web yield stress. AISC-LRFD §F1.2a
FL = (50 ksi − 10 ksi ) = 40 ksi
Lr =
ry X 1
1 + 1 + X 2 FL 2 =
(3.26)(2,543) 1 + 1 + (0.00375)(40 ksi )2 = 396
FL (40 ksi )

( )
M r = FL S x = (40 ksi ) 503 in.3 = 20,108 k-in.
  
(
M n = Cb  M p − M p − M r ) LLb −− LLp 
  r p 
  120"−138" 
= 1.0 28,350 − (28,350 − 20,108) 
  396"−138" 
= 28,933 k-in. ≥ M p = 28,350 k-in.
∴ M n = 28,350 k-in.
R y M n = 1.3 (28,350 k-in.) = 36,855 k-in.
Comparison of lateral torsional buckling moment with plastic yield moment

indicates that plastic yield moment is the controlling yield behavior. AISC-LRFD
Section H, combined axial plus bending interaction equations are as follows:
For the case:
Pu
≥ 0.2 AISC-LRFD (H1-1a)
φ c R y Pn
Pu 8 M ux
+ ≤ 1.0
φ c R y Pn 9 φ b R y M nx
For the case:
Pu
< 0.2 AISC-LRFD (H1-1b)
φ c R y Pn
Pu M ux
+ ≤ 1.0
2φ c R y Pn φ b R y M nx
Thus, for this Design Example:
Pu 712 kips
= = 0.27 ≥ 0.2
φ c R y Pn 0.85(3,078 kips )

Pu 8 M ux 712 kips  8  26,443 k − in.

+ = +  = 0.98 ≤ 1.0
φc R y Pn 9 φb R y M nx (0.85)(3,078 kips )  9  0.90 (36,855 k − in.)
∴ o.k.
Therefore, W 27 × 178 beam outside the link is okay. The EBF beams above Level
2 require cover plates and thus utilize combined section properties in the above
equations.
6l. Beam stiffeners. AISC-Seismic §15.3
There are two types of stiffeners required in links: 1.) link stiffeners at ends at
brace connections; and 2.) intermediate stiffeners. These are shown in Figure 2-7.
Link end stiffeners.

Full depth web stiffeners are required on both sides of the link beam at the brace
connections. The stiffeners are used to prevent web buckling and to ensure ductile
shear yielding of the web.
The stiffeners shall have a combined width not less than bf - 2tw and a thickness not
less than 0.75t w or 3/8 inch, whichever is larger. For the W 27 × 178 beam:
b f − 2t w = 14.09"−2(0.73") = 12.63" use 2 × 6.375" AISC-Seismic §15.3a
The minimum thickness of the stiffeners is:
0.75t w = 0.75(0.73") = 0.548" use 5/8" stiffeners
∴ Use 6 3/8 in. × 5/8 in. stiffeners each side of beam (total 4)
Intermediate stiffeners.
AISC-Seismic §15.3b requires intermediate full depth web stiffeners (Figure 2-7)
where link lengths are 5 V p M p or less.
Where link lengths are 1.6 V p M p or less, the spacing shall not exceed
30t w − d w 5 for link rotation of 0.08 radians and 52t w − d w 5 for link rotations of
0.02 radians. Linear interpolation may be used between link rotations of 0.02 and
0.08 radians. Thus,

d  27.81" 
30tw − = 30(0.73") −   = 16.33 in. AISC-Seismic §15.3b
5  5 
d  27.81" 
52t w − = 52(0.73") −   = 32.43 in. AISC-Seismic §15.3b
5  5 
Since the link rotation is 0.040 radians for the beam, interpolation must be used to
determine the maximum spacing of intermediate stiffeners. This is shown below.
 0.080 rad − 0.040 rad 

  (32.43"−16.33") + 16.33" = 27.0 in.
 0.080 rad − 0.020 rad 
Since the link length is 72 inches, therefore use three equal spacings of 24 inches.
Since the link beam is a W 27 , stiffener depth is 27.81 in. – 2 (1.19 in.) = 25.4 in.
Under §15.3b, Item 5, AISC-Seismic, intermediate stiffeners of depth greater than
25 inches are required to be placed on both sides of the beam. One-sided stiffeners
are required for depths less than 25 inches. The width shall not be less than
b f 2 − t w = 12.44" 2 − .650" = 5.57 in.
Therefore use 6 3/8 in. × 5/8 in. stiffeners on both sides of the beam.
Web stiffener welds.

The web stiffener welds are required to develop a stiffener force of
Ast F y = (6.375")(0.625")(50 ksi ) = 199 kips AISC-Seismic §15.3c
The minimum size of fillet weld, per AISC-LRFD Table J2.4, is ¼-inch to the link
web and 5/16-inch to the link flange. Using E70XX electrodes and 5/16-inch fillet
welds each side, the weld capacity is 0.6FEXX. The required weld length on the
beam web is:
199 kips
1required = = 10.72 in.
0.60(70 ksi )(2 × 5 16")(.707 )
Therefore, use 5/16-inch fillet welds, both sides of the stiffener, at flanges and web.
Note: One-fourth of the above required weld is required at the flanges.

6m. Tabulated link beam design.
Tables 2-12a through 2-12h present tabular calculations that show the results from
procedures in Parts 6a through 6l applied to all beams in the frame EBF4. The link
beam design for all levels is as shown below in tabular form following the
equations given above (each row/level is a continuation of the table above).
Table 2-12a. Link beam section properties

Link Aweb
Level e a h Fy A bf tf d tw Size
Beam t w (d − 2t r )
R W14X38 32 164 144 50 11.20 6.77 0.52 14.10 0.31 4.05 o.k.
5 W16X89 48 156 144 50 26.20 10.37 0.88 16.75 0.53 7.88 o.k.
4 W21X111 56 152 144 50 32.70 12.34 0.88 21.51 0.55 10.87 o.k.
3 W21X122 56 152 144 50 35.90 12.39 0.96 21.68 0.60 11.86 o.k.
2 W27X178 66 147 168 50 52.30 14.09 1.19 27.81 0.73 18.44 o.k.
Table 2-12a. Link beam section properties (continued)

Link Af Zf Zx lx Sx rx ly Sy ry Cw
Level J
Beam
R W14X38 7.0 47.4 61.5 385.0 54.6 5.86 26.7 7.89 1.54 0.80 1,230
5 W16X89 18.1 144.0 175.0 1,300.0 155.0 7.04 163.0 31.45 2.49 5.45 10,200
4 W21X111 21.6 222.8 279.0 2,670.0 249.0 9.04 274.0 44.41 2.89 6.83 29,200
3 W21X122 23.8 246.5 307.0 2,960.0 273.0 9.08 305.0 49.23 2.91 8.98 32,700
2 W27X178 33.5 446.2 567.0 6,990.0 502.0 11.56 555.0 78.81 3.26 19.50 98,300
Table 2-12b. Combined section properties (beams plus cover plates)

Link Plate
At Zx Zf lx Sx ry ly Cw X1 X2
Level t J
Beam b
R W14X38 6 0.375 16 94 80 621 84 1.60 40 0.8 1,230 1,697 0.01065
5 W16X89 6 0.250 29 201 169 1517 176 2.43 172 5.5 10,200 2,872 0.00197
4 W21X111 6 0.250 36 312 255 3025 275 2.82 283 6.8 29,200 2,274 0.00533
3 W21X122 6 0.250 39 340 279 3321 299 2.84 314 9.0 32,700 2,499 0.00369
2 W27X178 0 0.000 52 567 446 6990 503 3.26 555 19.5 98,300 2,543 0.00375
Table 2-12c. Compact flange, web

φVp b Comp. Comp. 1.1R y Pu h Comp. Comp.
Level φVp Ω Mp b f Flange Flange Pu Py Web Web
Mp 2t f φPn tw
Limit Results M p Vp Limits Results
R 109.4 1.15 3,075 1.26 6.57 7.35 o.k. 34.0 130.97 560.00 0.28 42.2 55.5 o.k.
5 212.6 1.22 8,750 1.30 5.92 7.35 o.k. 49.8 224.13 1,310.00 0.20 28.6 57.5 o.k.
4 293.4 1.25 13,950 1.31 7.05 7.35 o.k. 57.5 293.69 1,635.00 0.21 35.9 57.2 o.k.
3 320.1 1.27 15,350 1.30 6.45 7.35 o.k. 58.0 340.24 1,795.00 0.22 32.9 56.9 o.k.
2 497.8 1.33 28,350 1.29 5.92 7.35 o.k. 68.9 364.21 2,615.00 0.16 35.1 58.5 o.k.

Table 2-12d. Combined link stresses, unsupported length

Shear Pmax Comb Allow. 2φM pa
Link Lu
Level Above Fi Link Plink M link Link Link Vpa M pa 2 Vu Value
Result max.
Level Beam Loads Stress
R 0 131.0 131.0 16.4 1,944.8 42.2 50 o.k. 106.4 2,780 156.4 106.4 1.14 72.8
5 229.2 109.5 224.1 15.3 5,670.0 39.8 50 o.k. 209.5 8,558 320.9 209.5 1.17 111.4
4 420.9 83.2 293.7 13.7 9,129.1 41.3 50 o.k. 288.7 13,504 434.1 288.7 1.18 132.6
3 566.6 57.0 340.2 12.0 9,959.0 40.7 50 o.k. 314.3 14,680 471.8 314.3 1.17 133.2
2 666.2 31.1 364.2 10.5 18,252.4 41.1 50 o.k. 492.9 28,794 785.3 492.9 1.16 151.4
Table 2-12e. Beam outside link, design forces

M u ,SEISMIC Beam Pu ,D +L M u ,D +L Beam Pbu Pbu
Level Pu ,1.0Eh Ω Overstr. 1.465D+ 1.465D+ Overstr. Ry
Vp e 2 Factor Factor (kips) (k-in.)
0.5L 0.5L
R 131 1,945 1.15 1.10 2.0 342.0 1.10 1.3 217 3,157
5 224 5,670 1.22 1.10 12.0 359.0 1.10 1.3 403 8,503
4 294 9,129 1.25 1.10 17.0 303.0 1.10 1.3 542 13,388
3 340 9,959 1.27 1.10 17.4 318.0 1.10 1.3 638 14,591
2 364 18,252 1.33 1.10 17.6 307.0 1.10 1.3 712 26,439
Table 2-12f. Axial compression parameters

Lu Fcr Pn R y Pn
Level Section kl r y λc φc
(ft) (ksi) (kips) (kips)
R W14X38 10 75.0 0.991 33.14 0.85 520 676
5 W16X89 10 49.4 0.653 41.82 0.85 1,221 1,587
4 W21X111 10 42.6 0.563 43.78 0.85 1,563 2,032
3 W21X122 10 42.2 0.558 43.89 0.85 1,707 2,219
2 W27X178 10 36.8 0.487 45.28 0.85 2,368 3,078
Table 2-12g. Flexural strength parameters and combined axial plus bending results
(LTB=lateral torsional buckling yield mode)
Mn Pu AISC- AISC-
Mn = M p C b Lb L p FL Lr Mr Mn Ry Mn
Level φ b X1 X2 LTB LRFD LRFD
(k-in.) LTB (in.) (in.) (ksi) (in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) φR y Pn
(k-in.) H1-1a H1-1b
R 0.9 4,703 1.0 120 68 1,697 0.01065 40 156 3,344 3,895 3,895 5,064 0.38 0.99 NA
5 0.9 10,025 1.0 120 103 2,872 0.00197 40 304 7,034 9,771 9,771 12,703 0.30 0.96 NA
4 0.9 15,582 1.0 120 119 2,274 0.00533 40 324 10,995 15,569 15,570 20,241 0.31 0.97 NA
3 0.9 16,994 1.0 120 121 2,499 0.00369 40 338 11,977 17,007 16,995 22,093 0.34 0.99 NA
2 0.9 28,350 1.0 120 138 2,543 0.00375 40 396 20,108 28,933 28,350 36,855 0.27 0.98 NA

Table 2-12h. Link rotations

Story Story Rot
Drift h a e
Level ∆S ∆M θ
∆S (in.) (in.) (in.)
(i.n) (rad)
R 1.21 0.20 0.98 144 164 32 0.0766
5 1.01 0.23 1.13 144 156 48 0.0587
4 0.78 0.25 1.23 144 152 56 0.0547
3 0.53 0.25 1.23 144 152 56 0.0547
2 0.28 0.28 1.37 180 147 66 0.0416
6n. AISC-Seismic brace design. §15.6, AISC-Seismic
The braces are required to be designed for 1.25R yV p times the yielding link
strength plus 1.25 times gravity load combinations.
PE = 1.25ΩR y Pcomputer due to E h loads.
M E = 1.25 R yV p e / 2
Using strength design procedures outlined in AISC-LRFD Section H, obtaining

forces from a computer analysis, and showing calculations in tabular form
(Tables 2-13a through 2-13e), the design forces for braces ( P and M ) are
calculated. Column shear forces are not a controlling factor and are not shown for
the sake of brevity.
Table 2-13a. Brace section properties

A Zx Sx L rx ry Fy
Level Section kl r y
(in.2) (in.3) (in.3) (ft) (in.) (in.) (ksi)
5 W12X87 26 132 118 18 5.38 3.07 71.4 50
4 W12X152 45 243 209 18 5.66 3.19 68.7 50
3 W12X210 62 348 292 18 5.88 3.28 66.8 50
2 W12X230 68 386 321 18 5.98 3.31 65.5 50
1 W12X252 74 428 353 19 6.06 3.34 68.6 50

Table 2-13b. Brace design loads

Pgravity M gravity
Overstr. Overstr. Pbu M bu
Level Section PE ME Ω 1.465D+ 1.465D+ Ry
Factor Factor design design
0.5L 0.5L
R W12X87 150 1,512 1.15 1.25 18.0 276.0 1.25 1.3 303 3,168
5 W12X72 276 3,036 1.22 1.25 24.0 247.0 1.25 1.3 575 6,309
4 W12X79 378 3,744 1.25 1.25 24.0 180.0 1.25 1.3 796 7,811
3 W12X106 446 4,200 1.27 1.25 25.0 181.0 1.25 1.3 953 8,903
2 W12X120 565 3,996 1.33 1.25 25.0 105.0 1.25 1.3 1,253 8,770
Table 2-13c. Brace axial design parameters

Lu Fcr Pn
(ft) (ksi) (kips)
R W12X87 18 71.4 0.943 34.45 0.85 881.9
5 W12X72 18 68.7 0.908 35.40 0.85 1,582.4
4 W12X79 18 66.8 0.883 36.08 0.85 2,229.5
3 W12X106 18 65.5 0.865 36.55 0.85 2,474.5
2 W12X120 19 68.6 0.906 35.46 0.85 2,627.3
Table 2-13d. Brace bending design parameters

φb Mn = M p Cb Lb Lp FL Mr Mn
Level X1 X2 Lr
(ksi) (k-in.) (kips) (in.) (in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.)
0.9 6,600.0 1.0 219 130 3,869 0.0006 40 459 4,720 6,092.5
5 0.9 12,150.0 1.0 219 135 3,225 0.0012 40 423 8,360 11,045.1
4 0.9 17,400.0 1.0 219 139 3,524 0.0008 40 460 11,680 15,974.5
3 0.9 19,300.0 1.0 217 140 4,650 0.0003 40 572 12,840 18,158.5
2 0.9 21,400.0 1.0 229 142 5,231 0.0002 40 639 14,120 20,120.9
Table 2-13e. Brace, combined axial

plus bending results
Pu AISC AISC
Level Section LRFD LRFD
φPn
H1-1a H1-1b
5 W12X87 0.40 0.92 NA
4 W12X152 0.43 0.99 NA
3 W12X210 0.42 0.90 NA
2 W12X230 0.45 0.94 NA
1 W12X252 0.56 0.99 NA

6o. AISC-Seismic column design. AISC-Seismic §15.8
The design of the columns for frame EBF4 for the requirements of AISC-Seismic
is shown in Tables 2-14a through 2-14e. The columns are required to resist an axial
force corresponding to 1.1RyVn, which is the shear strength of the links to ensure
that the yielding mechanism is within the link beams. Design forces (P and P) are
calculated as 1.1ΩRy times seismic forces plus 1.1 times factored gravity load
combinations. Column shear forces are not a controlling factor and are not shown
for the sake of brevity.
Table 2-14a. Column, section properties

A Zx Sx L rx ry Fy
Level Section kl r y
(in.2) (in.3) (in.3) (ft) (in.) (in.) (ksi)
5 W12X87 26 132 118 18 5.38 3.07 71.4 50
4 W12X87 26 132 118 18 5.38 3.07 71.4 50
3 W12X87 26 132 118 18 5.38 3.07 71.4 50
2 W12X170 50 275 235 18 5.74 3.22 67.4 50
1 W12X170 50 275 235 19 5.74 3.22 71.3 50
Table 2-14b. Column, design loads

Pgravity M gravity
Overstr. Overstr. Pbu M bu
Level Section PE ME Ω 1.465D+ 1.465D+ Ry
Factor Factor design design
0.5L 0.5L
R W12X87 0 276 1.15 1.10 4.0 168.0 1.10 1.3 4 638
5 W12X87 84 432 1.22 1.10 22.0 180.0 1.10 1.3 170 949
4 W12X87 238 504 1.25 1.10 44.0 144.0 1.10 1.3 473 1,057
3 W12X170 458 552 1.27 1.10 67.0 120.0 1.10 1.3 906 1,136
2 W12X170 683 972 1.33 1.10 87.0 60.0 1.10 1.3 1,395 1,915
Table 2-14c. Column, axial design parameters

Lu Fcr Pn
(ft) (ksi) (kips)
R W12X87 12 46.9 0.620 42.56 0.85 1,089.6
5 W12X87 12 46.9 0.620 42.56 0.85 1,089.6
4 W12X87 12 46.9 0.620 42.56 0.85 1,089.6
3 W12X170 12 44.8 0.592 43.18 0.85 2,159.0
2 W12X170 15 56.0 0.740 39.76 0.85 1,988.1

Table 2-14d. Column, bending design parameters

φb Mn = M p Cb Lb Lp FL Mr Mn Mn
Level X1 X2 Lr
(ksi) (k-in.) (kips) (in.) (in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.) (k-in.)
R 0.9 6,600.0 1.0 144 130 3,869 0.0006 40 459 4,720 6,521.0 6,521
5 0.9 6,600.0 1.0 144 130 3,869 0.0006 40 459 4,720 6,521.0 6,521
4 0.9 6,600.0 1.0 144 130 3,869 0.0006 40 459 4,720 6,521.0 6,521
3 0.9 13,750.0 1.0 144 136 7,173 0.0001 40 824 9,400 13,702.1 13,702
2 0.9 13,750.0 1.0 180 136 7,173 0.0001 40 824 9,400 13,474.4 13,474
Table 2-14e. Column, combined axial

plus bending results
Pu AISC AISC
Level Section LRFD LRFD
φPn
H1-1a H1-1b
5 W12X87 0.00 NA 0.11
4 W12X87 0.18 NA 0.25
3 W12X87 0.51 0.67 NA
2 W12X170 0.49 0.58 NA
1 W12X170 0.83 0.97 NA
6p. Final frame member sizes (LRFD).
Table 2-15. Final frame member sizes for EBF4 (LRFD)

Level Beams Links (in.) Beam Cover Plate (in.) (1) Columns Braces
Roof W14x38 32 6x¼
5 W16x89 48 6x¼ W12X65 W12X87
4 W21x111 56 6x¼ W12X65 W12X87
3 W21x122 56 6x¼ W12X65 W12X87
2 W27x178 66 Not req’d W12X87 W12X106
1 W12X87 W12X120
Note:
1. Top and bottom flanges outside link.

Figure 2-6. EBF4 Frame member sizes (LRFD)
7. Typical EBF details.
Figures 2-7 through 2-14 are examples of typical EBF connection details. These
are shown for both wide-flange and tube section braces.
Figure 2-7. EBF brace-beam connection at link using wide flange brace

Figure 2-8. EBF brace-column connection using wide flange brace
Figure 2-9. EBF beam-brace connection at link using TS brace

Figure 2-10. Brace-beam connection with TS brace
Figure 2-11. EBF stiffeners at links

Figure 2-12. EBF beam stability bracing
Figure 2-13. Partial plan of EBF beam stability bracing

Figure 2-14. Link beam cover plates (beam outside the link)
Commentary
EBF frames are considered a quality seismic system because of their ability to
yield with a known behavior at controllable locations and to demonstrate very good
hysteretic behavior during cyclical loading. The possibility exists of discrete
postearthquake repairs in local areas if yielding of a frame occurs in an earthquake.
The construction of these frames is not difficult, and the cost is only slightly
greater than the cost of special concentric braced frame systems.
As can be seen, the LRFD design in accordance with AISC-Seismic yields more
conservative results. However, the provisions of AISC-Seismic are considered
state-of-the-art and more likely to yield an EBF frame with the superior
performance that is expected of EBF systems.
It was found that by designing an EBF link beam that meets all of the most
desirable attributes of EBF design, that the beam outside the link might require
cover plates to achieve the required strength. The designer will struggle with
optimization of the link design and the requirement for cover plates outside the
link. It is believed that optimization of the link is the most important element in the
system and if cover plates are required outside the link, that is a cost worth paying.
In the ASD example, the link lengths (to 1.3Vs/Ms), were not optimized and thus
did not need cover plates. However, from a performance standpoint, the ASD
frame may not be as good a design as the LRFD frame because its link lengths are
much shorter.

References
Becker and Ishler, “Seismic Design Practice for Eccentrically Braced Frames, Based
on the 1994 UBC,” Steel Tips. Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga,
California, December 1996.
Popov, Kasai, and Engelhardt, 1987. “Advances in Design of Eccentrically Braced

Frames,” Earthquake Spectra. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,
Oakland, California, Vol.3, no.1.
Engelhardt and Popov, 1989. “On Design of Eccentrically Braced Frames,”

Earthquake Spectra. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland,
California, Vol. 5, No. 3.
Popov, Engelhardt, and Ricles, 1989. “Eccentrically Braced Frames: US Practice,”

Engineering Journal. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia,
AISC, 2nd quarter.
Kasai and Popov, 1986. “General Behavior of WF Steel Shear Link Beams,” Journal
of Structural Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston,
Virginia, Vol. 112, no. 2.

Design Example 3A ! Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame
Design Example 3A
Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame
Figure 3A-1. Four-story steel office building with steel special moment resisting frames (SMRF)
Foreword
This Design Example illustrates use of the 1997 UBC provisions for design of a
steel special moment resisting frame (SMRF). During the course of the
development of this Volume III, an intensive steel moment frame research
program, including considerable full-scale testing, was conducted by the SAC
project. As a result of this effort, new SAC guidelines have been developed.
However, these came after the finalization of this Design Example. Consequently,
the SMRF example given in this document shows only 1997 UBC and
FEMA-267/267A methodology. With the help of member of the SAC team,
comments have been added to this Design Example indicating where the
anticipated new SAC guidelines will be different than the methodology shown in
this Design Example.

Overview
Since the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the prior design procedures for steel
moment resisting frames have been subject to criticism, re-evaluation, and
intensive reseach. Given the observed earthquake damage attributed to brittle
connection fractures in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, it was determined that the
1994 UBC requirements for moment resisting joint design were inadequate and
should not continue to be used in new construction. In September 1994, the
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) issued an emergency code
amendment that eliminated the prescriptive code design procedures for special
moment resisting frame (SMRF) beam-column connections. Those procedures
were replaced with code language requiring qualification of SMRF connection
design through prototype testing or calculation. A SMRF conection is now
required to demonstrate by testing or calculation the capacity to meet both the
strength and inelastic rotation performance as specified by 1997 UBC §2213.7.1.
To address the research needs precipitated by the SMRF connection concerns, the
SAC Joint Venture was formed by SEAOC, the Applied Technology Council
(ATC), and the California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engneering
(CUREe). SAC was charged with developing interim recommendations for
professional practice, including design guidelines for use in new SMRF
connections. To this end, FEMA-267, Interim Guidelines: Evaluation, Repair,
Modification and Design of Welded Steel Moment Frame Structures was published
in August, 1995. This was followed by FEMA-267A, Interim Guidelines; Advisory
No. 1, published in March, 1997.
As a prelude to possible future code requirements, FEMA-267A offers design

procedures and calculation methodologies for certain SMRF connection
configurations. While these procedures are subject to further refinement, they
represent the current state of practice for SMRF connection design. This Design
Example follows the procedures as presented in FEMA-267A, with the reduced
beam section (RBS) the selected joint configuration. Test results for the RBS joint
configuration indicate that it provides the requisite inelastic rotation capacity, and
is one of the more cost-effective of the current SMRF connection options.
Following publication of the FEMA-267 series, the SAC Joint Venture entered into
a supplemental contract with FEMA to perform additional research and develop
final design guidelines. That work, recently completed, culminated with the
publication of FEMA-350, Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New
Moment Resisting Steel Frame Structures. FEMA-350 will present design details
and criteria for ten different types of connections that are prequalified for use
within certain limits. The FEMA-350 criteria are similar, but not identical, to those
illustrated here.

The 4-story steel office structure shown in Figure 3A-1 is to have special moment
resisting frames as its lateral force resisting system. The typical floor plan is shown
on Figure 3A-2 and the moment frame elevation is provided in Figure 3A-3 at the
end of this Design Example.
Outline
5. SMRF member design.
6. SMRF beam-column connection design.
Given Information
The following information is given:

Roofing 4.0 psf Floor covering 1.0 psf
Insulation 2.0 Concrete fill on metal deck 44.0
Concrete fill on metal deck 44.0 Ceiling 3.0
Mechanical/electrical 4.0 Steel framing 9.0
Steel framing 6.0 Partitions (seismic DL) 10.0
Total 63.0 psf Total 76.0 psf
Live load: 20.0 psf Live load: 80.0 psf
Exterior wall system weight: steel

studs, gypsum board, fascia panels 20.0 psf

Site seismic and geotechnical data:

Occupancy category: Standard Occupancy Structure §1629.2
Seismic importance factor: I = 1.0 Table 16-K
Soil profile type: Type S D (default profile) §1629.3, Table 16-J
Seismic Zone: Zone 4, Z = 0.40 §1629.4.1, Table 16-I
Seismic source type: Type C §1629.4.2
Distance to seismic 10 km Table 16-S

source:
Near source factors: N a = 1.0 Table 16-T
N v = 1.0 Table 16-U
Wide flange shapes (
ASTM A572, Grade 50 f y = 50 ksi )
Plates ASTM A572, Grade 50
Figure 3A-2. Typical floor framing plan

Figure 3A-3. Frame elevation at Line A
1a. Check configuration requirements. §1629.5
Check the structure for vertical and horizontal irregularities.
Vertical irregularities—review Table 16-L. Table 16-L
By observation, the structure has no vertical irregularities. The moment frames

have no discontinuities or offsets, and the mass is similar at all levels.
Plan irregularities—review Table 16-M. Table 16-M
The floor plan has no re-entrant corners exceeding 15 percent of the plan
dimension, nor are there any diaphragm discontinuities. Therefore, the structure
has no plan irregularities.

1b. Classify structural system and determine seismic factors. §1629.6
The structure is a moment-resisting frame system with lateral resistance provided

by steel special moment resisting frames (SMRF) (system type 3.1, Table 16-N).
The seismic factors are:
R = 8.5 Table 16-N
Ω = 2.8
hmax = no limit
1c. Select lateral force procedure. §1629.8.3
The static lateral force procedure will be used. This is permitted for regular
structures not more than 240 feet in height.
1d. Determine seismic response coefficients Ca and Cv. §1629.4.3
C a = 0.44(N a ) = 0.44(1.0 ) = 0.44 Table 16-Q
C v = 0.64(N v ) = 0.64(1.0 ) = 0.64 Table 16-R
1e. Evaluate structure period T. §1630.2.2
Per Method A: (30-8)
T = Ct (hn )3 4
C t = 0.035
T A = 0.03(55.5)3 4 = 0.71 sec
Per Method B:
Using a computer model, in lieu of Eq. (30-10), with assumed member sizes and
estimated building weights, the period is determined:

North-south ( y ) :
TBy = 1.30 sec §1630.2.2

Para. #2
East-west (x ):
TBx = 1.16 sec
For Seismic Zone 4, the value for Method B cannot exceed 130 percent of the
Method A period. Consequently,
Maximum value for TB = 1.3T A = 1.3(0.71) = 0.92 sec
1f. Determine design base shear. §1630.2.1
The total design base shear for a given direction is:
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.082W (30-4)
RT 8.5(0.92 )
The base shear need not exceed:
2.5Ca I 2.5(0.44 )(1.0 )

V = W = = 0.129W (30-5)
R 8.5
But the base shear shall not be less than:
V = 0.11C a IW = 0.11(0.44)(1.0)W = 0.048W (30-6)
And for Zone 4, base shear shall not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(0.4)(1.0)(1.0)
V = W = = 0.038W (30-7)
R 8.5
∴ V = 0.082W (30-4)

Note that if the period from Method A (T = 0.71sec) was used, the base shear
would be V = 0.106W . Method A is based on empirical relationships and is not
considered as accurate as Method B. To avoid unconservative use of Method B,
the code limits the period for Method B to not more than 1.3 times the Method A
period.
1g. Determine earthquake load combinations. §1630.1
Section 1630.1.1 specifies earthquake loads. These are E and E m as set forth in
Equations (30-1) and (30-2).
E = ρE h + E v (30-1)
Em = Ω o Eh (30-2)
The normal earthquake design load is E . The load E m is the estimated maximum
earthquake force that can be developed in the structure. It is used only when
specifically required, as will be shown later in this Design Example.
Before determining the earthquake forces for design, the reliability/redundancy

factor must be determined.
20
Reliability/redundancy factor: ρ = 2 − (30-3)
rmax Ab
Ab is the ground floor area of the structure. Note that per the exception in
§1630.1, Ab may be taken as the average floor area in the upper setback portion in
buildings with a larger ground floor area and a smaller upper floor area.
Ab = (140 × 240) − 8(8.5)2 / 2 = 33,311 ft 2
The element story shear ratio ri is the ratio of the story shear in the most heavily
loaded single element over the total story shear at a given level i . The value for
rmax is the greatest value for ri occurring in any story in the lower two-thirds of
the structure. In structures with setbacks or discontinuous frames, the value of ri
should be checked at each level. For this Design Example, the frames are uniform
at all levels and will resist approximately the same relative lateral force at each
story. For moment frames, ri is taken as the maximum of the sum of the shears in
any two adjacent columns in a moment frame bay, divided by the story shear. The
exception is that for interior columns in multi-bay frames, 70 percent of the shear
may be used in the column shear summation.

By observation, the moment frame with the highest total shear per bay will govern
the value for rmax . For this Design Example, the design base shear is equal for both
north-south and east-west directions. Referring to the floor framing plan
(Figure 3A-2), the east-west direction has 16 moment frame columns, while the
north-south direction has 12 moment frame columns; so the north-south rmax will
be greatest. Although a different value of ρ may be used for each direction, the
larger rmax will be used for both directions in this Design Example to be
conservative.
Assume that the frames at Lines A and H each take half the story shear. Using the
portal method for the frame at Line A (Figure 3A-4), the four interior columns take
approximately 80 percent of the frame shear, and the two exterior columns
20 percent of the frame shear.
ΣF=50%
0.05V 0.1V 0.1V 0.1V 0.1V 0.05V
Figure 3A-4. Frame at Line A
At the exterior bay: ri = 0.05 + 0.7 (0.1) 1.0 = 0.12
At the interior bays: ri = 0.7 (0.1 + 0.1) 1.0 = 0.14
The interior bay governs with the larger value of ri . Per the SEAOC Blue Book
Commentary (§C105.1.1.1), ri is to include the effects of torsion, so a 5 percent
increase will be assumed.
rmax = 1.05(0.14) = 0.147
20
∴ρ = 2− = 1.25 o.k. (30-3)
0.147(33,311)1 / 2
Note that ρ cannot be less than 1.0, and that for SMRFs, ρ cannot exceed 1.25
per §1630.1.1. If necessary, moment frame bays must be added until this
requirement is met.

For the load combinations per §1612, and anticipating using allowable stress
design (ASD) in the frame design:
E = ρE h + E v = 1.25(V ) ( E v = 0 for allowable stress design) (30-1)
E m = ΩE h = 2.8(V ) (30-2)
Note that seismic forces may be assumed to act nonconcurrently in each principal
direction of the structure, except as per §1633.1. Although for this Design Example
the same value of ρ is used in either direction, a different value of ρ may be used
for each of the principal directions.
2a. Building weights and mass distribution.
Calculate the building weight and center of gravity at each level. Include an
additional 90 kips (3.0 psf) at the roof level for estimated weight of mechanical
equipment. Distribute the exterior curtain wall to each level by tributary height.
Figure 3A-5. Typical floor

Table 3A-1. Building mass properties

Roof Level Mass Properties
Roof: w DL = 63.0 + 3.0add'lmech = 66.0 psf ; Exterior Walls: w wall = 20 psf ; Wall Area = (6.5 + 4.0)(696 ft ) = 7,308 ft 2
Mark
w DL Area
(sf)
Wi X cg Ycg
( )
W X cg ( )
W Ycg
(psf) (kips) (ft) (ft)
Floor 66.0 29,090 1,920 100 70 191,994 134,396
Walls 20.0 7,308 146 100 70 14,616 10,231
Totals 2,066 206,610 144,627
X cg = 206 ,610 2,066 = 100.0ft ; Ycg = 144,627 2,066 = 70.0ft
4th, 3rd, & 2nd Level Mass Properties

Floor: w DL = 72.0 psf ; Exterior Walls: w wall = 15 psf ; Wall Area = (13.5)(696 ft ) = 9,396 ft 2
Mark
w DL Area
(sf)
Wi X cg Ycg
( )
W X cg ( )
W Ycg
(psf) (kips) (ft) (ft)
Floor 72.0 29,090 2,094 100 70 209,448 146,614
Walls 15.0 9,396 141 100 70 14,094 9,866
Totals 2,235 223,542 156,479
X cg = 223 ,542 2,235 = 100.0ft ; Ycg = 156,479 2,235 = 70.0ft
(1)
Table 3A-2. Mass properties summary
W X cg Ycg M (2) MMI (3)
Level
(kips) (ft) (ft)
Roof 2,066 100 70 5.3 26,556
4th 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
3rd 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
2nd 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
Total 8,771 22.7
Notes:
1. Mass (M) and mass moment of inertia (MMI) are used in analysis for determination of
fundamental period (T).
2. M = (W/386.4) (kips-sec2/in.)
3. MMI = M/A (lx + ly) (kips-sec2-in.)

As noted above, Equation (30-4) governs, and:
V = 0.082W = 0.082(8,771) = 720 kips
For the static lateral force procedure, vertical distribution of force to each level is
applied as follows:
V = Ft + ∑ Fi where Ft = 0.07T (V ) ≤ 0.25(V ) (30-13)
Except Ft = 0 where T ≤ 0.7 sec (30-14)
For this structure: T = 0.92 sec ∴ Ft = 0.07(0.92)(720) = 46.4 kips
The concentrated force Ft is applied at the roof, in addition to that portion of

the balance of the base shear distributed to each level per §1630.5:
Fx =
(V − Ft )Wx hx = (673.6 ) 
W x hx 
 (30-15)
∑ Wi hi  ∑
 Wi hi


Table 3A-3. Vertical distribution of shear

Level
(kips) (ft) (k-ft) Σwx (kips) (kips)
Roof 2,066 55.5 114,663 0.375 299.0
4th 2,235 42.0 93,870 0.307 206.8 299.0
3rd 2,235 28.5 63,698 0.208 140.3 505.8
2nd 2,235 15.0 33,525 0.110 73.9 646.1
Total 8,771 305,756 1.000 720.0 720.0
Note: Froof = 0.38 (673.6) + 46.4 = 299.0 kips

2d. Determine horizontal distribution of shear. §1630.6
Structures with concrete fill floor decks are typically assumed to have rigid
diaphragms. Seismic forces are distributed to the moment frames according to their
relative rigidities. For structures with assumed rigid diaphragms, an accidental
torsion must be applied (in addition to any actual torsional moment) equal to that
caused by displacing the center of mass 5 percent of the building dimension
perpendicular to the direction of the applied lateral force.
For the structural computer model of this Design Example, this can be achieved by
combining the direct seismic force applied at the center of mass at each level with
a torsional moment at each level:
North-south:
M t = 0.05(204 ft )FX = (10.2 )FX
East-west:
M t = 0.05(144 ft )FX = (7.2)FX
Table 3A-4. Horizontal distribution of shear

Fx N/S M t E/W M t
Level
Roof 299.0 3,050 2,153
4th 206.8 2,109 1,489
3rd 140.3 1,431 1,010
2nd 73.9 754 532
Note: Mt = horizontal torsional moment
Using the direct seismic forces and torsional moments noted above, the force distribution to the
frames is generated by computer analysis. The torsional seismic component is always additive to
the direct seismic force. For the computer model, member sizes are initially proportioned by
extrapolation from the tested configurations for SMRF reduced beam section joints, as discussed
in Part 6 below.
From the preliminary computer analysis, the shear force at the ground level is determined for each
frame column. As shown in Figure 3A-5, there are a total of six rigid frames: A1, A2, B1, B2, B3,
and B4. Frames A1 and A2 are identical. Frames B1, B2, B3, and B4 are also identical.
Recognizing that the building is symmetrical, the frame forces are the same for Frames A1 and
A2, as well as for Frames B1 through B4. Frame forces at the base of each frame type, A1 and B1
are summarized in Tables 3A-5 and 3A-6.

Table 3A-5. North-south direction, frame type A1

Line A/1.2 Line A/2 Line A/3 Line A/4 Line A/5 Line A/5.8 Total
Column Shears (kips)
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Direct Seismic 41.8 75.2 69.7 69.7 75.2 41.8 373.4
Torsion Force 2.6 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.6 2.6 23.0
Direct + Torsion 44.4 79.8 74.0 74.0 79.8 44.4 396.4
Table 3A-6. East-west direction, frame type B1

Line 1/A.2 Line 1/B Line 1/C Line 1/C.8 Total
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Direct Seismic 33.4 59.9 59.9 33.4 186.6
Torsion Force 1.3 2.3 2.3 1.3 7.2
Direct + Torsion 34.7 62.2 62.2 34.7 193.8
As a check on the computer output, compare the total column shears with the
direct seismic base shear of 720 kips:
North-south:
ΣFtype A = 2(373.4 ) = 746.8 > 720 kips o.k.
East-west:
ΣFtype B = 4(186.6 ) = 746.4 > 720 kips o.k.
The summation of the column shears is about 3 percent greater than the design
base shear input to the computer model. This is mostly due to the inclusion of P∆
effects in the computer analysis. As required by §1630.1.3, P∆ effects are to be
considered when the ratio of secondary (i.e., moment due to P∆ effects) to
primary moments exceeds 10 percent.
Next, to refine the initial approximation for rmax and ρ , the actual column shears
for Frame A1 from Table 3A-5 above will be used.
rmax = 0.7(79.8 + 74.0 ) / 747 = 0.144
20
∴ ρ=2− = 1.24 ≈ 1.25 o.k.
0.144(33,311)1 / 2

3a. Determine ∆S and ∆M.
The design level response displacement ∆ S is the story displacement at the center
of mass. It is obtained from a static-elastic analysis using the design seismic forces
derived above. For purposes of displacement determination, however, §1630.10.3
eliminates the upper limit on TB , used to determine base shear under Equation
(30-4). The maximum inelastic response displacement ∆ M includes both elastic
and estimated inelastic drifts resulting from the design basis ground motion. It is
computed as follows:
∆ M = 0.7(R )∆ S = 0.7(8.5)∆ S = 5.95∆ S (30-17)
The maximum values for ∆ S and ∆ M are determined, including torsional effects
(and including P∆ effects for ∆ M ). Without the 1.3T A limit on TB , the design
base shear per Equation (30-4) is:
North-south:
TBy = 1.30 sec
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
Vn / s = W = W = 0.058W = 509 kips (30-4)
RT 8.5(1.30)
East-west:
TBx = 1.16 sec
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
Ve / w = W = W = 0.064W = 561 kips
RT 8.5(1.16 )
Note that §1630.9.1 and §1630.1.1 require use of the unfactored base shear V, with
ρ = 1 . Using these modified design base shears, the accidental torsion and force
distribution to each level are adjusted for input to the computer model. The
structure displacements and drift ratios are derived as shown below in Table 3A-7.

Table 3A-7. Interstory displacements

North-South Interstory Displacements
Height ∆ S Drift ∆ M Drift Drift Ratio
Story (∆ M h )
h (in.) (in.) (in.)
4th 162 (1.36 - 1.16)= 0.20 1.19 0.0073
3rd 162 (1.16 - 0.85)= 0.31 1.84 0.0114
2nd 162 (0.85 - 0.47)= 0.38 2.26 0.0140
1st 180 (0.47 - 0.0) = 0.47 2.80 0.0156
East-West Interstory Displacements
Height ∆ S Drift ∆ M Drift Drift Ratio
Story (∆ M h )
h (in.) (in.) (in.)
4th 162 (1.17 - 1.01)= 0.16 0.95 0.0059
3rd 162 (1.01 - 0.73)= 0.27 1.61 0.0099
2nd 162 (0.73 - 0.40)= 0.33 1.96 0.0121
1st 180 (0.40 - 0.0) = 0.40 2.38 0.0132
Note: Interstory drift ratio = ∆M/story height.
3b. Determine the story drift limitation. §1630.10
For structures with T > 0.7 , the allowable story drift is: ∆ M = 0.020 (story
height). A review of drift ratios tabulated in Table 3A-7 shows that all interstory
drift ratios are less than 0.020, using seismic forces corresponding to the actual
period TB in base shear Equation (30-4). Also, note that all drift ratios are less
than (0.95)(0.020 ) = 0.019 . This 5 percent reduction in the drift limit is required
for reduced beam section joint designs under FEMA-267A.
Looking ahead to the SMRF member design, §2213.7.10 imposes certain

conditions on moment frame drift calculations, including bending and shear
contributions from clear beam-column spans, column axial deformation, and panel
zone distortion. These conditions are met by most general purpose structural
analysis programs used in building design, except for the contribution to frame
drift from panel zone distortion. The code provides an exception whereby a
centerline analysis may be used if the column panel zone strength can develop
80 percent (0.8ΣM s ) of the strength of the girders framing into the joint. As will
be seen from the SMRF beam-column joint design, this condition will always be
met under the current performance criteria. Moreover, the FEMA-267A provisions
produce stronger, stiffer column panel zone designs than previously permitted by
the UBC. Therefore, panel zone distortion will generally not contribute
significantly to overall frame drift.

To gain a feel for the influence of beam-column joint stiffness on overall frame
drift, two conditions are modeled for east-west seismic forces, with the lateral
displacements at the roof derived as follows:
Centerline analysis: 1.37 inches
50 percent rigid joint analysis: 1.17 inches
The centerline analysis produces a displacement 17 percent greater than the

50 percent rigid joint analysis. Most engineers feel that the centerline analysis
over-estimates, and the 100 percent rigid joint underestimates, the actual frame
drift. The 50 percent rigid joint analysis is an accepted standard of practice for
providing reasonable design solutions for frame displacements.
4. Typical diaphragm design. §1633.2.9
4a. Determine diaphragm load distribution.
In multi-story buildings, diaphragm forces F px are determined by the formula:
Ft + ∑ Fi
F px = (w px ) and 0.5C a IW px < F px ≤ 1.0C a IW px (33-1)
∑ wi
The diaphragm forces at each level, with the upper and lower limits, are calculated
as shown in Table 3A-8 below. Note that the 0.5C a IW px minimum controls for
this building.
Table 3A-8. Diaphragm load distribution

Fi (1) ΣFi wx Σw i FPx 0.5Ca Iw Px 1.0Ca Iw Px
Level
(kips) (kips) (kips) (1) (kips) (kips) (2) (kips) (3) (kips) (3)
Roof 299.0 299.0 2,066 2,066 299.0 454.5 909.0
4th 206.8 505.8 2,235 4,301 262.8 491.7 983.4
3rd 140.3 646.1 2,235 6,536 220.9 491.7 983.4
2nd 73.9 720.0 2,235 8,771 183.5 491.7 983.4
Notes:
1. See Table 3A-3.
2. Ft = 46.4 kips (see Part 2c)
3. Ca = 0.44 kips (see Part 1d)

4b. Determine diaphragm shear.
The diaphragm design is governed by the minimum seismic force 0.5C a I pW p ( )

and the 491.7 kip force at the floor levels is used for design. This value is not
factored up by ρ per §1630.1.1. The reliability/redundancy factor ρ is only
applied to transfer diaphragms (see Blue Book §105.1.1).
∴ E floor = FP = 491.7 kips (30-1)
The maximum diaphragm span occurs between Lines A and H, so the north-south
direction will control.
Although the computer model assumes rigid diaphragms for load distribution to
the frames, we now consider the diaphragm as a horizontal beam. Shears at each
line of resistance are derived assuming the diaphragm spans as simple beams under
a uniform load.
w1 = E floor / (200′) = 491.7 / (200) = 2.46 k/ft
Diaphragm shear:
 200 
VA = VH = 2.46   = 246 kips
 2 
Figure 3A-6. Diaphragm shear

Using the alternate basic load combination of Equation (12-13) for allowable stress
design, the factored diaphragm design shear at Line A is (E/1.4):
qA =
(V ) = 246
= 1.25 k-ft
1.4 1.4(140')
Using 3¼-inch light weight concrete over 3"× 20 gauge deck, with 4 welds per
sheet at end laps and button punch at 12 in. side laps, the allowable deck shear per
the manufacturer’s ICBO Evaluation Report is:
Vallow = 1.75 > 1.25 k-ft o.k.
4c. Determine collector and chord forces.
Assuming the diaphragm acts as a simple beam between Lines A and H (and this is
the usual assumption), the maximum chord force at Lines 1.2 and 5.8 for north-
south seismic is:
2.46(200)2
CF = = 100.0 k
8(123)
Because the beam framing is continuous on Lines 1.2 and 5.8, these lines are
chosen to resist the chord force. [Lines 1 and 6 have indentations in the floor plan
(Figure 3A-2).] The chord force must be compared to the collector force at these
lines, and the greatest value used for design.
For east-west seismic loads, the factored shear flow at Line 1.2 is approximately:
491.7
q1.2 = = 1.23 k-ft
(2)(200')
Figure 3A-7 shows the collector force diaphragm for Line 1.2.
Figure 3A-7. Collector force diagram at Line 1.2

The maximum collector force is:
Fa = Fd = 1.23(8.5) = 10.5 kips
Fb = Fc = 1.23(75.5) − 123 = 30.1 kips
Per §1633.2.6, seismic collectors must be designed for the special seismic load
combinations of §1612.4. Note that the value for E M does not include the ρ
factor.
E M = Ω o (FP ) = 2.8(30.1) = 84.3 kips (30-2)
The seismic drag tie or chord can be implemented using supplemental slab
reinforcing. With the strength design method for concrete per §1612, including
Exception 2, the factored collector and chord forces are:
Factored chord force: Tu = 1.1(E ) = 1.1(100.0 ) = 110.0 kips §1612.4
Factored collector force: Tu = 1.0(E M ) = 1.0(84.3) = 92.7 kips (12-17)
The factored chord forces for north-south seismic loads govern the design at
Line 1.2. The required slab chord reinforcing is calculated as:
Required As = Tu φf y = 110.0 0.9(60) = 2.0 in.2
∴ Use 4-#7, As = 2.4 in.2
5. SMRF member design.
In this Part, representative beam and column members of Frame A1 are designed
under the provisions of §2213.7. Certain provisions of §2213.7 pertaining to joint
design have been modified by the recommendations of FEMA-267A. These
provisions, including the strong column-weak beam and panel zone requirements,
are discussed with the RBS joint design in Part 6 of this Design Example.
From past experience, steel moment frame designs have typically been drift
controlled. Frame members were chosen with sufficient stiffness to meet the drift
limits, and then checked for the SMRF design requirements. However, to meet the
intent of §2213.7.1, the design process begins by selecting beam-column
combinations extrapolated from tested RBS joint assemblies. The rationale for
selection of the member sizes is also presented in Part 6, with a W 30 × 108 beam
and W 14 × 283 column chosen for this Design Example.

5a. rd
Design typical beam at 3 floor.
The typical beam selected to illustrate beam design is a third-floor beam in Frame
A1. This is shown in Figure 3A-8 below.
Figure 3A-8. Typical beam at third floor of Frame A1.
From a review of the computer output prepared separately for this Design
Example, the moments and shears at the right end of the beam are greatest. The
moments and shears at the face of the column at Line 5 are:
M LL = 924 kip-in.
M seis = ± 3,590 kip-in.
M E = ρM seis = 1.25(3,590 ) = ± 4,487 kip-in.
V DL = 16.4 kips
V LL = 13.3 kips
Vseis = ± 22.3 kips
VE = ρVseis = 1.25(22.3) = ± 27.9 kips §1630.1.1

The basic load combinations of §1612.3.1 (ASD) are used, with no one-third
increase. (These were selected to illustrate their usage, although generally it is
more advantageous to use the alternate basic load combinations of §1612.3.2.)
D + L : M D +L = 1,042 + 924 = 1,966 kip-in. (12-8)
V D +L = 16.4 + 13.3 = 29.7 kips
E 4,487
D+ : M D +E = 1,042 + = 4,247 kip-in. (12-9)
1.4 1.4
27.9
VD + E = 16.4 + = 36.3 kips
1.4
  E    4,487  
D + 0.75 L +   : M D + L + E = 1,042 + 0.75924 +    = 4,139 kip-in. (12-11)
  1.4    1.4  
  27.9 
VD + L + E = 16.4 + 0.7513.3 +   = 41.3 kips
  1.4 
Try W 30 × 108 , ASTM A572, Grade 50 beam.
Check flange and web width-thickness ratios per §2213.7.3 (flange and web
compactness criteria to mitigate premature formation of local buckling):
bf 52 d 640
≤ = 7.35 and ≤ = 90.5
2t f 50 tw 50
bf
For W 30 × 108 : = 6.9 < 7.35 o.k.
2t f
d 29.83
and = = 54.7 < 90.5 o.k.
t w 0.545
Check the beam bracing requirements of §2213.7.8:
Maximum brace spacing = 96ry = 96 (2.15) 12 = 17.2 ft
Place minimum bracing at one-third points: L = 96 28.0 3 = 9.33 ft on center

Check allowable moment capacity:
From AISC-ASD (p. 2-10) for W 30 × 108 :
( )
Lu = 9.8 > 9.33 ∴ Fb = 0.60 F y = 30.0 ksi
Allowable M a = 299(30.0 ) = 8,970 kip-in. > 4,247 kip-in. o.k.
Check allowable shear capacity:
h 29.83 − 2(0.76 ) 380

For W 30 × 108 : = = 51.9 < = 53.7
tw 0.545 50
( )
∴ Fv = 0.4 F y = 0.4(50 ) = 20.0 ksi
Allowable Va = 20.0(0.545)(29.83) = 325 kips > 41.3 kips o.k.
∴ Use W 30 × 108 beam
Note: The W 30 × 108 beam is much larger than required by allowable stress
considerations. The reason for this is that this shape has been part of the beam-
column assemblies tested with RBS configurations.
5b. Design typical column at 2

nd
story.
The column to be designed is the second-story column of Frame A1 shown in

Figure 3A-9.
For the second-story column at Line 5, the maximum column forces generated by
the frame analysis (not shown) are:
M DL = 236 kip-in.
M LL = 201 kip-in.
M seis = 3,970 kip-in.
M E = 1.25(3,970) = 4,963 kip-in.
V DL = 3.1 kips
V LL = 2.7 kips
Vseis = 56.8 kips

V E = 1.25(56.8) = 71 kips
PDL = 113 kips
PLL = 75 kips
Pseis = 28 kips
PE = 1.25(28) = 35 kips
The maximum strong axis moments occur at the bottom of the column, and are
taken at the top flange of the second-floor beam.
Figure 3A-9. Typical second story column at Frame A1
Using the basic load combinations of §1612.3.1:
D + L: M D + L = 236 + 201 = 437 kip-in. (12-8)
PD + L = 113 + 75 = 188 kips
VD + L = 3.1 + 2.7 = 5.8 kips

E 4,963
D+ : M D + E = 236 + = 3,781 kip-in. (12-9)
1.4 1.4
35
PD + E = 113 + = 138 kips
1.4
71.0
VD + E = 3.1 + = 53.8 kips
1.4
: PD − E = 0.9(113) −
E 35
0.9 D − = 76.7 kips compression (12-10)
1.4 1.4
  E    4,963 
D + 0.75 L +   : M D + L + E = 236 + 0.75201 +   = 3,046 kip-in. (12-11)
  1.4    1.4 
 71.0 
VD + L + E = 3.1 + 0.75 2.7 + = 43 kips
 1.4 
  35 
PD + L + E = 113 + 0.75 75 +   = 188 kips
  1.4 
Under the requirements of §2213.5.1, columns must have the strength to resist the
following axial load combinations (neglecting flexure):
PDL + 0.7 PLL + ΩPseis : Pcomp = 113 + 0.7(75) + 2.8(28) = 244 kips compression
0.85PDL − ΩPseis : Ptens = 0.85(113) − 2.8(28) = −18 kips compression
The intent of these supplemental load combinations is to ensure that the columns
have adequate axial strength to preclude buckling when subjected to the maximum
seismic force that can be developed in the structure.
Try W 14 × 283 , ASTM A572, Grade 50 column.
Unbraced column height (taken from top of framing at bottom to mid-depth of

beam at top):
h = 13.5 − (2.5 2 ) = 12.25 ft

Under §2213.5.3, the factor k can be taken as unity if the column is continuous,
( )
drift ratios are met per §1630.8, and f a ≤ 0.4 F y . The example column is
continuous, complies with the drift ratios, and:
Maximum f a = 188 / 83.3 = 2.26 ksi < 0.4(50) = 20.0 ksi ∴ k = 1.0
 kl  12(12.25)
  = = 21.6
 r x 6.79
 kl  12(12.25)
  = = 35.3
 r y 4.17
∴ Fa = 26.5 ksi
f a 2.26
Maximum = = 0.085 < 0.15
Fa 26.5
Therefore, AISC-ASD Equation H1-3 is used for combined stresses.
From AISC-ASD manual (p. 3-21) for W 14 × 283 , Grade 50:
Lc = 14.4 > 12.5
( )
∴ Fb = 0.66 Fy = 33.0 ksi
Check combined stresses for the critical load combinations.
E f f 138 3,781
D+ : a + bx = + = 0.063 + 0.250 = 0.313 < 1.0 o.k. (12-9)
1.4 Fa Fb 83.3(26.5) 459(33.0 )
 E  f a f bx 3,046
D + 0.75 L +  : + = 0.085 + = 0.286 < 1.0 o.k. (12-11)
 1.4  Fa Fb 459(33.0 )
Check column shear capacity:
Allowable Va = 0.4(50)(16.74)(1.29) = 432 kips > 53.8 kips o.k.

Next, check required axial strength per §2213.5.
Compression:
Psc = 1.7 Pallow = 1.7 (83.3)(26.5) = 3,753 kips > 244 kips o.k.
Tension:
Pst = F y A = 50(83.3) = 4,165 kips o.k.
The column width-thickness ratio limit of §2213.7.3 is to meet the requirement of

AISC-ASD, Chapter N, Plastic Design, Section N7. Columns meeting this criterion
are expected to achieve full plastic capacity prior to local flange buckling.
bf
≤ 7.0 for F y = 50 ksi
2t f
bf
For W 14 × 283 : = 3.89 < 7.0 o.k.
2t f
∴ Use W 14 × 283 column
Note: The W 14 × 283 column is much larger than required by allowable stress
considerations. The beam-column assemblies selected for this Design Example
have been tested with the RBS configuration.
6. SMRF beam-column connection design.
As discussed in FEMA-267 (Sections 7.3 and 7.5), SMRF joint designs may be
acceptable without testing of a particular beam-column combination only with the
following qualifications:
1. Joint design calculations are based on comparisons with tested assemblies.
2. The joint configuration considered closely mirror the tested detail.
3. Calculated member sizes are extrapolated from tested combinations.
4. A qualified third party peer review is performed.
Where such calculations are determined to be acceptable, the design provisions of

FEMA-267A may be applied to member sizes extrapolated or interpolated from
tested configurations. Use of calculations alone, without testing to form a basis for
reasonable extrapolation, is not recommended.

This Design Example utilizes tests conducted at the University of Texas Ferguson
Laboratory [Engelhardt et al., 1996]. Testing of additional RBS joint combinations
was performed as part of the SAC Phase II program. Results of these tests will be
published by SAC when available; updates may be found at SAC’s web site:
http://quiver.eerc.berkeley.edu:8080/design/conndbase/index.html.
Using the circular cut reduced beam section, the following beam-column joint
assemblies were successfully tested at the University of Texas:
Table 3A-9. Tested RBS beam-column joint assemblies

Specimen Column Beam
DB2 W14x426 W36x150
DB3 W14x426 W36x170
DB4 W14x426 W36x194
DB5 W14x257 W30x148
Each of these specimens achieved plastic chord rotation capacity exceeding 0.03
radians, the recommended acceptance criterion per FEMA-267A (Section 7.2.4).
The parameters for extrapolation or interpolation of beam-column test results are

difficult to determine. When extrapolating, it should be done only with a basic
understanding of the behavior of the tested assembly. The California Division of
the State Architect (DSA), in the commentary to its Interpretation of Regulations
27-8 (DSA IR 27-8), has established guidelines for extrapolation of joint tests.
Until further testing is completed, DSA recommends that members sizes taken
from tested configurations be extrapolated, by weight or flange thickness, no more
than 15 percent upward or no more than 35 percent downward.
Using the DSA criteria for extrapolation with the lightest column section (DB5) of
the tested sizes noted above, the following possible beam-column size
combinations are possible:
W 14 × 257 column:
Max. weight = 296 lbs. Max. t f = 2.17 in.
Min. weight = 167 lbs. Min. t f = 1.22 in.
∴ Use W 14 × 176 to W 14 × 283

W 30 × 148 beam:
Max. weight = 170 lbs. Max. t f = 1.36 in.
Min. weight = 96 lbs. Min. t f = 0.77 in.
∴ Use W 30 × 108 to W 30 × 173
For compatibility with this test configuration, beam-column pairs are selected from
the ranges noted above. After evaluating several combinations for weak
beam/strong column and panel zone strength criteria, the combination of a
W 30 × 108 beam and W 14 × 283 column is selected for use in this Design
Example. Note that this combines the lightest beam with the heaviest column in
the available range.
The W 30 × 108 beam was selected after confirming that with this combination, the
overall frame drifts per the computer analysis are within the code limits (as shown
in Part 3b above). The W 14 × 283 column was chosen to eliminate the requirement
for doubler plates. When given the option, steel fabricators have elected to use
heavier columns in lieu of doubler plates for economy. Also, tests have shown that
the weld of the doubler plate to the column fillet (k) region may be detrimental to
joint performance.
As shown in Figure 3A-10, the W 14 × 283 columns are to be full-height, one

length. Full-height columns without splices were found to be the least-cost option.
Column splices in SMRFs must comply with §2213.5.2. However, it is suggested
that column splices be made with complete penetration welds located near mid-
height.
Note: Where referenced, the FEMA-267/267A sections are noted with a preceding
“FEMA” in the remainder of this Design Example (e.g. FEMA §7.2.2.1). The
reduced beam section (RBS) joint configuration used in this Design Example is
shown in Figure 3A-10.
6a. Determine member and material strengths.
When determining the strength of a frame element, FEMA §7.2.2 defaults back to
§2213.4.2. Material strength properties are stipulated in FEMA §7.5.1,
Table 7.5.1-1. FEMA-267A modified the allowable through-thickness stress to 0.9
(Fy) in recognition of improved joint performance for configurations locating the
plastic hinge away from the face of the column. For this Design Example, material
strengths are taken as:

W 30 × 108 beam, Shape Group 2, A572 Grade 50:
F y = 50 ksi
F ym = 58 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Through-thickness FTT = 0.9(50 ) = 45 ksi
W 14 × 283 column, Shape Group 4, A572 Grade 50:
F y = 50 ksi
F ym = 57 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
Through-thickness FTT = 45 ksi
6b. Establish plastic hinge configuration and location.
The fundamental design intent espoused in FEMA-267 is to move the plastic hinge
away from the column face. The RBS design achieves that goal in providing a
well-defined, relatively predictable plastic hinge region. Of the various RBS
options, the circular curved configuration is chosen due to its combination of tested
performance and economy of fabrication.
The distance c from the face of the column (see Figure 3A-10) to the beginning of
the circular cut, and the length of the cut l c , are based on prior RBS tests. It is
desirable to minimize c to reduce the amplification of M f at the face of the
column.
FEMA-267A recommends that c = d b / 4 , while Englehardt [1998] recommends

0.5b f ≤ c ≤ 0.75b f . As the member sizes for this Design Example are
extrapolated from testing by Englehardt, c ≅ 0.6b f is selected. Both FEMA-267A
and Englehardt recommend l c ≅ 0.75d .

Figure 3A-10. RBS (“dog bone”) geometry
W 30 × 108 :
0.5b f = 0.5(10.5) = 5.25 in.
0.75b f = 0.75(10.5) = 7.88 in.
∴ Use c = 6.0 in.
lc = 0.75d = 0.75(29.83) = 22.37 in.
∴ Use lc = 24.0 in.
The depth of the cut n should be made such that 40 percent to 50 percent of the
flange is removed. This will limit the projection of moments at the face of the
column to within 90 percent to 100 percent of the plastic capacity of the full beam
section. With a 45 percent reduction in the flange area:
 bf  0.45(10.5)
n = 0.45  = = 2.36 in.
 2  2
Use 2 ¼-in. cut
4n 2 + l c2 4(2.25)2 + 24 2
∴R = = = 33.1 in. radius
8n 8(2.25)
The plastic hinge may be assumed to occur at the center of the curved cut per
FEMA §7.5.3.1, so that:
lh = (16.74 / 2) + 6.0 + (24 / 2) = 26.37 in.

and:
L = 28.0 ft.
∴ L' = 28 − 2(26.37 / 12 ) = 23.6 ft
The length between the plastic hinges L ' (see Figure 3A-11) is used to determine
forces at the critical sections for joint analysis.
Figure 3A-11. Plastic hinges
The circular curved cut provides for a gradual transition in beam flange area. This
configuration also satisfies the intent of §2213.7.9.
6c. Determine probable plastic moment and shear at the reduced beam section.
The plastic section modulus at the center of the reduced beam section is calculated
per FEMA §7.5.3.2 as:
[ (
Z RBS = Z x − br t f d − t f )] FEMA-267A, Eqn. (7.5.3.2-1)
where b r is the total width of material cut from the beam flange.
br = 2(2.25) = 4.5 in. and
Z RBS = 346 − [4.5(0.76 )(29.83 − 0.76)] = 247 in.3

Next, the probable plastic moment at the reduced beam section Mpr is calculated as:
M pr = Z RBS β(FY ) FEMA-267A, Eqn. (7.5.3.2-2)
The factor β accounts for both variations in the beam steel average yield stress
and strain hardening at the plastic hinge. Per FEMA §7.5.2.2, for ASTM A572
steel, β = 1 .2 . Therefore:
M pr = 247(1.2)(50 ) = 14,820 kip-in.
As illustrated in FEMA §7.5.2.3, the shear at the plastic hinge is derived by statics,
considering both the plastic moment at the hinge and gravity loads. For simplicity,
the beam shear from the frame analysis for dead and live loads at the hinge is used.
To be consistent with this strength design procedure, the special seismic load
combinations of §1612.4 are used:
L’
Mpr Mpr
VE VE
Figure 3A-12. Beam equilibrium under the

probable plastic moment Mpr
2 M pr 2(14,820 )
VE = = = 104.7 kips
L' 12(23.6)
and:
V P = 1.2(V D ) + 0.5(V L ) + 1.0(V E )
∴ V P = 1.2(16.4 ) + 0.5(13.3) + 1.0(104.7 ) = 131 kips
6d. Calculate strength demands at the critical sections of beam-column joint.
There are two critical sections for the joint evaluation. The first section is at the
interface of the beam section and the face of the column flange. The strength
demand at this section is used to check the capacity of the beam flange weld to the
column, the through-thickness stress on the column flange (at the area joined to the
beam flange), and the column panel zone shear strength. The second critical
section occurs at the column centerline. The moment demand at this location is

used to check the strong column-weak beam requirement per FEMA §7.5.2.5
(UBC §2213.7.5).
a. Column face b. Column centerline
Figure 3A-13. Critical sections at beam-column joint
The moment at the face of the column is:
M f = M pr + V P (x ) = 14,820 + 131(6 + 12) = 17,178 kip-in. FEMA §7.5.2.4
The moment at the centerline of the column is:
M cl = M pr + VP (lh ) = 14,820 + 131 (26.37 ) = 18,274 kip-in.
6e. Evaluate the RBS joint strength capacity.
Section 7.5.3.2 of FEMA-267A lists four criteria for the evaluation of RBS joint
capacity:
1. At the reduced section, the beam must have the capacity to meet all code
required forces (i.e. dead, live & seismic per §1612).
2. Code required drift limits must be met considering effects of the RBS.
3. The beam-to-column flange weld must have adequate strength.
4. The through-thickness stress on the face of the column at the beam flange
must be within the allowable values listed in FEMA §7.5.1. (Note: In

subsequent studies conducted by the SAC project, typical rolled column

shapes were found insensitive to through thickness stress. In FEMA-350, the
requirement to check this parameter has been eliminated, and the connection
is designed to produce near-yield conditions at the beam flange to column
joint.)
Check reduced section for code design forces.

At the reduced section, the section modulus S RBS is:
S RBS =
[4,470 − 2(4.5)(0.76)(14.92 − 0.78) ] = 203in.
2
3
14.92
The allowable moment M a , with Fb = 33.0 ksi (see Part 5a), is
M a = 203(33.0 ) = 6,700 kip-in. > 4,247 kip-in.
Thus, the reduced W 30 × 108 section is adequate for the moments derived for the
load combinations of §1612.3.1.
Check frame stiffness for code drift limits.

As discussed in FEMA §7.5.3, the RBS will reduce overall frame stiffness
approximately 5 percent, thereby increasing calculated frame displacements about
5 percent proportionally. To account for this increase, the allowable drift limits are
reduced 5 percent for comparison to calculated frame lateral deflections from the
computer analysis. As shown in Part 3b, the structure drift ratios are found to be
within the reduced code limits.
Check beam-to-column welded connection.

The W 30 × 108 beam and W 14 × 283 column are extrapolated from specimen sizes
tested in an RBS configuration at the University of Texas. In the tested
configuration, the beam webs have complete-penetration welds to the column
flange. Under FEMA §7.8.2, the web connection should be consistent with the
tested assemblies—this weld is shown in Figure 3A-17.
Note: In FEMA-350, RBS and other connections have been prequalified for
application within ranges of member and frame sizes. As long as framing falls
within prequalified limits, reference to specific test data is not required.
Using the cross-sectional area of the beam flange and web weldments at the face of
the column (Figure 3A-14), the elastic section modulus S c of the beam is
calculated from the information in Table 3A-10.

Figure 3A-14. Built-up section at column face
Table 3A-10. Built-up section properties

Area Y Io
Mk A(y)2
(in.2) (in.) (in.4)
1 0.545(26.73)=14.58 0.00 0 869
2 0.76(10.48)=7.96 14.54 1,682 0
3 0.76(10.48)=7.96 14.54 1,682 0
4 0.31(10.48)=3.28 15.07 745 0
5 0.31(10.48)=3.28 15.07 745 0
Sum 4,854 869
The calculated section properties are:
I c = 4,854 + 869 = 5,723 in.4
∴ S c = 5,723 15.23 = 376 in.3
As given in FEMA §7.2.2.1, for complete penetration welds, the weld strength is
taken at the beam yield stress of 50 ksi. The maximum weld stress is calculated
using Mf (see Figure 3A-11). The moment demand on the weld at the face of the
column:
f weld = 17,178 / 376 = 45.7 ksi < 50 ksi o.k.
With the beam web welded to the column, the plastic shear demand should be
checked against the beam shear strength. The plastic shear demand is calculated in
Part 6b above.

VS = 0.55 (50.0)(0.545)(29.83) = 447 kips > V p = 131 kips o.k. FEMA §7.8.2
In this Design Example, the shear tab shown in Figure 3A-17 is present only for
steel erection. For beam web connections using shear tabs, the shear tab and bolts
are to be designed to resist the plastic beam shear Vp. The bolts must be slip-
critical, and the shear tab may require a complete penetration weld to the column.
However, in September 1994, ICBO issued an emergency code change to the 1994
UBC, which deleted the prior requirement for supplemental welds from the shear
tab to the beam web. An example beam-column shear tab connection design is
given in Design Example 1A, Part 6g.
Check the through-thickness stress at the column.

Under FEMA §7.5.3.2, the through-thickness stresses at the interface of the beam
flange with the column face is determined as
f t −t = M f Sc FEMA §7.5.3.2
where M f and S c are as determined above.
∴ f t −t = 17,178 / 376 = 45.7 ksi ≈ 0.9(50) = 45.0 ksi o.k.
Although the through-thickness stress is at the upper limit of the recommended

allowable stress, RBS joints have been successfully tested with calculated stresses
as high as 58 ksi [Englehardt, et al., 1996]. The success of these tests is attributed
to locating the plastic hinge away from the column face and into the beam span.
6f. Verify the strong column-weak beam condition.
The strong column/weak beam requirement given in FEMA §7.5.2.5 is similar to

§2213.7.5. Per FEMA §7.5.2.5 the beam moments are derived from M pr (see Part
6c above), whereas the UBC sums moments at the column centerline. The column
moments ΣM c are taken at the top and bottom of the column panel zone as shown
in Figure 3A-15.

Figure 3A-15. Joint forces and moments
(
ΣZ C F yc − f a )
≥ 1.0 FEMA Eqn. (7.5.2.5-1)
ΣM C
where:
M Ct = VC ht ; ( )
M Cb = VC + V f hb
and:
ΣM C = M Ct + M Cb
V f is the incremental seismic shear to the column at the 3rd floor. From the
computer analysis (not shown): V f = 16.4 kips
Summing moments at the bottom of the lower column:
VC =
[ ( )]
2 M pr + lh V p − V f (hb + d P / 2)
(hb + d P + ht )
ht = hb =
(13.5)(12) − 29.83 = 66.1 in.
2 2
2[14,820 + 26.4(131)] − 16.4(66.1 + 29.83 / 2 )

∴ VC = = 217.4 kips
[2(66.1) + 29.83]

The column moments, taken at the top and bottom of the panel zone are:
M Ct = 217.4(66.1) = 14,370 kip-in.
M Cb = (217.4 + 16.4 )(66.1) = 15,454 kip-in.
∴ M C = 14,370 + 15,454 = 29,834 kip-in.
From Part 5b above, the maximum column axial stress is f a = 2.26 ksi . For the
W 14 × 283 column, Z x = 542 in.3 :
(
ΣZ C Fyc − f a ) = 2[542(50 − 2.260)] = 1.74 > 1.0 o.k. FEMA Eqn. (7.5.2.5-1)
ΣM C 29,824
Therefore, the columns are stronger than the beam moments 2 M pr , and the strong
column-weak beam criteria is satisfied.
6g. Check column panel zone strength.
Column panel zone strength is evaluated per FEMA §7.5.2.6. FEMA-267A

modifies the panel zone provisions of UBC §2213.7.2. The provision (in the 1994
UBC) allowing panel zone strength to be proportioned for “…. gravity loads plus
1.85 times the prescribed seismic forces …” has been eliminated. This
modification produces stiffer/stronger panel zones than previously permitted under
the UBC. Heavier columns are often preferable to use of doubler plates. Thus,
panel zone strength may well dictate the selection of column sizes. (Note: In
FEMA-350, this criteria has changed again to produce balanced yielding between
the beam and panel zone, such that yielding initiates in the panel zone
simultaneously—or slightly after—yielding in the RBS. This is compatible with,
but not identical to, the FEMA-267 procedures.)
Per FEMA §7.5.2.6, the panel zone (Figure 3A-16) is to be capable of resisting the
( )
shear required to develop 0.8ΣM f of the girders framing into the joint (where Mf
is the moment at the face of the column). The panel zone shear strength is derived
as follows:

Figure 3A-16. Panel zone forces
H = 2(66.1) + 29.83 = 162 in.
d p = 29.83 − 0.76 / 2 = 29.45 in.
M f = 17,178 kip-in. (see Part 6d)
VC =
[ ( )] = 2(0.8)(17,178) = 170 kips
2 0.8 M f
H 162
2(0.8)ΣM f 2(0.8)(17,178)
Ff = = = 933 kips
dp 29.45
VZ = F f − VC = 933 − 170 = 763 kips
The panel zone shear strength is determined from §2213.7.2.1.
 3bc t cf2 
V = 0.55 F y d c t 1 +  (13-1)
 d b d c t 

where:
bc = width of the column flange
db = depth of the beam
dc = column depth
t cf = thickness of the column flange
t= total thickness of the panel zone, including doubler plates
For the W 14 × 283 column, the panel zone shear strength is:
 3 (16.11)(2.07 )2 
V = 0.55(50 )(16.74)(1.29 ) 1 +  = 785 > 763 kips o.k. (13-1)
 (29.83)(16.74 )(1.29 )
The W 14 × 283 column panel zone strength is just adequate when matched with
the W 30 × 108 beam without doubler plates. Again, this configuration is selected
in lieu of a lighter column with doubler plates as the most economical design. Note
that if the design does include doubler plates, then compliance with §2213.7.2.3 is
required.
The minimum panel zone thickness t z is also checked per §2213.7.2.2:
t z ≥ (d z + w z ) / 90
where:
d z = panel zone depth between continuity plates
wz = panel zone width between column flanges
t z = 1.29" for W 14 × 283
t z = 1.29" ≥ [(29.73 − 0.76) + (16.74 − 2.07 )/ 90] = 0.48 in. o.k. (13-2)

6h. Check column continuity plates.
Subject to further research, FEMA-267 §7.8.3 recommends that continuity plates

always be provided. The plate thickness should match the beam flange thickness.
Complete penetration welds from the continuity plate to the column flanges are
recommended, and fillet welds to the column web are acceptable. (Note: In
FEMA-350, this criteria has been relaxed, permitting omission of continuity plates
for columns with heavy flanges.)
The minimum continuity plate area is validated for conformance with §2213.7.4
using AISC-ASD Section K1.8, Equation K1-9. UBC §2213.7.4 stipulates that for
(
this equation the value for Pbf is to be taken as: 1.8bt f F y . )
For W 30 × 108 :
Pbf = 1.8(0.76)(10.48)(50) = 717 kips §2213.7.4
AISC-ASD Eq. (K1-9) yields:
Pbf − F yc t wc (t b + 5k ) 717 − 50(1.29 )[0.76 + 5(2.75)]

Ast = = = −4.38
F yst 50
As the area calculated is negative, stiffeners are not required per Equation K1-9 of
AISC-ASD, and continuity plates with a thickness matching the beam flange are
adequate.
With complete penetration welds to the column flanges, the continuity plate
corners should be clipped to avoid the column k-area. This leaves a fillet weld
length to the column web of:
lw = d c − 2(k ) = 16.74 − 2(2.75) = 11.2 in.
The fillet weld to the column web is designed for the tensile strength of the
continuity plate. Using a 3 4 "× 7" plate on each side of the web (top and bottom),
the weld size is determined.
Plate strength:
Pst = 0.75 (7.0 ) 50.0 = 263 kips

Weld size (16ths):
Pst ( 263)
n= = = 7.4
2lw (1.7 )(0.928) 2(11.2 )(1.7 )(0.928)
where weld strength per 1/16th inch with E70XX electrodes is

0.3(70 ksi) (1/16) (.707) = 0.928 kip-in. per AISC-ASD Table J2.5.
∴ Use a ½" fillet top and bottom of continuity plate to column web.
6i. Evaluate beam-to-column joint restraint. §2213.7.7
To preclude SMRF column members from out-of-plane or lateral torsional

buckling, §2213.7.7 specifies requirements for beam-column joint restraint. The
W 14 × 283 frame column has a perpendicular beam framing into it at each level,
providing both column lateral support and joint restraint. The column flanges need
to be laterally supported only at the beam top flange if the column remains elastic.
By satisfying one of the four conditions listed in §2213.7.7.1, a column may be
considered elastic for purposes of determining lateral bracing.
Check condition #1: Strong column-weak beam strength ratio > 1.25
From a review of Part 6f above: (strength ratio) = 1.74 > 1.25 o.k.
The column flanges therefore need lateral bracing only at the beam top flange. The
bracing force is taken at 1 percent of the beam flange capacity, perpendicular to the
plane of the frame. By observation, the bolted connection from the beam framing
perpendicular to the column is adequate.
6j. Provide beam lateral bracing at RBS flange cut. FEMA §7.5.3.5
Lateral bracing is next considered for the beam flanges adjacent to the RBS cut. As
stated in FEMA §7.5.3.5, lateral braces for the top and bottom beam flanges are to
be placed within d/2 of the reduced section. (Note: This requirement is dropped in
FEMA-350 when a composite concrete slab is present. )
Lateral support of the top flange is ordinarily provided by shear studs to the
concrete fill over metal deck. Either diagonal angle bracing or perpendicular
beams can provide bottom flange lateral bracing. Generally, bracing elements may
be designed for about 2 percent of the compressive capacity of the member being
braced. Figure 3A-17 shows an example for angle bracing of the bottom flange.

6k. Detailing considerations.
As noted in FEMA-267A, the reduced beam section SMRF design entails a few
unique considerations:
" At the cut edge of the reduced section, the beam flange should be ground
parallel to the flange to a mirror finish (surface roughness < 1000 per
ANSI B46.1).
" Shear studs should be omitted over the length of the cut in the beam top
flange, to minimize any slab influence on beam hinging.
" A 1-inch-wide gap should be placed all around the column so as to the slab to
reduce the slab interaction with the column connection. (Note: FEMA-350 has
relaxed this requirement.)
6l. Welding specifications.
To ensure that the SMRF joint welded connections are of the highest possible
quality, the design engineer must prepare and issue project-specific welding
specifications as part of the construction documents. The guidelines presented in
FEMA-267, Section 8.2 provide a comprehensive discussion of welding
specifications. For an itemized list of welding requirements, see California
Division of the State Architect (DSA), Interpretation of Regulations #27-8, Section
K – Welding. A few of these requirements are noted below:
" The steel fabricator is to prepare and submit a project Welding Procedure
Specification (WPS) per AWS D1.1, Chapter 5 for review by the inspector and
Engineer of Record.
" Weld filler materials are to have a rated toughness, recommended at 20ft-lbs.
absorbed energy at –20o F per Charpy V-notch test.
" Pre-heat and interpass temperatures are to be strictly observed per AWS D1.1,
Chapter 4.2, and verified by the project inspector.
" Weld dams are prohibited, and back-up bars (if used) should be removed, the
weld back-gouged, and a reinforced with a fillet weld.
" All complete penetration welds shall be examined with ultrasonic

testing/inspection for their full length.

6m. Tests and inspections.
Quality control is presented in Chapter 9 of FEMA-267. Guidelines are presented

for inspector qualifications, as well as suggested scope of duties for the inspector,
engineer and contractor. The extent of testing is discussed, with a recommendation
that the contract documents clearly identify the required testing. An example
Quality Assurance Program is given in FEMA §9.2.7. It is recommended that the
structural engineer incorporate similar requirements into the project specifications.
Figure 3A-17. Reduced beam section joint detail

References
AISC, 1997, 1999. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. American
Institute of Steel Construction, April 1997 with Supplement No. 1, February
1999,
DSA IR 27-8, 1998. Interpretation of Regulations 27-8. California Division of the

State Architect, Sacramento, California.
Englehardt, M., 1998. Design Recommendations for Radius Cut Reduced Beam
Section Moment Connections. University of Texas, Austin.
Englehardt, M., et al., 1996. “The Dogbone Connection, Part II,” Modern Steel
Construction. American Institute of Steel Construction.
FEMA-267, 1995. Interim Guidelines: Evaluation, Repair, Modification, and Design

of Welded Steel Moment Frame Structures. SAC Joint Venture, funded by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
FEMA-267A, 1997. Interim Guidelines Advisory No. 1, Supplement to FEMA-267,

FEMA-267B, 1999. Interim Guidelines Advisory No. 2, Supplement to FEMA-267,

Steel Tips, 1999. “Design of Reduced Beam Section (RBS/Moment Frame

Connections,” Steel Tips. Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga,
California.

Design Example 3B ! Steel Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame
Design Example 3B
Steel Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame
Figure 3B-1. Four story steel office building with steel ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF)
Foreword
Steel ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) differ from special moment
resisting frames (SMRF) in several important ways. The most significant
differences lie in the details of the beam-column joints and in the consideration of
strong column-weak beam effects in member selection. Because of these and other
factors, the SMRF structure has a higher R-factor (8.5) and no height limit, while
OMRF structures have a low R-factor (4.5) and are limited to 160 feet in height. In
general, SMRF structures are expected to perform much better in earthquakes than
OMRF structures.
This Design Example uses the same 4-story structure used in Design Example 3A
to illustrate design of a steel OMRF. The choice of this structure was based on both
convenience and the fact that the differences between OMRFs and SMRFs could
be easily shown.

It should be noted, however, that SEAOC does not recommend use of steel OMRFs
in buildings over two stories. In fact, SEAOC recommends use of SMRFs in all
steel moment frame structures of any height, particularly mid-rise and taller
structures, in high seismic regions. Typical uses of OMRF systems in high seismic
regions include structures such as one-story open front retail buildings, two-story
residential structures with open lower levels, penthouses and small buildings.
Overview
Steel ordinary moment resisting frames are required to meet the provisions of
§2213.6. The OMRF requirements are essentially the same as stipulated in prior
UBC editions, and were not addressed in the emergency code amendment for
SMRF design issued in the 1996 Supplement to the 1994 UBC. However, both the
SEAOC Blue Book and FEMA-267 recommend against the use of OMRFs in
areas of high seismicity. The OMRF provisions are retained in the code for use in
light on- or two-story buildings, and structures in low seismic hazard zones.
The UBC requires OMRFs to be designed for about twice the lateral seismic force
that would be required for a SMRF in the same structure. As such, the plastic
rotation demand for OMRF connections should be roughly half that of the SMRF.
The connection ductility requirements for OMRFs are therefore less stringent than
for SMRFs. Notwithstanding code provisions, OMRF connections should receive
similar attention to joint detailing as for SMRFs. In particular, lessons learned from
the Northridge earthquake concerning weld procedures and filler materials should
also be applied to OMRFs.
As suggested in FEMA-267 (see p.7-2), OMRFs in areas of high seismicity may be

acceptable if the connections are designed to remain elastic for the design level
earthquake, while the beam and column members are designed per UBC OMRF
requirements. This can be achieved by applying an R factor of 1 in deriving design
base shear and confirming that the connection stresses do not exceed yield. This
enhanced OMRF design approach is also illustrated in this Design Example.
This Design Example uses the 4-story steel office structure from Design
Example 3A to illustrate OMRF design. The same building weights, frame
elevations and site seismicity are used as for Design Example 3A. Although this
Design Example is for a 4-story structure, the design procedure is applicable to all
OMRFs, including such uses as one-story, single bent frames at garage door
openings.
It is recommended that the reader first review Design Example 3A before reading
this Design Example. Refer to Example 3A for plans and elevations of the
structure.

Outline
4. OMRF member design.
5. OMRF beam-column joint design.
1a. Classify structural system and determine seismic factors. §1629.6
The structure is a building frame system with lateral resistance provided by steel
ordinary moment resisting frames (system type 3.4.a of Table 16-N). The seismic
factors are:
R = 4.5 Table 16-N
Ω = 2.8
hmax = 160 ft
1b. Determine seismic response coefficients Ca and Cv. §1629.4.3
C a = 0.44(N a ) = 0.44(1.0 ) = 0.44 Table 16-Q
C v = 0.64(N v ) = 0.64(1.0 ) = 0.64 Table 16-R

1c. Evaluate structure period T. §1630.2.2
Per Method A: (30-8)
T = Ct (hn )3 4
C t = 0.035
T A = 0.03(55.5)3 4 = 0.71 sec
Per Method B:
From Design Example 3A, assuming we retain the same beam and column sizes:
North-south:
(y ) : TBy = 1.30 sec §1630.2.2
East-west:
(x ) : TBx = 1.16 sec Para. #2
For Seismic Zone 4, the value for Method B cannot exceed 130 percent of the
Method A period. Consequently,
Maximum value for TB = 1.3T A = 1.3(0.71) = 0.92 sec
1d. Determine design base shear.
The total design base shear for a given direction is:
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.155W (30-4)
RT 4.5(0.92 )
The base shear need not exceed:
2.5C a I 2.5(0.44)(1.0 )
V = W = W = 0.244W (30-5)
R 4.5

But the base shear shall not be less than:
V = 0.11C a IW = 0.11(0.44)(1.0)W = 0.048W (30-6)
And for Zone 4, base shear shall not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(0.4)(1.0)(1.0)
V = W = = 0.071W (30-7)
R 4.5
∴ V = 0.155W (30-4)
1e. Determine earthquake load combinations. §1630.1
20
Reliability/redundancy factor: ρ = 2 − (30-3)
rmax Ab
From Design Example 3A, use ρ = 1.25 .
For the load combinations §1612, and anticipating using allowable stress design
(ASD) for the frame design:
E = ρEh + Ev = 1.25(V ) (30-1)
( E v = 0 for allowable stress design)
E m = ΩE h = 2.8(V ) (30-2)
Note that seismic forces may be assumed to act nonconcurrently in each principal
direction of the structure, except as per §1633.1.

2a. Building weights and mass distribution (from Design Example 3A).
Table 3B-1. Mass properties summary

W X cg Ycg M MMI
Level
(kips) (ft) (ft) (k-sec 2 / in.) (k-sec 2-in.)
Roof 2,066 100 70 5.3 26,556
4th 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
3rd 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
2nd 2,235 100 70 5.8 28,728
Total 8,771 22.7
As noted above, Equation (30-4) governs, and:
V = 0.155W = 0.155(8,771) = 1,360 kips (30-4)
2c. Determine vertical distribution of force.
For the static lateral force procedure, vertical distribution of force to each level is
applied as follows:
V = Ft + ∑ Fi (30-13)
where:
Ft = 0.07T (V ) ≤ 0.25(V )
Except Ft = 0
where:
T ≤ 0.7 sec

For this example structure:
T = 0.92 sec
∴ Ft = 0.07 (0.92)(1,360 ) = 87.6 kips
The concentrated force Ft is applied at the roof, in addition to that portion of

the balance of the base shear distributed to each level per §1630.5:
Fx =
(V − Ft )Wx hx = (1,360 − 87.6)  Wx hx  (30-15)
∑Wi hi  ∑W h 
 i i 
Table 3B-2. Vertical distribution of shear

Level
(kips) (ft) (k-ft) Σwx (kips) (kips)
Roof 2,066 55.5 114,663 0.375 564.8
4th 2,235 42.0 93,870 0.307 390.6 564.8
3rd 2,235 28.5 63,698 0.208 265.1 955.4
2nd 2,235 15.0 33,525 0.110 139.5 1,220.5
Total 8,771 305,756 1.000 1,360.0 1,360.0
Note: Froof = 0.375 (1,272.4) + 87.6 = 564.8 kips
2d. Determine horizontal distribution of shear.
As in Design Example 3A, the direct seismic force, Fx , applied at the center of
mass is combined with an accidental torsional moment, M t , using a 5 percent
eccentricity, at each level. This is shown in Table 3B-3.
North-south:
M t = 0.05(204′)Fx = (10.2)Fx
East-west:
M t = 0.05(144′)Fx = (7.2 )Fx

Table 3B-3. Horizontal distribution of shear

Fx N-S M t E-W M t
Level
Roof 564.8 5,761 4,067
4th 390.6 3,984 2,812
3rd 265.1 2,704 1,909
2nd 139.5 1,423 1,004
Note: Mt = horizontal torsional moment
With the direct seismic forces and torsional moments given in Table 3B-3 above,
the force distribution to the frames is generated by computer analysis (not shown).
For this Design Example, the beam and column sizes from Design Example 3A are
used in the computer model.
From the computer analysis, the shear force at the ground level is determined for
each frame column. Frame forces at the base of frame types A1 and B1 are
summarized in Tables 3B-4 and 3B-5.
Table 3B-4. North-south direction, frame type A1

Line A/1.2 Line A/2 Line A/3 Line A/4 Line A/5 Line A/5.8 Total
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Direct Seismic 79.4 143.1 132.6 132.6 143.1 79.4 710.2
Torsion Force 4.9 8.8 8.2 8.2 8.8 4.9 43.8
Direct + Torsion 84.3 151.9 140.8 140.8 151.9 84.3 754.0
Table 3B-5. East-west direction, frame type B1

Line 1/A.2 Line 1/B Line 1/C Line 1/C.8 Total
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
Direct Seismic 63.1 113.1 113.1 63.1 352.4
Torsion Force 2.4 4.3 4.3 2.4 13.4
Direct + Torsion 65.5 117.4 117.4 65.5 365.8
3a. Determine ∆S and ∆M. §1630.9
The design level response displacement ∆S is obtained from a static-elastic

analysis using the design seismic forces derived above. For purposes of
displacement determination, however, §1630.10.3 eliminates the upper limit on TB,
used to determine design base shear under Equation (30-4). The maximum
inelastic response displacement ∆ M includes both elastic and estimated inelastic
drifts resulting from the design basis ground motion. It is computed as follows:

∆ M = 0.7(R )∆ S = 0.7(4.5)∆ S = 3.15∆ S (30-17)
The maximum values for ∆ S and ∆ M are determined, including torsional effects
(and including P∆ effects for ∆ M ). Without the 1.3T A limit on TB , the design
base shear per Equation (30-4) is:
North-south:
TBy = 1.30 sec
Cv I 0.64(1.0)
Vn − s = W = W = 0.109W = 956 kips (30-4)
RT 4.5(1.30 )
East-west:
TBx = 1.16 sec
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
Ve − w = W= W = 0.123W = 1,079 kips §1630.1.1
RT 4.5(1.16 )
Note that §1630.1.1 stipulates use of the unfactored base shear (V ) , with ρ = 1 .
Using these modified design base shears, the accidental torsion and force
distribution to each level are adjusted for input to the computer model. The
structure displacements and drift ratios are derived below in Table 3B-6.
Table 3B-6. Interstory displacements

North-South Interstory Displacements
Height ∆ S drift ∆ M drift Drift Ratio
Story (∆ M h )
h (in.) (in.) (in.)
4th 162 (2.41 -2.06)= 0.35 1.10 0.0068
3rd 162 (2.06 -1.52)= 0.54 1.70 0.0105
2nd 162 (1.52 -0.82)= 0.70 2.21 0.0136
1st 180 (0.82 -0.0) = 0.82 2.58 0.0143
East-West Interstory Displacements
Height ∆ S drift ∆ M drift Drift Ratio
Story (∆ M h )
h (in.) (in.) (in.)
4th 162 (2.24 -1.92)= 0.32 1.01 0.0062
3rd 162 (1.92 -1.41)= 0.51 1.61 0.0099
2nd 162 (1.41 -0.77)= 0.64 2.01 0.0124
1st 180 (0.77 -0.0) = 0.77 2.43 0.0135
Note: Interstory drift ratio = ∆M/story height

3b. Determine the story drift limitation. §1630.10
For structures with T > 0.7 seconds, the maximum allowable drift is: ∆ M = 0.020
(story height) per §1630.10.2. A review of the drift ratios tabulated above in
Table 3B-6 shows that all interstory drift ratios are less than 0.020, using the actual
period TB in base shear Equation (30-4). The maximum drift ratio of 0.0143
occurs at the first story in the north-south direction, and is a little more than
70 percent of the 0.020 allowable.
As expected, the maximum ∆ M displacements for the OMRF are very close to the
values for the SMRF from Design Example 3A. At this point in the design process,
the beam and column sizes could be reduced to make the displacements closer to
the code limit. However, using more conservative ∆ M drift ratios produces stiffer
frame designs, which mitigates possible deformation compatibility issues in other
elements such as cladding and non-frame (P∆ ) column design. The same beam
and column sizes previously selected will be retained. The next step will be to
check member stress levels.
4. OMRF member design. §2213.6
Using the W 30 × 108 beam and W 14 × 283 column from Design Example 3A (see
Figure 3A-3 for frame on Line A) for preliminary sizes, the OMRF frame members
are designed per §2213.6.
4a. rd
Design typical beam at 3 floor.
The typical beam designed is the third floor beam shown in Figure 3B-2.
Figure 3B-2. Typical beam at third floor of Frame A1

From a review of the computer output (not shown), the moments and shears at the
right end of the beam are greatest. Note that the seismic moment and shear are
about twice that for the SMRF example. The moments and shears, at the face of
the column at Line 5 are:
M LL = 924 kip-in.
M E = ρM seis = 1.25(6,780) = ±8,475 kip-in.
V DL = 16.4 kips
V LL = 13.3 kips
Vseis = 42.2 kips
V E = ρVseis = 1.25(42.2) = ±52.7 kips §1630.1.1
Using the basic load combinations of §1612.3.1 (ASD), with no one-third increase.
D + L : M D +L = 1,042 + 924 = 1,966 kip-in. (12-8)
V D +L = 16.4 + 13.3 = 29.7 kips
E 8,475 (12-9)
D+ : M D +E = 1,042 + = 7,096 kip-in.
1.4 1.4
52.7
V D +E = 16.4 + = 54.0 kips
1.4
  E    8,475  (12-11)
D + 0.75 L +   : M D + L + E = 1,042 + 0.75924 +   = 6,275 kip-in.
  1.4    1.4 
  52.7 
V D + L+ E = 16.4 + 0.7513.3 +   = 54.6 kips
  1.4 
Try W 30 × 108 , ASTM A572, Grade 50 beam.

Check flange width-thickness ratios per AISC-ASD, Table B5.1 (Note: AISC-
ASD is adopted, with amendments, in Division III of the code):
bf 65
≤ = 9.19
2t f 50
and:
d 640
≤ = 90.5
tw 50
bf
For W 30 × 108 : = 6.9 < 9.19 o.k.
2t f
And:
d 29.83
= = 54.7 < 90.5 o.k.
t w 0.545
As in Design Example 3A, provide beam bracing at one-third points. The

maximum unbraced length is:
L = 28.0 3 = 9.33 ft
Check allowable moment capacity.
From AISC-ASD, p. 2-10; for W 30 × 108 :
Lu = 9.8 > 9.33
( )
∴ Fb = 0.60 Fy = 30.0 ks
Allowable M a = 299(30.0) = 8,970 kip-in. > 7,096 kip-in. o.k.
Check allowable shear capacity.

For W 30 × 108 :
h 29.83 − 2(0.76 ) 380

= = 51.9 < = 53.7
tw 0.545 50
( )
∴ Fv = 0.4 F y = 0.4(50 ) = 20.0 ksi
Allowable Va = 20.0(0.545)(29.83) = 325 kips > 54.6 kips o.k.
∴ Use W 30 × 108 beam
4b. Design typical column at 2

nd
story.
The column to be designed is the second-story column of Frame A1 shown in

Figure 3B-3. For the 2nd story column at Line 5, the maximum column forces
generated by the OMRF frame analysis (not shown) are:
M DL = 236 kip-in.
M LL = 201 kip-in.
M E = 1.25(7,501) = 9,376 kip-in.
V DL = 3.1 kips
V LL = 2.7 kips
Vseis = 107 kips
V E = 1.25(107 ) = 134 kips
PDL = 113 kips
PLL = 75 kips
Pseis = 53 kips
PE = 1.25(53) = 66 kips
The maximum strong axis moments occur at the bottom of the column, and are
taken at the top flange of the beam.

Figure 3B-3. Typical second-story column of Frame A1
Using the basic load combinations of §1612.3.1:
D + L : M D + L = 236 + 201 = 437 kip-in. (12-8)
PD + L = 113 + 75 = 188 kips
VD + L = 3.1 + 2.7 = 5.8 kips
E 9,376 (12-9)
D+ : M D + E = 236 + = 6,933 kip-in.
1.4 1.4
66
PD + E = 113 + = 160 kips
1.4
134
VD + E = 3.1 + = 99 kips
1.4
(12-10)
: PD − E = 0.9(113) −
E 66
0.9 D − = 54.5 kips compression
1.4 1.4

  E    9,376  (12-11)
D + 0.75 L +   : M D + L + E = 236 + 0.75201 +   = 5,410 kip-in.
  1.4    1.4 
 134 
VD + L + E = 3.1 + 0.752.7 + = 77 kips
 1.4 
  66 
PD + L + E = 113 + 0.7575 +   = 205 kips
  1.4 
Under the requirements of §2213.5.1, columns must have the strength to resist the
following axial load combinations (neglecting flexure):
PDL + 0.7 PLL + ΩPseis : Pcomp = 113 + 0.7(75) + 2.8(53) = 314 kips compression
0.85PDL − ΩPseis : Ptens = 0.85(113) − 2.8(53) = −52 kips tension
Try W 14 × 283 , ASTM A572, Grade 50 column:
Unbraced column height:
h = 13.5 − (2.5 2 ) = 12.25 ft
Maximum f a = 205 / 83.3 = 2.46 ksi
 kλ  1.0(12 )(12.25)
  = = 35.3
 r y 4.17
∴ Fa = 26.5 ksi
f a 2.46
Maximum = = 0.092 < 0.15
Fa 26.5
Therefore, AISC-ASD Equation H1-3 is used for combined stresses.
From AISC-ASD manual (p. 3-21) for W 14 × 283 , Grade 50:
Lc = 14.4 > 12.5
( )
∴ Fb = 0.66 Fy = 33.0 ksi

Check combined stresses for the critical load combinations.
E f f 160 6,933
D+ : a + bx = + = 0.073 + 0.458 = 0.530 < 1.0 o.k. (12-9)
1.4 Fa Fb 83.3(26.5) 459(33.0 )
 E  f a f bx 5,410
D + 0.75 L +  : + = 0.092 + = 0.449 < 1.0 o.k. (12-11)
 1.4  Fa Fb 459(33.0 )
Check column shear capacity.
Allowable Va = 0.4(50)(16.74 )(1.29 ) = 432 kips > 99 kips o.k.
Next, check required axial strength per §2213.5.
Compression:
Psc = 1.7 Pallow = 1.7(83.3)(26.5) = 3,753 kips > 314 kips o.k.
Tension:
Pst = F y A = 50(83.3) = 4,165 kips >> −52 kips o.k.
∴Use W 14 × 283 column
5. OMRF beam-column joint design. §2213.6
As shown above, the W 30 × 108 beam and W 14 × 283 column taken from the
SMRF of Design Example 3A have the capacity to meet the load combinations for
an OMRF per §1612.3. Section 2213.6 requires that OMRF beam-to-column
connections are to either meet the SMRF connection criteria (see §2213.7.1), or be
designed for gravity loads plus Ω times the calculated seismic forces.
As discussed in FEMA-267 (Section 7.1), OMRF joints may be considered

acceptable if designed to remain elastic, with an R of unity (1.0). Using an R
factor of 1 is marginally more stringent than multiplying the seismic forces by Ω o .
With R = 1 , it is appropriate to use the full calculated period (TBx = 1.30) to
determine the base shear for joint design. Therefore, the north-south base shear is
taken as:
Cv I 0.64(1.0 )
Vn / s = W = W = 0.492W = 4,315 kips
RT 1.0(1.30 )

For an OMRF (with Ω = 2.8 ), the UBC base shear for connection design is:
Vn / s = 2.8(0.155)W = 0.434W = 3,807 kips
The ratio of base shears is:
FEMA/UBC = 4,315 / 3,807 = 1.13
Thus, there is a 13 percent increase with R = 1 as recommended in FEMA-267.
Using the unreduced seismic base shear, the beam-column joint stresses are
checked to remain elastic. For this, §1612.4, Special Seismic Load Combinations,
is used with a resistance factor φ of one.
5a. Determine beam forces with R=1.
The beam end moment and shear are scaled up to the unreduced seismic force
level by the ratio of the base shears, as follows:
 0.492 
VE ' =   Vseis = 3.17(42.2 ) = 138 kips
 0.155 
 0.492 
M E' =   M seis = 3.17(6,780 ) = 21,493 kip-in.
 0.155 
The special seismic load combination from §1612.4 is:
1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.0 E M (12-17)
M D + L + E = 1.2(1,042) + 0.5(924) + 1.0(21,493) = 23,205 kip-in.
VD + L + E = 1.2(16.4) + 0.5(13.3) + 1.0(138) = 164 kips

5b. Check beam-to-column weld.
As was done in Design Example 3A, the beam webs are to have
complete-penetration welds to the column flange. (Note that this weld is shown in
Figure 12-4). Note also that the flanges are reinforced with 5/16" fillet welds.
Using the cross-sectional area of the beam flange and web weldments at the face of
the column, the elastic section modulus S c of the beam is calculated from
information in Table 3B-7.
Figure 3B-4. Built-up section at column face.
Table 3B-7. Built-up section properties

Area Y Io
Mk A(y)2
(in.2) (in.) (in.4)
1 0.545(26.73)=14.58 0.00 0 869
2 0.76(10.48)=7.96 14.54 1,682 0
3 0.76(10.48)=7.96 14.54 1,682 0
4 0.31(10.48)=3.28 15.07 745 0
5 0.31(10.48)=3.28 15.07 745 0
Sum 4,854 869

The calculated section properties are:
I c = 4,854 + 869 = 5,723 in.4
∴ S c = 5,723 15.23 = 376 in.3
Per FEMA §7.2.2.1 for complete penetration welds, the weld strength is taken as
the beam yield stress of 50 ksi. The maximum weld stress is calculated using the
maximum moment (M D + L+ E ) at the face of the column:
f weld = 23,205 / 376 = 61.7 ksi > φF y = 1.0(50 ) = 50 ksi n.g.
The W 30 × 108 connection (weld) stresses to the column are not within the elastic
limit. At this point, we can choose to either add cover plates, or make the beam
larger. With similar weld patterns, a W 33 × 152 is required to obtain an adequate
(
connection section modulus S c = 575 in.3 : )
f weld = 23,205 / 575 = 40.4 ksi < 50 ksi o.k.
If we choose to instead add cover plates, we would need 10"× 3 / 4" plates at the top
and bottom flanges. With complete penetration welds at the cover plates to the
column, the increased moment of inertia and section modulus are:
I c = 5,723 + 2(7.5)(15.3)2 = 9,234 in.3
S c = 9,234 15.98 = 578 in.3
and:
f weld = 23,205 / 578 = 40.1 ksi < 50 ksi o.k.
The cover plates should be about half the beam depth in length, with fillet welds to
the beam flange as required to develop the tensile capacity of the plate. The
minimum size for ¾" plate is a 5/16" fillet weld.
Cover plate capacity:
TPl = 0.75(10 )(50.0 ) = 375 kips

5/16" fillet capacity:
q = 1.7(0.707 )(0.313)(21.0) = 7.9 kip-in.
Required weld length:
lw = 375/ 7.9 = 47"
Use a 20-inch long plate, which will provide for a total weld length of:
2(20) + 10 = 50" > 47" o.k.
As noted above, the beam web is to have a complete penetration weld to the
column face. The allowable beam shear of 325 kips from Part 4a above exceeds
the unreduced seismic shear demand of 164 kips. For beam-to-column connections
with bolted shear plates in lieu of welded webs, the connection plate and bolts
must be designed for this maximum shear force. See Design Example 3A, Part 6g
for a beam-to-column shear plate connection design.
5c. Additional considerations.
Although the UBC does not explicitly require any further OMRF connection
analysis, it is good practice to check the strong column-weak beam criteria and the
column panel zone shear strength. The column panel zone shear strength should be
reviewed for capacity to resist the maximum beam moment from the unreduced
seismic force. The strong column-weak beam analysis would be similar to that of
the SMRF Design Example 3A, Part 6f. The OMRF joint should also include
continuity plates, and expanded welding procedures as for the SMRF.
OMRFs designed to comply with the foregoing parameters can be expected to

provide a high level of seismic performance. The objective of maintaining
connection stresses within the elastic range is shown to be reasonable even for the
unreduced seismic demand. The resulting frame design produces a structure that
may respond to the design level ground motion without damage (i.e., plastic
deformations). Moreover, OMRF designs will likely produce nominally heavier
members, thereby reducing overall building drift and decreasing the potential for
damage to nonstructural components.

Design Example 4 ! Reinforced Concrete Wall
Design Example 4
Reinforced Concrete Wall
Figure 4-1. Eight-story reinforced concrete parking garage (partial view)
Overview
The structure in this Design Example is an 8-story parking garage with load-
bearing reinforced concrete walls (shear walls) as its lateral force resisting system,
as shown in Figure 4-1. This Design Example focuses on the design and detailing
of one of the 30'-6" long walls running in the transverse building direction.
The purpose of this Design Example is twofold:
1. Demonstrate the design of a solid reinforced concrete walls for flexure and
shear, including bar cut-offs and lap splices.
2. Demonstrate the design and detailing of wall boundary zones.

The Design Example assumes that design lateral forces have already been
determined for the structure, and that the forces have been distributed to the walls
of the structure by a hand or computer analysis. This analysis has provided the
lateral displacements corresponding to the design lateral forces.
Outline
1. Load combinations for design.
2. Preliminary sizing of wall.
3. Moment strength of wall.
4. Lap splices and curtailment of vertical bars.
5. Design for shear.
6. Sliding shear (shear friction).
7. Boundary zone detailing.
Given Information
Seismic zone = 4
Near field = 5 km from seismic source type A
Reliability/redundancy factor, ρ = 1.0
Importance factor, I = 1.0
Concrete strength, f ' c = 5,000 psi
Steel yield strength, f y = 60 ksi
Figure 4-2 shows the typical floor plan of the structure. Figure 4-3 shows the wall
elevation and shear and moment diagrams. The wall carries axial forces PD
(resulting from dead load including self-weight of the wall) and PL (resulting from
live load) as shown in Table 4-1. Live loads have already been reduced according
to §1607.5. The shear V E and moment M E resulting from the design lateral
earthquake forces are also shown in Table 4-1.

Figure 4-2. Floor plan
Figure 4-3. Wall elevation, shear, and moment diagram

Table 4-1. Design loads and lateral forces

PD PL VE ME
Level
(k) (k) (k) (k-ft)
R 216 41 96 0
8 436 81 262 960
7 643 122 438 3760
6 851 162 625 8530
5 1060 203 821 15400
4 1270 244 1030 24400
3 1470 284 1270 35600
2 1730 325 1470 49600
1 0 75500
For this Design Example, it is assumed that the foundation system is rigid and the
wall can be considered to have a fixed base. The fixed-base assumption is made
here primarily to simplify the example. In an actual structure, the effect of
foundation flexibility and its consequences on structural deformations and strains
should be considered.
Using the fixed base assumption and effective section properties, the horizontal
displacement at the top of the wall, corresponding to the design lateral forces, is
2.32 inches. This displacement is needed for the detailing of boundary zones
according to the UBC strain calculation procedure of §1921.6.6, which is
illustrated in Part 7 of this Design Example.
The design and analysis of the structure is based on an R factor of 4.5 (UBC
Table 16-N) for a bearing wall system with concrete shear walls. Concrete wall
structures can also be designed using an R factor of 5.5, if an independent space
frame is provided to support gravity loads. Such a frame is not used in this Design
Example.
Load combinations for the seismic design of concrete are given in §1612.2.1. (This
is indicated in §1909.2.3, and in the definition of “Design Load Combinations” in
§1921.1.) Equations (12-5) and (12-6) of UBC Chapter 16 are the seismic design
load combinations to be used for concrete.
Exception 2 of §1612.2.1 states “Factored load combinations of this section

multiplied by 1.1 for concrete and masonry where load combinations include
seismic forces.” Thus, the load combinations for Equations (12-5) and (12-6) for
the seismic design of concrete can be written:

1.32 D + 1.1E + 1.1( f1 L + f 2 S )
0.99 D ± 1.1E
The factors f1 and f 2 are defined in §1612.2.1.
The additional 1.1 factor is eliminated in the SEAOC Blue Book and in the
2000 International Building Code, for the reasons given in Blue Book §101.7.1,
and as presented in the section below on SEAOC-recommended revisions to load
combinations.
Load combinations for nonseismic loads for reinforced concrete are given in
§1909.2. Equations (12-1) through (12-4) of §1612.2.1 are not used for concrete.
The allowable stress design load combinations of §1612.3 are also not used for
concrete design.
Horizontal and vertical components of earthquake force E. §1630.1.1

The term E in the load combinations includes horizontal and vertical components
according to Equation (30-1):
E = ρE h + E v (30-1)
Equation (30-1) represents a vector sum, and E v is defined as an addition to the

dead load effect, D . Substituting into Equation (30-1):
E = ρEh ± 0.5Ca ID
Substituting this into the seismic load combinations for concrete gives:
(1.32 + 0.55C a I )D + 1.1ρE h + 1.1( f1 L + f2S )
(0.99 − 0.55C a I )D ± 1.1ρE h
SEAOC-recommended revisions to load combinations. Blue Book §101.7.2.1

SEAOC recommends revisions to the load combinations of §1612, as indicated in
Blue Book §101.7.2.1. As shown in Blue Book Section C403.1, the SEAOC
recommended load combinations for the seismic design of reinforced concrete omit
the 1.1 multiplier, and can be written:
(1.2 + 0.5C a I )D + ρE h + ( f1 L + f2S )
0.9 D ± ρE h

Load combinations used in this Design Example.

For this Design Example, it is assumed that the local building department has
indicated approval of the SEAOC recommended revisions to the UBC load
combinations. For examples using the UBC load combinations instead of the
SEAOC recommendations, see Seismic Design Manual Volume II.
Since the given structure is a parking garage, f1 = 1.0 , per §1612.2.1, and since
there is no snow load, S = 0 .
For Soil Profile Type S D , Seismic Zone 4, the factor C a is calculated as 0.44 N a ,
according to Table 16-Q. From Table 16-S, the factor N a is given as 1.2 (5km
from Seismic Source Type A). However, the structure meets all of the conditions
of §1629.4.2 and therefore the value of N a need not exceed 1.1.
Thus, C a = 0.44(1.1) = 0.484 . With I = 1.0 and ρ = 1.0 , the governing load
combinations for this Design Example are:
[1.2 + 0.5(0.484)]D + E h + L = 1.44 D + E h + L

0.9 D ± E h
Actions at base of wall.

For the example wall, the dead and live loads cause axial load only, and the
earthquake forces produce shear and moment only. The second of the above
combinations gives the lower bound axial load. For a wall with axial loads below
the balance point, the lower bound axial load governs the design for moment
strength. (Typically, axial loads in concrete walls are well below the balance point,
as is the case in this Design Example, as shown in Figure 4-8).
The governing axial load at the base of the wall is thus:
Pu = 0.9 PD = 0.9 (1,730 k ) = 1,560 k
The governing moment and shear at the base of the wall is:
M u = M E = 75,500 k - ft
Vu = V E = 1,470 k - ft

2. Preliminary sizing of wall.
2a. Shear stress and reinforcement ratio rules of thumb.
The dimensions and required number of walls in a building can be selected by

limiting the average shear stress in the walls, corresponding to factored lateral
forces, to between 3 f ' c and 5 f ' c . Limiting the average shear stress to
between 3 f ' c and 5 f ' c helps prevent sliding shear failure of the walls. Walls
with higher levels of shear stress are permitted by the UBC.
For the example wall, the maximum factored shear force equals 1470 k.
Conservatively using a 3 f ' c criterion, for a wall length of 30'-6", the wall
thickness equals:
1,470,000#
= 19.0 in.
(
366′ 3 5,000 psi )
Say b = 20 in.
2b. Minimum wall thickness to prevent wall buckling. §1921.6.6(1.1)
For structures with tall story heights, the designer should check that the wall
thickness exceeds l u 16 , where l u is the clear height between floors that brace the
wall out-of-plane. This is based on §1921.6.6.6, paragraph 1.1, applicable to walls
that require boundary confinement. The SEAOC Blue Book Commentary
(C407.5.6, page 178) recommends “that the wall boundary thickness limit of l u 16
be applied at all potential plastic hinge locations, regardless of whether boundary
zone confinement is required.”
For the example wall, the clear height at the first story is 17 feet.
Minimum thickness = l u 16 = 17 (12) 16 = 12.8" < 20" o.k.

2c. Layout of vertical reinforcement.
Based on brief calculations and the preliminary sizing considerations discussed

here, the wall section and reinforcement layout shown in Figure 4-4 is proposed for
the base of the wall:
Figure 4- 4. Layout of vertical reinforcement at wall base
The reinforcement layout considers the following issues:
" Vertical bars are spaced longitudinally at 9 inches on center. This spacing
exceeds 6db of the largest bars used #11: 6db = 6(1.41) = 8.46 in. This offers
the best conditions for lap splicing of reinforcement, as indicated in the CRSI
rebar detailing chart [CRSI, 1996]. A closer spacing of vertical bars might
typically be used in the boundary regions of the wall, but such a spacing
could require longer lap splice lengths.
" The maximum center-to-center spacing of vertical bars is 12 inches in

boundary regions of walls where confinement is needed, according to
§1921.6.6.6 Paragraph 2.4. This means that at the ends of the 20-inch-thick
wall, three bars are used as shown in Figure 4-4.
Section 1921.6.2.1 specifies a minimum reinforcement ratio of 0.0025 for both

vertical and horizontal reinforcement of shear walls. For the proposed layout, at the
center portion of the wall’s length:
ρv = As bs = 1.58 in.2 (9"× 20") = 0.0056 > 0.0025 o.k.

3. Moment strength of wall.
As recommended in the SEAOC Blue Book Commentary (§C407.5.5) the vertical

reinforcement in the web of the wall and axial load contributions to the moment
strength of wall sections should not be neglected.
The 1991 and earlier editions of the UBC required wall boundaries to carry all
moment and gravity forces. This practice results in higher moment strengths in
walls, which can lead to poor earthquake performance because it makes shear
failure more likely to occur. This design practice is no longer accepted by the code.
Wall moment strength can be computed by hand calculations, spreadsheet

calculations, or a computer program such as PCACOL. All three calculation
approaches are demonstrated below. All of the calculation methods are based on an
assumed strain distribution and an iterative calculation procedure.
3a. Assumed reinforcement strain.
As indicated in the SEAOC Blue Book Commentary (§C407.4.4), for cyclic

loading all vertical reinforcement along the wall can be assumed to yield in either
tension or compression. This assumption simplifies the hand calculation of moment
capacity and is used in the hand calculations shown below.
Alternatively the reinforcement strain can be assumed to be directly proportional to

distance from the neutral axis, as discussed in §1910.2. This assumption is used in
the spreadsheet calculations demonstrated here and is also used by the PCACOL
computer program.
The assumption of all reinforcement yielding results in a slightly greater moment

strength compared to the strain assumption of §1910.2, but the difference is not
significant. The two possible assumed strain distributions are illustrated in
Figure 4-5 below. The assumption of all reinforcement yielding is typically closer
to the actual strain distribution in a wall section under cyclic displacements than is
the strain assumption of §1910.2, which is derived from monotonic loading.

Pn
Mn
CS1 CS2
TS2 TS1
CC
fy Steel stress,
cyclic loading
-fy
Steel stress,
monotonic loading
Figure 4-5. Steel stress and neutral axis depth
In calculating moment strength, it is necessary to determine the neutral axis depth,

c , as shown in Figure 4-5. A typical calculation of moment strength is based on
the following steps:
1. An initial estimate of c . c = 0.15lw can be used as an initial estimate.
2. Calculation of the steel reinforcement tension and compression forces.
3. Balancing the forces to calculate the concrete compressive force, Cc = (Pn + ΣTs − ΣCs ) .
4. Calculation of the stress block length a , which corresponds to C c .
5. Calculation of c equal to a β1 , and a reiteration of Steps 1 through 4 if necessary.

3b. Hand calculation.
The calculation of moment strength is based on the free-body diagram shown in

Figure 4-6.
The force reduction factor, φ , is calculated as a function of axial load according to

§1909.3.2.2, as follows.
0.10 f ' c Ag = 0.10(5.0ksi )(20′′)(366′′) = 3,660 kips
Pu = 1,560 kips (see Part 1)
φ = 0.9 − 0.2(1,560 3,660 ) = 0.815
Pn = Pu φ = 1,560 0.815 = 1,910 kips
0 2 4 8 ft
x
PN
CS1 CS2 TS3 TS2 TS1
CC
Figure 4-6. Free body diagram for moment strength
The iterative calculation of neutral axis depth and moment strength is shown in
Tables 4-2 and 4-3 below. §1909.2
Table 4-2. First iteration for c and Mn

Reinforcement As Asfy x Asfy*x
Force
Bars in.2 kips in. kip-in.
CS1 3-#11 4.68 -281 3 -842
CS2 12-#11 18.7 -1122 34.5 -38,700
TS3 54-#8 42.7 2562 183 469,000
TS2 12-#11 18.7 1122 332 373,000
TS1 3-#11 4.68 281 363 102,000
Pn 1910 183 350,000
Cc -4472 26.3 -126,000
0 1,130,000
=Mn (kip-in.)

Table 4-3. Second iteration for c and Mn

Reinforcement As Asfy x Asfy*x
Force
Bars in.2 kips in. kip-in.
CS1 3-#11 4.68 -281 3 -842
CS2 12-#11 18.7 -1122 34.5 -38,709
TS3 52-#8 41.1 2465 187 460,918
TS2 12-#11 18.7 1122 332 372,504
TS1 3-#11 4.68 281 363 101,930
Pn 1910 183 349,530
Cc -4375 25.7 -123,369
0 1,121,961=Mn (kip-in.)
93,497=Mn (kip-ft)
First iteration, assume c = 60 in.

Therefore, 15-#11 bars yield in compression, 54-#8 bars (all web vertical
bars) plus 15-#11 bars yield in tension. (Assume all reinforcement yields in
either tension or compression.)
Solve for C c to balance forces, C c = 4,470 kips
(
Calculate a corresponding to C c , a = C c .85 f ' c b ) a = 52.6
Calculate c = a β1 = 52.6 0.80 c = 65.8
Second iteration, assume c = 65 in.

Therefore, 15-#11 bars yield in compression, 52-#8 bars plus 15-#11 bars yield in
tension. Neglect force in 2-#8 located at x = 67 inches. Therefore, centroid of 52-#8
bars is at x = 187 in. Assume all other reinforcement yields.
Solve for C c to balance forces, C c = 4,375 kips
(
Calculate a corresponding to C c , a = C c .85 f ' c b ) a = 51.5
Calculate c = a β1 c = 64.3 solution converged
This results in M n = 93,500 k - ft
φM n = 0.815(93,500 k - ft ) = 77,200 k - ft > M u 75,500 k - ft o.k.

3c. Calculation using a general spreadsheet.
The approach used above to calculate flexural strength can be done on a

spreadsheet or by hand. A more generally applicable spreadsheet to calculate wall
flexural strength can also be created. Such a spreadsheet is shown in Figure 4-7.
This spreadsheet is set up so that each individual layer of reinforcement is

represented by a spreadsheet row. The input variables are at the top of the
spreadsheet. The user adjusts the input value of the neutral axis depth, c , on the
spreadsheet until the tension and compression forces on the section are balanced, as
indicated by the added notes on the section.
The spreadsheet gives a design moment capacity, φM n , of the selected section

equal to 76,150 k-ft, nearly identical to that calculated by hand in the previous
section.
3d. Calculation by PCACOL.
The computer program PCACOL can also be used to design wall sections for
flexure and axial load. The example wall section was run on PCACOL and the
moment strength obtained was the same as that calculated by the hand and
spreadsheet methods. The printed screen output of the PCACOL run is shown in
Figure 4-8.

Figure 4-7. General spreadsheet to calculate flexural strength

Figure 4-8. Analysis of wall section by PCACOL
4. Lap splices and curtailment of vertical bars.
4a. Bar cut-offs. §1912.10.3
Section 1912.10.3 addresses the development of flexural reinforcement and states

“Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to
resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of the member or 12d b ,
whichever is greater.” For a wall, the effective depth may be considered equal to
0.8l w , according to §1911.10.4. Section 402.7 of the SEAOC Blue Book clarifies
this requirement and recommends that the requirement be applied to concrete
walls.
Applying the bar cut-off requirement to the example wall, the moment strength is
reduced in two steps over the height of the wall: above Level 5 and above Level 7.
The dimensions of the wall section and the number of vertical bars are unchanged
at these transitions—only the size of the reinforcement is reduced. The selection of
vertical reinforcement sizes and cut-offs is shown in the wall elevation of
Figure 4-10. A summary of flexural reinforcement and moment strength over the
wall height is given in Table 4-4, below.

Table 4-4. Boundary and vertical web reinforcement

Vertical Bars Web Vertical Axial Load Design Moment
Location
Each Boundary Bars Pu=0.9PD Strength, ΦMn
Level 1 – Level 5 15-#11 54-#8 1560 k 76,200 k-ft
Level 5 – Level 7 15-#10 54-#7 766 k 59,200 k-ft
Level 7 – Level 9 15-#8 54-#6 392 k 40,400 k-ft
The moment strengths for each reinforcement arrangement were calculated using
the spreadsheet procedure described in Part 3c, above.
The moment strength above Level 5 is checked by the calculation below. For
simplicity, the moment diagram is assumed to be linear over the building height.
This also addresses higher mode effects according to the recommendations of
Paulay and Priestley [1992].
Height of reinforcement cut-off above base = 51'-0" + 3'-2" lap splice = 54.2'
Height after subtracting 0.8l w bar extension = 54.2' – 0.8(30.5') = 29.8'
Moment demand M u at the base of the wall = 75,500 k-ft
Overall wall height, hw = 95.3'
Moment demand at h = 29.8' based on linear
moment diagram = (75,500)(95.3 – 29.8)/95.3 = 51,900 k-ft.
< 59,200 o.k.
Similarly, the moment strength above Level 7 is checked by the following

calculation:
Height of reinforcement cut-off above base = 73'-2" + 2'-9" lap splice = 75.9'
Height after subtracting 0.8l w bar extension = 75.9 – 0.8(30.5) = 51.5'
Moment demand at h = 51.5' based on
linear moment diagram = (75,500)(95.3 – 51.5)/95.3 = 34,700 k-ft.
< 40,400 o.k.
The calculations for bar cut-off locations are illustrated in Figure 4-9.

Amount of Moment demand

vertical assuming
reinforcement linear variation
Figure 4-9. Calculation of required moment strength at bar cut-off locations
4b. Splices of reinforcement.
The lap splices of the vertical reinforcement are shown in the wall elevation of
Figure 4-11. Lap splice lengths are taken from the CRSI rebar detailing chart
[CRSI, 1996]. Lap splices are not used over the first two stories of the wall,
because this is the anticipated plastic hinge region.
Although not specifically required by the code, lap splices of flexural

reinforcement should be avoided in plastic hinge regions of walls. As indicated in
1999 Blue Book Sections C402.7 and C404.3 (and in the commentary to Section
21.3.2 of ACI 318 [1999], applicable to flexural members of frames), lap splices in
plastic hinge regions are likely to slip unless they are surrounded by confining ties.
Even well-confined lap splices (§C402.7) that do not slip are undesirable in plastic-
hinge regions because they prevent an even distribution of yielding along the
length of the flexural reinforcement.
Paulay and Priestley [1992] note that splices in plastic hinge zones tend to
progressively unzip and that attempting to mitigate the problem by making lap
splices longer than required is unlikely to ensure satisfactory performance.

Welded splices or mechanical couplers. §1921.2.6

Properly designed welded splices or mechanical connection splices are preferable
to lap splices in plastic hinge regions. Ideally, the welded or mechanical splices
should be able to develop the breaking strength of the bar. As a minimum,
mechanical splices must be Type 2 splices according to §1921.2.6. If used in
plastic hinge regions, SEAOC recommends that welded or mechanical splices be
staggered so that no more than one-half of the reinforcement is spliced at one
section, and the stagger is not less than 2 feet. Staggering of the splices is not
required by the UBC.
Plastic hinge length and zone in which to exclude lap splices. §1921.6.6.5
Section 1921.6.6.5 specifies that the equivalent plastic hinge length, l p , of a wall
section “shall be established on the basis of substantiated test data or may be
alternatively taken as 0.5l w .” Based on the work of Paulay and Priestley [1993]
and FEMA-306 [1999], l p for walls can be taken as 0.2lw + 0.07 M V , where
M V is the moment to shear ratio at the plastic hinge location.
For the example wall, l p is calculated by both methods as shown below:
l p = 0.5l w = 0.5(30.5')
= 15.2'
l p = 0.2l w + 0.07 M V = 0.2(30.5') + 0.07(68,600 k-ft / 1340 k) = 6.1' + 3.6'
= 9.7'
For this Design Example, we will take 9.7 ft as l p , based on the substantiated test
data reviewed by Paulay and Priestley [1993].
Equivalent plastic hinge lengths, as calculated above, are used to relate plastic
curvatures to plastic rotations and displacements (for example in §1921.6.6.5). The
actual zone of yielding and nonlinear behavior typically extends beyond the
equivalent plastic hinge length. For flexural members of frames, §1921.3.2.3
indicates that flexural yielding may be possible “within a distance of twice the
member depth from the face of the joint.” This distance is conservatively defined
to be larger, by a factor of two or more, than the equivalent plastic hinge length, lp.
Thus, for this Design Example wall, the expected zone of yielding should be taken
as equal to at least 2l p (19.4 ft), and lap splices should be avoided over this height.
In the Design Example, lap splices are excluded over the first two stories, i.e., over
a height of 28.8 ft, as shown in the wall elevation of Figure 4-10. Because of
potential construction difficulties in using continuous vertical bars from the

foundation through Level 3, an option to use welded or mechanical connection

splices can be specified as shown in Figure 4-10. Such splices require an ICBO
Evaluation Report or acceptance by the local building official.
Figure 4-10. Wall elevation
5. Design for shear.
The SEAOC Blue Book Section 402.8.1 requires that “the design shear strength
φVn shall not be less than the shear associated with the development of the
nominal moment strength of the wall.” A design for shear forces based on code
requirements will not necessarily achieve this objective. Thus, the code provisions
covered in Part 5(a) should be considered as minimum requirements for the shear
design of walls.
Designing for amplified shear forces as recommended in the Blue Book is covered
in Part 5(b) below.

5a. UBC requirements.
Shear demand.
If designing to the minimum requirements of the UBC, the shear demand is taken
directly from the design forces, factored by the load combinations discussed in
Part 1 of this Design Example. At the base of the wall:
Vu = V E = 1,470 k
Shear capacity.
Section 1911.10 gives shear provisions for walls designed for nonseismic lateral
forces such as wind or earth pressure. Section 1921.6.5 gives shear strength
provisions for walls designed for seismic forces.
Since the subject wall has a ratio of hw l w greater than 2.0, Equation (21-6)
governs wall shear strength:
Vn = Acv  2 f ' c + ρ n f y 
 
As prescribed in §1909.3.4.1, the shear strength reduction factor, φ , shall be 0.6

for the design of walls if their nominal shear strength is less than the shear
corresponding to development of their nominal flexural strength.
φVn = 0.6(20")(366") [2 + ρ n (60,000 psi )] = 621 k + 263,000 ρ n
At each level, the amount of horizontal reinforcement provided for shear strength is
given in Table 4-5. Note that for all levels above Level 2, the minimum
reinforcement ratio of 0.0025 governs the amount of horizontal reinforcement.
(§1921.6.2.1)
Table 4-5. Horizontal reinforcement for UBC shear strength

requirements
VE Horizontal φVn
Level ρn
kips Reinforcement kips
R 95 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
8 262 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
7 438 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
6 625 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
5 821 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
4 1030 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
3 1260 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1300
2 1470 #6@12” E.F. 0.00367 1585

UBC §1921.6.5.6 requires that Vn shall not be taken greater than 8 Acv f 'c .
8 Acv f ' c = 8 (20")(366") 5,000 = 4,140 kips > 1,585 kips o.k.
5b. Blue Book recommendations.
Shear demand.
To comply with the Blue Book requirement of providing shear strength in excess
of the shear corresponding to wall flexural strength, an amplified shear demand is
considered.
Section C402.8 of the Blue Book commentary gives the following equation for the
shear amplification factor, ωv , that accounts for inelastic dynamic effects. For
application to designs according to the UBC, the amplification factor
recommended by Paulay and Priestley [1992] can be reduced by a factor of 0.85,
because the Paulay and Priestley recommendations use a different strength
reduction factor, φ , than does the UBC.
ωv = 0.85(1.3 + n/30), for buildings over 6 stories, where n = number of stories
ωv = 0.85(1.3 + 8/30) = 1.33
As indicated in the Blue Book, the ωv factor is derived for analysis using inverted
triangular distributions of lateral forces. If a response spectrum analysis is carried
out, a slightly lower ωv factor can be justified in some cases.
For this Design Example, the shear demand is taken at the nominal strength. For
further conservatism, one could base the shear demand on the upper bound of
flexural strength, which can be taken as the “probable flexural strength,” Mpr,
defined in §1921.0.
M n is calculated using a strength reduction factor, φ , of 1.0, and taking the upper
bound of axial load from the load combinations of UBC §1921.0. The probable and
nominal moment strengths for the higher axial load are as shown in Table 4-6. The
nominal moment strength previously calculated is shown for comparison.
Table 4-6. Moment strength comparison

Quantity Axial Load Considered Reinforcement Strength Moment Strength
Probable strength Pu = 1.44PD + PL =2820 k 1.25 fy = 75 ksi Mpr = 125,000 k-ft
Nominal strength Pu = 1.44PD + PL =2820 k fy = 60 ksi Mpr = 111,000 k-ft
Nominal strength Pu = 0.9PD =1560 k fy = 60 ksi Mn = 93,500 k-ft

At the base of the wall, the magnified shear demand Vu * is calculated as follows:
Vu * = ωv (M n M u )(VE )= 1.33(111,000 k − ft 75,500 k − ft )(1,470 k ) = 2,870 k
Shear capacity.
Since this Design Example uses nominal shear strength to exceed the shear
corresponding to flexural strength, a strength reduction factor, φ , of 0.85 can be
used. As before, Equation (21-6) is used to calculated shear capacity:
[ ]
φVn = 0.85 (20")(366") 2 + 5,000 + ρ n (60,000 psi ) = 880 k + 373,000ρ n §1921.6.5
For the shear demand of 2870 k, the required amount of horizontal reinforcement is
calculated:
ρ n = (2,870 k − 880 k ) 373,000 = 0.00535
Try #8 @ 12" o.c. each face
(
ρ n = 2 0.79 in.2 ) (12"× 20") = 0.00658 > 0.00535 o.k.
This amount of shear reinforcement is provided over the bottom two stories of the
wall. For the other stories, the recommended amount of horizontal reinforcement,
based on the magnified shear demand Vu*, is calculated as shown in Table 4-7.
Table 4-7. Horizontal reinforcement based on Blue Book shear design

recommendations
VE Vu* Horizontal φVn
Level ρn
(k) (k) Reinforcement (k)
R 95 186 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1841
8 262 512 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1841
7 438 856 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1841
6 625 1220 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1841
5 821 1610 #5@12” E.F. 0.00258 1841
4 1030 2010 #7@12” E.F. 0.00500 2742
3 1260 2460 #8@12” E.F. 0.00658 3331
2 1470 2870 #8@12” E.F. 0.00658 3331
Paulay and Priestley [1992] recommend equations for shear strength that are
somewhat different than Equation (21-6), and in which the shear strength at plastic
hinge zones is taken to be less than that at other wall locations. For the wall design
in this Design Example, the Paulay and Priestley shear strength equations result in
nearly identical amounts of horizontal reinforcement as does Equation (21-6).

5c. Discussion of UBC and Blue Book results for shear reinforcement. Blue Book §C407.2.5
A comparison of Tables 4-6 and 4-7 shows that the Blue Book recommendation
(§C407.2.5) of providing shear strength that exceeds flexural strength results in
more horizontal reinforcement in the bottom three stories of the wall than that
required by the code. The Blue Book approach is recommended by SEAOC, as it
leads to more ductile wall behavior.
In the upper five stories of the wall, the code minimum amount of horizontal steel
(ρ n = 0.0025) is adequate to meet both the UBC requirements and the Blue Book
recommendations. Overall, the additional cost of heavier bars in the first three
stories, as determined under the Blue Book requirements, should not be significant.
The wall elevation of Figure 4-10 shows the horizontal reinforcement per the Blue
Book recommendation.
6. Sliding shear (shear friction). §1911.7
At construction joints and flexural plastic hinge zones, walls can be vulnerable to
sliding shear. Typically lowrise walls are more vulnerable. If construction joint
surfaces are properly prepared according to §1911.7.9, taller walls should not be
susceptible to sliding shear failure.
Sliding shear can be checked using the shear friction provisions of §1911.7. Shear
strength is computed by Equation (11-25):
Vn = Avf f y µ
µ is the coefficient of friction, which is taken as 1.0λ , where λ = 1.0 for normal
weight concrete.
Avf is the amount of shear-transfer reinforcement that crosses the potential sliding
plane. For the wall in this Design Example, all vertical bars in the section are
effective as shear-transfer reinforcement [ACI-318 Commentary §R11.7.7]. At the
base of the wall:
( ) ( )
Avf = 30 1.56 in. 2 + 54 0.79 in.2 = 89.5 in.2

Section 1911.7.7 indicates that “permanent net compression” can be taken as

additive to the force Avf f y , thus the lower bound axial load, 0.9 PD , can be
included in Equation (11-25):
(
Vn = Avf f y + 0.9 PD µ )
[( ) ]
= 89.5 in.2 (60 ksi ) + 1,560 k (1.0 ) = 6,930 k
Section 1911.7.5 requires that the shear friction strength not be taken greater than
0.2 f ' c or 800 psi times the concrete area. For the example wall with
f ' c = 5,000 psi , the 800 psi criterion governs:
Vn ≤ (800 psi )(20"× 366") = 5,860 k > Vu * = 2,870 k o.k.
By inspection, the sliding shear capacity at higher story levels of the building is
also okay.
7. Boundary zone detailing.
The code gives two alternatives for determining whether or not boundary zone
detailing needs to be provided: a simplified procedure, §1921.6.6.4, and a strain
calculation procedure, §1921.6.6.5.
7a. UBC simplified procedure. §1921.6.6.4
Under §1921.6.6.4, boundary zone detailing need not be provided if:
Pu ≤ 0.10 Ag f ' c ( Pu ≤ 0.05 Ag f ' c for nonsymmetrical wall sections)
and either:
M u (Vu l w ) ≤ 1.0
or:
Vu ≤ 3 Acv f 'c

Use of this procedure for the wall in this Design Example is shown below:
Pu = 1.44 PD + PL = 2,820 k
0.10 Ag f ' c = 0.10(20"× 366")(5.0 ksi ) = 3,660 k > 2,820 k
M u (Vu l w ) = 75,000 k − ft [(1,470 k )(30.5')] = 1.68 > 1.0
3 Acv f 'c = 3(20"×366") 5,000 psi = 1,550,000# = 1,550 k > Vu = 1,470 k
Therefore, boundary zone detailing as defined in §1921.6.6.6 is not required.
7b. UBC strain calculation procedure. §1921.6.6.5
Section 1921.6.6.5 requires the calculation of total curvature, φ t , at the plastic

hinge region of the wall. The procedure applies only when the plastic hinge is
located at the base of the wall, which is the case for the example wall. Total
curvature is calculated by the following equation:
∆i
φt =
( )
hw − l p 2 l p
§1630.9.2
where ∆ i = ∆ t − ∆ y
and ∆ t = ∆ m ,when the analysis has used effective stiffness

(cracked section) properties
∆ m is defined in Equation (30-17) of §1630.9.2 as
∆ m = 0.7 R∆ s
∆ s is the design level response displacement. For the example wall at the top, it is
the displacement ∆ s = 2.32 inches, taken from the analysis.
∆ m = 0.7 R∆ s = 0.7(4.5)(2.32") = 7.32"
( )
∆ y is the yield displacement of the wall, taken as M ' n M E ∆ E . For the example
wall, ∆ E , the displacement corresponding to M E , is equal to ∆ s (= 2.32"), the
displacement taken from the analysis.

Calculation of Mń requires a re-calculation of the moment strength at the base of

the wall, this time using the axial load Pú = 1.2 PD + 0.5PL . The results of the
calculation, including the neutral axis depth, are shown in Table 4-8, below.
Table 4-8. Summary of Mń calculation

Reinforcement Neutral Axis
Quantity Axial Load Considered Moment Strength
Strength Depth
M'n P'u = 1.2PD + 0.5PL = 2240 k fy = 60 ksi M'n = 103,000 k-ft c'u = 78.0”
( )
∆ y = M ' n M E ∆ E = (103,000 k − ft 75,500 k − ft )(2.32") = 2.54"
∆ i = ∆ t − ∆ y = 7.31"−2.54" = 4.15"
The height of the wall, hw , equals 95.3 ft (1140 in.), and the plastic hinge length,
l p will be taken as 0.5l w (183 in). The yield curvature φ y , can be estimated as
0.003 / l w . Substituting these values into Equation (21-9):
+ 0.003 366" = 29.8(10 )−6 in.−1

4.15"
φt =
(1,140"−183" 2)183"
The compressive strain at the extreme fiber of the section equals the total curvature
times the neutral axis depth:
( )
ε c = φ t c ' u = 29.8(10 )−6 in.−1 (78") = 0.00233 < 0.003
∴ Boundary confinement not required.
Note that assuming a smaller plastic hinge length, l p = 9.7 ft = 116" , as defined in
Part 4b above, results in a strain of 0.00321, which would require that boundary
confinement be provided.
7c. Blue Book recommendations. Blue Book §402.11.1
Section 402.11 of the Blue Book modifies the UBC, including a revised formula
for ∆ t that gives a more realistic estimate of inelastic seismic displacements and
corrects a tendency for the UBC strain calculation procedure to give
unconservative results. Section 402.11.1 of the 1999 Blue Book replaces the
definition of ∆ t to give:
∆ t = R∆ s

For the example wall in this Design Example, this gives:
∆ t = R∆ s = 4.5(2.32") = 10.4"
∆ i = ∆ t − ∆ y = 10.4"−3.17" = 7.28"
Plugging this value of ∆ i into Equation 21-9 gives:
+ 0.003 366" = 46.1(10)−6

7.28"
φt =
(1,140"−183" 2)183"
The compressive strain at the extreme fiber of the section equals the product of the
total curvature and the neutral axis depth:
( )
εc = φt c 'u = 46.1(10)−6 in.−1 (78") = 0.00360 > 0.003
∴ Boundary confinement is required.
Assuming a smaller plastic hinge length, l p = 9.7 ft = 116 in., as defined in Part 4b
above, results in a strain of 0.00515, further indicating the prudence of adding
boundary confinement to the subject wall.
Section 402.12 of the SEAOC Blue Book requires that all wall edges in potential
plastic hinge regions have ties spaced at 6d b or 6 inches maximum, to restrain the
buckling of bars. For the wall in this Design Example, #4 tie sets at 6 inches on
center, with a tie leg located at each of the #11 bars, as shown in Figure 4-11, and
on the wall elevation of Figure 4-10, should be provided as a minimum.
Figure 4-11. Boundary reinforcement at wall base

References
ATC-43, 1999. Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall

Buildings, prepared by the Applied Technology Council (ATC-43 project) for
the Partnership for Response and Recovery. Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Report No. FEMA-306, Washington, D.C.
CRSI, 1996. Rebar Design and Detailing Data – ACI. Concrete Reinforcing Steel
Institute, Schaumberg, Illinois.
Maffei, Joe, 1996. “Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls — Beyond the Code,”
SEAONC Fall Seminar Proceedings. Structural Engineers Association of
Northern California, San Francisco, California, November.
Paulay, T., and M.J.N. Priestley, 1992. Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings,
Design for Seismic Resistance. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. (Chapter
5 covers seismic behavior and design of reinforced concrete walls, including
examples. The book is not based on the ACI or UBC codes, but explains the
principles that underlie several code provisions.)
Paulay, T., and M.J.N. Priestley, 1993. Stability of Ductile Structural Walls. ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 90, No. 4, July-August 1993.
PCA, 1999. “PCACOL: Design and Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Column

Sections,” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.

Design Example 5 ! Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams
Design Example 5
Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams
Figure 5-1. Six-story concrete office building (partial view)
Overview
The structure in this Design Example is a 6-story office building with reinforced
concrete walls (shear walls) as its lateral force resisting system. The example
focuses on the design and detailing of one of the reinforced concrete walls. This is
a coupled wall running in the transverse building direction and is shown in
Figure 5-1. The example assumes that design lateral forces have already been
determined for the building, and that the seismic moments, shears, and axial loads
on each of the wall components, from the computer analysis, are given.

The purpose of this Design Example is to illustrate the design of coupling beams
and other aspects of reinforced concrete walls that have openings. Research on the
behavior of coupling beams for concrete walls has been carried out in New
Zealand, the United States, and elsewhere since the late 1960s. The code provisions
of the UBC derive from this research.
Outline
2. Preliminary sizing of shear wall.
3. Coupling beam design.
4. Design of wall piers for flexure.
5. Plastic analysis of flexural mechanism in walls.
6. Design of wall piers for shear.
7. Boundary zone detailing of wall piers.
8. Detailing of coupling beams.
Given Information
Seismic zone = 4
Near-field = 5 km from seismic source type A
Redundancy/reliability factor, ρ = 1.0
Importance factor, I = 1.0
Concrete strength, f 'c = 4000 psi
Steel yield strength, f y = 60 ksi
The wall to be designed, designated Wall 3, is one of several shear walls in the
building. The wall elevation, a plan section, and the design forces are shown in
Figure 5-2. An elastic analysis of the wall for lateral forces, using a computer
program, gives the results shown in Figure 5-3, which shows the moments and
shear for each coupling beam (i.e., wall spandrel), and the moments, shear and
axial forces for each vertical wall segment (i.e., wall pier).

Lateral story displacements, corresponding to gross section properties, are also

shown on the figure. Where displacements are used in design they should
correspond to effective section properties rather than gross section properties, as
indicated in §1633.2.4. Typical practice is to use a percentage of the gross stiffness,
e.g., 50 percent, for the effective stiffness. In such a case, the displacements from
the gross section model can be uniformly factored up. The displacements for a
linear elastic model using 50 percent of Ig will be two times the displacements
using the gross section properties. In this Design Example, the displacement output
is not used. In an actual building design, the displacements would need to be
considered for: 1.) design of elements not part of the lateral-force-resisting system,
2.) building separations, 3.) boundary design by the strain calculation procedure,
and 4.) P∆ analysis. Other recommendations for member stiffness assumptions are
given in Section 5.3 of Paulay and Priestley [1992].
Gravity loads are not included in the computer model. Gravity effects are added
separately by hand calculations.
Plan
Elevation
Figure 5-2. Wall elevation, plan section, and design forces of Wall 3

Units:
P=kips beam moment at edge of wall piers
V=kips pier moments at floor levels
M=kips-inch
Figure 5-3. Results of ETABS computer analysis for Wall 3

Load combinations for reinforced concrete are discussed in detail in Part 1 of

Design Example 4. As in that example, we assume here that the presiding building
department has indicated approval of the SEAOC recommended revisions to the
UBC load combinations. Thus the governing load combinations become:
(1.2 ± 0.5Ca I )D ± ρEh + ( f1L + f2S ) Blue Book §101.7.2.1
0.9 D ± ρEh Blue Book §C403.11
Since the given structure is an office building, f1 = 0.5 . And since there is no snow
load, S = 0 .
The same seismic zone, soil profile, near-field, redundancy, and importance factors
are assumed as for Design Example 4, thus C a = 0.484 . With I = 1.0 and ρ = 1.0 ,
the governing load combinations for this Design Example are:
0.9 D ± Eh
= 1.44 D ± Eh + 0.5 L
[1.2 ± 0.5(0.484)]D ± Eh + L { = 0.958D ± Eh + 0.5L does not govern
The forces shown in Figure 5-3 correspond to Eh .
2. Preliminary sizing of shear wall.
For walls with diagonally reinforced coupling beams, the required wall thickness is
often dictated by the layering of the reinforcement in the coupling beam. Typically,
a wall thickness of 15 inches or larger is required for diagonally reinforced
coupling beams conforming to the 1997 UBC.
For the subject wall, a wall thickness, bw , of 16 inches will be tried.

3. Coupling beam design.
3a. Requirement for diagonal reinforcement.
Code requirements for the diagonal reinforcement of coupling beams

(§1921.6.10.2) are based on the clear-length to depth ratio for the coupling beam,
l n d , and on the level of shear stress in the coupling beam.
For the wall in this Design Example, it will be assumed that d equals 0.8 times the
overall depth, so that l n d = 72" (0.8 × 72") = 1.25 for the typical coupling beam,
and l n d = 72" (0.8 × 120") = 0.75 for the coupling beams at the second floor.
As shown in Table 5-1 (6th column), for five of the nine coupling beams the shear
exceeds 4 f 'c bw d . For these coupling beams, diagonal reinforcement is required.
For the four coupling beams that have lower shear stress, diagonal reinforcement is
not required by the UBC. Designing these 4 coupling beams without diagonal
reinforcement, using horizontal reinforcement to resist flexure and vertical stirrups
to resist shear, might lead to cost savings in the labor to place the reinforcing steel.
In this Design Example, however, diagonal reinforcement is used in all of the

coupling beams of the wall because: 1.) it can simplify design and construction to
have all coupling beams detailed similarly, and 2.) research results show that
diagonal reinforcement improves coupling beam performance, even at lower shear
stress levels, as discussed in §C407.7 of the SEAOC Blue Book.
Table 5-1. Coupling beam forces and diagonal reinforcement

Vu h d Diagonal Ad α φVn
Grid Line Level Vu bw d f 'c (1) φVn Vu
(kips) (in.) (in.) Bars (in.2) (degrees) (kips)
C-D Roof 151 72 57.6 2.6 4-#8 3.16 37.9 198 1.31
C-D 6th 325 72 57.6 5.6 4-#10 5.08 37.9 318 0.98
C-D 5th 447 72 57.6 7.7 6-#10 7.62 36.0 456 1.02
C-D 4th 211 72 57.6 3.6 4-#9 4.00 37.9 251 1.19
C-D 3rd 180 72 57.6 3.1 4-#9 4.00 37.9 251 1.39
C-D 2nd 285 120 96.0 2.9 4-#9 4.00 53.1 326 1.14
D-E 4th 319 72 57.6 5.5 6-#9 6.00 36.0 359 1.13
D-E 3rd 454 72 57.6 7.8 6-#10 7.62 36.0 456 1.00
D-E 2nd 406 120 96.0 4.2 4-#10 5.08 53.1 414 1.02
Note: Diagonal bars are required when this ratio exceeds 4.

3b. Design of diagonal reinforcement.
Diagonal reinforcement is provided in the coupling beams according to Equation

(21-1) of §1921.6.10.2:
φVn = 2φf y sin αAvd (21-1)
Each group of diagonal bars must consist of at least 4 bars (§1921.6.10.2). The
calculation of the required diagonal reinforcement is shown in Table 5-1. For
coupling beams with higher shear stresses, 6 bars are needed in each group, as
shown in Table 5-1.
The angle α of the diagonal bars is calculated based on the geometry of the
reinforcement layout, as shown in Figure 5-4. The value of α depends somewhat
on overall dimension of the diagonal bar group and on the clearance between the
diagonal bar group and the corner of the wall opening. This affects the dimension x
shown in Figure 5-4 and results in a slightly different value of α for a group of
6 bars compared to that for a group of 4 bars, as shown in Table 5-1.
The provided diagonal bars are shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-4. Geometry of coupling beam diagonal bars

Figure 5-5. Diagonal bars provided in coupling beams
4. Design of wall piers for flexure.
The design of the vertical wall segments for flexure is carried out following the
procedures and recommendations given for conventional “solid” walls. This is
shown in Part 3 of Design Example 4. From Figure 5-3, the critical wall segments
(i.e., those with the highest moments or earthquake axial forces) include the wall
pier at the 4th floor on Line D, and the wall piers at the base on Lines C and E. The
20-foot long wall pier on Line D at the base is also checked.

4a. Critical moments and axial forces.
As can be seen from Figure 5-2, the gravity loads on each wall pier are not
concentric with the wall pier centroid. Therefore, gravity load moments must be
considered in the design of flexural reinforcement. The dead and live loads (except
wall self-weight shown in Table 5-2) in Figure 5-2 act at the column grid lines, and
have an eccentricity, eDF , with respect to the section centroid, as given in
Table 5-3 (Note: The calculation of weights, section centroids, eDF, and eDW is not
shown). The wall self-weight provides additional dead load at each level, equal to
the values given in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2. Dead load from wall self-weight

Line C Line D Line E
Sum of Wall Eccentricity, Sum of Wall Eccentricity, Sum of Wall Eccentricity,
Level
Weight (kips) eDW (ft) (1) Weight (kips) eDW (ft) (1) Weight (kips) eDW (ft) (1)
Above 6th 26 2.06 26 -2.06 0
Above 5th 53 2.06 53 -2.06 0
Above 4th 79 2.06 79 -2.06 0
Above 3rd 106 2.06 132 -3.71 26 -2.06
Above 2nd 132 2.06 185 -2.65 53 -2.06
At base 166 2.03 252 -1.94 86 -2.00
Note:
1. eDW = distance between centroid of weight and centroid of wall section.
The calculation of the factored forces on the critical wall piers is shown in
Table 5-3. In this table, gravity moments are calculated about the section centroid,
using the gravity loads acting at the column centerline, PDF and PL , plus the dead
load from wall self-weight, PDW. Earthquake moments, ME, are taken from
Figure 5-3.
Loads are factored according to the combinations discussed in Part 1 of this Design
Example, giving two cases for each wall pier: minimum axial load and maximum
axial load. The minimum axial load case is based on the combination of Eh with
0.9 D , and the maximum axial load case is based on the combination of Eh with
1.44 D + 0.5 L .
Considering that larger axial compression generally increases moment strength,

potentially governing combinations are shown as shaded areas in Table 5-3.

Table 5-3. Calculation of factored axial forces and moments on critical wall piers
PDF eDR PDW e DW PL Direction PE ME MD M L Minimum Axial Maximum Axial
Level Line
(kips) (ft) (kips) (ft) (kips) of force (kips) (k-ft) (k-ft) (k-ft) PU MU PU MU
4th D 428 -4.13 79 -2.06 44 west -923 -6,070 1,603 182 -467 -4,628 -171 -3,671
4th D 428 -4.13 79 -2.06 44 east 923 6,070 1,603 182 1,379 7,512 1,675 8,469
1st C 874 4.13 166 2.03 100 west 1,600 -4,105 -3,268 -413 2,536 -7,047 3,148 -9,018
1st C 874 4.13 166 2.03 100 east -1,600 4,105 -3,268 -413 -664 1,164 -52 -807
1st E 874 -4.13 86 -2.00 100 west -1,179 -4,191 3,433 413 -315 -1,101 253 959
1st E 874 -4.13 86 -2.00 100 east 1,179 4,191 3,433 413 2,043 7,281 2,611 9,341
1st D 874 0 252 -1.94 100 west -421 -13,250 -489 0 592 -13,690 1,250 -13,954
Notes:
PDF = dead load distributed over floor area, which acts at the column line.
e DF = distance between PDF and centroid of wall section.
PDW = dead load from wall self-weight.
e DW = distance between PDW and centroid of wall section.
4b. Vertical reinforcement.
The program PCACOL [PCA, 1999] is used to design the reinforcement in each
wall pier. Figure 5-6 shows a wall section with the typical layout of vertical
reinforcement. Typical reinforcement in the “column” portion of the wall piers is
8-#9 and typical vertical reinforcement in the wall web is #7@12. The PCACOL
results of Figure 5-7a, 5-7b, and 5-7c show that this reinforcement is adequate in
all locations except Line D at the 4th floor where 8-#10 are required instead of 8-#9.
Figure 5-7d shows that the typical reinforcement provides adequate moment
strength to the 20-foot long wall pier on Line D.
Figure 5-8 shows the vertical reinforcement provided in the wall piers to satisfy
moment strength requirements. Note that the vertical reinforcement in the column
portion of the 4th floor piers is increased to 8-#11 (from 8-#9 used at the lower
levels), and that at the 5th and 6th floors is increased to 8-#10. The reasons for this
will be discussed in Part 5 of this Design Example.
Figure 5-6. Section through wall pier in vicinity of Line C

a. b.
c. d.
Figure 5-7. PCACOL results for design of vertical reinforcement

Figure 5-8. Elevation of vertical wall reinforcement
4c. Lap splice locations.
In general, lap splices should be avoided in potential plastic hinge regions of

concrete structures. This is discussed in Part 4b of Design Example 4 and in Blue
Book §C404.3. For this example wall, plastic hinging is expected (and desired) at
the base of each wall pier and in the coupling beams. Plastic hinging may also be
possible above the wall setback, in the 4th floor wall piers. (This will be
investigated in more detail in Part 5 of this Design Example.)
Lap splices of the vertical wall reinforcement are located to avoid the potential
plastic hinge regions in first floor and fourth floor wall piers, as shown in Figures
5-10 and 5-11 and in Tables 5-5 and 5-6 in Part 5B, below.

5. Plastic analysis of flexural mechanism in walls. Blue Book §C402.8, C407.5.5.2
This part of the Design Example presents a plastic analysis methodology that is not
a code requirement. It is included to assist the reader in understanding the post-
elastic behavior of coupled shear walls and how they can be analyzed for seismic
forces when elements of the wall are yielding.
Plastic analyses are not required by the UBC, but they are recommended in the
SEAOC Blue Book: 1.) to establish shear demand corresponding to flexural
strength, and 2.) to identify potential plastic hinge regions where special boundary
and splicing requirements may be necessary. With the trend toward nonlinear static
analysis (pushover) procedures, as called for in performance-based structural
engineering guidelines [FEMA-273, 1997 and ATC-40, 1996], the ability to use
plastic analyses will become increasingly important. The first three chapters of the
textbook Plastic Design in Steel [ASCE, 1971] summarize the basic principles and
methods of plastic design, and these are recommended reading for the interested
reader.
Given below is an illustration of plastic analysis for the reinforced concrete walls
and coupling beams of this Design Example.
5a. Probable moment strength.
The “probable flexural strength,” Mpr, will be determined in calculating shear

demands, according to the Blue Book recommendations. As defined in §1921.0,
Mpr is calculated assuming a tensile stress in the longitudinal bars of 1.25 f y , and a
strength reduction factor, φ , of 1.0. For the purposes of this plastic analysis, we
will neglect earthquake axial forces Ev in calculating Mpr for each wall pier and
assume an axial load of 1.2 PD + 0.5 PL . In reality, the wall pier with earthquake
axial tension will have a decreased moment strength, while the wall pier with
earthquake axial compression will have an increased moment strength. These
effects tend to cancel out so that our plastic analysis will give a good estimate of
1.) the governing mechanism of response, and 2.) the shear corresponding to the
development of a mechanism at probable flexural strength. Table 5-4 shows Mpr
values for the critical wall piers, based on the PCACOL results shown in
Figure 5-9.

a. b.
c. d.
(
Figure 5-9. PCACOL calculation of probable moment strength M pr fy = 75 ksi, φ = 1.0 )
Table 5-4. Approximate probable moment strengths of wall piers for plastic analysis
Reinforcement of Axial Load Considered
Level Grid Line M pr (k-ft)
Column Portion 1.2PD + 0.5PL (kips)
4th C 8-#9 630 10,500
4th D 8-#10 630 7,500
1st C 8-#9 1,300 12,500
1st D 8-#9 1,400 28,000
1st E 8-#9 1,200 10,000
4th C 8-#11 630 13,000
4th D 8-#11 630 8,000
5b. Mechanism with plastic hinging at the base.
The preferred behavior of the wall occurs when plastic hinges occur at the base of
the wall piers and in the coupling beams. This produces the desirable situation of
flexural yielding, energy dissipation, and avoidance of shear failures.
Table 5-5 shows calculations of the shear strength of the preferred plastic
mechanism, which has plastic hinges forming at the base of each wall pier and in
each coupling beam. The equivalent plastic hinge length at the pier base, lp, is
taken equal to 5 feet.
The plastic hinge length is used in the calculation of external work shown in
Table 5-5. The calculation is not sensitive to the value of lp assumed, since lp /2 is
subtracted from hi, the height above the base. In this case, the value of 5 feet is
taken as one-half the wall length of the external wall piers. Although the central
pier is longer, it is assigned the same plastic hinge length. Note that in the strain
calculation procedure for wall boundary design, the value used for lp has a
significant effect on the results. This is discussed in Part 7 of Design Example 4.
Plastic lateral story displacements, ∆ i , increase linearly with height above the
midpoint of the base plastic hinges. ∆ i is arbitrarily set equal to 1.00 feet at the
roof. The external work equals the sum of each lateral story force, fxi, times ∆ i .

The plastic rotation angle of the wall piers, θ , equals the roof displacement
divided by the roof height above the midpoint of the plastic hinge. Thus,
θ = 1.00 85.5 . The plastic rotation angle and internal work of the coupling beams
can be calculated as follows:
lc
θ cb = θ
ln
where:
l n = clear length of the coupling beam
lc = distance between centroids of wall pier sections
Internal work ( )
= Σ θcb × M pr for each end of each coupling beam
= Σ(θcb × 1.25Vn ln 2 )
= Σ(θ ×1.25Vn lc 2 )
= Σ(θ × 1.25Vn lc ) for each coupling beam (sum of 2 ends)
The internal work of the base plastic hinges equals the sum of Mpr times θ for each
of the three base plastic hinges. The summation of the internal work is shown in
Table 5-5. Equating internal work with external work gives the solution of
V = 2,420 kips .

Table 5-5. Plastic mechanism calculations assuming plastic hinging

(1)
at base and in all coupling beams
External Work
hi hi − l p 2 ∆i fxi Work / V
Level
(ft) (ft) (ft) V (ft)
R 88 85.5 1.000 0.254 0.254
6th 74 71.5 0.836 0.240 0.201
5th 60 57.5 0.673 0.195 0.131
4th 46 43.5 0.509 0.149 0.076
3rd 32 29.5 0.345 0.104 0.036
2nd 18 15.5 0.181 0.058 0.011
Sum 1.000 0.708
Internal Work, Coupling Beams

1.25Vn lc Work
Grid Line Level
(k) (ft) (k-ft)
C-D R 291 21.5 73
C-D 6th 468 21.5 118
C-D 5th 671 21.5 169
C-D 4th 368 21.5 93
C-D 3rd 368 21.5 93
C-D 2nd 480 21.5 121
D-E 4th 528 21.5 133
D-E 3rd 671 21.5 169
D-E 2nd 609 21.5 153
1,120
Internal Work, Wall Piers θ = 1.00/85.5

M pr Work
Grid Line Level
(k-ft) (k-ft)
C base 12500 146
D base 28000 327
E base 10000 117
591
V= (1120 + 591)/0.708 = 2,420 kips
Note:
1. See Figure 5-10 for illustration of hinge locations.

Figure 5-10. Mechanism with plastic hinges at base of wall
5c. th
Mechanism with plastic hinging at the 4 floor.
Table 5-6 shows calculations of the shear strength of another possible plastic
mechanism, which has plastic hinges forming at the 4th floor wall piers and only in
the coupling beams at the 5th, 6th, and roof levels. This plastic mechanism is less
desirable than a mechanism with hinging at the base, because energy dissipation is
concentrated in fewer yielding locations, and because plastic rotations in the wall
piers would need to be much greater to achieve the same roof displacement.
As in the previous calculation, plastic lateral story displacements, ∆ i , increase

linearly with height above the midpoint of the base plastic hinges, and ∆ i is set
equal to 1.00 feet at the roof. For this mechanism, the plastic rotation angle of the
wall piers, θ , equals 1.00/39.5. The plastic analysis solution, based on equating
internal and external work, gives V = 2,300 kips . Since this is less than 2,420 kips,
the mechanism having plastic hinging at the 4th floor governs (i.e., is more likely to
form than the preferred base mechanism shown in Figure 5-10).
To help prevent plastic hinging in the 4th floor piers, their flexural strength can be
increased. Reinforcement of the column portions of these wall piers is increased to
8-#11. Table 5-6 shows revised internal work calculations. The solution gives
V = 2,460 kips . Since this is greater than 2420 kips, the preferred mechanism now
governs.
Note that the calculation of the governing plastic limit load, V, depends on the
assumed vertical distribution of lateral forces, which in actual seismic response can
vary significantly from the inverted triangular pattern assumed. Thus the difference
between V = 2,420 kips and 2,460 kips does not absolutely ensure against plastic
hinging in the 4th floor wall piers.

Inelastic dynamic time-history analyses by computer generally show less

predictability of yield locations than plastic analyses imply. For the wall of this
Design Example, a time-history analysis might show some wall pier yielding both
at the base and at the 4th floor. Interaction of the wall with other walls in the
structure and with gravity framing can also influence the mechanism of yielding.
Plastic analyses are simpler to carry out and understand than most other analysis
methods, particularly inelastic time-history analyses, and they offer valuable
insight into the seismic performance of a structure. For this Design Example, the
plastic analyses indicate that strengthening the 4th floor piers will protect the upper
stories above the setback against high ductility demands, and make it more likely
that the preferred mechanism will form.

th (1)
at 4 floor piers
External Work
hi hi − l p 2 ∆i fxi Work / V
Level
(ft) (ft) (ft) V (ft)
R 42 39.5 1.000 0.254 0.254
6th 28 25.5 0.646 0.240 0.155
5th 14 11.5 0.291 0.195 0.057
4th 0.000 0.149 0.000
3rd 0.000 0.104 0.000
2nd 0.000 0.058 0.000
Sum 1.000 0.466
Internal Work, Coupling Beams

1.25Vn lc Work
Grid Line Level
(k) (ft) (k-ft)
C-D R 291 17 125
C-D 6th 468 17 201
C-D 5th 671 17 289
Sum 615

M pr Work
Grid Line Level
(k-ft) (k-ft)
C 4th 10500 266
D 4th 7500 190
Sum 456
V= (615 + 456)/0.466 = 2,300 kips
Note:
1. See Figure 5-11 for illustration of hinge locations.


th th
at 4 floor piers—revised for stronger piers at 4 floor
M pr Work
Grid Line Level
(k-ft) (k-ft)
C 4th 13000 329
D 4th 8000 203
Sum 532
V= (615 + 532)/0.466 = 2,460 kips
th
Figure 5-11. Mechanism with plastic hinges at 4 floor wall piers
6. Design of wall piers for shear.
In this part, the wall piers will be designed for shear. Both the UBC and Blue Book
approaches will be illustrated. Design for the minimum UBC requirements is given
in Part 6a below.
As discussed in Part 5 of Design Example 4, the SEAOC Blue Book contains more
restrictive requirements than does the UBC for the shear design of reinforced
concrete walls. The SEAOC approach, in Part 6b of this Design Example, is
recommended for the reasons given in Design Example 4.

6a. Design under UBC requirements.
Shear demand.
If designing to the minimum requirements of the UBC, the shear demand is taken
directly from the design forces, factored by the load combinations discussed in
Part 1. For the example wall, all of the significant shear on the wall piers results
from earthquake forces, thus Vu = VE , where the values VE are those shown in
Figure 5-3. The highest shears are at the 4th floor, Line D, with VE = 544 kips in an
11-foot-long wall pier (48.5 k/ft), and at the 1st floor, Line D, with VE = 731kips in
a 20-foot long wall pier (36.6 k/ft).
Shear capacity. §1921.6.5

UBC §1911.10 gives shear provisions for walls designed for nonseismic lateral
forces such as wind or earth pressure. Section 1921.6.5 gives shear strength
provisions for walls designed for seismic forces.
In Equation (21-7), wall shear strength depends on α c , which depends on the ratio
hw l w .
(
Vn = Acv α c f 'c + ρ n f y ) (21-7)
Per §1921.6.5.4 the ratio hw l w is taken as the larger of that for the individual wall
pier and for the entire wall.
Overall wall hw l w = 88' 54' = 1.63
11' long by 8' clear-height pier hw l w = 8' 11' = 0.73
20' long by 8' clear-height pier hw l w = 8' 20' = 0.40
Thus the value hw l w = 1.63 governs for all wall piers. The coefficient α c varies
linearly from 3.0 for hw l w = 1.5 to 2.0 for hw l w = 2.0 .
α c = 3.0 − 1.0(1.63 − 1.5) (2.0 − 1.5) = 2.74

As prescribed in §1909.3.4.1, the shear strength reduction factor, φ , shall §1921.6.5.3

be 0.6 for the design of walls if their nominal shear strength is less than the shear
corresponding to development of their nominal flexural strength. For the 11-foot
long wall piers:
[ ]
φVn = 0.6(16") lw 2.74 4,000 + ρ n (60,000 psi ) = lw (1.66 k − in. + 576 k − in. ρn )
For the wall sections with highest shear, the amount of horizontal shear
reinforcement is given in Table 5-8.
Table 5-8. Design for shear by the UBC

Grid lw VE Horizontal φVn
Level ρn Vu φAcv f 'c (1)
Line (in.) (kips) Reinforcement (kips)
4th C 132 371 #4@10” E.F. 0.00250 409 4.63
4th D 132 544 #6@10” E.F. 0.00550 637 6.79
1st C 132 283 #4@10” E.F. 0.00250 409 3.53
1st D 240 731 #4@10” E.F. 0.00250 744 5.02
1st E 132 316 #4@10” E.F. 0.00250 409 3.95
Note:
1. Under §1921.6.5.6, the value of Vu φAcv f 'c shall not exceed 10 for any wall pier, or 8
for an entire wall section.
As shown above, for all wall pier locations except the 4th floor at Line D, the
minimum reinforcement ratio of 0.0025 (required under §1921.6.2.1) is sufficient
to meet UBC shear strength requirements.
6b. Design using Blue Book recommendations.
Shear demand. SEAOC 402.8, C402.8

To comply with the Blue Book requirement of providing shear strength in excess
of the shear corresponding to wall flexural strength, an amplified shear demand
must be considered. For this Design Example, shear strength in excess of that
corresponding to the development of probable flexural strength will be provided.
This has been calculated by the plastic analysis in Part 5 of this Design Example as
V = 2,420 kips at the base of the wall.
Section C402.8 of the Blue Book Commentary gives the following equation for the
shear amplification factor, ωv , that accounts for inelastic dynamic effects. For
application to designs according to the UBC, the amplification factor
recommended by Paulay and Priestley [1992] can be reduced by a factor of 0.85,
because the Paulay and Priestley recommendations use a different strength
reduction factor, φ , than does the UBC.

ωv = 0.85(0.9 + n / 10), for buildings up to 6 stories, where n = number of stories
= 0.85(0.9 + 6 / 10) = 1.28
As indicated in the Blue Book, the ωv factor is derived for analysis using inverted
triangular distributions of lateral forces. If a response spectrum analysis is carried
out, a slightly lower ωv factor can be justified in some cases.
At the base of the wall, the magnified shear demand Vu * is calculated as follows:
( )
Vu * = ωv M pr M u (VE ) = (ωv 2,420 kips ) = 1.28(2,420 ) = 3,100 kips
In the plastic analysis, the amplification effect considered by ωv can instead be

considered by using a different vertical distribution of the lateral forces, fxi. Rather
than using the inverted triangular distribution, a vertical distribution with a
resultant located lower in the building, such as a uniform distribution pattern, could
be used in the plastic analysis to give shear forces.
Shear capacity.
Since we are designing for the nominal shear strength to exceed the shear
corresponding to flexural strength, a strength reduction factor, φ, of 0.85 can be
used. As before, UBC Equation (21-6) is used to calculate shear capacity:
(
Vn = Acv α c f 'c + ρ n f y ) (21-7)
[ ]
φVn = 0.85(16") lw 2.74 4,000 + ρ n (60,000 psi ) = lw (2.36 k − in. + 816 k − in. ρn )
For the shear demand of 3100 k over the net wall length of 42 feet (504 inches) at
the first floor, the required amount of horizontal reinforcement is calculated:
φVn = 504(2.36 + 816ρ n )= 1,190 + 411,000ρ n ≥ 3,100
ρ n = (3,100 k − 1,190 k ) 411,000 = 0.00464
Try #6 @ 12" o.c. each face
( )
ρ n = 2 0.44 in.2 (12"×16") = 0.00458 o.k.
For the other stories of the building, the shear demands are magnified from the
analysis results by the same proportion as for the first floor. The recommended
amount of horizontal reinforcement can be calculated as shown in the Table 5-9.

Table 5-9. Design for shear by the Blue Book recommendations
VE (kips) Vu * (kips) (1) l w net (in.) Horizontal ρn φVn (kips)

Level
Reinforcement
6th 338 788 264 #5@12” E.F. 0.00323 1,320
5th 656 1,530 264 #6@12” E.F. 0.00458 1,610
4th 915 2,130 264 #6@8” E.F. 0.00688 2,100
3rd 1,150 2,680 504 #6@12” E.F. 0.00458 3,070
2nd 1,250 2,920 504 #6@12” E.F. 0.00458 3,070
1st 1,310 3,100 504 #6@12” E.F. 0.00458 3,070
Note:
1. Vu * = magnified shear demand.
At the 4th floor wall piers, the vertical reinforcement must be increased from
#7@12" to #8@12" to provide ρ v ≥ ρ n , per §1921.6.55.5. The Blue Book deletes
this requirement for the reasons given in Blue Book §C402.9. However, in this
case, the increase in flexural strength of the 4th floor wall piers is desirable, as
discussed in Part 5C, above.
6c. Recommended shear reinforcement.
A comparison of the Tables 5-8 and 5-9 shows that the Blue Book
recommendations for ensuring that shear strength exceeds flexural capacity results
in increased horizontal reinforcement compared to that required by the UBC. The
Blue Book approach is recommended, as it leads to more ductile wall behavior.
7. Boundary zone detailing of wall piers.
The UBC gives two alternatives for determining whether or not boundary zone
detailing needs to be provided: a simplified procedure (§1921.6.6.4), and a strain
calculation procedure (§1921.6.6.5). For this Design Example, the simplified
procedure will be used, and for comparison the Blue Book recommendations for
the strain calculation procedure will be checked. For an illustration of the UBC
strain calculation procedure, see Design Example 4.

7a. UBC simplified procedure. §1921.6.6.4
Under the requirement of §1921.6.6.4, boundary zone detailing need not be

provided in the example wall if the following conditions are met:
Pu ≤ 0.10 Ag f 'c ( Pu ≤ 0.05 Ag f 'c for unsymmetrical wall sections)
and either
M u (Vu l w ) ≤ 1.0
or
Vu ≤ 3 Acv f 'c
For the critical piers of the example wall, Pu /Agf′c calculated as shown in
Table 5-10. All of the piers are geometrically unsymmetrical, except for those on
Line D at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd stories. Of the unsymmetrical piers, only those at the
6th floor have Pu Ag f ' c ≤ 0.005 and Vu ≤ 3 Acv f ' c . All three of the symmetrical
piers have Pu / Ag f c′ ≤ 0.01 and Vu ≤ 3 Acv f ' c . Therefore all piers require
boundary confinement except those at the 6 floor, and those on Line D at the 1st,
th
2nd, and 3rd floors.
The required boundary zone length is calculated as a function of Pu / Ag f c′ per

§1921.6.6.4. The code requires that shear walls and portions of shear walls not
meeting the conditions of §1921.6.6.4 and having Pu < 0.35Po shall have boundary
zones at each end over a distance that varies linearly from 0.25l w to 0.15l w as Pu
varies from 0.35Po to 0.15Po . The boundary zone shall have a minimum length of
0.15l w and shall be detailed in accordance with §1921.6.6.6. The results of this
determination are shown in Table 5-10.
Table 5-10. Boundary zone strength requirement by the UBC simplified procedure
Pu Ag Pu (Required Boundary Required
Level Line
(1.44PD + 0.5PL + PE ) (kips) (in.2) Ag f 'c Length) ÷ lw Boundary Length (in.)
6th C,D 388 2,300 0.042 not required not required
4th D 1,675 2,300 0.182 0.166 21.9
1st C 3,148 2,300 0.342 0.246 32.5
1st E 2,611 2,300 0.284 0.217 28.6
1st D 1,250 4,030 0.078 not required not required

At the column end of each wall pier, confining the 8 column bars plus two wall-
web bars gives a boundary zone length of 34 inches. At the inside (doorway) end of
each wall pier, confining 8 bars give a boundary zone length of 39 inches. The
confinement details are shown in Figure 5-12. The required area of boundary ties is
calculated according to Equation (21-10):
Ash = 0.09 shc f ' c f y (21-10)
Figure 5-12. Boundary ties required by the UBC simplified procedure
Calculations of Ash are given in Table 5-11, corresponding to section cuts A, B, C,

D, and E through the boundary zones as shown in Figure 5-10.
Table 5-11. Required boundary zone ties by the UBC simplified procedure
hc s Ash Required Ash Provided
Section Cut Tie legs
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2)
A 20.5 6 0.74 3-#5 0.93
B 12.5 6 0.45 2-#5 0.62
C 32 6 1.12 4-#5 1.24
D 12.5 4 0.45 2-#5 0.62
E 37.5 4 0.90 4-#5 1.24
Note:
1. See Figure 5-12.

7b. Blue Book recommendations. SEAOC §402.11
Section 402.11 of the Blue Book contains significant revisions to the UBC
provisions for wall boundary confinement. Sections 402.11.1 and 402.11.2 revise
definitions used in the strain calculation procedure of §1921.6.6.5. Blue Book
§402.11.3 adds the following two exceptions to the UBC procedure:
Exception 1: Boundary zone details need not be provided where the

neutral axis depth c'u is less than 0.15l w .
Exception 2: The length of wall section at the compression boundary

over which boundary zone detailing is to be provided may be taken as
cc , where cc is the larger of c'u = 0.1lw or c'u 2 .
In applying these recommendations to the example wall, the wall piers with the
largest neutral axis depth-to-length ratio, c′u /lw, govern the design. The largest
neutral axis depth at the column end of a wall pier occurs at the 1st floor at Line C,
where a large downward earthquake axial force occurs:
P’u = (1.2PD + 0.5PL) + PE = 1,300 kips + 1,600 kips = 2,900 kips
The neutral axis depth, c’u, for this case is calculated by PCACOL to be 48 inches.
c'u l w = 48" 132" = 0.36 ≥ 0.15 therefore boundary zone detailing is required
cc = c'u −0.1l w = 48"−0.1(132") = 35 in. governs
cc = c'u 2 = 48" 2 = 24 in. does not govern
The calculation of cc = 35 inches can be compared to the required UBC boundary

length of 32.5 inches shown in the Table 5-10.
The largest neutral axis depth at the inside (doorway) end of a wall pier occurs at
the 1st floor Line E. Compression at this end of the wall pier corresponds to the
loading direction that has earthquake axial force acting upward:
P'u = (1.2 PD + 0.5PL ) + PE = 1,200 kips − 1,180 kips = 20 kips
The neutral axis depth, c’u, for this case is calculated by PCACOL to be 20 inches.
c'u l w = 20" 132" = 0.15 ≥ 0.15

Thus, the requirement for boundary confinement at the inside (doorway) ends of
the wall piers is marginal.
cc = c'u −0.1lw = 20"−0.1(132") = 7 in. does not govern
cc = c'u 2 = 20" 2 = 10 in. governs
The calculation of cc = 10" can be compared to the required boundary length of

28.6 inches shown in the Table 5-10. Figure 5-6 shows the ties resulting from the
Blue Book recommendation, which can be compared to those required by the UBC
simplified procedure, shown in Figure 5-12.
8. Detailing of coupling beams.
The detailing of coupling beams may require a number of preliminary design

iterations to determine required bar sizes and the lateral dimensions of the diagonal
bar group. Preliminary design iterations are not shown in this Design Example.
8a. Layering of reinforcement.
For this Design Example, the recommended layering of reinforcement in the

coupling beams is shown in Figure 5-13. The proposed layering corresponds to a
clear cover of 1 inch in the coupling beam and 1 3/8 inches in the wall pier.
Section 1921.6.10.3 requires transverse reinforcement around each group of

diagonal bars of the coupling beam. Figure 5-13 assumes that these ties are No. 4
in size and extend over the portion of the diagonal bars within the coupling beam
length, as shown in Figure 5-14. Thus the diagonal bars, but not the ties around
them, must pass between the reinforcement curtains of the wall pier.
The layering shown in Figure 5-13 results in a diagonal bar cage with lateral “core”
dimensions of 9.0 inches by 14.8 inches, measured outside-to-outside of the ties.
These dimensions conform to the requirement of §1921.6.10.2 that the lateral core
dimensions be “not less than bw 2 or 4 inches.”

Figure 5-13. Section through coupling beam showing layering of reinforcement
8b. Ties around diagonal bars. §1921.4.4
Under the requirements of §1921.6.10.3, the required transverse reinforcement

around diagonal bars must conform to §1921.4.4.1 through §1921.4.4.3. Section
1921.4.4.2 requires a maximum tie spacing of 4 inches or one-quarter of the
minimum member dimension.
Equations (21-3) and (21-4) must be checked in each direction.
(
Ash = 0.3 shc f 'c f y )([ Ag ) ]
Ach − 1
(21-3)
Ash = 0.09 shc f ' c f y (21-4)

The quantity Ag is calculated assuming the minimum cover per §1907.7 around
each diagonal bar core. For walls with No. 11 bars and smaller, without exposure
to weather, this minimum cover equals ¾ inch. Thus:
Ag = [9.0 + 2 (0.75)] × [14.8 + 2 (0.75)] = 10.5 × 16.3 = 171 in. and
Ach = 9.0 ×14.8 = 133 in.
Although Ach is based on outside-to-outside of tie dimensions, hc is based on

center-to-center of tie dimensions. Assuming No. 4 ties, hc = 9.0 – 0.5 = 8.5 inches
in the horizontal direction, and hc = 14.8 – 0.5 = 14.3 inches in the other lateral
dimension. For hc = 8.5:
(
Ash = 0.3 shc f 'c f yh )[(Ag ) ]
Ach − 1
(21-3)
= 0.3[(4")(8.5")(4 ksi ) 60 ksi ] (171 133 − 1) = 0.194 in .2
Ash = 0.09 shc f 'c f yh = 0.09 (4")(8.5")(4 ksi ) (60 ksi ) = 0.204 in .2 governs (21-4)
For hc = 14.3 :
(
Ash = 0.3 shc f 'c f yh )[(Ag / Ach )− 1]
(21-3)
= 0.3 [(4")(14.3")(4 ksi ) 60 ksi ] (171 133 − 1) = 0.327 in .2
Ash = 0.09 shc f 'c f yh = 0.09(4")(14.3")(4 ksi ) (60 ksi ) = 0.343 in .2 governs (21-4)
A single #4 tie around the six diagonal bars provides two tie legs in each direction
and Ash = 0.40 in .2 A #3 perimeter tie with a #3 crosstie would provide
Ash = 0.22 in .2 across the shorter core direction and Ash = 0.33 in .2 across the
longer core direction, which would not quite meet the Ash requirement of 0.343
in.2
Per §1921.4.4.3, crossties shall not be spaced more than 14 inches on center. For
the heaviest diagonal reinforcement of 6-#10 bars, the center-to-center dimension
of the #10 bars is given as 12 inches in Figure 5-14. The center-to-center hoop
dimension in this direction thus equals 12 inches plus one diameter of a #10 bar
plus one diameter of a #4 tie, equal to 12.0 + 1.27 + 0.5 = 13.8 inches. Since this is
less than 14 inches, a crosstie is not needed.

The diagonal bars must be developed for tension into the wall piers. Following the
recommendation of Paulay and Priestley [1992], the bars are extended a distance of
1.5l d beyond the face of the supporting wall pier, as shown in Figure 5-14, where
l d is the development length of a straight bar as determined under §1912.2.
Crossties are added at the intersection of the diagonal bars at the center of the
coupling beam, and along their development into the wall piers, as shown in
Figure 5-14. The crossties are also added in locations where ties around the
diagonal bars are not used.
Figure 5-14. Elevation showing detailing of a coupling beam
8c. Reinforcement “parallel and transverse.” §1921.6.10.4
Section 1921.6.10.4 requires reinforcement parallel and transverse to the

longitudinal axis of the coupling beam, conforming to §1910.5, §1911.8.9, and
§1911.8.10. The Blue Book contains less restrictive requirements (in §402.13) for
this reinforcement, and the Blue Book Commentary notes that the UBC
requirements referenced should not be applied because the diagonal bars, not the
parallel and transverse bars, act as the principal flexural and shear reinforcement.

UBC requirements.
By §1911.8.9, for #4@6 transverse (vertical) bars:
Av ≥ 0.0015bw s = 0.0015 (16")(6") = 0.144 in .2 ≤ 0.40 in .2 o.k.
By §1911.8.10, for 14-#4 longitudinal (horizontal) bars:
Avh ≥ 0.0025bw s2 = 0.0025 (16")(72" 7 ) = 0.41in .2 ≅ 0.40 in .2 o.k.
By §1910.5.1:
As , min = 200 bwd f y = 200 (16")(0.8 × 72") 60,000 psi = 3.07 in .2 (10-3)
This requires 7-#6 longitudinal bars (As = 7(0.44 in.2) = 3.08 in.2 ) both top and
bottom of the coupling beam, or 14-#6 longitudinal bars total. Per the discussion
below, these are not recommended by SEAOC to be used, and are not shown in
Figure 5-14.
Blue Book recommendations.

Blue Book Commentary §C402.13 cautions against providing excess longitudinal
reinforcement in the coupling beam, as required by the application of UBC
§1910.5.1. The 1999 ACI code eliminates the requirement of UBC §1910.5.1.
The Blue Book recommends using less longitudinal reinforcement. This can be
justified on the basis of UBC §1910.5.3, which states that the requirements of
§1910.5.1 need not be applied if the reinforcement provided is “at least one-third
greater than that required by analysis.” Since the diagonal bars resist the entire
flexural tension forces, it could be interpreted that no additional longitudinal
reinforcement is required by analysis.
In §402.13 of the Blue Book requires the reinforcement parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the beam to be at least No. 3 in size, spaced at not more than 12 inches on
center. The reinforcement transverse to the longitudinal axis of the beam must be at
least No. 3 in size, spaced at not more than 6 inches on center.
Figure 5-14 shows the recommended parallel and transverse reinforcement: 14-#4
bars longitudinally and #4 ties @ 6" transversely.
Per the Blue Book recommendations of §402.13, the longitudinal reinforcement is

extended 6 inches into the wall pier, as shown in Figure 5-14, but is not developed
for tension.

References
ASCE, 1971, Plastic Design in Steel, A Guide and Commentary, American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York.
ATC-40, 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Applied

Technology Council, Redwood City, California.
FEMA 273, 1997. NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,
FEMA 306/307, 1998. Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry

Wall Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Ghosh, S. K., 1998. “Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings under the 1997
UBC,” Building Standards, May-June, pp. 20-24. International Conference of
Building Officials, Washington, D.C.
Maffei, J., 1996. “Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls: Beyond the Code”
SEAONC 1996 Fall Seminar Notes, Structural Engineers of Northern
California, San Francisco, California.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M.J.N., 1992. Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings,
Design for Seismic Resistance, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
PCA, 1999. “PCACOL: Design and Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Column

Sections,” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.


Design Example 6 ! Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame
Design Example 6
Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame
Figure 6-1. Seven-story concrete special moment resisting frame (SMRF) building
Overview
Concrete frame buildings, especially older, nonductile frames, have frequently

experienced significant structural damage in earthquakes and a number have
collapsed. Following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, special requirements for
ductile concrete frames were introduced in the code. Today these ductile frames are
designated as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). All reinforced concrete
frame structures built in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 must be SMRF, as required by
§1633.2.7. Ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and intermediate moment
resisting frames (IMRF) are prohibited in Zones 3 and 4, except that IMRF are
permitted for some nonbuilding structures under §1634.2.

In this Design Example, the seismic design of a seven-story concrete SMRF is

illustrated. A conceptual elevation of the building is shown in Figure 6-1. The
structure is a reinforced concrete office building with the typical floor plan shown
in Figure 6-2. The building is seven stories and has a SMRF on each perimeter
wall. A typical building elevation is shown in Figure 6-3.
Outline
1. Design base shear coefficient and reliability/redundancy factor.
2. Vertical and horizontal distribution of shear.
3. Frame nodal and member forces.
4. Analysis and evaluation of frame drifts.
5. Beam design.
6. Column design.
7. Joint shear analysis.
8. Detailing of beams and columns.
9. Foundation considerations.
Given Information
The building has a floor system that consists of post-tensioned slabs and girders.
Vertical loads are carried by a frame system. Use of perimeter SMRF frames and
interior frames is designed to allow freedom for tenant improvements.
Seismic and site data:

Z = 0.4 (Seismic Zone 4) Table 16-I
I = 1.0 (standard occupancy) Table 16-K
Seismic source type = A
Distance to seismic source = 10 km

Average story weights (for seismic design)
Roof weights:
Roofing 9.0 psf
Concrete slab (8 in.) 100.0
Girders 27.0
Columns 4.0
Partitions 5.0
Curtain wall 5.0
Mechanical/electrical 5.0
Miscellaneous 3.0
Total 158.0 psf
Typical floor weights: (3rd-7th floors) (2nd floor)

Covering 2.0 psf 2.0 psf
Concrete slab (8 in.) 100.0 100.0
Girders 48.0 48.0
Columns 8.0 10.0
Partitions* 10.0 10.0
Curtain wall 10.0 10.0
Mechanical/electrical 5.0 5.0
Miscellaneous 3.0 3.0
Total 186.0 psf 188.0 psf
*Partitions are 2 psf for gravity calculations and 10 psf for seismic calculations.
Concrete f c ' = 4,000 psi (regular weight)
(
Reinforcing A706, Grade 60 f y = 60 ksi )

Figure 6-2. Typical floor plan
Figure 6-3. Typical frame elevation, Line A

1. Design base shear coefficient and reliability/redundancy factor.
Two key design parameters, the design base shear coefficient and the
reliability/redundancy factor ρ , are determined in this part. The 1997 UBC
significantly revised the determination of base shear and introduced the concept of
the reliability/redundancy factor to penalize lateral force resisting systems that have
little redundancy. Base shear is now determined on a strength basis, whereas base
shear in the 1994 UBC was determined on an allowable stress basis, with forces
subsequently increased by load factors for concrete strength design. The 1997 UBC
also introduced design for vertical components of ground motion E v .
Period using Method A.
T = Ct (hn )3 / 4 = .030(86 )3 / 4 = .85 sec (30-8)
Near source factors for seismic source type A and distance to source = 10 km
N a = 1.0 Table 16-S
N v = 1.2 Table 16-T
Seismic coefficients for Seismic Zone 4 (0.4) and soil profile type S D :
C a = 0.44 N a = 0.44(1.0 ) = 0.44 Table 16-Q
C v = 0.64 N v = 0.64(1.2 ) = 0.77 Table 16-R
The R coefficient for a reinforced concrete building with an SMRF system is:
R = 8.5 Table 16-N
Note that Table 16-N puts no limitation on building height when a SMRF system is
used.

1a. Calculation of design base shear coefficient. §1630.2.2
The four equations for design base shear are as follows:
Cv I 0.77(1.0 )
V= W= W = 0.107W (30-4)
RT 8.5(0.85)
but the design base shear need not exceed:
2.5C a I 2.5(.44 )(1.0)

V = W = W = 0.129W (30-5)
R 8.5
The total design base shear shall not be less than:
V = 0.11C a IW = 0.11(.44 )(1.0 )W = 0.048W (30-6)
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than:
0.8ZN v I 0.8(.4)(1.20 )(1.0 )

V = W = W = 0.045W (30-7)
R 8.5
Therefore, Equation (30-4) controls the base shear calculation.
∴ V = 0.107W
1b. Calculation of reliability/redundancy factor. §1630.1
The reliability/redundancy factor is determined in accordance with §1630.1 by

comparing the shear in the highest loaded moment frame bay with the base shear at
that level. This calculation is completed using an iterative process with knowledge
of results from the frame analysis presented later in this Design Example. The two
columns with the largest base shears are used to define the highest loaded bay. If
the columns are part of adjacent bays, 70 percent of their shear values are used in
this computation.

Column base shear reactions from computer model of the building are shown
below (Figure 6-4). These base shear reactions are based on a computer analysis of
the frame as described later, including an accidental torsion moment.
116 k 176 k 168 k 176 k 116 k
Figure 6-4. Column shears at frame base (from computer analysis with 1.0Eh )
The maximum element story-shear ratio rmax is defined as the largest individual
element story-shear ratios at or below the two-thirds height of the building. For this
building rmax is calculated as shown below.
Calculation of r at interior SMRF bay: §1630.1.1
0.70(176 k + 168 k )
r= = 0.16
1,475 k
Calculation of r at exterior SMRF bay:
116 kips + 0.70(176 kips )

r= = 0.16
1475 k
Note that r should be evaluated at all moment frame bays and for the bottom two-
thirds levels of the building. Since no other r values control, other calculations are
not shown.
Equation (30-3) is used to calculate ρ as shown below.
AB = (120')(90') = 10,800 ft 2
20 20
ρ = 2− = 2− = 0.82 ≤ 1.0 (30-3)
rmax AB .16 10800
∴ ρ = 1.0

For moment resisting SMRF frames, ρ must be less than 1.25. If ρ is greater than
1.25, additional bays must be added such that ρ is less than or equal to 1.25.
1c. Vertical component of earthquake ground motion. §1630.1.1
Because the design of the concrete frames will use strength design, the vertical
component E v must be considered in the load combination of Equation (30-1).
Determination of E v is shown below.
E v = 0.5C a ID = 0.5(0.44 )(1.0 )W = 0.22W
The effect of E v is added to the gravity loads that are used in combination with
horizontal seismic loads.
Thus, the following earthquake load is used in the earthquake load combinations:
E = ρE h + E v (30-1)
2. Vertical and horizontal distribution of shear. §1628.4 and §1628.5
In this part, the seismic forces on the concrete frame are determined.
2a. Story masses (weights).
Table 6-1. Calculation of building and story weights

Area wi WI
Level
(sf) (psf) (kips)
R 10,800 158.0 1,706
7 10,800 186.0 2,009
6 10,800 186.0 2,009
5 10,800 186.0 2,009
4 10,800 186.0 2,009
3 10,800 186.0 2,009
2 10,800 188.0 2,030
Total 75,600 13,781

2b. Base shear and vertical distribution of shear.
Using the results of Part 1a, the base shear is
V = .107W = .107(13,781 k ) = 1,475 kips
The building period is 0.85 seconds using Method A. Therefore, the concentrated
force at the top is determined from §1630.5 as follows
Ft = 0.07TV = 0.07(0.85)(1,475 k ) = 87 kips (30-14)
The vertical distribution of shear is determined from Equation (30-13)
n
V = Ft + ∑ Fi (30-13)
i =1
The calculation of story forces and story shears is shown in Table 6-2 below.
Table 6-2. Vertical distribution of shear

Story Wi h i
Wi ΣW i hi Wi h i Fi ΣFi
Level H ΣW i h i
(k) (k) (ft) (ft) (k-ft) (k) (k)
(%)
Ft = 87
R 1,706 1,706 86 12 146,750 22% 301 388
7 2,009 3,715 74 12 148,651 22% 30 304
6 2,009 5,724 62 12 124,546 18% 255 255
5 2,009 7,733 50 12 100,440 15% 206 206
4 2,009 9,742 38 12 76,334 11% 156 544
3 2,009 11,750 26 12 52,229 8% 107 651
2 2,030 13,781 14 14 28,426 4% 58 709
Totals 13,781 677,376 100% 1,475

Figure 6-5. Computer model of the frame on Line A
3. Frame nodal and member forces.
The longitudinal frame along Line A is designed in this part. First, dead and live
loads on the beams are determined using a tributary width of 15 feet. The gravity
loads applied to the beams in the frame analysis are summarized below in
Table 6-3.
Table 6-3. Beam gravity loads for analysis

Dead Load Live Load
Framing Level
(plf) (plf)
Roof 2,250 300
7th Floor 2,886 750
6th Floor 2,886 750
5th Floor 2,886 750
4th Floor 2,886 750
3rd Floor 2,886 750
2nd Floor 2,879 750
A torsional analysis of the building using a 5 percent accidental torsion (using an

eccentricity equivalent to 5 percent of the perpendicular building dimension) gives
results such that all frames on the four faces of the building resist torsional shears
of approximately 2 percent of the base shear. Thus the seismic forces in the frame
analysis were increased by 2 percent to account for accidental torsion (per

§1630.7). Each of the perimeter frames on Lines A, D, 1 and 5, will be designed to

resist a base shear of 52 percent of the total building design base shear, V .
A two dimensional frame analysis is performed for the frame along Line A. The
frame forces are determined from story forces above. Forces are distributed to
frame nodes in proportion to their location along Line A. Thus, at longitudinal
frames (Lines A and D), 12.5 percent of the story force is applied to end column
nodes and 25 percent of the story force is applied to the interior column nodes. The
force distribution at transverse frames (Lines 1 and 5) is 16.7 percent to exterior
column nodes and 33 percent to interior column nodes. The frame nodal loads for
longitudinal and transverse frames are summarized below in Table 6-4. Frame joint
and member numbers are shown in Figure 6-5.
Table 6-4. Column nodal forces for analysis

Long. Frame Long. Frame Trans. Frame Trans. Frame
Story
End Column Interior Col. End Column Interior Col.
Level Forces
Node Forces Node Forces Node Forces Node Forces
(kips)
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
R 388 24.7 49.5 33.0 66.0
7 304 19.4 38.8 25.9 51.7
6 255 16.3 32.5 21.7 43.4
5 206 13.1 26.2 17.5 35.0
4 156 10.0 19.9 13.3 26.6
3 107 6.8 13.6 9.1 18.2
2 58 3.7 7.4 4.9 9.9
Total 1,475
The loads shown in Table 6-4 add to 50 percent of the design base shear. To
account for torsion, a load factor of 1.02 was used in the frame analysis program.
This problem was solved on a two dimensional frame program. Any elastic finite
element analysis program could be used, including those with three dimensional
capability.
4. Analysis and evaluation of frame drifts.
Under §1630.10.2, story drifts are limited to 0.020 times story heights for drifts
corresponding to the maximum inelastic response displacement ∆ m for structures
with periods 0.7 seconds or greater. Under §1630.10.2
∆ m = 0.7 R∆ s
or:
∆ m = 0.7(8.5)∆ s = 5.95∆ s

Table 6-5 summarizes the calculation of the allowable frame drifts.
Table 6-5. Allowable story deformations and displacements

Total Story Allowable Sum Allowable Sum
Story Height Height ∆s Σ∆ s ∆M Σ∆ M
(ft) (ft) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
R 86 12 0.484 3.469 2.88 20.64
7 74 12 0.484 2.985 2.88 17.76
6 62 12 0.484 2.501 2.88 14.88
5 50 12 0.484 2.017 2.88 12.00
4 38 12 0.484 1.533 2.88 9.12
3 26 12 0.484 1.049 2.88 6.24
2 14 14 0.565 0.565 3.36 3.36
The frame analysis is thus performed using a standard frame analysis program.
Columns, beams, and grade beams were sized to meet allowable drift limits.
Member section properties were chosen to represent the cracked structure. In
accordance with §1910.11.1, 70 percent of the gross section properties are used for
columns and 35 percent of gross section properties are used for beams to estimate
the contribution of cracked sections on frame behavior.
Selected sections were 42 × 42 corner columns, 36 × 44 interior columns, 30x48

beams and 60 × 48 foundation grade beams. The designer must size a frame which
meets drift limitations and also meets strength criteria. For the design of this frame,
the controlling parameters are frame stiffness and strength of beams. Using the
member sizes chosen, frame analysis gives the lateral story displacements, given
below in Table 6-6. Note that the frame analysis gives ∆ s deflections, thus the
comparison is made using ∆ s deflections and that the ρ factor is not used in the
deflection analysis.
Table 6-6. Displacements determined from analysis

Maximum
From Analysis From Maximum
Total Story Allowable
∆s Analysis Allowable
Story Height Height ∆s
Story Drifts Σ∆ s Σ∆ s
(ft) (ft) Story Drifts
(in.) (in.) (in.)
(in.)
R 86 12 0.48 3.18 3.47
7 74 12 0.38 0.48 2.80 2.98
6 62 12 0.48 0.48 2.34 2.50
5 50 12 0.48 0.48 1.82 2.02
4 38 12 0.48 0.48 1.34 1.53
3 26 12 0.47 0.48 0.87 1.05
2 14 14 0.44 0.56 0.43 0.57

As shown in Table 6-6, story drifts are determined to be within allowable limits.
The iteration between frame stiffness and member strengths has resulted in a frame
design with conservative drifts. The designer must iterate between frame analysis
and member section design.
5. Beam design.
5a. Load combinations.
The next procedure is frame member design. Frame beams are designed to support
gravity loads and resist seismic forces. Beams are sized to limit frame drift and to
resist the corresponding moment with a nominal strength φM n . The φ factor for
bending analysis is 0.90. The controlling load combinations are given in §1612.2.1
and are summarized below. Note that Exception 2 of §1612.2.1 requires the load
combinations to be multiplied by 1.1 as shown below.
1.1(1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.0 E + 0.22 D ) = 1.58 D + 0.55 L + 1.1E (12-5)
1.1(0.9 D − 0.22 D − 1.1E ) = 0.75D − 1.1E (12-6)
Note: The SEAOC Seismology Committee does not support the 1.1 factor for
concrete and masonry elements under seismic loads and the 1.1 factor is not
included in the 1999 SEAOC Blue Book. However, until ICBO makes a different
ruling, it is part of the 1997 UBC and is thus included in this Design Example.
5b. Design requirements for frame beams.
The nominal beam strength is calculated using the following formulas and ignoring
compression steel for simplicity:
 a
φ M n = φ As f y  d −  ≥ M u
 2
Note that historic practice has been to consider the frame beam to have a
rectangular section without consideration of the contribution of the adjacent slab
for both compression and tension stresses. That is still true for design under the
1997 UBC. The ACI-318-99 has included new provisions requiring that the
adjacent slab be included in consideration of the frame beam analysis. These
provisions will be required in the adoption of future codes.
The probable flexural strength, Mpr, is calculated per §1921.5.1.1 using 1.25 f y for
the reinforcing steel stress. Recalculating the beam strength using φ = 1.0 , thus:

 a pr 
M pr = 1.25 As f y  d − 

 2 
The shear strength of the beam must be designed to be greater than required in
order to resist Mpr, at both ends of the beam. L is the distance from column face to
column face. For this Design Example the distance is L = 30 ft – 48 in. (columns)
= 26 ft – 0 in. The φ factor for shear analysis is 0.85 per §1909.3.2.3. Thus, the
ultimate shear load is calculated as:
+M pr − (− M pr ) w FACTORED , GRAVITY L
Vu= + ≤ φV n
L 2
φV n = φ V c + φ V s
d
φ V c = 0; φVs = .85 Av f y
s
Under §1921.3.4.2, the shear contribution from concrete Vc is considered zero

when both of the following conditions occur: 1.) the earthquake-induced shear
force represents more than one-half of the total shear force; and 2.) factored axial
compressive force is less than Ag F ' c 20 per §1921.3.4.2.
In the region of plastic hinges, transverse ties are required to resist shear forces.
Maximum spacing of ties cannot exceed any of the following: §1921.3.3.2
1. d 4.
2. 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcement.
3. 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars.
4. 12 inches.
An example beam design for Beam 36 (Figure 6-5) is shown. The controlling load
combinations, including seismic forces, are Equations (12-5) and (12-6).
Depending on the direction of seismic inertial force, seismic moments add with
gravity moments at one beam end and subtract at the other end.
Beyond regions of potential plastic hinges, stirrups with seismic ties are required at
a maximum spacing of d 2 throughout the length of the beam under §1921.3.3.4.
Diagrammatic shear and moment diagrams are shown below in Figure 6-6.

Gravity loading
Gravity moment
Gravity shear
Seismic moment
Seismic shear
Gravity + seismic moment
Gravity + seismic shear
Figure 6-6. Moment and shear diagrams for beams
A review of the moment and shear diagrams for gravity loads and seismic loads
(Figure 6-6) will help the designer realize that seismic moment and negative
gravity moment at beam ends will be additive for top reinforcement design and
subtractive for bottom reinforcement design. Since seismic moment is usually
considerably greater than gravity moment, the reinforcement design will be
controlled by load combinations including seismic loads. However, greater
amounts of top reinforcement will be required than bottom reinforcement. Since
the frame behavior produces beam moments as depicted in Figure 6-6, load
combination Equation (12-5) will maximize negative moments for top
reinforcement design and load combination Equation (12-6) will maximize positive
moments for bottom reinforcement design.

An example calculation for Beam 36 is as follows:
From the frame analysis, Equation (12-5), negative moment is –1,422 k-ft. For a
beam with b = 30 in. and h = 48 in., d = 45 in.
Try 5-#11 top bars, As = 7.80 in.2
Per §1921.3.2.1:
200bwd 200(30")(45")
As,min = = = 4.5 in.2 ≤ 7.80 in.2 ∴ o.k.
fy 60,000 psi
a=
(7.80 in. ) (60,000 psi) = 4.59 in.
2
0.85(4.000 psi )(30")
( ) 
φM n = (0.90 ) 7.80 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 45"−
4.59"   1   1 kip 
  
2   12"   1,000 lbs 

= 1,498 k-ft ≥ 1,422 k-ft
∴ o.k.
From the frame analysis, Equation (12-6), positive moment is 905 k-ft.
Try 5-#9 bottom bars, As = 5.0 in.2
a=
(5.0 in. )(60,000 psi) = 2.94 in.
2
0.85(4000 psi )(30")
( ) 
φM n = (0.90 ) 5.0 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 45"−
2.94"   1   1 kip 
  
2   12"   1,000 lbs 

= 979 k-ft ≥ 905 k-ft
∴ o.k.
Thus, the Beam 36 design will have 5-#11 top bars and 5-#9 bottom bars. Note that
§1921.3.2.2 requires that positive moment strength (bottom reinforcement) be a
minimum 50 percent of negative moment strength at the joints and that neither the
positive nor negative moment strength along the beam be less than one-quarter of
the strength at either joint (end).

5c. Beam skin reinforcement.
If the effective depth of a beam exceeds 36 inches, longitudinal skin reinforcement

shall be distributed along both side faces of a beam for a distance d 2 nearest the
flexural tension reinforcement per §1910.6.7. The skin reinforcement shall be
spaced a maximum of the lesser of d 6 or 12 inches. Thus, for a 48-inch deep
beam with d = 45 inches, d 6 is 7 ½ inches. The beam will have flexural tension
regions at the top and bottom of the beam, thus four quantities of Ask are required
at the top and bottom of each side.
Ask = 0.012(2 − 30")(d / 12") = 0.012(45"−30")(45" / 12") = 0.675 in.2
( )
Ask = 2 0.675 in. 2 = 1.35 in. 2
∴ Use 5-#5 bars, Ask = 1.55 in. 2 each side of beam spaced 7½ inches apart
∴ o.k.
5d. Beam shear design.
As noted above, the beam will also have 5-#5 side bars on each side of the beam.
For this Design Example, the assumption is made that 3-#5 side bars each side
contribute to the plastic moment. For shear design, the designer allows for plastic
hinge formation that will produce shear forces greater than those from frame
analysis.
+M pr − (−M pr ) wGRAVITY L
Vu= +
L 2
+a =
(1.25)(7.80 + 1.86)(60,000 psi ) = 7.10 in.
0.85(4,000 psi )(30")

( ) 
+ M pr = (1.25) 7.80 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 45"−

7.10" 
2 
( ) 
 + (1.25) 1.86 in.2 (60,000 psi )  30"−
7.10"   1 
  = 2,328 k - ft
2   12,000 
 
− a pr =
(1.25)(5.0 + 1.86)(60,000 psi ) = 5.04 in.
0.85(4,000 psi )(30")

( ) 
− M pr = (1.25) 5.0 in.2 (60,000 psi )  45"−

5.04" 

( ) 
 + (1.25) 1.86 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 30"−

5.04"   1 
   = 1,647 k - ft
2   12,000 
 2

Shear from dead load is calculated from the load combination of Equation (12-5):
 26' 
V gravity = [(1.58)(2,879 plf ) + (0.55)(750plf )]  = 65 kips
 2 
∴ Vu =
(2,328 k - ft + 1,647 k - ft ) + 65 kips = 246 kips
22'
The design shear Vu is thus the sum of the shear from the plastic end moments plus
the gravity shear.
Seismic stirrups at the plastic hinge regions are calculated as shown below. Note
that the plastic hinge region is a distance of 2h from the column face.
Try #4 ties with four vertical legs at 6-inch spacing over the 2h length (86 inches).
φVn = φVc + φV s
φVc = 0
φAv f y d
φVs =
s
φVn = 0 +
( )
0.85(4 ) 0.20 in.2 (60,000 psi )(45")
= 306 kips ≥ 246 kips
6"
∴ o.k.
Therefore, use 4 legs, #4 stirrup ties at 6-inch spacing at plastic hinge regions at
beam ends.
Seismic stirrups in the beam between plastic hinge regions are calculated as
follows.
Try #4 ties at 8-inch spacing:
 13'−3"−2 × 45" 
Vu = 181 kips + 65 kips   = 209 kips
 13'−3" 
( )
φVs = .85 .80 in.2 (60,000 psi )(45") 8" = 229 kips ≥ 209 kips
∴ o.k.

Therefore, the final design for Beam 36 is a 30-inch wide by 48-inch deep beam
with 5-#11 top bars, 5-#9 bottom bars, 5-#5 side bars, and 4 legs - #4 stirrup ties at
6-inch spacing each end with 4 legs - #4 stirrup ties at 8 feet between.
5e. Design of all Frame A beams.
Following these same procedures and using the forces from the frame analysis, the
Frame A beam designs for flexural strength are shown in Table 6-7.
Table 6-7. Beam member longitudinal steel design

M u ,i M u, j Bar As a φM n Bending
b h d Bar No. Bar
Member Area DCR (1)
(Eq. 12-6) (Eq. 12-5) (in.) (in.) (in.) Location bars Size (in.2) (in.) (k-ft) Results
(in.2)
36 -1,405 30 48 45 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,499 o.k. 0.94
905 30 48 45 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 979 o.k. 0.92
37 -1,389 30 48 45 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,499 o.k. 0.93
858 30 48 45 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 979 o.k. 0.88
38 -1,392 30 48 45 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,499 o.k. 0.93
856 30 48 45 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 979 o.k. 0.87
39 -1,422 30 48 45 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,499 o.k. 0.95
876 30 48 45 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 979 o.k. 0.89
Level 3
40 -1,568 30 52 49 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,639 o.k. 0.96
1,093 30 52 49 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 1,069 o.k. 1.02
41 -1,569 30 52 49 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,639 o.k. 0.96
1,036 30 52 49 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 1,069 o.k. 0.97
42 -1,564 30 52 49 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,639 o.k. 0.95
1,036 30 52 49 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 1,069 o.k. 0.97
43 -1,637 30 52 49 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,639 o.k. 1.00
1,036 30 52 49 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 1,069 o.k. 0.97
Level 4
44 -1,281 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.94
781 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.88
45 -1,304 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.96
772 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.87
46 -1,304 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.96
772 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.87
47 -1,334 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.98
781 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.88

Table 6-7 (continued)

Level 5
48 -1,273 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.94
783 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.88
49 -1,298 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.96
766 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.86
50 -1,297 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.95
766 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.86
51 -1,343 30 44 41 Top 5 #11 1.56 7.80 4.59 1,359 o.k. 0.99
780 30 44 41 Bottom 5 #9 1.00 5.00 2.94 889 o.k. 0.88
Level 6
52 -854 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 0.99
337 24 36 33 Bottom 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.74
53 -878 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 1.00
346 24 36 33 Bottom 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.76
54 -878 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 1.00
346 24 36 33 Bottom 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.76
55 -887 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 1.00
346 24 36 33 Bottom 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.76
Level 7
56 -775 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 0.90
257 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.57
57 -799 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 0.93
267 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.59
58 -799 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 0.93
266 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.59
59 -806 24 36 33 Top 4 #11 1.56 6.24 4.59 862 o.k. 0.93
266 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.59
Roof
40 -593 24 36 33 Top 4 #10 1.27 5.08 3.74 712 o.k. 0.83
206 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.46
41 -603 24 36 33 Top 4 #10 1.27 5.08 3.74 712 o.k. 0.85
198 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.44
42 -599 24 36 33 Top 4 #10 1.27 5.08 3.74 712 o.k. 0.84
196 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.43
43 -610 24 36 33 Top 4 #10 1.27 5.08 3.74 712 o.k. 0.86
199 24 36 33 Top 4 #8 0.79 3.16 2.32 453 o.k. 0.44
Note:
1. DCR=demand to capacity ratio
With longitudinal beam reinforcement proportioned as indicated in Table 6-7

above, the plastic moment Mpr and shear design is as follows. Note that Mpr is
calculated including contribution of perimeter reinforcement. VU , gravity is
calculated as the factored combination of D + L loads : VU , gravity = 1.58D + 0.55L .

Table 6-8. Beam member shear reinforcement design

Mem Bar As As a M pr Vpr V u , GR Vu φV c Ties Avs s φV s φVn
Result DCR (1)
ID Loc. T&B side (in.2) (k-ft) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) # legs (in.2) (in.) (kips) (kips)
Level 2
36 Top 5-#11 1.86 7.10 2,389 215 70 285 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 306 306 o.k. 0.93
Bottom 5-#9 1.86 5.04 1,708 154
37 Top 5-#11 1.86 7.10 2,389 215 70 285 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 306 306 o.k. 0.93
Bottom 5-#9 1.86 5.04 1,708 154
38 Top 5-#11 1.86 7.10 2,389 215 70 285 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 306 306 o.k. 0.93
Bottom 5-#9 1.86 5.04 1,708 154
39 Top 5-#11 1.86 7.10 2,389 215 70 285 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 306 306 o.k. 0.93
Bottom 5-#9 1.86 5.04 1,708 154
Level 3
40 Top 5-#11 2.64 7.68 2,769 253 70 323 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 333 333 o.k. 0.97
Bottom 5-#9 2.64 5.62 2,028 185
41 Top 5-#11 2.64 7.68 2,769 253 70 323 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 333 333 o.k. 0.97
Bottom 5-#9 2.64 5.62 2,028 185
42 Top 5-#11 2.64 7.68 2,769 253 70 323 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 333 333 o.k. 0.97
Bottom 5-#9 2.64 5.62 2,028 185
43 Top 5-#11 2.64 7.68 2,769 253 70 323 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 333 333 o.k. 0.97
Bottom 5-#9 2.64 5.62 2,028 185
Level 4
44 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
45 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
46 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
47 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
Level 5
48 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
49 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
50 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
51 Top 5-#11 1.20 6.62 2,055 182 70 252 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 279 279 o.k. 0.90
Bottom 5-#9 1.20 4.56 1,435 127
Level 6
52 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Bottom 4-#8 2.90 623 54
53 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Bottom 4-#8 2.90 623 54
54 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Bottom 4-#8 2.90 623 54
55 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Bottom 4-#8 2.90 623 54

Table 6-8 (continued)

Level 7
56 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
57 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
58 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
59 Top 4-#11 5.74 1,175 101 70 171 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.76
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
Roof
40 Top 4-#10 4.67 974 84 48 132 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.59
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
41 Top 4-#10 4.67 974 84 48 132 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.59
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
42 Top 4-#10 4.67 974 84 48 132 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.59
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
43 Top 4-#10 4.67 974 84 48 132 0.0 4 0.80 6.0 224 224 o.k. 0.59
Top 4-#8 2.90 623 54
Note:
1. DCR=demand to capacity ratio.
Check longitudinal skin reinforcement per §1910.6.7.
The code requires skin reinforcement for beams with d greater than 36 inches.
This reinforcement is calculated as Ask = .012(d − 30 ) per foot depth on each side
face. This reinforcement is required on the tension half of the section, and thus is
required both top and bottom since seismic loads could cause tension stresses on
the bottom half of the section. For a 48-inch deep beam, d = 45 inches:
Ask = 0.012(45"−30")(48" / 12") = 0.72 in.2
This skin reinforcement is required on each side of the beam and in each tension
region a distance d 2 from the tension reinforcement. Thus, four quantities of this
reinforcement are required. The reinforcement may be spaced a maximum distance
apart of the lesser of 12 inches or d 6 .
( )
Therefore, use 5-#5 bars Ask = 1.55 in.2 / 1.44 in.2 each side spaced
d 6 = 45 in. / 6 = 7.5 in. along the side face of the beam.
Having satisfied both the design for bending and shear, the final beam designs are
thus chosen as shown in Table 6-9. See Figure 6-7 for a beam cross-section
showing dimensions and reinforcement.

Table 6-9. Final beam designs

Shear Reinf. Shear Reinf.
Width Depth Long. Reinf. Long. Reinf. Skin
Level In Hinge Between
(in.) (in.) Top Bottom Reinf.
Regions Hinge Regions
Roof 24 36 4-#10 4-#6 None 4 legs 4 legs
#4 ties@ 6" #4 ties@ 12”
7 24 36 4-#11 4-#7 None 4 legs 4 legs
#4 ties@ 6" #4 ties@ 9"
6 24 36 4-#11 4-#7 None 4 legs 4 legs
#4 ties@ 6" #4 ties@ 9"
5 30 42 5-#11 5-#9 5 - #4 4 legs 4 legs
ea. face #4 ties@ 6" #4 ties@ 8"
4 30 42 5-#11 5-#9 5 - #5 4 legs 4 legs
3 30 52 5-#11 5-#9 5 - #6 4 legs 4 legs
2 30 48 5-#11 5-#9 5 - #5 4 legs 4 legs
ea. face #4 ties@ 6" #4 ties@ 6”
Figure 6-7. 30 x 48 beam at Level 2

6. Column design.
Columns should be designed to ensure that the plastic hinges are located in the
beams (i.e., strong column-weak beam behavior) and to resist column shears. To
ensure strong column-weak beam behavior, columns must be designed to have
nominal bending strengths 120 percent stronger than beams per §1921.4.2.2. This
is achieved by summing the M e of columns above and below a joint and
comparing that with the sum of M g for beams on both sides of a joint.
∑ M e ≥ (6 / 5)∑ M g (21-1)
The controlling girder location occurs at Level 3. The girder is a 30 in. by 52 in.
with 5-#11s top, 5-#9s bottom, and 5-#6s shin reinforcement each side. The
assumed two skin bars are effective in calculation of M g , or alternatively a
computer program can be used for more accurate results.
Calculation of − M g (negative, at beam tops).
a=
[5 (1.56 in. ) + 4 (0.44 in. )](60,000 psi) = 5.62 in.
2 2
0.85(4,000 psi )(30")
( ) 
− M g = (0.90 ) 7.80 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 49"−
5.62" 
( ) 
 + (0.90 ) 1.76 in. (60,000 psi ) 37.5"−
2 5.62" 

 2   2 
− M g = 22,752 kip-in. = 1,896 kip-ft
Calculation of M g (positive, at beam bottoms).
a=
[5 (1.00 in. )+ 4 (0.44 in. )](60,000 psi) = 3.98 in.
2 2
0.85(4,000 psi )(30")
( ) 
M g = (0.90 ) 5.00 in.2 (60,000 psi ) 49"−
3.98" 
( ) 
 + (0.90 ) 1.76 in. (60,000 psi ) 37.5"−
2 3.98" 

 2   2 
M g = 16,067 kip-in. = 1,339 kip-ft

Therefore, at interior columns:
6 6
5
∑ M g = (1,896 kip-ft + 1,339 kip-ft) = 3,882 kip-ft
5
Therefore, at end columns:
6 6
5
∑ M g = (1,896 kip-ft) = 2,275 kip-ft
5
The girder moments are resisted by two column sections, the column above the
joint and the column below the joint. The required column strengths, M e , for
interior and end columns are given below.
1
Me = (3,882 kip-ft) = 1,941 kip-ft
2
or:
1
Me = (2,275 kip-ft) = 1,138 kip-ft
2
6a. Forces on columns due to factored load combinations.
For column design, the load combinations of Equations (12-5) and (12-6) are used.
Also, because strength design is used, the effect of the vertical seismic component
Ev must be included. Equations (12-5) and (12-6) are given below. Tables 6-10
and 6-11 provide axial forces and moments on the columns of Frame A for
Equations (12-5) and (12-6), respectively.
1.1(1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.0 E + 0.22 D ) = 1.58 D + 0.55 L + 1.0 E h (12-5)
1.1(0.9 D − 1.0 E ) = 1.1(0.9 D − 0.22 D − 1.0 E h ) = 0.75 D − 1.1E h (12-6)

Table 6-10. Column loads for Equation (12-5)

Pu Vu M u bottom M u top
Member
(kips) (kips) (k-ft) (k-ft)
1 145 114 1,604 -226
2 141 71 476 -374
3 148 62 505 -241
4 136 51 323 -287
5 123 39 276 -190
6 81 23 -69 -347
7 34 -21 -305 -54
8 1,001 192 2,227 -842
9 850 196 1,212 -1142
10 700 180 1,255 -903
11 553 158 942 -957
12 405 128 874 -665
13 258 88 326 -733
14 111 62 102 -642
15 1,002 185 2,142 -822
16 853 196 1,214 -1133
17 705 181 1,262 -913
18 557 160 954 -969
19 408 130 886 -670
20 260 93 346 -770
21 112 61 86 -647
22 990 195 2,259 -868
23 843 195 1,193 -1141
24 698 185 1,289 -926
25 552 162 963 -983
26 406 132 901 -680
27 259 94 346 -783
28 111 61 80 -651
29 868 140 1,719 -520
30 724 137 902 -744
31 566 127 894 -625
32 428 115 709 -675
33 290 103 668 -570
34 181 90 318 -762
35 78 55 45 -610

Table 6-11. Column loads for Equation (12-6)

Pu Vu M u bottom M u top
Member
(kips) (kips) (k-ft) (k-ft)
1 -140 122 1636 -309
2 -102 90 597 -478
3 -53 80 615 -350
4 -23 69 432 -397
5 7 57 386 -297
6 8 42 40 -464
7 4 0 -206 -207
8 441 193 2236 -849
9 374 196 1206 -1142
10 307 181 1264 -910
11 243 159 948 -964
12 178 129 882 -669
13 114 90 332 -747
14 51 62 96 -645
15 438 185 2142 -822
16 373 196 1214 -1133
17 309 181 1262 -913
18 244 160 954 -969
19 180 130 886 -670
20 115 93 346 -770
21 51 61 86 -647
22 430 194 2250 -860
23 367 195 1198 -1141
24 305 183 1279 -919
25 242 161 957 -976
26 179 131 894 -675
27 115 92 340 -769
28 50 61 86 -648
29 583 133 1686 -437
30 481 118 782 -639
31 365 108 784 -517
32 270 97 600 -566
33 174 85 557 -462
34 108 71 209 -644
35 47 34 -53 -458

6b. Design of column for bending strength.
Section 1921.4.3 requires the longitudinal reinforcement ratio of columns to be

between 1 and 6 percent. Design of columns is usually performed by calculating a
column axial force-moment capacity (P − M ) interaction diagram. The major
points used to construct such a diagram are φPn for compression, (φPb , φM b ) at
the balance point, φM n for pure moment, and φTn for pure tension. The φ factor
for column calculations is 0.70 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral tied columns
meeting requirements on §1910.9.3. In accordance with §1909.3.2.2, the φ factor
may be increased linearly to 0.9 for columns or other axial load carrying members
as φPn decreases from 0.10 f ' c Ag (or φPb whichever is less) to zero.
The equation for φPn is given in §1910.3.5.
[ ( )
φPn = 0.85φ 0.85 f 'c Ag − Ast + f y Ast ] (10-1)
Note that φ = 0.70 for members with axial compression and flexure (not with
spiral shear reinforcement) per §1909.3.2.2.
Calculation of the balance point is determined by using 0.002 strain for reinforcing
steel at yield and 0.003 for concrete strain at crushing (§1910.3.2.). By summing
forces and moments, the balanced axial load and moment (φPb , φM b ) can be
determined. The nominal moment strength is determined by using 0.002 strain for
steel yielding and by calculating tension forces and compression forces such that
they add up to 0. The resulting moment is thus φM n , where φ = 0.90 .
The equation for tension members is:
φTn = φf y Ast
Note that φ = 0.90 for members with axial tension and axial tension with flexure
per §1909.3.2.2.
The designer may use a commercial program such as PCACOL developed by the
Portland Cement Association to develop a P − M diagram for the column axial
load-moment interaction, including effects for slenderness of columns. From the
frame analysis for Frame A, the controlling load cases are summarized in
Table 6-12.

Table 6-12. Critical column loads for Frame A

Load
Size Pu Vu Mu
Column Level Location Comb.
(in.) (kips) (kips) (k-ft)
Equation
22 1 interior 36x44 12-5 990 195 2,258
1 1 end 42x42 12-6 -140 121 1,636
Note: See Figure 6-5 for locations of columns.
Column 22 represents the controlling load combination for a column in

compression and Column 1 represents the controlling load combination for
Column 22 in tension.
Using the PCACOL program, check 36 × 44 interior column with 18 #10 bars
around perimeter. The resulting P − M diagram is shown in Figure 6-8.
P-M diagram
φ Pn (kips)
column 22 point
φ Mn (kip-ft)
Figure 6-8. Column P-M diagram for 36 x 44-inch interior Column 22

Check 42 × 42 corner Column 1 with 20-#10 bars around perimeter. The resulting
P − M diagram is shown in Figure 6-9.
P-M diagram
φ Pn (kips)
column 1 point
φ Mn (kip-ft)
Figure 6-9. Column P-M diagram for 42-inch square Column 1
By comparing the design loads against the column P − M diagrams of Figures 6-8
and 6-9, it can be seen that both columns have adequate strength. Both column
sections achieve 120 percent of beam moment strength, and thus have adequate
strength to develop the plastic moments of beams. φM n for interior columns is
approximately 2,550 kip-ft and for end columns is approximately 2,450 kip-ft at
the axial load of approximately 1,000 kips.
6
∑Me = 5 ∑M
2(2,550 kip - ft )
∑ M e,interior =
0.7
= 7,284 kip-ft ≥ 3,882 kip-ft
∴ o.k.
2(2,450 kip - ft )
M e,end = = 7,000 kip-ft ≥ 2,275 kip-ft
0.7
∴ o.k.

It is assumed by the code that the design of columns to be 120 percent greater in
flexural strength than girders will ensure plastic hinge formation in the beams, and
this is probably true in most cases. Since that is what is required in the 1997 UBC,
that is what is shown in this Design Example.
Some engineers believe that they should design the columns to develop the strength
of the beam plastic moments Mpr. While this is not explicitly required by the 1997
UBC, it is probably a good idea. The reasoning is that the yielding elements in the
frame are the beam plastic moments located at beam ends followed by column
plastic moments at column bases. When all nonyielding aspects of the frame are
designed to be stronger than the yielding elements, the anticipated frame yield
behavior is ensured. Thus, the shear design of beams, columns, and joints, column
flexural strengths, and foundation elements are all designed to have adequate
strengths to resist the anticipated flexural yield mechanism of the frame.
Table 6-13. Column axial and flexural design strengths

φP n φM n
Size φP b φM b
Column at M = 0 at P = 0
(in.) (kips) (k-ft)
(kips) (k-ft)
Interior 36x44 3,750 1,600 2,750 1,950
End 42x42 4,100 1,900 2,850 2,100
6c. Design of columns for shear strength.
Columns must be designed for shear strength Ve required by §1921.4.5.1 and for
the special transverse reinforcement required by §1921.4.4.1. The design shear
force Ve shall be determined from the consideration of the maximum forces that
can be generated at the faces of the beam/column joints at the ends of beams
framing into the joint. These joint forces are determined in one of three methods:
1. Using the maximum probable moment strengths, M pr , of the column at the

top and bottom between joints along with the associated factored axial loads
on the column.
2. The column shear Ve need not exceed that determined based on the probable
moment strength, M pr , of the beams framing into the joint.
3. Ve shall not be less than the factored shear determined from analysis.
It is likely that the second method described above will control the shear design of
the column, since strong column behavior of the frame will force plastic hinges to
form in the beams. At the columns in the first story, the controlling case is from

column top moments based on M pr of beams and column bottom moments based
on M pr of the column calculated with associated axial loads.
For the interior column, 36 × 44 , at stories one and two, the maximum shear need
be determined from maximum shear that can be transferred from beam strength,
M pr , as shown below.
Interior column at first story.

Clear height of column = 14 ft-0 in. – 4 ft-0 in. = 10 ft-0 in.
M pr of beams framing into top of column is based on negative moment from one
beam and positive moment from the other beam.
∑ M pr = 2,389 kip-ft + 1,708 kip-ft = 4,097 kip-ft
Distribution of beam moments to columns is in proportion of 4 EI L of columns

below and above the joint. Since columns are continuous, 4 EI is constant, and
moments are distributed based on 1 L of columns. The lower column has height 14
ft-0 in. and the upper column has height 12ft-0 in. The lower column will have a
moment determined as follows at its top:
 1 
 
 12' 
M = 4,097 kip-ft  14'  = 4,097 kip-ft   = 1,890 kip-ft
 1 1   26' 
 + 
 14' 12' 
The lower column could develop a maximum of M pr at its base. The moment
M pr for the column is determined with the PCA column program using a
reinforcement strength of 1.25 F y or 75 ksi. M pr determined with the PCA column
for an axial load of 1,000 kips is approximately 4,000 kip-ft.
The shear Ve is determined as follows based on clear column height
Ve =
(4,000 kip − ft + 1,890 kip − ft ) = 589 kips
10' 0"
This value is compared with frame analysis Vu = 176 kips, thus Ve controls.

Interior column at second story.

Clear height of column = 12 ft-0 in. – 4 ft-2 in. = 9 ft-10 in.
M pr of beams framing into top and bottom of column is based on negative

moment from one beam and positive moment from the other beam.
∑ M pr ,above = 2,769 kip-ft + 2,028 kip-ft = 4,797 kip-ft
∑ M pr ,below = 2,389 kip-ft + 1,708 kip-ft = 4,097 kip-ft
The second story column will have moments of:
 12' 
M top = 4,797 kip-ft   = 2,399 kip-ft
 24' 
 14' 
M bottom = 4,097 kip-ft   = 2,206 kip-ft
 26' 
∑ M col = 2,399 kip-ft + 2,206 kip-ft = 4,605 kip-ft
thus column shear Ve is determined as follows based on clear column height
4,605 kip − ft
Ve = = 588 kips
7'10"
This value is compared with frame analysis Vu = 195 kips , thus Ve controls.
The tabulated calculation of column shears is shown in Table 6-14 below.

Table 6-14. Calculation of column shear forces, Ve

Col. Col. −M pr +M pr Dist. M −M pr +M pr Dist M
ΣM pr ΣM pr Ve
at Level/ Clear (joint (joint ΣM pr at Col. (joint (joint ΣM pr at Col. ΣM
Grid Story Height above) above) at
to Top below) below) at
to Bot. (kip-ft) at Col.
Lines (ft) Joint (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) Joint (kip-ft) (kips )
(kip-ft) (kip-ft) col. col.
1, 5 1 10 2,389 0 2,389 0.462 1,104 0 0 0 0.462 4,000 1,104 510
2 7.83 2,769 0 2,769 0.5 1,385 2,389 0 2,389 0.538 1,285 2,670 341
3 8.5 2,055 0 2,055 0.5 1,028 2,769 0 2,769 0.5 1,385 2,412 284
4 8.5 2,055 0 2,055 0.5 1,028 2,055 0 2,055 0.5 1,028 2,055 242
5 9 1,175 0 1,175 0.5 588 2,055 0 2,055 0.5 1,028 1,615 179
6 9 1,175 0 1,175 0.5 588 1,175 0 1,175 0.5 588 1,175 131
7 9 974 0 974 1 974 1,175 0 1,175 0.5 588 1,562 174
2,3,4 1 10 2,389 1,708 4,097 0.462 1,893 0 0 0 0.462 4,000 1,893 589
2 7.83 2,769 2,028 4,797 0.5 2,399 2,389 1,708 4,097 0.538 2,204 4,603 588
3 8.5 2,055 1,435 3,490 0.5 1,745 2,769 2,028 4,797 0.5 2,399 4,144 487
4 8.5 2,055 1,435 3,490 0.5 1,745 2,055 1,435 3,490 0.5 1,745 3,490 411
5 9 1,175 623 1,798 0.5 899 2,055 1,435 3,490 0.5 1,745 2,644 294
6 9 1,175 623 1,798 0.5 899 1,175 623 1,798 0.5 899 1,798 200
7 9 974 623 1,597 1 1,597 1,175 623 1,798 0.5 899 2,496 277
Special transverse reinforcement per §1921.4.4.

The total cross-section area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not be less than
that required by Equations (21-3) and (21-4).
(
Ash = 0.3 shc f ' c / f yh )[(Ag ) ]
Ach − 1
(21-3)
(
Ash = 0.09 shc f ' c / f yh ) (21-4)
Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distances not exceeding 1.) one-quarter

minimum member dimension and 2.) 4 inches. The transverse reinforcement
should extend beyond any joint face a distance l o equal to the larger of: 1.) one
column member depth; 2.) 1/6 of the clear column span; or 3.) 18 inches. Spacing
between transverse reinforcement should not exceed 6 bar diameters of the
longitudinal steel or 6 inches.
Table 6-15 below shows calculations for special transverse reinforcement.

Table 6-15. Special transverse reinforcement in columns

Col. hc hc No. Size
Eq. b d f 'c fy Ag Ach s Ash
Size Trans Long Legs Bars
36x44 (21-3) 36 44 32 4,000 60,000 1,584 1,390 4 0.357
(21-4) 36 44 32 4,000 60,000 4 0.768 5 #4
(21-3) 36 44 40 4,000 60,000 1,584 1,390 4 0.446
(21-4) 36 44 40 4,000 60,000 4 0.96 6 #4
42x42 (21-3) 42 42 38 4,000 60,000 1,764 1,560 4 0.397
(21-4) 42 42 38 4,000 60,000 4 0.912 6 #4
(21-3) 42 42 38 4,000 60,000 1,764 1,560 4 0.397
(21-4) 42 42 38 4,000 60,000 4 0.912 6 #4
Calculations for the required shear steel are shown in Table 6-16. The final column
design at the first level is summarized in Table 6-17. The column design may be
used for the full height columns or the reinforcement can be reduced slightly at the
upper portion of the frame. Since the longitudinal reinforcement is only
1.44 percent, the longitudinal reinforcement cannot be reduced below 1 percent in
any portion of the columns.
Table 6-16. Shear strength

Shear Vu Shear Ve b d f 'c fy φVc Av s φVs φVn
Col. DCR
(kips) (kips) (in.) (in.) (psi) (psi) (kips) (sq. in.) (in.) (kips) (kips)
36x44 195 510 36 44 4,000 60,000 159 1.2 4 627 786 0.65
42x42 140 589 42 42 4,000 60,000 176 1.2 4 597 773 0.76
Table 6-17. Final column design at first level

Column Longitudinal Long. Stirrups Long. Stirrups Trans. Stirrups Trans. Stirrups
Reinforcement Within Yielding Beyond Yielding wWthin Yielding Beyond Yielding
Zones, l o Zones, l o Zones, l o Zones, l o
36x44 18-#10 6-#4@4" 6-#4@6" 5-#4@4" 5-#4@6"
42x42 20-#10 6-#4@4" 6-#4@6" 6-#4@4" 6-#4@6"
Figures 6-10 and 6-11 show the column cross-section with dimensions and
reinforcement indicated.
Note: Crossties can have 90 degree and 135 degree bends at opposite ends. 90
degree bends should be alternated with 135 degree bends at each successive tie set
and at adjacent bars.

Figure 6-10. 36 x 44 column
Figure 6-11. 42 x 42 column

6d. Orthogonal effects for columns. §1633.1
The code requires that columns that are part of two or more intersection lateral
force resisting systems be analyzed for orthogonal effects. However, the code
excepts columns where the axial force caused by seismic forces from systems in
any direction is less than 20 percent of the column capacity (per §1633.1). In this
Design Example, the corner columns are required to be part of both the
longitudinal and transverse seismic frames. An analysis would indicate that these
columns fall below the 20 percent threshold and thus do not require an orthogonal
analysis.
7. Joint shear analysis.
Beam-column joints of frames must be analyzed for joint shear in accordance with
§1921.5. The shear forces from analysis and the joint strength are calculated in
Table 6-18.
Table 6-18. Joint shear analysis

Shear from Vpr , Plastic Joint
Nominal Aj Result
Element Location Analysis Shear Strength
Shear Stress (in.2) s
(kips) (kips) (kips)
Interior Beam Level 3 155 253 φ15 f'c A j 1,320 1,064 o.k.
End Beam Level 3 157 253 φ12 f'c A j 1,260 813 o.k.
Interior Column Level 2 195 588 φ15 f'c A j 1,320 1,064 o.k.
End Column Level 2 133 341 φ12 f'c A j 1,260 813 o.k.
8. Detailing of beams and columns.
8a. Beam reinforcement.
Beams should be detailed with top, bottom and side reinforcement as shown in
Figure 6-7. In accordance with §1921.3.3, beam shear reinforcement, which meets
the spacing requirements of §1921.3.3.2, should be provided over a distance 2d
from the faces of columns. The tie spacing shall not exceed: 1.) d 4 ; 2.) 8d b of
minimum beam longitudinal bar diameters; 3.) 24d b of stirrup bars; and 4.) 12
inches. These requirements result in a 9-inch maximum tie spacing. However, from
analysis, ties required are #5 ties spaced at 6-inch centers. For ties between beam
hinge regions, ties are required at d 2 spacing. However, based on analysis # 5

ties at 9-inch spacing are adequate across the remaining length of the beam (outside
the hinge areas at each end).
Longitudinal beam bars should be spliced away from the beam-column joints and a
minimum distance of 2h from the face of the columns, per §1921.3.2.3. At the
Level 2 beams for this Design Example, the beam clear spans are approximately
26 ft and 2h is 2(46") = 7 ft-8 in. The designer might consider splicing beam
longitudinal reinforcement at the quarter-, third-, or half-span locations. In this
case, the quarter-span locations would not be away from hinge regions. However,
the one-third, or mid-span, locations would also be okay. Increased shear
reinforcement is required at the lap splice locations per §1921.3.2.3. The maximum
spacing of ties in these regions shall not exceed d 4 or 4 inches. In this case, the
beam mid-point is the best place to locate the lap splices, which for the #11 top
bars at Class B splices would have a splice length of 110 inches or 7 ft-2 in. The
lap splice length for #9 bottom bars at a Class B lap splice is 69 inches or 5 ft-9 in.
Longitudinal reinforcement can be shipped in 60 ft-0 in. lengths on trucks, thus two
locations of longitudinal beam lap splices would be required in the frame along
Line A, conceivably on the two interior spans.
8b. Column reinforcement.
Column splices should occur at column mid-story heights (or within the center half
of the column heights) per §1921.4.3.2. Special transverse reinforcement is
required per §1921.4.4 over a length l o above and below beams at spacing not
greater than: 1.) the column depth; 2.) one-sixth the column clear span; or 3.) a
maximum of 18 inches. For this Design Example the column depth would control
which is either 42 inches or 44 inches depending on the column. For column
sections between the locations where special transverse reinforcement is required,
the spacing requirements of §1907.10.5.2 apply where ties should be spaced a
maximum of 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar diameters or the least
dimension of the column. This would require ties at 20 inches; however for this
Design Example, it is recommended not to space column tie bars greater than 6
inches per §1921.4.4.6 and 4 inches at lap splices.
9. Foundation considerations.
The foundation system should be capable of resisting column base moments

sufficient to cause plastic hinges to be located in the beams and column bases. If the
plastic hinge location is forced into the columns, the foundation elements need not be
designed for yielding or ductility. The foundation should also be adequate to keep
soil pressures within allowable values and adequate for frame overturning stability.
For this analysis, a 60-inch wide by 48-inch deep grade beam was used and cracked
beam properties were used in the computer analysis (Figures 6-12 through 6-16).
Note that ASD combinations of loads are used for calculation of soil pressures. The
actual design of foundation elements is not performed in this Design Example.

Figure 6-12. Beam-column joint
Figure 6-13. Beam reinforcement lap splice

Figure 6-14. Beam-column joint reinforcement at exterior span
Figure 6-15. Beam reinforcement at interior spans
Figure 6-16. Beam column corner joint at roof

Commentary
Deformation compatibility should be checked at interior columns due to seismic

drifts ∆ M . This will lead to a conservative design for punching shear at
slab/column joints. These joints may require drop panels or shear head
reinforcement in the slab over interior columns.
The building period in this Design Example was calculated using Method A.
Method B could be used as long as the resulting period was not more than
130 percent of the Method A period (in Seismic Zone 4) or 140 percent of the
Method A period (in Seismic Zones 1, 2, and 3). If Method B is used to determine
the period, the designer should keep in mind that nonseismic elements can cause
stiffness in the building and thus cause a decrease to the Method B period
determination. Thus, interior nonseismic columns or other important stiffening
elements should be included in Method B period calculations to ensure
conservative period calculation results.
Reinforced concrete SMRF frames can provide very ductile seismic systems for
buildings with highly desirable performance characteristics. The yielding
mechanisms can be predicted and the seismic performance will be ductile and not
brittle. Care should be taken to ensure adequate shear strength at beams, columns,
and joints, so that ductile flexural yielding will occur as anticipated. Care should
also be taken with lap splices and detailing of reinforcement and with specified
couplers. Reinforcement should be ASTM-A706, which has more ductile
performance characteristics that ASTM-A615 reinforcement.

References
A. H. Nilson and G. Winter, 1986. Design of Concrete Structures, Tenth Edition.

McGraw-Hill, New York.
ATC-40, 1996. Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings. Applied

Technology Council, Redwood City, California.
J. C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. Third Edition. Harper-Collins, New

York.
J. G. MacGregor, 1992. Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Second Edition.

Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
R. Park and T. Paulay, 1975. Reinforced Concrete Structures. John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
Paulay, T. and Priestley, N.J., 1992. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
Masonry Buildings. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Design Example 7 ! Precast Concrete Cladding
Design Example 7
Precast Concrete Cladding
front elevation typical wall section
Figure 7-1. Typical precast concrete panel elevation
Overview
This Design Example illustrates the seismic design of precast concrete cladding
Panels A and B shown in the partial wall elevation of Figure 7-1. This cladding
example is for a 4-story steel moment frame structure located in Seismic Zone 4.
The architect has chosen precast concrete panels for the façade.
Current standard practice is to specify that the fabricator perform the design for the
panel and connections. The structural Engineer of Record for the building typically
reviews the fabricator’s design for compliance with the project design

specifications, and for compatibility with the structural framing. It is important that
the structural Engineer of Record understand that panel loads are concentrated at
discrete points to the structure. These points of attachment will usually require
additional support steel to reach the panel connection hardware. These supports
will typically induce eccentric loads into the beams and columns that must be
accounted for in design of the structure. Wind loads will also be considered in this
example, since some elements of the connection and panel reinforcing may be
controlled by wind, while seismic forces may control other parts.
Earthquake-damaged cladding can become a severe falling hazard, particularly

damaged cladding on highrise buildings in congested urban areas. Cladding is
typically connected at a few discrete points, which limit the redundancy of the
system. For this reason, code seismic requirements for the “attachment” of
cladding require a more conservative design than other building components.
Building cladding is also required to resist realistic story drifts without failure
through flexible connections and adequate panel joints. These requirements are
detailed in §1633.2.4.2 and will be illustrated in this Design Example.
This Design Example provides an overview of the design procedure for precast
concrete cladding panels and their connections to the structure.
Outline
1. Governing loading conditions and forces.
2. Selection of panel thickness.
3. Selection of the panel connection scheme.
4. Panel reinforcing design.
5. Connection forces.
6. Typical connection design.
7. Panel joint widths to accommodate drift.
8. Typical connection details.

Given Information
Exterior wall system weight:

Precast concrete panel (5″ thickness) = 62.5 psf
Window system = 10 psf
Metal stud and gypsum board, 5 psf
Wind design data:

Basic wind speed = 70 mph
Wind exposure = C
Importance factor, Iw = 1.0
Seismic design data:

Occupancy category: standard occupancy structure
Seismic importance factor, Ip = 1.0
Soil profile type: stiff soil type SD (default profile)
Seismic zone 4, Z=0.4
Near-source factors:
Seismic source type A
Distance to seismic source, 7 km
Maximum inelastic response displacement, ∆M = 3.2 in.
Building design data:

Building mean roof height = 64 ft
Top of parapet = elevation 66 ft 6 in.
Building plan dimensions = 150 ft x 70 ft
Material specifications:
Concrete:
Compressive strength fć = 4,000 psi, ASTM C39
Aggregates, ASTM C33
Portland Cement, ASTM C150
Admixtures, ASTM C494
Unit weight 150 pcf, ASTM C138
Steel:
Structural shapes, plates and bars Fy = 36 ksi, ASTM A36
Hollow structural section: round Fy = 33 ksi, ASTM A53, Grade B
Hollow structural section: rectangular Fy = 46 ksi, ASTM A500, Grade B
Welded Reinforcing steel fy = 60 ksi, ASTM A706
Non-welded reinforcing steel fy= 60 ksi, ASTM A615, Grade 60
Coil rods, ASTM A108
Weld electrodes:
Shielded metal arc welding FEXX = 70 ksi, AWS A5.1 E70XX
Flux-cored arc welding FEXX = 70 ksi, AWS A5.20 E7XT

1. Governing loading conditions and forces. §1605.1
Cladding panels must be designed to resist both vertical loads and lateral forces.
Typically the vertical loads consist of the panel weight and the weight of any
windows or other miscellaneous architectural items attached to the panel.
Normally, two bearings points are provided and the panel is treated as a simply
supported beam for vertical loads. The lateral forces consist of both wind and
seismic effects. Wind forces are included in this Design Example because they are
an integral part of the design process for cladding and to illustrate the application
of load combinations for all the loading cases.
Where structural effects of creep, shrinkage, and temperature change may be §1909.2.7
significant in the design, they shall be included in the load combinations.
1a. Design wind pressures. Chapter 16, Division III
Wind pressures are determined from Equation (20-1) using the 70 mph basic wind
speed. This process is shown below.
P = Ce Cq qs Iw (20-1)
qs = 12.6 psf Table 16-F
h = mean roof height = 64 ft
Interpolation is used to determine the combined height and exposure factor Ce. Table 16-G
Interpolation for h = 64 ft (mean roof height).
Ce = (1.53 − 1.43)
(64 − 60) + 1.43 = 1.45
(80 − 60)
Interpolation for h = 66.5 ft (top of parapet).
Ce = (1.53 − 1.43)
(66.5 − 60) + 1.43 = 1.46
(80 − 60)
The pressure coefficients for the exterior elements are given in Table 16-H. The
resulting pressures are summarized in Table 7-1 below.

Table 7-1. Design wind pressures
Element Direction Cq p (psf)
Typical panel and connection In 1.2 21.92

Typical panel & connection Out 1.2 21.92
Corner panel & connection Out 1.5 27.41
Corner panel & connection In 1.2 21.92
Parapet panel & connection In/out 1.3 23.91
Note: The inward pressure may be calculated for the actual
height of that element; however, the outward pressure is
based on the mean roof height and is considered to be
constant along the height of the building. For simplicity the
inward pressure is calculated using the mean roof height.
The outward corner pressure may be reduced based on the
actual tributary area being considered . Since seismic forces
will usually govern the connection design for precast panels,
this reduction has not been applied in Table 7-1.
1b. Design seismic forces. §1632
Seismic forces for elements of structures, such as the precast panels of this
example, are specified in §1632. These are summarized below.
panel
in-plane
out-of-plane
Figure 7-2. In-plane and out-of-plane force on panel
The basic equation is:
Fp = 4.0 Ca Ip Wp (32-1)
This represents an upper bound of element force levels and is seldom used.
The alternate equation, more frequently used is:
a p Ca I p  h 
Fp = 1 + 3 x W p (32-2)
Rp  hr 

Limits are set on Equation (32-2) such that Fp shall not be less than 0.7 CaIpWp and
need not be more than 4 CaIpWp. (32-3)
Typically the alternate Equation (32-2) is used since the results for panel and body
loads will be more in line with the previous code force levels.
Pertinent values for ap and Rp , taken from Table 16-O, are given below in
Table 7-2.
Table 7- 2, Horizontal Force Factors, ap and Rp

Wall Elements of Structure ap Rp
Unbraced (cantilevered) parapets 2.5 3.0
Exterior walls at or above the ground level 1.0 3.0
All interior bearing and nonbearing walls 1.0 3.0
The structural Engineer of Record must specify the near-source factor and distance
to the fault zone. In many cases the seismic coefficient Ca is specified, but for this
example we will start with Na and the fault distance.
The seismic coefficient Ca is found from Table 16-Q.
For seismic zone 4 and soil profile type Sd
Ca = 0.44 Na Table 16-Q
Since the distance to the source is 7 km and the source is type A, Na is found by
interpolation as permitted by Table 16-S.
Na =
(1.2 − 1) (10 − 7 ) + 1.0 = 1.12
(10 − 5)
Ca = 0.44 (1.12) = 0.493

The maximum, minimum, and the value at height hx of Fp are:
Maximum Fp = 4.0 (0.493) (1.0) Wp = 1.97 Wp
Minimum Fp = 0.7 (0.493) (1.0) Wp = 0.345 Wp
At hx :
Fp =
(1.0)(0.493)(1.0) 1 + 3 hx  = 0.164 1 + hx 
   
3.0  64   21.33 
Additional requirements for exterior elements are given in §1633.2.4.2. These

apply to the “attachments” of the panel to the structure.
For the body of the connection system:
ap = 1.0 Rp = 3.0
For the fasteners of the connection system:
ap = 1.0 Rp = 1.0
Table 7-3 below summarizes the seismic coefficients, which multiplied by the
tributary weight Wp, are used to determine the design lateral force Fp. Note that the
seismic coefficients for the fasteners are substantially higher than those for the
panel or the body of the connection. Use of these is illustrated later in this example.
Table 7-3. Seismic coefficients

Level hx/hr Fp (panel) Fp (body) Fp (fastener)
0 0.00 0.345 0.345 0.493
1 0.25 0.345 0.345 0.862
2 0.50 0.411 0.411 1.232
3 0.75 0.534 0.534 1.602
4 1.00 0.657 0.657 1.970
Parapet 1.00 1.643 1.643 1.970
Note: When the difference in elevation of connections becomes
significant, the current interpretation of the code requires a
calculation of Fp at each level of connections for the area of panel
tributary to those connections. Examples are full story wall panels
where the bottom connections are made to one floor while the top
connections are made to the floor above.
In this Design Example, the floor elevation where the upper connections are
attached was used to calculate Fp. For out-of-plane forces, this is conservative since
the other connections are below this point. For in-plane forces this would follow
the current interpretation since all primary reactions occur at this level.

2. Selection of panel thickness.
In general the final precast design begins with the panel thickness as a fixed
dimension and the connection system is developed from that point forward. The
panel thickness is a decision that must be made early in the design process by the
architect. Consultation with a precast manufacturer is recommended to help with
shipping and handling considerations. Any changes to the panel thickness after the
project has proceeded can have significant impact on other portions of work.
There are many factors to consider when deciding on a panel thickness. Some of
these are listed below:
Architectural considerations:
Fire resistance
Thermal insulation
Sound insulation
Weather resistance
Structural considerations:
Total weight of exterior elements
Weight supported by exterior beams and columns
Deflection and cracking
Fabrication and installation:

Minimum weight for handling, shipping and erection
Adequate thickness for efficient handling
Adequate stiffness for an efficient connection scheme
For this project, the panels are specified to be 5 inches thick. This thickness
provides adequate anchorage depth for the connection hardware and also allows the
panel to be handled easily. Another consideration is the warping and bowing that
may occur during curing. Thin long panels will bow or warp more than thick short
panels.
3. Selection of panel connection scheme.
The primary goal in developing a connection system is to minimize the number of

connections and provide connections that have adequate tolerance with the
structural frame.
For this example we will try 4 connections first as shown in Figure 7-3. Because of
the moment frame structural system, the bearing connection must either be located
off of the column or on the beam away from any potential hinge location. In this
case we will assume a support is provided off of the column so that the bearing
connections will be close to the end of the panel.

▼ resists forces in
all directions
● resists out-of-plane
forces only
1.5 ft, typ
27 ft
Figure 7-3. Initial connection scheme for Panel A
Compare wind loading versus seismic loading.

The tributary height is 16 ft because the precast panels transfer wind load on both
the glazing and panels to the structure.
Total uniform wind loading on panel.
pw = 21.92 psf (16 ft) = 351 plf
Assume the panel under consideration is located on Level 3. The working level
load for the seismic forces is:
Fp 0.534
ps = wp = [(62.5 psf )(7 ft ) + (10 psf )(9 ft )] = 201.1 plf
1.4 1.4
Therefore, wind controls for panel design. This is typical for a spandrel panel.
Check panel moment at mid-span.
2 2
M = 0.351 klf (27 /8 – 1.5 /2) = 31.5 k-ft
2 3
Sy = (84 in.)(5 in.) / 6 = 350 in.
fby = My / Sy = 1.08 ksi
The modulus of rupture for concrete is
f r = 7.5 f c′ = 7.5 4000 = 474 psi (9-9)
This panel stress is well above the modulus of rupture and the panel will not satisfy
the deflection criteria because of the reduced moment of inertia from cracking
(§1909.5.2.3).

Although the code does not specifically address out-of -plane deflection of
cladding panels, some guidance can be found in Table 16A-W of the 1998
California Building Code. Typically, the deflection is limited to L/240 because of
the other elements that are attached. Also, in order to satisfy the crack control
criteria of the code (See §1910.6.4), large amounts of reinforcing may be required.
Consequently, connections will be provided at mid-span to reduce the panel
stresses and deflections.
4. Panel design.
Wind controls the panel design and bending moments are determined using the
load combination of Equation (12-6). Note that the 1.1 multiplier of Exception 2 of
§1612.2.1 is not applied for wind.
Wind:
l2 27'
M f = pw = 8.0 k-ft where l = = 13.5'
8 2 Mc
Mu 1
2
a
M c = pw = 0.39 k-ft where a = 1.5' centerline
2 Mu 2
 1 
M u1 = 1.3 M f − M c  = 10.14 k-ft, moment over middle support
 2 
 1M 
M u 2 ≈ 1.3 M f −  u1 + M c  = 5.07 k-ft, approx. moment between supports
 2  1.3 
Determine reinforcing required for strength.
Consider a one-foot width:
Mu = 10.14 k-ft / 7 ft = 1.45 k-ft
b = 12" d = 2"
 a
φ M n = φAs f y  d − 
 2
As f y
a=
0.85 f c′b
Solving directly for As leads to 0.17 in.2/ft.

Minimum reinforcement required for walls. §1914.3.3

For deformed bars not larger than #5 with fy ≥ 60,000 As / bh = 0.0020
As ,min = 0.002(12")(5") = 0.12 in.2 /ft < As , as required
Flexural minimum steel requirements: §1910.5
3 f c′ 3 4000
As ,min = bw d = (12")(2") = 0.076 in.2/ft (10-3)
fy 60,000
But not less than:
200bw d 200 (12")(2")

= = 0.08 in.2 /ft
fy 60,000
The ratio of reinforcement ρ provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the ratio ρ b that
would produce balanced strain conditions for the section.
 0.85β1 f c′   87,000   0.85 (0.85)(4 )   87,000 

ρb =   =   = 0.0285 (8-1)
 f   87,000 + f y   60   87,000 + 60,000 
 y  
As, max = 0.75ρ b bw d = 0.75 (0.0285)(12")(2") = 0.51 in.2/ft
Use #4 at 12 inch o.c., As = 0.20 in.2 /ft
Check crack control requirements. §1910.6.4
Consider a one-foot-wide strip at the bottom of the panel.
bh 2 12 (5)
2
Sy = = = 50.0 in.3
6 6
7.8 k − ft
M wind = = 1.1 k-ft/ft
7′
M wind 1.11(12")
f by = = = 0.267 ksi
Sy 50.0
hb 2 5(84 )2
Sx = = = 5,880 in.3
6 6

Neglect small cantilever at the ends.
0.528 klf (27')2

M DL = = 48.1 k-ft
8
M DL 48.1(12")
f bx = = = 0.098 ksi
Sx 5,880
f tot = f by + f bx = 0.36 ksi < f r = 0.474 ksi
Therefore, there is no cracking under service loads, and the crack control
requirements of §1910.6.4 are not applicable.
The maximum deflection under service wind loading is:
L 13.5' (12 )
∆ = 0.03" < = = 0.675" o.k.
240 240
Deflection is o.k.
5. Connection forces.
In this part, connection forces will be determined. Seismic forces are determined
for a 1g loading. These will then be appropriately scaled in Part 6. The distribution
factors used to determine reactions at the various supports were determined from a
generic moment distribution. For brevity, that analysis is not shown here.
Element weights:
Panel A Wpa = 62.5 psf (7ft) (30 ft) = 13.13 k x = 15 ft z = .208 ft
Column cover B Wpb = 62.5 psf (4 ft/2) (9 ft) = 1.125 k x = 1 ft z = .208 ft
Column cover B Wpb = 62.5 psf (4 ft/2) (9 ft) = 1.125 k x = 29 ft z = .208 ft
Window Ww =10.0 pst (9 ft) (26 ft) = 2.34 k x = 15 ft z = .10 ft
Total Wtot = = 17.72 k x = 15 ft z = .19 ft

Gravity.
For gravity loads, the panel is treated as a simply supported beam using two
bearing connections to support the vertical load. Since the vertical support reaction
does not line up with the center of gravity in the z-direction, additional reactions
are necessary in the z-direction to maintain equilibrium, as shown in Figure 7-4.
ez = 0.33 ft (distance from the back of the panel to the center of the bearing bolt)
R1y = 17.72/2 = 8.86 k
R1z = 8.86 (0.19 + 0.33)/5.25 = .88 k
R3z = -R1z
y
ez
y
R1y
R1z
R3z x
z
Figure 7-4. Gravity load reactions
Seismic out-of-plane ( 1g ).
Connection distribution factors for a uniform load applied to a symmetric two span
continuous beam with cantilevers at the ends are shown below and are used to
distribute the uniform panel weight applied transverse to the panel. These can be
found by moment distribution or other suitable means of continuous beam analysis.
DFe = 0.223 (fraction of total load resisted by outside support)
DFm = 0.554 (fraction of total load resisted by mid-span support)
Connection distribution factors for a uniform load applied to a symmetric two span
continuous beam without cantilevers at the end are given below. These will be used
to distribute the uniform window load to the connections.
DFe = 0.1875 (fraction of total load resisted by exterior support)
DFm = 0.625 (fraction of total load resisted by middle support)

The total reactions (Figure 7-5) are as follows:
R1z = [(0.223)(13.13 kips ) + (0.1875)(2.34 kips ) + 1.125](2.5' 5.25') = 2.19 kips
R3 z = [(0.223)(13.13 kips ) + (0.1875)(2.34 kips ) + 1.125](2.75' 5.25') = 2.35 kips
R5 z = [(0.554 )(13.13 kips ) + (0.625)(2.34 kips )](2.5' 5.25') = 4.16 kips
R6 z = [(0.554 )(13.13 kips ) + (0.625)(2.34 kips )](2.75' 5.25') = 4.58 kips
y y
2.75 ft
R1z R5z
2.50 ft
x
R3z R6z
z
Figure 7-5. Seismic out-of-plane reactions
Seismic in-plane (1g)

In-plane seismic forces (Figure 7-6) are typically resisted by connections at the
level the panel is supported. Overturning forces are resisted by vertical reactions at
the supports.
el = 0.50 ft
R1x = 17.72/3 = 5.91 k
R1y = 17.72 k (2.75'/27') = 1.80 k
R1z = 1.80 k (.19 +.33)/5.25' + 17.72 k (.19 + .5)/27' = 0.63 k

y
el
y
R2x
R1x R5x
R1z
R1y
R3z x
R2y
z
Figure 7- 6. Seismic in-plane reactions

Wind loading.
The distribution of total load is similar as was done for seismic out-of-plane forces
(Figure 7-5).
Pw = 21.92 psf (16')(30') = 10.52 k
R1z = [(0.223)(10.52 k)](2.5'/5.25') = 1.12 k
R3z = [(0.223)(10.52 k)](2.75'/5.25') = 1.23 k
R5z = [(0.554)(10.52 k)](2.5'/5.25') = 2.78 k
R6z = [(0.554)(10.52 k)](2.75'/5.25') = 3.05 k
6. Connection design.
Design of the bearing connection will be done using strength design for both
concrete and steel elements of the connection. This is illustrated in the parts below.
6a. Application of load factors.
The basic load combinations are defined in §1612.2.1. Normally there are no floor
live loads, roof live loads, or snow loads on cladding panels. The load
combinations of Equations (12-1) through (12-6) reduce to the following. Parts of
the load combinations not used have a strike line through them.
1.4D (12-1)
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S) (12-2)
1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S) + (f1L or 0.8W) (12-3)
1.2D + 1.3W + f1L + 0.5 (Lr or S) (12-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + (f1L +f2S) (12-5)
0.9D + (1.0E or 1.3W) (12-6)
For concrete design, Exception 1 to §1612.2.1 applies for combinations that

include seismic forces. For all other combinations, Exception 2 refers to §1909.2.
These equations reduce to the following:

1.4D + 1.7 L (9-1)
0.75 (1.4D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W) (9-2)
0.9D + 1.3 W (9-3)
1.1(1.2D + 1.0E) (12-5)
1.1 (0.9D ± 1.0E) (12-6)
For concrete anchors, additional load factors can be found in §1923.2. A load
factor of 1.3 is normally applied for panel anchorage when special inspection is
provided. When special inspection is not provided, a factor of 2 is applied. In
addition, when anchors are embedded in the tension zone of a member, an anchor
factor of 2 is required for special inspection and an anchor factor of 3 is required
for no special inspection. These factors are not considered applicable to cladding
panels, since the connector load is already raised significantly for nonductile
portions of the connector.
It should be noted that §1632.2 requires the design of shallow anchors to be based
on forces using a response modification factor, Rp , of 1.5. Most embedded anchors
in panels fall within the shallow anchor criteria. Since the fastener force is based on
an Rp equal to 1.0, the shallow anchor requirement is superceded by the more
stringent fastener force requirement.
The total seismic force is defined as follows, where Fp is used for Eh and Ev is
defined in §1630.1.1:
E = ρ Eh + Ev (30-1)
Ev = 0.5 Ca I D §1630.1.1
Under §1632.2, the reliability/redundancy factor, ρ, may be taken equal to 1.0 for
component design.
The 1997 UBC load factors do not distinguish between members of the lateral
force-resisting system and components, as the 1994 UBC did. Therefore, wording
in the 1997 code is such that Ev should be considered for strength design of
components similar to the requirements for the structure design. Ev was added to
the code to make the load factors consistent with the load combination
1.4 (D + L + E), which applied to lateral force-resisting systems. For component
design, the normal ACI and AISC load factors were appropriate, and hence no
inconsistency was created. The addition of Ev for component design creates a
higher load factor on dead load when compared to the 1994 UBC requirements.

Application of load factors for typical bearing angle design.
Ca = 0.493
Ip = 1.0
Ev = 0.5 Ca Ip D = 0.25 D
For steel design the equivalent load factor for dead load is 1.2 + 0.25 = 1.45.
For concrete design the equivalent load factor for dead load is 1.1(1.2 + 0.25) = 1.60.
Assuming this panel is located at Level 3, Fp (body) = 0.534(Wp); Fp (fastener) =

1.602(Wp)
Table 7-3. Connection 1: bearing support

Body Force Fastener Force
Loading (1)
X-Direction Y-Direction Z-Direction X-Direction Y-Direction Z-Direction
D 0.00 8.86 0.88 0.00 8.86 0.88
Et 0.00 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.00 3.51
Et 3.17 0.96 0.34 9.48 2.88 1.02
Wo 0.00 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.00 1.12
Wi 0.00 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.00 1.12
Concrete Load Combinations Anchor Factor = 1.3 (2)
1.4D 0.00 16.13 1.60
1.60D + 1.1Et 0.00 18.33 6.84
0.99D - 1.1Et 0.00 11.40 -3.89
1.60D + 1.1El 13.56 22.45 3.28
0.99D – 1.1El -13.56 7.28 - 0.33
1.05D + 1.275Wo 0.00 12.09 3.06
0.9D – 1.3 Wi 0.00 10.37 -0.83
Steel Load Combinations
1.4D 0.00 12.40 1.23 0.00 12.40 1.23
1.45D + 1.0Et 0.00 12.82 2.44 0.00 12.82 4.78
0.9D - 1.0Et 0.00 7.97 -0.38 0.00 7.97 -2.72
1.45D + 1.0El 3.16 13.78 1.61 9.48 15.70 2.29
0.9D – 1.0El -3.16 7.01 0.45 -9.48 5.09 - 0.23
1.2D + 1.3Wo 0.00 10.63 2.51 0.00 10.63 2.51
0.9D – 1.3Wi 0.00 7.97 -0.66 0.00 7.97 -0.66
Notes:
1. D = dead load
Et = seismic out-of-plane
El = seismic in-plane
Wo = wind out
Wi = wind in
2. From §1923.3, assuming special inspection.

6b. Typical connection design.
A typical bearing support is illustrated below and is used in this example to outline
the design procedure for a panel connection. Most cladding panels use a threaded
bolt to support the gravity loads. The bolt can be turned to adjust the panel into its
final position. The embed is usually an angle with a threaded hole oriented as
shown is Figure 7-7. This provides a low profile that can be hidden within the
interior finishes.
Figure 7-7. Typical bearing connection
Determine angle size using LRFD. §2206

Make preliminary selection of angle thickness. Note the critical section occurs at
the root of the fillet or a distance k from the heel of the angle.
M u = Rvu (e − k ) = 13.78 (4 − 1.5) = 34.45 k-in.

Let width of angle b = 8 in.
4 Mu
t= = 0.73"
Φ fy b
∴ Use t = 1.0"
Try L6 × 6 × 1 × 0' – 8"
The body of connection forces for the load combination of 1.45 D + 1.0 El are
shown below. Note that the moment is determined at the k-distance (see p. 1-58 of
AISC–LRFD Manual).
Muy = Ry1 (e1 – k) = 13.78 (4–1.5) = 34.45 k-in.
Mux = Rx1 (e2 – k) = 3.16 (6–1.5) = 14.22 k-in.
Pu = 1.61 k
0.9(36 ksi )(8")(1)2

φM ny = φ fyZy = = 64.8 k-in.
4
0.9 (36 ksi )(1")(8)2

φM nx = φ f y Z x = = 518.4 k-in.
4
φPnt = φ f y A t = 0.9 (36 ksi )(8")(1") = 259.2 k
1 Pu M ux M uy
+ + = 0.56 < 1.0 ∴ o.k.
2 φ Pnt φ M nx φ M ny
Use L6 × 6 × 1 × 0'−8"
6c. Anchorage to concrete. §1923
The concrete anchors consist of flat bar metal straps bent in a U-shape and welded
to the back of the angle, as shown in Figures 7-8 and 7-9. Reinforcing bars are then
placed in the inside corners of the bends to effectively transfer the anchor forces
into the concrete. By doing this, the strength reduction factor, φ , may be taken as
0.85 instead of 0.65 per §1923.3.2.

Headed studs are also used to transfer the forces to the concrete. The pull-out
calculation for design is similar to the procedure for bent straps.
le w le
le
bs
le
le bs
le
Figure 7-8. Single strap Ap Figure 7-9. Double strap Ap
Single strap pull-out capacity. §1923.3.2

Find the pull-out capacity of one leg of a 2 in. x 5/16 in. flat bar using the projected
area of the shear cone.
bs = 2 in.
ts = 0.3125 in.
le = l – ts = 4 – 0.3125 = 3.69 in.
( )
A p = 2l e bs + πl e 2 = 57.54 in.2
φPnc1 = φλ 4 A p f c′ = 0.85 (1.0)(4 )(57.54) 4,000 / 1,000 = 12.37 k
Double leg strap pull-out capacity.

Find the pull-out capacity of both legs of the 2-inch x5/16-inch flat bar using the
projected area of the shear cone.
Width w = 8 – 2 (1/2) – 0.3125 = 6.69 in.
( )
A p 2 = 2l e bs + πl e 2 + 2l e w = 106.9 in.
φPnc 2 = φλ 4 A p f c′ = 0.85 (1.0 )(4 )(106.9 ) 4,000 / 1,000 = 22.9 k < 2φPc1 = 24.75
∴ φPc 2 controls

Check pullout of bottom straps (double leg).
dy Cu a/2
el
Tu1
a/2
Rtu
Cu
d ez
Rvu
Tu2
Rxu
Figure 7-10. Forces on straps
φPnc 22.9
a= = = 0.84 in.
0.85 f c′b 0.85 (4 )(8)
(Rvu )(e) (22.45)(4)

Tu 2 = = = 19.61 k < φPnc 2 o.k.
(d − a / 2) (5 − 0.84 / 2)
Check pullout of top straps (single leg).
(R xu )(e1 ) R zu Cu min (13.56)(6) + (− 0.33) − 1 × (7.28)(4) = 8.56 k < φP ∴ o.k.

Tu1 = + − =
(d − a / 2) 2 2 (7.34 − 0.5) 2 2 (5 − 0.4 )
c1
Use reinforcing steel to resist vertical and horizontal shear forces. Computations of
required reinforcement is shown below.
R yu 22.45
Asv = = = 0.32 in.2
φf y (1.3)(0.9)(60 ksi )
Use 2-#4 vertical bars welded to angle.
Rxu 13.56
Ash = = = 0.19 in.2
φf y (1.3)(0.9 )(60 ksi )
Use 1-#5 horizontal bar welded to angle.

6d. Weld design: plate to support.
Rzu/2
2 in.
Rzu/2
Figure 7-11. Typical weld
Out-of-plane forces.
Vertical load is supported by bearing (i.e. leveling) bolt.
Rzu = 4.78 k (factored steel load , fastener level)
Try a fillet weld 3 inches long.
1 R zu 1 4.78
fv = = = 0.80 k/in. shear component
2 lw 2 3
1 Rzu e 1 4.78(2 / 2 )
ft = = = 1.59 k/in. tension component
2 Sw 2 32 / 6
fr = f x 2 + ft 2 = 1.78 k/in. resultant
The weld capacity can be found in Table J2.5 [AISC-LRFD].
φRnw = φt eff 0.6 FEXX = 0.75(0.707 )(0.25)(0.6 )70 ksi = 5.57 k/in. > fr o.k.
Use ¼-inch fillet weld by 3 inches long on each plate.
Since the plate is designed for body loads, a plate of the same length and thickness
will work.
Use plate 5/16 x 3 x 0 ft-5 in.

In-plane forces.
Rxu = 9.48 k (factored steel load, fastener level)
Try a fillet weld 4 inches long.
R xu 9.48
fv = = = 2.37 k/in.
lw 4
1 R xu e 1 9.48(2)
ft = = = 3.55 k/in.
2 Sw 2 42 / 6
fr = f v 2 + f t 2 = 4.27 k/in.
φRnw = φt eff 0.6 FEXX = 0.75(0.707 )(0.25)(0.6 )70 ksi = 5.57 k/in. > fr o.k.
Use ¼-inch fillet weld by 4 inches long.
7. Drift analysis. §1633.2.4.2(1)
One of the most important aspects of cladding design is to ensure that the panel
connections and joints allow for the interstory drift that occurs as a result of lateral
deflection of the frame from wind, seismic loads, temperature, and shrinkage
forces. For most structures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, seismic drift will control.
For seismic drift, all cladding elements must accommodate the maximum inelastic
story drift (∆M) that is expected for the design basis earthquake forces. The 1994
UBC estimated the inelastic drift as 3/8(Rw) times the calculated elastic story drift
caused by design seismic forces. Now the inelastic drift is computed as 0.7 R∆S per
§1630.9.2 or by a more detailed analysis. A comparison of the two values is shown
below:

1994 UBC 1997 UBC
3 R 
∆M = Rw∆ ∆ M = 0.7 R∆ s ≈ 0.7 w 1.4∆ ≈ 0.7 Rw ∆
8  1.4 
0.04
If T < 0.7 sec , ∆ ≤ h If T < 0.7 sec
Rw
3 0.04h
∆m = Rw ≤ 0.015 h ∆ M ≤ 0.025h
8 Rw
0.03
If T ≥ 0.7 sec , ∆ ≤ h If T ≥ 0.7 sec
Rw
3 0.03h
∆M = Rw ≤ 0.01125h ∆ M ≤ 0.020h
8 Rw
The maximum inelastic drift can be as much as 78 percent higher under the
provisions of the 1997 UBC compared to that calculated under the 1994 UBC. This
can have a major impact on the cladding elements and must be considered early in
the planning process. Fortunately, the majority of structures have drift less than the
maximum.
It is also important to coordinate the mechanism by which this drift is

accommodated with other elements and components of the cladding system, such
as the window system.
Drift requirements are: §1633.2.4.2 (1)
1. 2(∆wind )
2. ∆M = 3.2 in.
3. ∆ min = 0.5 in.
Infill panels, such as the column cover (Panel B), require special review when it
comes to movement. Typical these panels are attached to other elements and see
the full story drift, but the height over which this movement occurs is much less
than the story height. Therefore, the rotation that the panel undergoes can be more
than two times the rotation of the column.

Figure 7-12. Cladding interaction with frame displacements
Consider the column cover in this case:
hs = typical story height (ft)
φ = ∆ M / hc = 3.2"/(9')(12 in./ft) = 0.0296 radians
δv = φ (wc – a) = 0.0296 (48" – 12") = 1.06 in.
Since this is an estimate of the maximum movement, round the joint size to the
nearest ¼-inch.
tj = 1.25 in.
δv
φ
hc
pivot point
a
wc
Figure 7-13. Rocker panel

As the beam hinge location moves toward the interior, the spandrel panel can also
experience up and down movement at each support point.
θ = ∆ M / hs = 3.2"/(16')(12') = 0.01667 radians
δv = θxb = 0.01667 rad (18") = 0.30 in.
Differential displacements out-of-plane of the panel should also be considered.
8. Typical details.
Figures 7-14 and 7-15 illustrate typical connection details.
Figure 7-14. Tieback connection at bottom of cladding

1" return welds
top of floor slab
Figure 7-15. Bearing and shear connection at top of cladding
References
Iverson, James K. and Hawkins, Neil M., 1994. Performance of Precast/Prestressed

Concrete Building Structures During Northridge Earthquake, PCI Journal,
Vol. 39.
McCann, R.A., 1991. Architectural Precast Concrete Cladding Connections,

Implementation and Performance of Structural Details, 1991 Fall Seminar,
Session 2, Structural Engineers Association of Northern California.
PCI, 1999. PCI Design Handbook – Precast and Prestressed Concrete, 5th edition.
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago Illinois.
Sheppard, D. A. and Phillips, W. R., 1989. Plant Cast Precast and Prestressed
Concrete: A Design Guide,3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.

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UBC 1997

Structural Engineers Association of California

How to Use This Document ................................................................................................ 3

SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) iii

1A Steel special concentric braced frame

In developing these Design Examples, SEAOC has endeavored to illustrate

In some examples, the performance characteristics of the structural system are

SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) 1

2 SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC)

How to Use This Document

Each Design Example is presented in the following format. First, there is an

AISC-Seismic §15.3b Section 15.3b of the American Institute of Steel

SEAOC C402.8 Section C402.8 of Commentary of SEAOC

SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) 3

AB = ground floor area of structure in square feet to include area

ABM = cross-sectional area of the base material

Ab = area of anchor, in square inches

Ac = the combined effective area, in square feet, of the shear walls

Ach = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-

Acv = net area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and

Ae = the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in

Ag = gross area of section

Ap = the effective area of the projection of an assumed concrete

As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement

4 SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC)

Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement

As,min = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement

Ast = area of link stiffener

Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, or area of

Avd = total area of reinforcement in each group of diagonal bars in a

Avf = area of shear-friction reinforcement

Aw = (web) link web area

Aw = (weld) effective cross-sectional area of the weld

Ax = the torsional amplification factor at Level x

a = (concrete) depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

a = (concrete spandrel) shear span, distance between concentrated

ac = coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete

ap = in-structure component amplification factor, given in §1632

b = (concrete) width of compression face of member

b/t = member width-thickness ratio

Ca = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-Q of UBC

SEAOC Seismic Design Manual, Vol. III (1997 UBC) 5

Ce = combined height, exposure, and gust factor coefficient as

Cq = pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure

Ct = numerical coefficient as given in §1630.2.2

Cv = seismic coefficient as set forth in Table 16-R

Cm = coefficient defined in Section H1 of AISC-ASD

c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis

D = dead load on a structural element

De = length, in feet, of a shear wall in the first story in the direction

d = effective depth of section (distance from extreme compression

db = (anchor bolt) anchor shank diameter

db = (concrete) bar diameter

dz = column panel zone depth

E = (steel) modulus of elasticity

EI = flexural stiffness of compression member

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, in psi

Es = (concrete) modulus of elasticity of reinforcement

e = EBF link length

Fa = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force