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5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology

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5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology

Written by leading experts in 5G research, this book is a comprehensive overview of the
current state of the 5G landscape. Covering everything from the most likely use cases, to
a wide range of technology options and potential 5G system architectures, to spectrum
issues, it is an essential reference for academics and professionals involved in wireless
and mobile communications.

• Describes and explains key technology options, including 5G air interfaces, device-
to-device communication, mm-wave communications, massive MIMO, coordinated
multi-point, wireless network coding, interference and mobility management, and
spectrum issues.
• Summarizes the findings of key global 5G research collaborations such as METIS and
outlines key scenarios, network requirements, and system architectures.
• Demystifies the relation between IoT, machine-type communications, and cyber
physical systems, and describes the impact of 5G on sectors such as automotive,
building, and energy.
• Equips readers with a solid insight into the impact and opportunities of 5G.

Afif Osseiran is Director of Radio Communications at the Ericsson Chief Technology

Officer (CTO) department. He previously managed the EU 5G flagship project, METIS,
and was Technical Manager of the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. He has co-edited
two books on IMT-Advanced (aka 4G) and is a senior member of the IEEE.
Jose F. Monserrat is an associate professor in the Communications Department of the
Universitat Politècnica de València. He is senior member of IEEE and has been involved
in several European projects, including NEWCOM, PROSIMOS, WINNER+, METIS
and METIS-II.
Patrick Marsch is a manager at Nokia Bell Labs, where he leads a wireless system
research department and is the Technical Manager of the 5G-PPP project METIS-II. He
was the Technical Project Coordinator of the project EASY-C, where the world’s largest
research test beds for LTE-Advanced were established. He is co-editor of Coordinated
Multi-Point in Mobile Communications (Cambridge, 2011).

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5G Mobile and Wireless

Communications Technology
EDITED BY

AFIF OSSEIRAN
Ericsson

JOSE F. MONSERRAT
Universitat Politècnica de València

PATRICK MARSCH
Nokia

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Osseiran, Afif, editor.
5G mobile and wireless communications technology / [edited by] Afif Osseiran, Ericsson,
Jose F. Monserrat, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Patrick Marsch, Nokia Networks.
New York : Cambridge University Press, 2016.
LCCN 2015045732 | ISBN 9781107130098 (hardback)
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To my new born son S., my twin sons H. & N., my wife L. S-Y for her unwavering
encouragement, and in the memory of a great lady, my aunt K. E.
A. Osseiran

To my son, the proud fifth generation of the name Jose Monserrat. And with the
warmest love to my daughter and wife, for being always there.
J. F. Monserrat

To my two small sons for their continuous energetic entertainment, and my dear
wife for her amazing patience and support.
P. Marsch

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Contents

List of contributors page xiv

Foreword xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Acronyms xxii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical background 1
1.1.1 Industrial and technological revolution: from steam engines
to the Internet 1
1.1.2 Mobile communications generations: from 1G to 4G 2
1.1.3 From mobile broadband (MBB) to extreme MBB 6
1.1.4 IoT: relation to 5G 7
1.2 From ICT to the whole economy 7
1.3 Rationale of 5G: high data volume, twenty-five billion connected
devices and wide requirements 9
1.3.1 Security 11
1.4 Global initiatives 12
1.4.1 METIS and the 5G-PPP 12
1.4.2 China: 5G promotion group 14
1.4.3 Korea: 5G Forum 14
1.4.4 Japan: ARIB 2020 and Beyond Ad Hoc 14
1.4.5 Other 5G initiatives 14
1.4.6 IoT activities 15
1.5 Standardization activities 15
1.5.1 ITU-R 15
1.5.2 3GPP 16
1.5.3 IEEE 16
1.6 Scope of the book 16
References 18

2 5G use cases and system concept 21

2.1 Use cases and requirements 21
2.1.1 Use cases 21
2.1.2 Requirements and key performance indicators 30

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viii Contents

2.2 5G system concept 32

2.2.1 Concept overview 32
2.2.2 Extreme mobile broadband 34
2.2.3 Massive machine-type communication 36
2.2.4 Ultra-reliable machine-type communication 38
2.2.5 Dynamic radio access network 39
2.2.6 Lean system control plane 43
2.2.7 Localized contents and traffic flows 45
2.2.8 Spectrum toolbox 46
2.3 Conclusions 48
References 48

3 The 5G architecture 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.1.1 NFV and SDN 50
3.1.2 Basics about RAN architecture 53
3.2 High-level requirements for the 5G architecture 56
3.3 Functional architecture and 5G flexibility 57
3.3.1 Functional split criteria 58
3.3.2 Functional split alternatives 59
3.3.3 Functional optimization for specific applications 61
3.3.4 Integration of LTE and new air interface to fulfill 5G
requirements 63
3.3.5 Enhanced Multi-RAT coordination features 66
3.4 Physical architecture and 5G deployment 67
3.4.1 Deployment enablers 67
3.4.2 Flexible function placement in 5G deployments 71
3.5 Conclusions 74
References 75

4 Machine-type communications 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.1.1 Use cases and categorization of MTC 77
4.1.2 MTC requirements 80
4.2 Fundamental techniques for MTC 83
4.2.1 Data and control for short packets 83
4.2.2 Non-orthogonal access protocols 85
4.3 Massive MTC 86
4.3.1 Design principles 86
4.3.2 Technology components 86
4.3.3 Summary of mMTC features 94
4.4 Ultra-reliable low-latency MTC 94
4.4.1 Design principles 94
4.4.2 Technology components 96

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Contents ix

4.4.3 Summary of uMTC features 101

4.5 Conclusions 102
References 103

5 Device-to-device (D2D) communications 107

5.1 D2D: from 4G to 5G 107
5.1.1 D2D standardization: 4G LTE D2D 109
5.1.2 D2D in 5G: research challenges 112
5.2 Radio resource management for mobile broadband D2D 113
5.2.1 RRM techniques for mobile broadband D2D 114
5.2.2 RRM and system design for D2D 114
5.2.3 5G D2D RRM concept: an example 115
5.3 Multi-hop D2D communications for proximity and emergency
services 120
5.3.1 National security and public safety requirements in 3GPP
and METIS 121
5.3.2 Device discovery without and with network assistance 122
5.3.3 Network-assisted multi-hop D2D communications 122
5.3.4 Radio resource management for multi-hop D2D 124
5.3.5 Performance of D2D communications in the proximity
communications scenario 125
5.4 Multi-operator D2D communication 127
5.4.1 Multi-operator D2D discovery 127
5.4.2 Mode selection for multi-operator D2D 128
5.4.3 Spectrum allocation for multi-operator D2D 129
5.5 Conclusions 133
References 134

6 Millimeter wave communications 137

6.1 Spectrum and regulations 137
6.2 Channel propagation 139
6.3 Hardware technologies for mmW systems 139
6.3.1 Device technology 139
6.3.2 Antennas 142
6.3.3 Beamforming architecture 143
6.4 Deployment scenarios 144
6.5 Architecture and mobility 146
6.5.1 Dual connectivity 147
6.5.2 Mobility 147
6.6 Beamforming 149
6.6.1 Beamforming techniques 149
6.6.2 Beam finding 150
6.7 Physical layer techniques 152
6.7.1 Duplex scheme 152

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6.7.2 Transmission schemes 152

6.8 Conclusions 155
References 156

7 The 5G radio-access technologies 158

7.1 Access design principles for multi-user communications 159
7.1.1 Orthogonal multiple-access systems 160
7.1.2 Spread spectrum multiple-access systems 164
7.1.3 Capacity limits of multiple-access methods 165
7.2 Multi-carrier with filtering: a new waveform 169
7.2.1 Filter-bank based multi-carrier 169
7.2.2 Universal filtered OFDM 175
7.3 Non-orthogonal schemes for efficient multiple access 178
7.3.1 Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) 179
7.3.2 Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) 181
7.3.3 Interleave division multiple access (IDMA) 183
7.4 Radio access for dense deployments 184
7.4.1 OFDM numerology for small-cell deployments 186
7.4.2 Small-cell sub-frame structure 188
7.5 Radio access for V2X communication 192
7.5.1 Medium access control for nodes on the move 192
7.6 Radio access for massive machine-type communication 194
7.6.1 The massive access problem 195
7.6.2 Extending access reservation 198
7.6.3 Direct random access 199
7.7 Conclusions 202
References 202

8 Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems 208

8.1 Introduction 208
8.1.1 MIMO in LTE 210
8.2 Theoretical background 211
8.2.1 Single user MIMO 212
8.2.2 Multi-user MIMO 215
8.2.3 Capacity of massive MIMO: a summary 217
8.3 Pilot design for massive MIMO 217
8.3.1 The pilot-data trade-off and impact of CSI 218
8.3.2 Techniques to mitigate pilot contamination 220
8.4 Resource allocation and transceiver algorithms for massive MIMO 225
8.4.1 Decentralized coordinated transceiver design for massive
MIMO 225
8.4.2 Interference clustering and user grouping 228
8.5 Fundamentals of baseband and RF implementations in massive
MIMO 233

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8.5.1 Basic forms of massive MIMO implementation 233

8.5.2 Hybrid fixed BF with CSI-based precoding (FBCP) 235
8.5.3 Hybrid beamforming for interference clustering
and user grouping 238
8.6 Channel models 241
8.7 Conclusions 242
References 243

9 Coordinated multi-point transmission in 5G 248

9.1 Introduction 248
9.2 JT CoMP enablers 250
9.2.1 Channel prediction 252
9.2.2 Clustering and interference floor shaping 253
9.2.3 User scheduling and precoding 257
9.2.4 Interference mitigation framework 257
9.2.5 JT CoMP in 5G 258
9.3 JT CoMP in conjunction with ultra-dense networks 259
9.4 Distributed cooperative transmission 260
9.4.1 Decentralized precoding/filtering design with local CSI 261
9.4.2 Interference alignment 265
9.5 JT CoMP with advanced receivers 268
9.5.1 Dynamic clustering for JT CoMP with multiple antenna UEs 268
9.5.2 Network-assisted interference cancellation 271
9.6 Conclusions 272
References 273

10 Relaying and wireless network coding 277

10.1 The role of relaying and network coding in 5G wireless networks 277
10.1.1 The revival of relaying 278
10.1.2 From 4G to 5G 279
10.1.3 New relaying techniques for 5G 279
10.1.4 Key applications in 5G 281
10.2 Multi-flow wireless backhauling 284
10.2.1 Coordinated direct and relay (CDR) transmission 285
10.2.2 Four-way relaying (FWR) 287
10.2.3 Wireless-emulated wire (WEW) for backhaul 288
10.3 Highly flexible multi-flow relaying 290
10.3.1 Basic idea of multi-flow relaying 290
10.3.2 Achieving high throughput for 5G 293
10.3.3 Performance evaluation 294
10.4 Buffer-aided relaying 295
10.4.1 Why buffers? 296
10.4.2 Relay selection 297
10.4.3 Handling inter-relay interference 299

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xii Contents

10.4.4 Extensions 299

10.5 Conclusions 299
References 300

11 Interference management, mobility management, and dynamic

reconfiguration 303
11.1 Network deployment types 304
11.1.1 Ultra-dense network or densification 305
11.1.2 Moving networks 305
11.1.3 Heterogeneous networks 306
11.2 Interference management in 5G 306
11.2.1 Interference management in UDN 307
11.2.2 Interference management for moving relay nodes 310
11.2.3 Interference cancelation 314
11.3 Mobility management in 5G 314
11.3.1 User equipment-controlled versus network-controlled
handover 315
11.3.2 Mobility management in heterogeneous 5G networks 317
11.3.3 Context awareness for mobility management 320
11.4 Dynamic network reconfiguration in 5G 323
11.4.1 Energy savings through control/user plane decoupling 323
11.4.2 Flexible network deployment based on moving networks 327
11.5 Conclusions 330
References 331

12 Spectrum 336
12.1 Introduction 336
12.1.1 Spectrum for 4G 337
12.1.2 Spectrum challenges in 5G 339
12.2 5G spectrum landscape and requirements 341
12.2.1 Bandwidth requirements 343
12.3 Spectrum access modes and sharing scenarios 345
12.4 5G spectrum technologies 346
12.4.1 Spectrum toolbox 346
12.4.2 Main technology components 347
12.5 Value of spectrum for 5G: a techno-economic perspective 349
12.6 Conclusions 352
References 353

13 The 5G wireless propagation channel models 357

13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Modeling requirements and scenarios 358
13.2.1 Channel model requirements 359
13.2.2 Propagation scenarios 361

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Contents xiii

13.3 The METIS channel models 362

13.3.1 Map-based model 363
13.3.2 Stochastic model 371
13.4 Conclusions 379
References 379

14 Simulation methodology 381

14.1 Evaluation methodology 381
14.1.1 Performance indicators 381
14.1.2 Channel simplifications 383
14.2 Calibration 387
14.2.1 Link-level calibration 388
14.2.2 System-level calibration 391
14.3 New challenges in the 5G modeling 392
14.3.1 Real scenarios 393
14.3.2 New waveforms 394
14.3.3 Massive MIMO 395
14.3.4 Higher frequency bands 396
14.3.5 Device-to-device link 396
14.3.6 Moving networks 397
14.4 Conclusions 397
References 398

Index 401

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Contributors

Danish Aziz, Alcatel-Lucent (now Nokia)

Kumar Balachandran, Ericsson
Robert Baldemair, Ericsson
Paolo Baracca, Alcatel-Lucent (now Nokia)
Slimane Ben Slimane, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology
Mats Bengtsson, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology
Carsten Bockelmann, University of Bremen
Mauro Renato Boldi, Telecom Italia
Ömer Bulakci, Huawei
Luis Miguel Campoy, Telefonica
Icaro Leonardo da Silva, Ericsson
Jose Mairton B. da Silva Jr., KTH – Royal Institute of Technology
Elisabeth De Carvalho, Aalborg University
Heinz Droste, Deutsche Telekom
Mikael Fallgren, Ericsson
Roberto Fantini, Telecom Italia
Peter Fertl, BMW
Gabor Fodor, Ericsson
David Gozalvez-Serrano, BMW
Katsuyuki Haneda, Aalto University
Jesper Hemming Sorensen, Aalborg University
Andreas Höglund, Ericsson
Dennis Hui, Ericsson
Tommi Jämsä, was with Anite Telecoms, now Huawei
Andreas Klein, University of Kaiserslautern
Konstantinos Koufos, Aalto University
Katsutoshi Kusume, NTT DOCOMO
Pekka Kyösti, Anite Telecoms
Eeva Lähetkangas, Nokia
Florian Lenkeit, University of Bremen
Zexian Li, Nokia
Ji Lianghai, University of Kaiserslautern
David Martin-Sacristan, Universitat Politècnica de València

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List of contributors xv

Patrick Marsch, Nokia

Michał Maternia, Nokia
Jonas Medbo, Ericsson
Sanchez Moya Jose F. Monserrat, Universitat Politècnica de València
Afif Osseiran, Ericsson
Olav Queseth, Ericsson
Petar Popovski, Aalborg University
Nandana Rajatheva, University of Oulu
Leszek Raschkowski, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute
Peter Rost, Nokia
Joachim Sachs, Ericsson
Fernando Sanchez Moya, Nokia
Malte Schellmann, Huawei
Hans Schotten, University of Kaiserslautern
Erik G. Ström, Chalmers University of Technology
Lars Sundström, Ericsson
Ki Won Sung, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology
Satoshi Suyama, NTT DOCOMO
Tommy Svensson, Chalmers University of Technology
Emmanuel Ternon, NTT DOCOMO
Lars Thiele, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute
Olav Tirkkonen, Aalto University
Antti Tölli, University of Oulu
Hugo Tullberg, Ericsson
Mikko Uusitalo, Nokia
Petra Weitkemper, NTT DOCOMO
Wolfgang Zirwas, Nokia

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Foreword

The ICT industry has settled into the fourth round of the game, where everyone is
guaranteed to win; the successes of 2G and 3G in the past and the promise of 4G in the
current decade are leading to consensus on the new fifth generation (5G) of mobile
systems. These successes started off as a movement of telephony to the mobile environ-
ment, and have, by 2015, already brought the Internet into the end user’s hand. This new
generation of mobile systems feels different. The global scale of enthusiasm and
motivation is unprecedented. Even marketing has not been shy in proclaiming the advent
of 5G on the roadmap, quite in contrast to the resistance in applying the name “4G” to
LTE until Release 10 of the 3GPP standards.
We are still painting the empty canvas of that system which will appear as a small icon
one day on our smartphones (or equivalent) as “5G”. Can history help us predict what
this system will all be about? Indeed, 2G was about global voice; 3G was about voice and
data; 4G was about voice, data and applications. What about 5G?
We have witnessed mobile systems becoming an essential social infrastructure,
mobilizing our daily life and facilitating digital economy. This trend will expand for
5G, boosting user experience and empowering industries with ICT, and the Internet of
Things (IoT) will emerge as a new paradigm.
Credible details on the technology roadmap have started to emerge, which are largely
articulated in this excellent book. 5G – so it seems – will require scale mainly in three
dimensions.
First, rather traditionally, we need a massive scale in rate beyond the 4G capabilities of
LTE Release 10. Spectrum is scarce in traditional cellular bands below 6 GHz, and
improvement of spectrum efficiency is increasingly challenging. The only ways out
seem to be through fresh approaches in system design, such as massive MIMO, mm-
wave communications, relaying, network coding, advanced techniques in interference
and mobility management, among others. Early prototypes and studies indicate that
much of that is indeed feasible!
The world is starting to consume media such as video programming in more inter-
active ways, and the prospect for more immersive experiences in the form of Virtual
Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) shows great challenge and promise. This
places incredible requirements on mobile systems; large amounts of data have to be
delivered to the user on demand, and end users can become the producers of copious
amounts of information. These requirements do not merely affect the capacity of air
interfaces and will cause re-architecture of transport networks and cloud systems to form

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xviii Foreword

a more distributed topology that extends to the converged mobile core, with storage and
computing being spread all the way to the wireless edge.
Second, quite unsurprisingly, we need massive scale in the number of devices within
the IoT that we want to connect. 5G will play an instrumental role in ensuring universal
connectivity for myriad devices of very different characteristics. Indeed, prior system
designs have not delivered the required IoT capabilities – an opportunity which 5G may
want to capitalize on.
Third, rather excitingly, mobile technologies must attend to criticality, articulated in
terms of much quicker round-trip times and higher system reliability. This will underpin
the emerging Tactile Internet, manufacturing and industrial process control, utilities,
intelligent transportation systems and all the fascinating derivative applications that
these areas will engender. Some dramatic changes to system design, however, are
needed to make this reality. Notably, ultra-low end-to-end delays are not possible unless
we witness a major overhaul of the wireless air interface and system architecture.
As with media delivery, designers will have to bring computation and storage closer to
the end user.
All these approaches will undergo rigorous standardization activities that will com-
mence leading up to and beyond an agreed agenda item for IMT-2020 during the WRC-
19 meetings. This will ensure global harmonization in the form of common frequency
bands, common global standards and a common framework for requirements, capability
and performance. Various 5G initiatives have absorbed diverse ideas on what 5G may be
and have shaped a common conceptual understanding of 5G. Although 3GPP has been
and will continue capturing the requirements of the machine-type communications,
differences in requirements for various market segments of the IoT remain and will
have to be dealt with in future standards.
We don’t completely know every use that 5G will be put to, but we are not worried
about this. As one CEO observed recently: “We started developing 3G before the
Internet was really operational and we started with 4G before the iPhone came
around”1. It is hence a perfect time to commence with 5G.
Now, will that 5G be something we have not witnessed to date? You will find out in
this fascinating book written by some of the most prominent experts in mobile system
design, people who always live 10 years into the future.
We hope you enjoy the read, as much as we did!

Prof. Mischa Dohler Takehiro Nakamura

Head, Centre for Telecom Research VP and Managing Director
Chair Professor, King’s College London 5G Laboratory
Fellow and Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE NTT DOCOMO INC. R&D Center
Board of Directors, Worldsensing Yokosuka, Japan
Editor-in-Chief, ETT and IoT
London, UK

1
Statement by Hans Vestberg, CEO of Ericsson, 2015.

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Acknowledgments

This book would never exist without the EU project Mobile and wireless communication
Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS), which was funded under
the Seventh Framework Program between 2012 and 2015.
The journey began in April 2011 when a small group of engineers from Ericsson,
Alcatel-Lucent1, Huawei Europe, Nokia Corporation1 and Nokia Siemens Networks1
started to reflect on what may lay the foundation for a 5G project with a global impact.
Their collaboration materialized into an EU project proposal that was later accepted by
the EU commission (under the Seventh Framework Program). METIS included the
following 25 companies and institutions that deserve our gratitude for their support in
developing the basis for this book and helping to finalize it: Ericsson, Aalborg
University, Aalto University, Alcatel-Lucent, Anite, BMW Group Research and
Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Deutsche Telekom, NTT
DOCOMO, France Telecom-Orange, Fraunhofer-HHI, Huawei Technologies
European Research Center, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens, Nokia Corporation, Nokia Siemens Networks,
University of Oulu, Poznan University of Technology, RWTH Aachen, Institut Mines-
Télécom, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, University of Bremen, University of
Kaiserslautern and Universitat Politècnica de València. It should be mentioned that the
views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent METIS.
The EU commission has been unwavering in their support all through the project.
Luis Rodriguez-Rosello, now retired, had been an encouraging influence from the
beginning. The support and encouragement from the Commission continued over the
lifetime of METIS from many other persons as well, a few key names being Bernard
Barani, Mario Campolargo, Pertti Jauhiainen and Philippe Lefebvre. Barani and
Lefebvre had been supportive when it came to strengthening METIS external exposure
on 5G. Pertti Jauhiainen, the METIS project officer, must be acknowledged for his
very pertinent advice throughout the project. At the highest level of the EU commis-
sion, especially the digital Single Market, EU commissioners have provided strong
support in raising awareness about future wireless communication technologies across
the world.
The bulk of the material in this book has been extracted from or based on several of the
public deliverables of METIS. However, to provide the comprehensive picture on

1
Now Nokia.

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xx Acknowledgments

current 5G considerations, this was complemented by substantial additional material

from authors and entities from outside of the METIS project (e.g. iJoin and 5GNow
projects). We would therefore like to thank all our colleagues involved in the book for
the support and cooperation that made the book possible.
The authors of this manuscript have shown great commitment and dedication
during the writing process. Many worked during their free time, in the evenings
and over weekends. They have demonstrated an exemplary spirit of collaboration,
always being available when interrupted in the midst of their professional and private
lives.
We wish to also thank those who reviewed the various chapters in this book, many
drawn from the pool of authors for other chapters of this book. We are particularly
indebted to Dr. Kumar Balachandran for his scrutiny and review of several parts of the
book, including his significant edits to the introductory chapter. We are likewise thankful
to our external reviewers: Dr. Jesus Alonso-Zarate, Prof. Mischa Dohler, Dr. Klaus
Doppler, Salah-Eddine Elayoubi, Dr. Eleftherios Karipidis, Per Skillermark, Stefano
Sorrentino, Dr. Rapeepat Ratasuk, Dr. Stefan Valentin, Dr. Fred Vook, Dr. Gerhard
Wunder and Prof. Jens Zander.
Dr. Osseiran would also like to acknowledge the generosity of Dr. Magnus Frodigh
and Mikael Höök of Ericsson. They were helpful in making the resources available that
made this book possible.
We would like to thank Cambridge University Press for their help in finalizing this
book.
Finally, some specific thanks in

• Chapter 1: to Hugo Tullberg for his careful review of the text and input on security.
Mikael Fallgren and Katsutoshi Kusume are also thanked for their input on economic
sectors.
• Chapter 2: to the colleagues in METIS who contributed to the 5G scenarios, use cases
and system concept.
• Chapter 3: to the colleagues in work package 6 in METIS and work package 5 in
iJOIN. Special thanks go to Joachim Sachs for his careful review and helpful
comments.
• Chapter 4: to Erik Ström for his input regarding the representation of the reliability/
latency targets.
• Chapter 5: to Byungjin Cho, Riku Jäntti and Mikko A. Uusitalo for their contributions
related to multi-operator D2D operation.
• Chapter 6: to Johan Axnäs for his contributions related to mobility and beam finding.
• Chapter 7: to Frank Schaich, Hao Lin, Zhao Zhao, Anass Benjebbour, Kelvin Au,
Yejian Chen, Ning He, Jaakko Vihriälä, Nuno Pratas, Cedomir Stefanovic, Petar
Popovski, Yalei Ji, Armin Dekorsy, Mikhail Ivanov, Fredrik Brännström and
Alexandre Graell i Amat.
• Chapter 8: to Paolo Baracca and Lars S. Sundström for their thorough review of the
chapter.

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Acknowledgments xxi

• Chapter 9: to Antti Tölli, Tero Ihalainen, Martin Kurras and Mikael Sternad for their
contributions. The authors would also like to thank Dennis Hui for his careful review
and precious comments.
• Chapter 10: to Henning Thomsen for his contribution related to multi-flow wireless
backhauling, and Sumin Kim and Themistoklis Charalambous for their contributions
related to buffer-aided relaying.
• Chapter 11: to Patrick Agyapong, Daniel Calabuig, Armin Dekorsky, Josef Eichinger,
Peter Fertl, Ismail Guvenc, Petteri Lundén, Zhe Ren, Paweł Sroka, Sławomir
Stańczak, Yutao Sui, Venkatkumar Venkatasubramanian, Osman N. C. Yilmaz and
Chan Zhou.
• Chapter 12: to their colleagues in work package 5 in METIS.
• Chapter 13: to David Martín-Sacristán for his thorough review of the chapter.
The authors would also like to thank all the people who contributed to the METIS
channel modeling.
• Chapter 14: to the colleagues in METIS who worked so intensively in the simulation
activities.

Afif Osseiran
Stockholm, Sweden
Jose F. Monserrat
Valencia, Spain
Patrick Marsch
Wrocław, Poland

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Acronyms

Acronym Definition
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
4G Fourth Generation
5G Fifth Generation
5G-PPP 5G Public Private Partnership
ABS Almost Blank Subframe
ACK Acknowledged Message
A/D Analogue-to-Digital
ADC Analogue-to-Digital Converter
ADWICS Advanced Wireless Communications Study Committee
AEI Availability Estimation and Indication
AF Amplify-and-Forward
AI Availability Indicator
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
AN Access Node
AoA Angle of Arrival
AoD Angle of Departure
AP Access Point
API Application Programming Interface
AR Availability request
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
ASA Azimuth Spread of Arrival
A-SAN Assistant Serving Access Node
ASD Azimuth Spread of Departure
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BB Baseband
BER Bit Error Rate
BF Beamforming
BH Backhaul
BLER Block Error Rate
BP Break Point
BS Base Station

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Acronyms xxiii

BW Bandwidth
CA Carrier Aggregation
CapEx Capital Expenditure
CB Coordinated Beamforming
CC Channel Component
CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data
CDR Coordinated Direct and Relay Transmission
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations
CH Cluster Head
Cloud-RAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
cmW centimeter Wave
CN Core Network
CNE Core Network Element
CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
CP Cyclic Prefix
CPE Common Phase Error
C-Plane Control Plane
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
CPS Cyber-Physical Systems
C-RAN Centralized Radio Access Network
CRS Common Reference Signal
CS Coordinated Scheduler
CSI Channel State Information
CSIT Channel State Information at Transmitter
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
CS-MUD Compressed Sensing Based Multi-User Detection
CTS Clear to Send
CU Central Unit
CWIC CodeWord level Interference Cancellation
D2D Device-to-Device
DAC Digital to Analog Conversion
dB Decibel
DBSCAN Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise
DCS Dynamic Channel Selection
DEC Decoder
Demod. Demodulation
DER Distributed Energy Resources
DET Detection
DF Decode-and-Forward

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xxiv Acronyms

DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DFTS-OFDM Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
DID Device-Infrastructure-Device
Div Diversity
DL Downlink
DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal
DoA Direction of Arrival
DoD Direction of Departure
DoF Degrees of Freedom
DPB Dynamic Point Blanking
DPS Dynamic Point Selection
DR Decode-and-Reencode
D-RAN Distributed Radio Access Network
DRX Discontinuous reception
DyRAN Dynamic Radio Access Network
E2E End-to-End
EC European Commission
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EGF Enhanced Gaussian Function
eICIC enhanced Inter Cell Interference Cancellation
EM Eigenmode
EMF Electromagnetic Field
eNB enhanced NodeB
ENOB Effective Number of Bits
EPA Extended Pedestrian A
EPC Evolved Packet Core
E-PDCCH Enhanced PDCCH
ESA Elevation Spread of Arrival
ESD Elevation Spread of Departure
ESE Elementary Signal Estimator
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETU Extended Typical Urban
EVA Extended Vehicular A
EVM Error Vector Magnitude
FBC First bounce cluster
FBCP Fixed BF and CSI-Based Precoding
FBMC Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FD Full duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC Forward Error Correction

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Acronyms xxv

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FinFET Fin-Shaped Field Effect Transistor
FoM Figure-of-Merit
FP7 Seventh Framework Programme
FRN Fixed Relay Node
FWR Four-Way Relaying
GaAs Gallium Arsenide
GaN Gallium Nitride
GHz Giga Hertz
GLDB Geolocation Database
GoB Grid of Beams
GP Guard Period
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSCM Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Model
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HBF Hybrid Beamforming
HD Half Duplex
HetNet Heterogeneous networks
HO Handover
HPBW Half Power Beam Width
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSM Horizontal Spectrum Manager
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HTC Human-Type Communication
i.i.d. or iid independently and identically distributed
I2I Indoor to Indoor
IA Interference Alignment
IBC Interfering Broadcast Channel
IC Interference Cancellation
ICI Inter-Cell Interference
ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
ICT Information and Communications Technologies
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IDMA Interleave Division Multiple Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IMF-A Interference Management Framework from Artist4G
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced

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xxvi Acronyms

InH Indoor Hotspot

InP Indium Phosphide
IoT Internet of Things
IR Impulse Response
IRC Interference Rejection Combining
IS Interference Suppression
ISA International Society for Automation
ISD Inter-Site Distance
IT Information Technology
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union – Radiocommunication
Sector
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
JSDM Joint Spatial Division Multiplexing
JT Joint Transmission
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LA Link Adaptation
LAA Licensed-Assisted Access
LBC Last-Bounce Cluster
LBS Last-Bounce Scatterer
LDPC Low Density Parity Check
LO Local Oscillator
LOS Line of Sight
LR-WPAN Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
LaS Large Scale
LS Least Square
LSA Licenced Shared Access
LSCP Lean System Control Plane
LSP Large Scale Parameters
LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A Long Term Evolution-Advanced
LTE-U Long Term Evolution-Unlicensed
M2M Machine to Machine
MAC Medium Access Control
MAP Maximum A Posteriori
MBB Mobile Broadband
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MET Multiuser Eigenmode Transmission
METIS Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for Twenty-twenty
(2020) Information Society
MF Matched Filter
MH Multi-Hop

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Acronyms xxvii

MHz Mega Hertz

MIIT Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
ML Maximum Likelihood
MME Mobility Management Entity
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error
mMTC massive Machine-Type Communication
mmW millimeter Wave
MN Moving Networks
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MODS Multi-Operator D2D Server
MOST Ministry of Science and Technology
MPA Massage Passing Algorithm
MPC Multipath Components
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MRC Maximal Ratio Combining
MRN Moving Relay Node
MRT Maximum Ratio Transmission
MoS Mode Selection
MS Mobile Station
MTC Machine-Type Communication
MU Multi User
MU MIMO Multi User MIMO
MUI Multi User Interference
MUICIA Multi User Inter Cell Interference Alignment
MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO
MU-SCMA Multi User SCMA
MUX MUltipleXing
n.a. not applicable
NA Network Assistance
NAIC Network Assisted Interference Cancellation
NA-TDMA North American TDMA
NDRC National Development and Reform Commission
NE Network Element
NF Network Function
NFV Network Function Virtualization
NFVI Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure
NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks
NLOS Non-Line of Sight
NMSE Normalized Mean Square Error
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NN Nomadic Nodes
NOMA Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
NRA National Regulatory Authorities

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xxviii Acronyms

NSPS National Security and Public Safety

O2I Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O Outdoor-to-Outdoor
Ofcom Office of communications
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OL Open Loop
OLOS Obstructed Line of Sight
OLPC Open Loop Path Loss Compensating
OMD OFDM Modulation/Demodulation
OP CoMP OPportunistic CoMP
OPEX Operational Expenditures
OPI Overall Performance Indicator
OQAM Offset QAM
ORI Open Radio Equipment Interface
P2P Peer to Peer
PAPC Per Antenna Power Constraint
PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio
PAS Power Angular Spectrum
PC Power Control
PCC Phantom Cell Concept
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PER Packet Error Rate
P-GW Packet data network Gateway
PHY PHYsical layer
PiC Pilot Contamination
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PMU Phasor Measurement Unit
PN Phase Noise
PNL Power Normalization Loss
PPC Pilot Power Control
PPDR Public Protection and Disaster Relief
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PRB Physical Resource Block
ProSe Proximity Service
P/S Parallel to Serial
P-SAN Principal Serving Access Node
PSD Power Spectral Density
PSM Power Saving Mode
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

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Acronyms xxix

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoE Quality of Experience
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RA Random Access
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RB Resource Block
Rel Release
ReA Resource Allocation
RF Radio Frequency
RLC Radio Link Control
RLS Recursive Least Squares
RMT Random Matrix Theory
RN Relay Node
RNE Radio Network Element
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RS Relay Station
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
RTL Reliable Transmission Link
RTS Request to Send
RTT Round Trip Time
Rx Receiver
SA Service and System Aspects
SBC Single Bounce Cluster
SC Single Carrier
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SCMA Sparse Code Multiple Access
SCME Spatial Channel Model Extended
SDF Spatial Degrees of Freedom
SDN Software Defined Networking
SE Switching Element
SFBC Space Frequency Block Coding
S-GW Serving Gateway
SIC Successive Interference Cancellation
SiGe Silicon Germanium
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SIR Signal to Interference Ratio
SLIC Symbol Level Interference Cancellation
SLNR Signal to Leakage Interference plus Noise Ratio
SM Spatial Multiplexing

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xxx Acronyms

SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

SMS Short Message Service
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SoA State of the Art
SOCP Second Order Cone Programming
S/P Serial to Parallel
SS Small Scale
SU-MIMO Single User MIMO
SUS Semi-orthogonal User Selection
SvC Serving Cluster
SVD Singular Value Decomposition
TACS Total Access Communications System
TAU Tracking Area Update
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TD-CDMA Time Division CDMA
TDD Time Division Duplexing
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TeC Technology Component
TTI Transmission Time Interval
TV Television
TVWS TV White Space
TWR Two-Way Relaying
Tx Transmitter
UDN Ultra-Dense Network
UE User Equipment
UFMC Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier
UF-OFDM Universal Filtered OFDM
UL Uplink
ULA Uniform Linear Array
UM Utility Maximizing
UMa Urban Macro
UMi Urban Micro
uMTC ultra-reliable Machine-Type Communication
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UPA Uniform Planar Array
U-Plane User Plane
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
V2D Vehicle-to-Device
V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
V2X Vehicle-to-Anything
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator

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