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Wednesday, June 17, 2020

Topics to read before PG entrance exams!

Hello Awesomites!

The aim is to help the students who want to give upcoming NEET PG Exam and are clueless about how to plan and prepare ?
I know my friend struggling day in and out for life in Covid wards. Exams doesn't matter now.
When they will have time in hand I want to help them out with plan beforehand. They are already brilliant enough to have been through all the
challenges. :)
Enjoy learning! ^__^

I know you can't predict what is important for this or next exams. Atleast with time in hand you can glance through some topics that contribute
70% of any exam. I am sharing the list 1st year subject I made during my preparation.

1.ANATOMY

Embryology

1. Pharyngeal arches
2. Neural crest derivatives
3. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
4. Notochord and remnants
5. Extraembryonic mesoderm
6. Diaphragm
7. Cardiovascular system ( Abnormal subclavian artery)
8. Urogenital system

Histology

1. Cerebellum
2. Osteoblasts
3. Urinary bladder epithelium
4. Cell junctions
5. Collagen types
6. cartilage
7. Tonsil,Lymph nodes, spleen,thymus
8. Stomach glands
9. Skin with sebaceous glands
10. Connective tissue types
 11. Retina
12. Salivary gland

NEUROLOGY

1. Fornix
2. Corpus callosum
3. Cranial nerves and its lesion
4. Brainstem syndromes (lateral medullary )
5. Foramen of skull
6. Facial nerve and trigeminal nerve
7. blood brain barrier
8. Functional area and functional columns
9. Parasympathetic ganglion
10. Phrenic nerve and vagus

GROSS

1. Compartments of lower limb with nerve and blood supply

2. Blood supply of thyroid,oesophagus,ureter,Anal canal
3. Waldeyer ring
4. External carotid artery
5. Circle of willis
6. Muscle of eye
7. Brachial plexus (Sensory and motor supply of upper limb)
8. Perineum
9. Cruciate ligaments
10. Vocal cords
11. Mediastinum
12. IVC tributaries
13. Cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure
14. Splanchanic plexus Total Pageviews
2. BIOCHEMISTRY
7,283,532
Inborn error of metabolism (Types,Enzyme deficient,hallmark feature,Investigation of choice and treatment)

Rate limiting step

Carbohydrate metabolism (Glycolysis,Glycogen storage disease,Glucogenesis,glycogenolysis,PFK-1) Buy me a book!

Lipid metabolism ( Hyperlipoproteinemia and hypolipoproteinemia)

Vitamin (Coenzyme)

Electron transport chain inhibitor

Search This Blog
Heme metabolism and Porphyria
Search
Ketone body formation

Urea cycle disorder

Competitive, non competitive and allosteric inhibitors

Mitochondrial disorders Subject wise labels!

Amino acid disorder Anatomy (164)

Lead poisoning Anesthesia (10)
Translation process
Artificial Intelligence (2)
3.PHYSIOLOGY
Authors' diary (219)
Receptors
Behavioural science (51)
Neurotransmitter and functions

Second messenger Biochemistry (137)

Reflexes Biostatistics (14)

Baroreceptors and chemorecptors Cardiology (148)
JVP
COVID-19 (34)
ECG And EEG
Critical care (6)
Spirometry
Dentistry (14)
RAAS

Counter current exchanger and multiplier

Dermatology (49)

Factors affecting compliance of lung Electrophysiology (1)

Action potential Embryology (29)

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle Endocrinology (79)
 Channels and types Ethics (6)
GIT hormones
Fellowship (1)
Tracts and lesions(brown sequerd syndrome)
Forensic medicine and
LH,FSH,GH and insulin glucagon toxicology (FMT) (30)
Following are the list of 2nd year topics. Gastroenterology (68)

1.FORENSIC MEDICINE Genetics (43)

Ballistics (Bullet ranges) Genitourinary system (17)
Identification (female male, blood sample)
Gynaecology (58)
Recent amendments in acts (POCSO act, MTP Act)
Hematology (89)
Application of IPC,CrPC sections
Hepatobiliary system (31)
Postmortem changes

Dentition And Xray of wrist elbow and pelvis to determine age Histology (25)

Injuries -fracture of skull, RTA, Bruise Hospice and palliative care

(1)
Toxicology- Plant based image, Preservation of viscera, Snakes,Arsenic, OP poisoning,Mercury,cadmium,Cardiac poison
Immunology (67)
Consent

Grievous hurt and murder vs culpable homicide Infectious disease (119)

Seminal stains Instruments (32)

Dowry death and Rape Internal medicine (131)
Battered baby syndrome
Internship Diaries (7)
Plant Toxicology (castor,abrus,strychnine,Dhatura,Aconite,Oleander,Calotropis,Opium,Cannabis)
Match related (19)
2. PATHOLOGY-
MBBS (1654)
Breast cancer, Lung cancer and Ovarian and testicular cancer

CD markers Medical humor (30)

Hemolytic anemia Medicine (950)

Vasculitis Microbiology (197)

Endocarditis And MI
Mnemonics (862)
Types of hypersensitivity reaction
Musculoskeletal system (21)
Platelet and coagulation disorder(ITP,TTP,hemophilias,vWD)
NEET (16)
Stains And vacutainers
Nephrology (63)
Transfusion reaction

Graft rejction Neurology (223)

Crohns vs Ulcerative colitis Neurosurgery (3)

Necrosis, apoptosis and its variant Nutrition (35)
Mode of inheritance
Obstetrics (103)
Leukemia and lymphoma prognostic markers
Obstetrics Pediatric (1)
Renal histology and gross
Oncology (94)
Liver histology and gross

CNS tumors Ophthalmology (127)

3.PHARMACOLOGY Orthopaedics (60)

Antimicrobial Drug of choice and mechanism of action OSCE (1)

Classification - aminoglycoside , MRSA And drugs for cystic fibrosis Otolaryngology (64)
Hypolipidemic Agents
Paediatric (1)
Asthma ( New drugs and guidelines)
Pathology (389)
Arthritis (RA and gout)
Pediatric Obstetrics (2)
General pharmacology ( Pharmacokinetics,clinical trial,Pharmacodynamics)

Concentration dependent kinetics and time dependent kinetics and post antibiotic effect Pediatrics (153)

Anti TB drugs PG CET (374)

Anti viral and anti HIV (anti hep B and C) Pharmacology (449)
Anti fungal
Physiology (160)
CVS- MI ,HF, angina managment
PLAB (1)
Endocrine- DM,Osteoporosis,SERM,SERD,Gnrh agonist
Preventive and social
GIT-Constipation (opioid induced,IBS related) ,Diarrhea,peptic ulcer medicine (75)
 CNS-Anti epileptic, Sedative,lithium toxicity,neurodegenerative disorder, side effect Psychiatry (89)
ANS- Emergency medicines,anaphylaxis, receptors ,poisoning
Pulmonology (73)
Chemotherapy-Anticancer,monoclonal antibody,small molecules,kinase inhibitors
Radiology (24)
Prostaglandins
Research (47)
Insulin

4.MICROBIOLOGY- Residency (2)

Sterilisation and disinfection (Indicator) Rheumatology (71)

Immunology (Antibody,complement deficiency,Primary immunodeficiency) Secret projects (45)

Latest outbreaks (Zika,Congohemorrhagic fever,Ebola,Corona)
Study tips (59)
Sexually transmitted infections
Surgery (156)
Vectors
Toxicology (10)
Parasitology -Eggs
USCE (9)
Congenital infections-Toxoplasmosis,congenital syphillis,rubella,herpes,varicella

HPV infection,HHV-8 USMLE (1128)

Bioterrorism USMLE Step 1 (86)

Larva migrans,larva currens (cutaneous and visceral) USMLE Step 2 (1)
CD4 counts and Opportunistic infection
USMLE Step 2 CK (93)
HIV and TB
USMLE Step 2 CS (31)
Food poisoning
USMLE Step 3 CCS (15)
Atypical bacteria treatment and infection

Dimorphic fungi Vascular pathology (6)

Actinomycosis,Botryomycosis and eumycetoma Videos (126)

Meningitis

Exanthematous disease

Neisseria,diphtheria,Listeria,bacillus anthrax,legionella,campylobacter jejuni Blog Archive

Bacterial virulence factors,growth factors ▼ 2020 (171)
Rickettsial disease, spirochetes(weils ds) ▼ October (14)
Drug resistance mechanism #23 Abnormal
Labour

Following is the list of 3rd year topics. #22 Labour Part

2
1.COMMUNITY MEDICINE- #21 Labour Part
1
Surveillance programs
Let's revise
Sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV (Screening of disease) MBBS
podcast: #19
Types of studies
Fetus in the
Odds ratio and relative risk ratio Uterus

Bias Let's revise

MBBS
Sampling podcast: #20
Maternal
Biostatistics- central tendency (Box and whisker plot ) Pelvis
Level of prevention Let's revise
MBBS
Vaccine and types (Toxoid and live attenuated) podcast: #18
Demography and family planning Rh Negative
Pregnancy
Biomedical waste
Atrial myxoma
Health programmes ( RNTCP, HIV) song

Communication About US clinical

experience
Nutrition and related programmes and tips for
electives
Disaster
Gerstmann's
Null hypothesis,P value and alpha value syndrome
physical
Confidence limit
examination
2.OPHTHALMOLOGY- Hoffman sign in
Refractive errors (Astigmatism) neurology
Shingles vaccine
Surgery and post op complication(Glaucoma,cataract,squint)
Internship
Conjuctivitis
diaries:
Corneal ulcer (Bacterial,fungal and herpetic) (Stains) Perception of
 ROP and systemic retinopathy (Hypertensive and diabetic retinopathy) nipple
discharge
Retinitis pigmentosa and syndromes
Mechanism of
Retinal detachment and cause action of lipid-
lowering drugs
Retinoblastoma
Sub-specialty
Strabismus WhatsApp
groups
Optic neuritis

Visual field defect ► September (11)

Blow out fracture and trauma to eye ► August (12)

Glaucoma and drugs(Contraindication and indication) ► July (4)

Managment of ptosis
► June (13)
► May (14)
Light reflex and accomodation reflex and pupil
► April (35)
3,4,6 Cranial nerve
► March (27)
OCT ,Fluorescein angiograhy,tonometers,charts,
► February (14)
Sudden loss of vision and gradual loss of vision differentials
► January (27)
3. ENT-
► 2019 (240)
Appearance of tympanic membrane in various disease
► 2018 (246)
Surgery (Tonsillectomy,Adenoidectomy,Mastoidectomy)
► 2017 (765)
Paranasal sinus
► 2016 (517)
CSF rhinorrhea
► 2015 (507)
Laryngeal disease (Papilloma,vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal muscles action, laryngeal cancers)
► 2014 (225)
Tracheostomy
► 2013 (102)
Abscess
► 2012 (31)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
► 2011 (14)
Juvenile angiofibroma

Test of hearing and vertigo

Otosclerosis
Pinterest
Cochlear implants
Medicowesome
Oral cavity cancers

cervical Lymph node and neck dissections

Following is the list of Final year topics. Instagram

1.OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGY-

Pre-eclampsia (Definitions)

HELLP Tweet tweet!

PPH (prophylaxis and treatment) Follow @medicowesome

Perineal tear (Types and managment)

Diabetes and anomalies scan

Shoulder dystocia maneuvers Everyday I'm tumblin'

Molar pregnancy (High risk and low risk for GTN)

Ectopic (Diagnosis, Investigation and managment)

Abortions
Follow by Email
Recurrent pregnancy loss (Investigations and causes)

Cervical incompetence Email address... Submit

MTP

Diagnosis and physiological changes of pregnancy

YouTube channel
Abruptio vs placenta previa vs Vasa previa
Medicowesome
Heart disease
YouTube 31K
MgSO4 and drug

Fetal monitoring -NST,BPP,doppler

Twins and complications A book on Facebook!

Labor-stages,partogram
Like 5K people like this. Be t
your friends.
Placenta types and associated pathology

Rh incompatibility
 Amenorrhea (primary and secondary) Followers
Mullerian anomalies (Class)
Followers (133) Next
Asherman, AIS,Gonadectomy indication

Puberty and precocious puberty

Menopause (Hormone replacement therapy guidelines)

Postmenopausal bleeding and premature ovarian failure (Levels of FSH)

Semen analysis (Evaluation and IUI and TESE)

PCOS -Diagnosis,drugs

Endometriosis

Cervical,vulval,ovarian,endometrial cancer,Fibroid

Krukenberg

PID Follow
Prolapse

Emergency contaceptives

IUD

Absolute contraindications in whole subject

Female sterilisation

2.PEDIATRICS-

Developmental milestones

Neonatal reflexes

Neonatal resuscitation

Jaudice,sepsis,Hyaline membrane disease

Congenital infections-TORCH

Vaccines(IAP and NIS)

Diarrhea,pneumonia,dehydration managment

Pediatric epilepsy

Febrile seizure (Risk factors,recurrent risk,prohylaxis)

Severe acute malnutrition

Rickets

meningitis

Neuro-Cerebral palsy and neurocutaneous syndrome

Pediatric vasculitis-HSP and Kawasaki Disease

Nephrotic syndrome

Congenital heart disease( VSD,TOF,TGA and ductus dependent CHD)

Trisomies

Hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy VS Periventricular leukomalacia

Fluid managment including shock managment in children

Childhood pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

Microcephaly and macrocephaly

Hydrocephalus and Neural tube defect

Fetal alcohol syndrome,warfarin syndrome

3. ANESTHESIA-

IV anesthetic agents (Propofol)

Day care surgery (Drug of choice)

Venous air embolism

Local anesthetic (Remember concentration also)

Vaporisers color

Inhalational agents

Monitoring (Capnography)

Color coding of cylinder

Circuits

Mallampati and ASA grading

Premedication duration of stoppage and continuation

 Muscle relaxant

Airway devices

Endotracheal tube (formula)

Epidural vs spinal anesthesia (Level of blocks)

Modes of ventilation

4.DERMATOLOGY-

Pigmentation Diseases

1. Hyperpigmentation
2. Nevus (Nevus of ota/mongolian spot/CMN/AMN)
3. Melasma
4. Acanthosis nigricans
5. Becker nevus
6. Hypopigmentation -PKDL/Pityriasis versicolor/alba/Hansens
7. Depigmentation-Vitiligo/Contact leukoderma

Signs (Auspitz,nikolsky,bulla spread sign)

Histopathology of psoriasis and lichen planus

Mast cell disorder-Urticaria pigmentosa image

Papulosquamous disease - Psoriasis ,lichen planus

Treatment of Psoriasis

STD (Syphillis,chancroid,donovanosis,Herpes genitalis,syndromic approach)

Microbiology of STD organism( Dark ground,school of fish,Tzanck smear,Donovan body,Gonococcus)

Drug Reaction -Fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme,SJS/TEN

Blistering disease

1. Pemphigus(clinical treatment)
2. Bullos pemphigoid
3. dermatitis herpetiformis
4. Histopathology of blister level and Direct immunofluorescence image

Infections

1. Fungal (Tinea /pityriasis versicolor)

2. Hansens
3. TB
4. Viral (HPV/HHV/Molluscum contagiosum)

Hair disease-Alopecia images,DLE,trichotillomania

Acne,Rosacea

cutaneous markers of internal malignancy

5.RADIOLOGY-

Emergency radiology-RTA,splenic injury,FAST,Perforation

Radiological anatomy especially applied aspect

CNS tumor

Bone tumor

BIRADS

TIRADS

Radiation physics and acute radiation syndrome

Radiotherapy basics

Contrast in various studies

USG and doppler

Doppler waveforms

6.ORTHOPEDICS-

Knee joint (Everything)

Shoulder dislocation

Bone (Oncology+radiological picture)

Pediatric Hip(Rdaiology +managment)

Infections(TB,Osteomyelitis)

CTEV
 AVN

Tennis elbow and dequeverian

Eponyms and test

Blood supply of femur

Pseudoarthrosis

Genu varum/valgus,cubitus varus/valgus

malunion

Instruments

7.SURGERY-

Glasgow coma scale (Changes)

Burn

Cannula color coding

Triage

Trauma

Incisions,suture,foleys,NG tube,Knots,Scores

Latest updates in breast cancer,thyroid and hepatobiliary cancers,Pancreatic cancer,stomach,colorectal cancer

Bed sores staging

Renal stones managment

Gall stone managment and surgical complication

Bariatric surgery

Acute pancreatitis managment

Upper GI and lower GI bleed management and causes

Aortic aneurysm

Meckel diverticulum

Wound classification

Cancer-(Breast,rectum,stomach,oesophagus,HCC,prostate,thyroid)

Cancer follow up duration

Carcinoid and GIST and gastrinoma

8.MEDICINE-

ECG visuals

Cardiac emergencies-Arrest,Unstable angina,MI,Arrhythmia,Dissection

Respiratory emergency-Pulmonary embolism,pneumothorax,Asthma

Stroke

Meningitis (Bacterial,viral,aseptic)

Approach to patient in Coma

Seizure

Electrolyte imbalance

ABG

Hypertension and its emergency and management

Murmurs and valvular lesions

Pericardial d/o

hepatitis(Viral,autoimmune)

Non alcoholic and alcoholic liver disease

Glomerular disease

UTI

CKD

DM (management of different complications)

Neurodegenerative d/o ,neuropathy,myopathy

Septic shock guidelines

GBS

Poisoning

New asthma guidelines

RTA and Inherited channelopathies

 MEN syndrome

SIADH, DI,Pheochromocytoma

AIDS defining illness

Connective tissue disorder

Infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease

Prakinson and alzheimers

IBS,UC ,Crohns

Cardiomyopathy

Jones and dukes criteria

dyslipidemia management

10.PSYCHIATRY-

General psychiatry (terms and its meaning )

MMSE

Psychotic disorders

1. Schizophrenia
2. Delusional d/o- Named syndromes (Capgras,Fregoli,Othello,Ekbom)

Mood disorder (Treatment is very important)

1. Mania
2. Depression
3. Bipolar

Neurotic disorder

1. Anxiety disorder
2. OCD related disorder
3. Dissociative disorder
4. Trauma and stress related disorder
5. Somatoform disorder

Substance abuse and deaddiction

Organic mental disorder(dementia)

Sleep disorder

Eating disorder

Sexual disorder

Personality types and disorder

Drugs (SSRI and its sideeffect)

Psychotherapy types and choice

Defence mechanism

You can edit this according to you.

Hope it will help.
-Upasana Y.

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Friday, April 24, 2020

Coronary artery anatomy mnemonic and video for visualization

Let's learn about the coronary artery anatomy today (and never forget it!)

Watch the video. Text and images below.

 Coronary artery anatomy mnemonic and visualization

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Wednesday, April 15, 2020

Importance of Ischial spine

Following are the important points of the ishial spine :-
Mnemonic SID BPL
1) Station of fetal head is calculated with respect to Ischial spine.
2) Internal rotation of fetal head occurs at this level.
3) Deep transverse arrest occurs at this level.
4) It is site for giving pudendal block.
5) Place at which ring pessory inserted.
6) Levator ani muscle is attached here.

PS : Question which was asked in central institute examination (I felt it should be mentioed here)
Which ligament is felt while giving pudendal block?
Sacrospinal ligament.

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Saturday, March 7, 2020

Layers Of The Abdomen

SUB - Skin
CUTANEOUS- Camper's Fascia
SYSTEM - Scarpa's Fascia
EXITS - External Oblique
INTESTINAL- Internal Oblique
TRANSPORTw/ - Trs Abdominis
FREE- Fascia Transversalis
EXIT- Extra Peritoneal C/T
PASS- Parietal peritoneum

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Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Actions of Intrinsic laryngeal muscles of Vocal cord mnemonic video

Hello!

This is video is on Actions of Intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

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Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Areas devoid of pain fibres

Areas devoid of pain fibers
Mnemonic: BED PACK
B- Brain parenchyma
E- Ependyma
D- Duramater (Neither covering blood vessel or forming dural venous sinus)
P- Pia mater
A- Arachnoid mater
C-Choroid plexus

That's it
-Demotional bloke

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Areas devoid of BBB

Area devoid of BBB

Mnemonic: MAP SNOW

M- Median eminence
A- Area postrema
P- Pineal gland
S- Subfornical organ
N- Neurohypophysis
O- OVLT- Organum vasculosum laminer terminalis

That's it

- Demotional bloke

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Friday, January 10, 2020

GANGLION (Last minute revision)

Hello Awesomites !

These are point on parasympathetic ganglion.

-Upasana Y.

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Thursday, January 9, 2020

Integrating Trendelenburg
This blog will compel all the signs /symptoms Or test related to 'Trendelenburg'. Let us know if you know more of the 'Trendelenburg' in the
comment section so we can integrate it here.

Trendelenburg's gait:

A child with unilateral dislocation of hip lurches on the affected side while bearing weight on it. Seen in DDH, poliomyelitis, Superior Gluteal nerve
palsy.
Trendelenburg's gait is also known as Abductor gait or lurching gait.

Trendelenburg's test:

Trendelenburg's surgery/procedure:
It is done in GSV and SFJ incompetence. Here flush ligation of SFJ is done. Flush ligation means vein is ligated as close as possible.
Six tributaries also need to be ligated to reduce recurrence rate.
Laterally: Superior circumflex iliac.
Superior epigastric vein.
Medially: Superior external pudendal
Deep external pudendal
Distally: Accessory anterior saphenous vein
Posterior medical thigh vein

Stripping is an additional surgery. Should be done till knee, not below knee to avoid Saphaneous nerve.

Brodie Trendelenburg's test:

It is done to determine the incompetency of the sapheno-femoral valve and incompetency of the communicating vein.
In both the tests, patient is first placed in the recumbent position and his legs are raised to empty the veins. The sapheno-femoral junction is now
compressed with the thumb or a torniquet can be used.
1) To check sapheno-femoral valve incompetency, patient is asked to stand up quickly and pressure is released. If varices fill quickly by a column
of a blood from above, it indicates incompetency of the sapheno-femoral valve. This is called Trendelenburg test.
2) To test communicating system, pressure is not released but maintain for 1 min. Gradual filling of the veins indicates incompetency of
communicating veins.

That's it

-Demotional bloke.

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Monday, January 6, 2020

Draw the human heart with me

Hi everyone!

I just created a spontaneous draw with me video.

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Friday, December 14, 2018

Horner Syndrome
Horner syndrome is a classic neurologic syndrome whose signs include miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis.

NEUROANATOMY - Horner syndrome can result from a lesion anywhere along a three-neuron sympathetic pathway that originates in the
hypothalamus:
●The first-order neuron descends caudally from the hypothalamus to the first synapse, which is located in the cervical spinal cord (levels C8-T2,
also called ciliospinal center of Budge).

●The second-order neuron travels from the sympathetic trunk over the lung apex. It then ascends to the superior cervical ganglion, located near
the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

●The third-order neuron from superior cervical ganglia then ascends within the adventitia of the internal carotid artery, through the cavernous
sinus. In the orbit and the eye, the oculosympathetic fibers innervate the iris dilator muscle as well as Müller's muscle, a small smooth muscle in
the eyelids responsible for a minor portion of the upper lid elevation and lower lid retraction.

First-order syndrome - Lesions of the sympathetic tracts in the brainstem or cervicothoracic spinal cord can produce a first-order Horner
syndrome.
The most common causes are:
(a)occlusion of PICA, which produces Horner syndrome as part of the Wallenberg syndrome.
(b)Brown-Séquard syndrome above T1, patient may present with ipsilateral Horner syndrome due to damage of oculosympathetic pathway.

Second-order syndrome — Second-order or preganglionic Horner syndromes can occur with trauma or surgery involving the spinal cord, thoracic
outlet, or lung apex.Other causes include pancoast tumor involving the lung apex.

Third-order syndrome — Third-order Horner syndromes often indicate lesions of the internal carotid artery such as an arterial dissection,
thrombosis, or cavernous sinus aneurysm

CLINICAL FEATURES -The classic signs of a Horner syndrome are ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
1)The ptosis occurs as a result of paralysis of the Müller's muscle.
2)The degree of anisocoria is more marked in the dark than in light.
3)Anhidrosis is present in central or preganglionic (first- or second-order) lesions because the sympathetic fibers responsible for facial sweating
branch off at the superior cervical ganglion along the external carotid artery and its branches.
4)Horner syndrome is also a common feature of cluster headache.

SOURCE-UpToDate, Kaplan.

-Srikar Sama.
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Wednesday, August 29, 2018

Movements of eye muscles.

This post is actually the primary post for squint studies. Just basic post so we can explore squint in easy and simplified manner.
So there are seprate diagrams for anatomical and clinical functions. In this post we will go for former part.
Anatomical functions diagram.

Note: Don't use this diagram when you are studying squint. This diagram is used only for movements of eye muscles.
So every muscle has 3 actions except medial and lateral rectus.
Actions are divided into three types Primary, secondary and tertiary.
We know the basic or primary action of superior and inferior rectus is to elevate and depress the eyeball respectively.
According to the diagram given you also know that superior rectus can intort and adduct. Similarly, inferior rectus can extort and adduct the
muscles.

How to remember this?

1) Through diagram.
2) Trick: Recti muscles are adductors

Now comes to SO(Superior oblique) and IO(Inferior oblique). Now this is also basic which we fail to notice often. These muscles are coming to
tarsus part of eye obliquely. So, primary action is intortion and extortion respectively. Now go to diagram and you will notice that IO actually
corresponds to SR hence it performs elevation and SO corresponds to IR so it performs depression.
Also, both the muscles are "Abductors"

How to remember this?

1) Diagram off course!
2) Trick: Superior muscles are Intorters and inferior muscles are extorters.
To keep the things in apple pie order I have made this chart. Hope it helps.

-Demotional bloke

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Tuesday, May 15, 2018

Inguinal lymph nodes

Hello Awesomites! :)
Long time. Happy to be back. :D

Today we will study Inguinal Lymph nodes along with its clinical significance.

You know fascia lata is present in our lower limbs.

The Lymph nodes lying above it is called as superficial inguinal Lymph nodes.
The Lymph nodes lying beneath it is called as deep inguinal Lymph nodes.

The superficial Lymph nodes are further divided into horizontal and vertical groups.
The deep lymph nodes are deep to fascia lata and 1-2 nodes can be found in femoral canal. This nodes
in the femoral canal are called as deep inguinal Lymph node of Rosenmuller or of Cloquet. This
drains glans penis and clitoris.

Through the umbilicus is taken a watershed line of Lymphatic drainage of anterior abdominal wall.
The anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus drains in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
Entire perineum except glans penis and glans clitoris are drained by superficial lymph nodes.
Most of the lower limb is drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes except the territory of short
saphenous vein (This part of lower limb is drained by popliteal group of lymph nodes).

Some part of Uterus and uterine tubes are also drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
Anal canal below pectinate line also drains in superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Superficial Inguinal lymph node drain lymph from the

1. gluteal region,
2. inferior anterior abdominal wall,
3. perineum
4. superficial lower limbs
5. Anal canal below pectinate line
Deep Inguinal Lymph node drains
1. deep lymphatics of the distal lower extremity
2. perineum (e.g. glans penis / clitoris),

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

In sexually transmitted diseases, you will find enlargement of this lymph nodes.
Inguinal lymph nodes are the frequent sites of metastasis for malignant lymphoma, squamous cell
carcinoma of anal canal, vulva and penis, malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of skin
over lower extremities or trunk.

-Upasana Y. :)

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Sunday, April 1, 2018

Neural Crest Cells : Mnemonic

Hi everyone !
Here's a short mnemonic post !

Neural Crest Cells are very special cells that form at around 2-3 weeks of gestation.
They're right next to the Neural folds of the Neural tube to begin with and then eventually come to lie lateral to the tube, after which they migrate
to various parts of the body giving rise to a bunch of things.

It's kind of SUPER IMPORTANT to memories what structures arise out of the Crest cells.
One of the reasons for it is that neural crest cell tumors will express certain neuroendocrine markers and that will make it easier to detect them on
histopathology.
The other reason is that it's literally the most favorite embryology question - whether it's NEET PG or Step1!
So here goes :

Mnemonic - LAMAS BABy

L - Lepto meninges (Pia + Arachnoid)

A - Adrenal Medulla
M - Melanocytes
A - ANS Ganglia
S - Schwann Cells

B - Branchial Arches
A - Aortopulmonary windows + Endocardial Cushions
B - Bronchogenic cells - Pneumocytes
Y - Yo

This will also help you understand why Melanomas , Bronchogenic Carcinoma , Schwannoma, Pheochromocytoma and even Neuroblastoma are
all positive for similar markers and have similar appearances at times along with similar histopathological fetaures.

Hope this list covers them all!

Happy Studying!
Stay Awesome!

~ A.P. Burkholderia

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Friday, March 16, 2018

Femoral triangle and femoral sheath contents mnemonic

Hello!

The femoral triangle is a subfascial space bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the adductor longus muscle, and laterally by
the sartorius muscle.

Contents of the femoral triangle mnemonic:

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Sunday, March 4, 2018

Introduction to neuroanatomy
This video was made by our Medicowesome Student Guest Author, Salman!!!!

Introduction to neuroanatomy

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Saturday, February 24, 2018

Urinary Bladder and Clinical Correlates

Hello everyone! This write-up attempts to organize the seemingly confusing nerve supply of the bladder and associated pathology aka the
neurogenic bladder.

NERVE SUPPLY :

(beta 2 and alpha 1 are adrenergic receptors of SANS ; muscarinic type 3 is a cholinergic receptor of PANS)

SANS inhibits micturition while PANS facilitates micturition. You don’t want to pee when you’re running a 100m sprint, an SANS-
dominant activity but you can comfortably pee at rest, a PANS-dominant activity.

Sensory fibres of pudendal nerve tell your CNS when the bladder is full. The motor fibres of pudendal nerve maintain EUS tonic
contraction by default so that you’re not always peeing.

The reflex arc, after higher centre commands, causes voluntary micturition by inhibiting the “contraction-effect” of motor fibres of
pudendal nerve.

To oversimplify matter (so that it’s easy to understand and remember): Level 2 control inhibits reflex arc. Level 3 control facilitates
reflex arc, causing micturition at will, once the bladder is full.

CLINICAL CORRELATES:

CORTICAL BLADDER

-- Aka Incomplete Spastic OR Uninhibited bladder.

LESION CLINICAL FEATURE

Postcentral cortex -- Loss of awareness of bladder fullness
-- Incontinence
Precentral cortex -- Hesitancy = Difficulty in initiating micturition
Frontal cortex -- Precipitancy = micturition with ‘easy’ stimulus, eg:
sound of running water
-- Inappropriate micturition/ loss of social inhibition
(infant-like)

Associated with:
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Stroke, among others.

HYPERTONIC/ AUTOMATIC BLADDER

-- UMNL/ Complete spastic type of bladder.

LESION CLINICAL FEATURE

Spinal cord ABOVE S2, S3 and S4. -- Urge incontinence = patient passes low-volume
urine frequently
-- Less post-voidal urine volume, so less risk of UTIs
-- More intra-vesical pressure, more risk reflux
nephropathy
 HYPOTONIC/ AUTONOMOUS BLADDER

-- LMNL/ Flaccid type of bladder.

LESION CLINICAL FEATURE

-- Spinal cord AT S2, S3, S4 -- Overflow incontinence = urine retention, overtime,
-- Cauda equina/ Conus medullaris forces IUS to mechanically open causing dribbling
-- Peripheral nerves micturition
-- More post-voidal urine volume, more risk UTIs

2 subtypes are:

Motor Paralytic bladder – Motor (efferent) pathway is damaged. However, patient can sense bladder fullness, resulting in prompt
diagnosis. Associated with:

-- Complication of abdominal/ pelvic surgery

-- Lumbar canal stenosis
-- Lumbo-sacral meningo-myelocele

Sensory Paralytic bladder – Sensory (afferent) pathway is damaged and hence, patient canNOT sense bladder fullness, resulting in
delayed diagnosis. Associated with:

-- Diabetes mellitus
-- Syringomyelia
-- Tabes dorsalis

Medicine pearl: When we talk about bladder pathology, we only refer to PANS (lesions above/ at/ below it) as SANS lesions
doNOT cause bladder pathology per se. However, bilateral lesion to L1 causes retrograde ejaculation and hence, infertility.

Topics for further reading:

-- Age-related urine continence
-- Nocturnal enuresis
-- Barrington reflexes

Hope this helps! Let me know if anything needs clarification. Happy studying!
-- Ashish Singh.

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Sunday, February 4, 2018

Maxillary Artery notes

Hello Friends! This is Anisha :))

Maxillary artery is divided into three branches. Again, each branch is subdivided.

We also have to learn their course which is very confusing and we forget it during our exam :(

So, I came up with an easy way to learn it. I decided that I will show the course of the artery in form of a diagram ( you will get more marks! ) and
write down what it supplies.

I hope my notes will help you :)) All the best

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Saturday, January 27, 2018

Mnemonic for the Ascending tracts & Descending tracts in Spinal Cord
Hiiiii everyone, it’s mnemonic time again! From the title, I guess you all know what it is about… I had a hard time memorizing these tracts so I
created this mnemonic to help you guys out!

he drove a honda CRV TO disneyland.

Corticospinal tract (Lateral & Anterior)

 Rubrospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Olivospinal tract

**Disneyland = Descending. Hence, this mnemonic is for the descending tract

**Since it’s a descending pathway, so all the fibers will travel to spinal cord from their origins. Therefore, just add “spinal” after each word (e.g. …
spinal tract)
**Don’t forget that there’s lateral and anterior for Corticospinal tract. Honda CRV from Los Angeles maybe? Hahahah :3

That Los Angeles STudent went up to stage and SCream using the PA system because he got a
Freaking Cool First Grade result.

ST – SpinoThalamic tract (Lateral & Anterior)

SC – SpinoCerebellar tract (Posterior & Anterior)
FC – Fasciculus Cuneatus
FG – Fasciculus Gracilus

**Went up = Ascending. Hence, this mnemonic is for the ascending tract

**Los Angeles for STudent ; PA for SCream
**In addition, if you follow the order of FC and FG, it actually matches with the position of them from left to right in the spinal cord and mirror
reflect them. (FC àFG à FG à FC)

Please comment if you have a better mnemonic! Let’s share our mnemonics ^.^
-Calvin Ong K. Y.

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Thursday, January 25, 2018

Arterial Supply of the Head & Neck in a Nutshell!

Helloooo everyone!!

Here’s some mnemonic I created myself for the branches of external carotid artery and the branches of facial artery. To memorize the name of
the branches of external carotid artery, you just need to....
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